2012-2013 Tut`rentrée

!"#$%$&'($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)*+,-.+$/01,02$#34#5#346$
7-$8"/9:;"<$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!"#$%&'()*+%,)+-%&&&&&&$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
====================================================================================================$
$
.&/%&)()0+1)&%2)&3+1)(")4&'0()%&+%5+06(#)"0,&0(&7%,)%&%2)&",)%+6")%&.&
7.>?$4$2*-$46$$
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#!!!!!!!!!!!!!$%&'()*+"'(!"(+,-(,!,+!,.+,-(,!
$
! Fécondation externe : Libération externe des gamètes donc fécondation en dehors de
l’appareil génital féminin
! Les oursins libèrent leur gamètes dans l’eau, ceux ci libérant des phéromones qui
permettent se s’attirer les uns des autres.
! Fécondation interne : Les gamètes se rencontrent dans l’appareil génital féminin
! Chez les mammifères (ex : espèce humaine), on a une fécondation interne, plus
précisément dans la trompe utérine.
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!""#!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!/*!-,0-')1&+"'(!*2,.1%,!
$
:?++?$-?@-,A*B+0,C$?2+$D.$@D*2$20E@D?F$"DD?$B,CB?-C?$D?2$3456789:;9!<78=;>><>684;9!B,E@,2G$AHI'/$
A,*JD?2$J-0C$K$C.>?.C+$L$A.C2$D?$BM+,@[email protected]$A?$C,M.*OF$
$
&3::;7?!@6!9;!A699;!B!
9D$M$.$*C?$4CA>8=6?837!9;:8D=379;4E6?8E;$A?$DHI'/$@,*-$P,-E?-$*C$&/'(,F$
" 17!=>37;!FG*)(!;9?!8F;7?8H<;!I!>G*)(!A64;7?6>!
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
# I*$AGJ*+$,C$.$*C?$:3>C=<>;!FG*)(!F3<J>;!J487$
# "C2*0+?$D?2$A?*Q$J-0C2$9;!F8993=8;7?!?+$BR.B*C$S.$@?-E?++-?$D.$9K7?LM9;!FG<7!73<E;6<!J487!
=3:A>C:;7?684;!8F;7?8H<;!$
# I*$P0C.D$,C$,J+0?C+$F;<N!J4879!FG*)(!O8>>;9$0A?C+0T*?2$.*$J-0C$I'/$EU-?V$B?$2,C+$A?2$=>37;9$
$
! W?*D?$ *C?$ :<?6?837$ AH,-0>0C?$ ?CS0-,CC?E?C+.D?$ N0--.A0.+0,CV$ @-,A*0+$ BR0E0T*?$ XO$
6>C6?384;$@?*+$?C+-.YC?-$*C?$4CE3><?837$2*-$*C$BD,C?V$E,A0P0?-$*C?$A?2$J.2?2$A?$DHI'/$
?+$.0C20$@?-E?++-?$D.!9<4E;7<;!FG<7;!73<E;>>;!5C7C46?837!F;!=>37;P!
! :?2$ E*+.+0,C2$ 2,C+$ .DG.+,0-?2$ ?+$ 8:A4CE898J>;9V$ .0C20$ ,C$ @?*+$ .++?CA-?$ +-U2$ D,C>+?E@2$
.S.C+$AH?C$,J2?-S?-$*C?$B?$T*0$C?$A,CC?$T*.20E?C+$A69! >6!A3998J8>8?C!I!>G;9AM=;!F;!
9G6F6A?;4$.*Q$BR.C>?E?C+2$?CS0-,CC?E?C+.*Q$B?$T*0$@?*+$.E?C?-$Z$2,C$;N?87=?837F$
$
$
$

!"#$%$&'($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)*+,-.+$/01,02$#34#5#346$
7-$8"/9:;"<$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!"#$%&'()*+%,)+-%&&&&&&$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
====================================================================================================$
$
.&/%&)()0+1)&%2)&3+1)(")4&'0()%&+%5+06(#)"0,&0(&7%,)%&%2)&",)%+6")%&.&
7.>?$#$2*-$46$$
• /6!4;A43F<=?837!69;N<C;!;7!O37=?837!F<!?;:A9[$
$
\C$ -?E.-T*?$ T*H0D$ P.*+$ J;6<=3<A! F;!
?;:A9!.S.C+$ T*H*C?$ 73<E;>>;!
:<?6?837$0C+?-S0?CC?$ ?+$ .0C20$ ,C$
B,E@-?CA$ J0?C$ T*?$ DH?2@UB?$ E?++-.$
A><98;<49! 5C7C46?8379$6E67?$A?$
@,*S,0-$ @,22GA?-$ @D*20?*-2$ E*+.+0,C2$
?+$ 9G6F6A?;4$ A?$ P.1,C$ ,@+0E.D?$ Z$ *C$
BR.C>?E?C+$?CS0-,CC?E?C+.DF$
$
$
$
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"""#!!!!!!!!/*!-,0-')1&+"'(!2,.1%,!Q!0-'&-%*+"'(!
$
R# SC7C46>8?C9!
! '.C2$D?$B,-@2$R*E.0C$0D$?Q02+?$A?*Q$+M@?2$A?$B?DD*D?2$[$
$
S,-T,(!
2'T*!
S6:M?;9!
]^$B?DD*D?2$L6A>3UF;9$
),*+?2$>;9!6<?4;9!=;>><>;9$A0+?2$93:6?8H<;9$
]^$B?DD*D?2$F8A>3UF;9$
7V!W!XYV!Z!
60,)&8&#$+090209%&2%:(%;&
W!069!F;!A684;$A?$BR-,E,2,E?$N*C$2?*[email protected]?$
A?$BR.T*?$BR-,E,2,E?$R,E,D,>*?O$
W!XY!=L43:393:;9!!
X7V!W![\V!
60,)&<&#$+090209%2&2%:(%;2&
W!XY!A684;9$A?$BR-,E,2,E?2$
$
W![\!=L43:393:;9!
$
!
!
!
!
!
&&&=:&&&&&&&&&>5%+91)0?0@6%2&A&07(;%&
!
!
!
!
!
!
=:&B&C"D+0D;12)%&&A&&&&&,%(+0,%&&&&A&&&#%;;(;%2&21,3(",%2&
!
E&F&G&#$+090209%2&
$
X# /;9!56:M?;9!
! <.$-?@-,A*B+0,C$2?Q*G?$?2+$J.2G?$2*-$D.$A0PPG-?CB0.+0,C$2?Q*?DD?F$
$
<?2$56:M?;9$2,C+$D?2$9A;4:6?3]3UF;9$?+$3E3=K?;9![$
• :?$2,C+$A?2$B?DD*D?2$différentes*]^$,[email protected]?$.D,-2$FG6789356:8;$
• :?$2,C+$A?2$B?DD*D?2$spécialisées$.*Q$fonctions*différentes$]^$,[email protected]?$A?$F89:34AL89:;!
9;N<;>!
!
! ! '^'&_+,!
20,-T*+'`'"),!
).0DD?$
<.$A><9!5467F;$B?DD*D?$$
0;?8?;$N4_EO$
(G2?-S?$
-C9;4E;9![$
• ID0E?C+.0-?$
• I(/$E?22.>?-$
'.C2$D.$+`+?$0D$CHM$.$T*?$D?$C,M.*$.S?B$
T*[email protected]$A?$BM+,@D.2E?$NA69!F;!
4C9;4E;9O$
a,J0D0+G$
'[email protected]?E?C+$A6998O$?+$737!6<?373:;$[$
<H,S,BM+?$2?$[email protected]?$>-bB?$.*$E,*S?E?C+$
A?2$=8>9$?+$.*$:<=<9$A.C2$D.$+-,E@?$*+G-0C?$
'[email protected]?E?C+$6=?8O![$
<?$O>65;>>;$@?-E?+$D?$E,*S?E?C+$

!"#$%$&'($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)*+,-.+$/01,02$#34#5#346$
7-$8"/9:;"<$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!"#$%&'()*+%,)+-%&&&&&&$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
====================================================================================================$
$
.&/%&)()0+1)&%2)&3+1)(")4&'0()%&+%5+06(#)"0,&0(&7%,)%&%2)&",)%+6")%&.&
7.>?$6$2*-$46$$
• <?2$>.EU+?2$A,0S?C+$-?E@D0-$Y!=37F8?8379!@,*-$@?-E?++-?$*C?$PGB,CA.+0,C$,@+0E.D?[$
$
" /G3E3=K?;$A,0+$.S,0-$*C?$?68>>;!9<OO8967?;!Happort*nutritif*++I$
" <?2$9A;4:6?3]3UF;9$A,0S?C+$`+-?$73:J4;<N$(*++*les*chances*de*rencontre*avec*$
*********l’ovocyte)$
" <?$=3a?!F;!O6J48=6?837!NGC?->0?$AG@?C2G?O$A,0+$`+-?$46893776J>;$
!
!
Y# /;!=K=>;!F;!>6!4;A43F<=?837!9;N<C;!
$
$
# :R.B*C?$A?2$=;>><>;9!93<=L;9!9;N<;>>;9!F8A>3UF;9!bX7V#!2*J0+$*C?$:C839;$T*0$S.$-GA*0-?$
2,C$C,EJ-?$A?$BR-,E,2,E?2$@,*-$P,-E?-$*C$56:M?;!L6A>3UF;!b7V#P$
# <?2$ A?*Q$ >.EU+?2$ P*20,CC?C+$ D,-2$ A?$ D.$ OC=37F6?837$ T*0$ @?-E?+$ .D,-2$ F;! 4C?6J>84! >6!
F8A>3UF8;$N-?B,C2+0+*+0,C$AH*C?$=;>><>;!I!X7VO$
# /Gc<O!OC=37FC!GS,D*?$D,-2$A?$>G;:J4K35C7M9;$?+$A,CC?$*C$87F8E8F<$T*0$A?S0?C+$.A*D+?$?+$
E8;8>>8$[$BH?2+$>G37?35C7M9;F$
# <?2$6<?4;9!=;>><>;9!A*$B,-@2$R*E.0C2$CE3><;7?$?+$2?$4C5C7M4;7?$@.-$:8?39;9$2*BB?220S?2$
NT*0$564F;7?!>;9!=;>><>;9!F8A>3UF;9!I!X7VOF$
$
$
! <.$ OC=37F6?837$ @?-E?+$ A?$ @.22?-$ F;! X!
56:M?;9!L6A>3UF;9!(nK)$Z$R!=;>><>;!c<O!F8A>3UF;!
(2nK)$
$
! I*$ B,C+-.0-?$ D.$ :C839;Q56:C?35C7M9;!
@?-E?+$ A?$ @.22?-$ AH*C?$ =;>><>;! :M4;! F8A>3UF;!
(2nK)!Z![!56:M?;9!L6A>3UF;9!(nK)$
$
$
$
• /6!4;A43F<=?837!9;N<C;!;7!O37=?837!F<!?;:A9[$
$
$9B0$ D?2$ :<?6?8379$2*-S0?CC?C+$ @D*2$
46A8F;:;7?$ ?+$ ?C$ @D*2$ >-.CA$ C,EJ-?F$ <?2$
.A.@+.+0,C2$ .*Q$ BR.C>?E?C+2$
?CS0-,CC?E?C+.*Q$ 2?-,C+$ A,CB$ @D*2$ -.@0A?2$
?+$ @?-E?++-,C+$ *C?$ :;8>>;<4;! 9<4E8;$F;!
>G;9AM=;P$
$

!"#$%$&'($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)*+,-.+$/01,02$#34#5#346$
7-$8"/9:;"<$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!"#$%&'()*+%,)+-%&&&&&&$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
====================================================================================================$
$
.&/%&)()0+1)&%2)&3+1)(")4&'0()%&+%5+06(#)"0,&0(&7%,)%&%2)&",)%+6")%&.&
7.>?$c$2*-$46$$
$
[# -C9<:C!9<4!>;9!4;A43F<=?8379!69;N<C;!;?!9;N<C;!
$
$
-,0-')1&+"'(!*2,.1%,!d!
" 0;4:67;7=;!F;9!=646=?C489?8H<;9!F;!>G;9AM=;$
" "::34?6>8?C!F;9!87F8E8F<$H8&#%;;(;%2&9J+%&GK&<&#%;;(;%2&C";;%2&#;0,%2&A&"6%,)"L(%2I$
" $6J48=6?837!F;!=>37;9!8F;7?8H<;9!I!>6!=;>><>;!:M4;$
" 2;<>;!E6486?837!A3998J>;!We!:<?6?837!6>C6?384;!;?!8:A4CE898J>;9$
$
-,0-')1&+"'(!2,.1%,!d$
" )8E;498?C!F;9!87F8E8F<9$
" "7F8E8F<!f6:689!8F;7?8H<;!I!9;9!A64;7?9$
" *F6A?6?837!46A8F;!6<N!=L675;:;7?9!;7E84377;:;7?6<N$
" -g>;!F679!>6!9<4E8;$
$
$
$
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"^#!!!!!!!!!-*00,/!21-!/,2!&h-'T'2'T,2!
\C$S.$B,[email protected]$-?P.0-?$*C$@?+0+$+,@,$2*-$D?2$BR-,E,2,E?2V$D?*-$B,E@,20+0,C$]O$
$
! <?2$BR-,E,2,E?2$2,C+$D?2$@,-+?*-2$A?$DH0CP,-E.+0,C$>GCG+0T*?2V$0D2$2,C+$B,E@,2G2$A?$
E,DGB*D?2$FG*)(!F3<J>;9!J4879$NA?*Q$BR.0C?2$B,E@DGE?C+.0-?$DH*C?$A?$DH.*+-?OF$
$
! :R?d$DHR,EE?$0D$M$.$XY!A684;9!F;!=L43:393:;9!L3:3>35<;9!A,CB$?C$+,*+$[\!
=L43:393:;9$H61,2&(,%&cellules*somatiques&60,#&diploïdeI&[$
• XX!A684;9$A?$BR-,E,2,E?2$R,E,D,>*?2$93:6?8H<;9$
• R!A684;$A?$BR-,E,2,E?2$9;N<;>9!d!.!i!_!
$
$ Partie*Voc’*:*
" [email protected]?$A?$BR-,E,2,E?$]$#$BR-,E,2,E?2$L3:3>35<;9$
" !C$BR-,E,2,E?$@?*+$.S,0-$<7;!3<!F;<N!=L43:6?8F;9$H%,&C0,#)"0,&6%&;1&5$12%&6(&#M#;%&
#%;;(;1"+%&61,2&;1L(%;;%&;1&#%;;(;%&2%&)+0(7%I&[$
• :R-,E,2,E?$98:A>;$%$@,22UA?$<7;$BR-,E.+0A?$
• :R-,E,2,E?$F3<J>;$%$@,22UA?$F;<N$BR-,E.+0A?2$
" <.$@.-+0?$B?C+-.D?$A*$BR-,E,2,E?$,e$2?$-?f,0>C?C+$D?2$BR-,E.+0A?2$2H.@@?DD?$D?$
=;7?4393:;$
" <?2$?Q+-GE0+G2$A?2$BR-,E,2,E?2$2H.@@?DD?C+$D?2$?C>3:M4;9$
$
$
$
$
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!X!jW!=L43:6?8F;!We!!R!
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$&;7?43:M4;!
$
$
$
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$+C>3:M4;!

!"#$%$&'($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)*+,-.+$/01,02$#34#5#346$
7-$8"/9:;"<$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!"#$%&'()*+%,)+-%&&&&&&$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
====================================================================================================$
$
.&/%&)()0+1)&%2)&3+1)(")4&'0()%&+%5+06(#)"0,&0(&7%,)%&%2)&",)%+6")%&.&
7.>?$g$2*-$46$$
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!^#!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!/,!&_&/,!&,//1/*"-,!
<?$BMBD?$B?DD*D.0-?$BH?2+$?C$T*?DT*?$2,-+?$D.$S0?$A?$D.$B?DD*D?F$),*+?2$D?2$B?DD*D?2$2*0S?C+$D?$BMBD?$
B?DD*[email protected]$+,*+?2$A?$D.$E`E?$E.C0U-?$S,*2$D?$S?--?d$?C$&0,B?DDOF$$
9B0$,[email protected]?-$A*$BMBD?$AH*C?$B?DD*D?$2,E.+0T*?$NB?DD*D?2$C,C52?Q*?DD?O$[$
$
<?$BMBD?$B?DD*D.0-?$2?$AGB,E@,[email protected]?2$
! 0L69;! Sk$[$ D.$ @R.2?$ A?$ 4;A39$A?$ D.$
B?DD*D?$NP.B*D+.+0S?O$
! 0L69;! SR$[$ -;A489;! F<! =K=>;$
B?DD*D.0-?$
! 0L69;!2!d$(G@D0B.+0,C$A?$DHI'/$[$
• \C$ @.22?$ A?$ chromosomes*
simples*=*1*chromatide$$
• Z$ chromosomes* * doubles* =* 2*
chromatides$
! 0L69;! SX![$D.$ B?DD*D?$ ?2+$ 0B0$ Z$ #C$ BR-$
A,*JD?$NA,CB$cC$I'/OF$
! 0L69;! T![$B,--?2@,CA$ Z$ D.$ A0S020,C$
B?DD*D.0-?V$,*$:8?39;F$
N2&B&O;&M&1&(,%&6"CC-+%,#%&P&C1"+%&%,)+%&#$+091)"6%&2Q(+2&%)&#$+090209%2&$090;03(%2R&;%2&#$+091)"6%2&
2Q(+2&20,)&"6%,)"L(%2&91"2&;%2&#$+090209%2&$090;03(%2&20,)&6"CC-+%,)24&
! 9D$ M$ .$ A,CB$ A?2$ E6486?8379! F;! H<67?8?C! FG*)(! @.-$ ?Q?E@D?$ H<67F! 37! A699;! F;! R! I! X!
=L43:6?8F;9!;7!AL69;!2!3<!>349H<;!>6!=;>><>;!9;!F8E89;!;7!:8?39;!H#C&5;(2&;0",I$
$
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!^"#!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!/*!T"+'2,!
! "DD?$B,CB?-C?$D?2$=;>><>;9!93:6?8H<;9!bW!737!9;N<;>>;9#$+,*+?2$F8A>3UF;9$.S?B!X7V!]$[\!
=L43:393:;9P!
!
<.$E0+,2?$2H0C2B-0+$A.C2$D?$BMBD?$B?DD*[email protected]?$aOV$?DD?$B,EE?CB?$.@-U2$D.$-G@D0B.+0,C$A?$DHI'/$?C$
@R.2?$WF$"DD?$2?$AGB,E@,[email protected]?2$[$
$
! 043AL69;!d$$
! P,-E.+0,C$A?2$=L43:393:;9!L3:3>35<;9!A646>>M>;!$
$
! TC?6AL69;!d$$
! ID0>C?E?C+$A?2$BR-,E,2,E?2$2*[email protected]*?$GT*.+,-0.D?$?+$.++.BR?E?C+$
.*Q$P*2?.*Q$A?$A0S020,CF$$
! lll!/;9!=L43:393:;9!9G6>857;7?!9<4!>6!A>6H<;!CH<6?3486>;!6E;=!>;<49!
=;7?43:M4;9!PARRALLÈLE!AU*PLAN*EQUATORIAL!bm!F;!>6!:C839;#!lll!
" chaque*chromosome*homologue&2%&5;1#%&2(+&;1&5;1L(%&
-L(1)0+"1;%$