Soudage à l'arc manuel : Guide pour écoles techniques (Fominykh, Yakovlev)

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111111 1111111
Cl ( H I M'l 1.1- "/'J):
1111111
\ '111111111 Lllll jU<ll D llllllHl lit.IX ra'JaX (rQCT 14771 111111 1110 11111111 1111 111111011 c11apt.:11
1s164-78);
111111.1 • 11·111i>"11111! 1c110•111i.1c crocr 14776- 79);
11111t.1 t111111111.11wlt :JJ1c111 pocnapxn (tOCT 15878 - 79);
111111,1 11111111011 i:tu1pM1;
(rocr
76);
"""' 111111111.rx c:11r..tu111r1111n.
11 11 1·1111n1hy )'ll~p;i.;111111M JMC11J1anncmroro MCTamra wnw cBap'Ill 111111·11 11n Jlt'/llllCI( mi IUUt.I, DLlllOJJllCllHLIC 6C3 noiuma.ilOK
111 1 1~ 1 111•1( . 1111 Cl.CMllt.1:"1: n OCTUIOUllllllCll CTaJlbffLIX nO.ro<Jla.!lJ(ax;
.... ,,111.u, 1J1111unl · MCJUlt..IX, Kcpar.tH•ICCKltX II ac6CCTODblX DOA. o 111~, n ·111 KA'c 1l1J11oco11t.1x 11 rn3oeL1x noJtyinKax. B J'lDnc11•Ill 111 11•1<>, c tillliOfl c11ipo11LI llUl<Jlalll.IR3CTC.ll illOD, c oimofl
11111 ""·' ., nnpnu,
111111.1
1111
1"1.n;111•m10Tc11 o.nuocropommc 11 .nnycropo1111ec
11p11Metllll!MOMY
1 4 •1' 111mn111ll
,ll.1Ul c1i..,p1111 118TCp11any lllDW coapJU.lX
lll'llPilJJ\CJlllt01"Cft Jlil lllUbl COC)J,llllCHHR yrnepo,llHCfbL1'.
13
Puc. 3. Il11;u.1 c:mp111.1x cnc:t1111c1111ii:
YenoDQti
II Mltll 11/1
11)
~)
Cmh1xo(1ril
D)
~~
,,
VM0~1111
Cmwrcidou
Y••nutloll
CmwfolJ01i.
eJ
Cml./11.c()oti.
If<)
I'm'. ·I. l(Jmcc111llllK3UHll cuapn1>1x nmon no pacnono;.((cmmo n 11pocrpa11crnc:
11
•HUMllCO •ID :zo,,1to•ucy», ,; - 111s:ao:11cc yrnoeoc, o - 1111•11ee. c 11-ll(Onoc. 2 - ropn·
....I I ll'l!.HOC, ,) -
II
:'ll"l 11(1(lU;\JlllblX
ecpT11);3.1t.llCC, (' -
110."l)'llO"lO.!iO'IUDC, ~ -
no lll,"'JO'lllOC
CT3...'ldi crocr 5264-80; 14771-76; 15164-73;
JI 1I I · 'Jl) ll ,llp.); lllflM COC.UUHClllUl. l..IBCTIIMX MeTaJl.IJOll
C1·1 >< T 16038-70; 14806-69); mnLr coc}l,llHCHIUl Oll:\otCrn.'lJJa
ll'UC'I' 16098-70); IUD!.! COCJUIHCIJIUI IJUJ;mmacm II HOJllDTm1c11a
C1'C ><'I'
1(,310-70).
I lo 11acnOMO)f(CHlllO CB<lpllll<lCMl>JX 11crnneii OTllOCUTC.llbHO llpyr
1111yrn 11m1.1 coap11i.1x cocµ:mremrrr MOf}"T 6t>nb 110.u octpLrM mm
l)'llJ.11\1 }'1"!10!\t (rQCT 11534- i5: 11533- 75), no):l np.s!MLIM yrnoi\f,
II rnr,;i;c paCnOJIUr.lThC'ff B OJlHOfi n.IJOCKOCTll (rQCf 5264-80;
-H"/D-7~>; 14771-76; 15164-78).
I lo l)Ul>CMY l!alL'!aDJJCllJIOfO J.fCTanna p<l3Jlll'lUlOT nopMURMILJC,
onm6J1c11111.1c n ycnne1111i,1c lllBbl.
I lo cfiopMe c0ap1mnc:o..wu t:om,1pymmn mnI>I cn:ipubIX coc.mr111•1111it ni.moJllUllOTCfl Ha n.tTOCKHX II etl>epll'iCCI\UX KOllCTJlYl"-llUIX,
11 no p-.icuonoiKcnmo ua 113.llCJUill lllBbl GLmmor npo;i.om.ni.1Mll
11 11oncpc'illLlMll.
3JJCIUCtnbl rco~ICl]IH'ICCKOH ¢0Pl'".,J no,/U"OTOB"H l\POlllOIC no,l
l'UllpK)'. 3J!CMCIJTaMJI reoMeTpll'lCCKOU 4iop!»U>J 110,[lfOTOUICil KpOMOK
15
'9
Puc. 5.
'.=>J1e~.c1nu
rco~.1crp11•1ccKoii 1~np\lbl no.!J,roToBKU
cuapt>y(a) 11 men (i'i)
KpOMOK
no.rt
lll)Jl ('lf,IPl\Y (pu..:. ~.ti) llllJUllOJCH: yron p.T.1.11.C;um t;pOMOK a; 3830p
ll!Cl«JlY cn.rn)'cM•·•Mll i;p0Mi<:1Mn r1: 11p1ny11ncm1c KPOMOK S; A!IHlla
cKocu nucrn /J 11r11 11a:111•11111 p:n11ocm 1'0:1uu111 l''ICTDnna; cMe111c11Hc "POMO!(" O'l llOCllTCJILllO Jlpyr Jlpyra ~.
YruJ1 p:1:.1,'.(c:1K11 KpoMOK 111.1110.:.111~1o·r npu ·ro,1u11n1e t.tcranna
f\om:c 3 :.1:-.1. on:}' 1c·11111c p:niic1m11 Mo1Kcr np1mcc111 K 11c11pooapy
110 c.:•1c111110 c11up1101·0 cocmmcuusi, 11 Ial\il\C K ucpc1·pcny 11 uepe•ory MC ra:r .... ; npn OTC}'TCTBllll pa'.3JlCjll\H YpoMOK JUUi oGccuc•1c1111R npoeapa :).IJClCTpocoapiu11i. nccr.il,a crapae1cn yac1111•11rrr.
cuapo•mLrii TOK.
P;n;tc:n-."a lCpOMOI\ 110'.JBOJUICT DCCTll CBapKy OT.UCJlbHLIMll C:IOSIMH
11cGom.111oro cc•1cH1U1, 'I To yny•uuaCT CTpyK11·py cna p11oro cocJl1t11c1uu1 11 y:-.1c11r.waCT cnapo'IHblC HanpmKC1rnS1 u nccl1011Mar~111f.
:lnop, npaounbHO ycrauon11cm1wii ncpc.n cnap1mii, ll03Bomre-r
o6ccnc•mTb 110;111L1ii 11ponap no ce•1eH1110 coe.n111tc11m1 npu 11a.iro;.i:c111111 ucpeoro (Kopncooro) c:1oa w11a, CCJlll no1~06pa11 cooToeTcrny1oumii pclKllM csap.:n.
A-1111aoii cl\oca :un:ia pcryJrnpy10T 11.1an11r.Jii nepexoA o·r rnJ1croii
CB:\plllmCMOH .uc1amt K 60,1ec TOllKOii, ycrpaHHIO"f )\OllllClITpaTopbI
rm npw+:crrnii u cnap111.1x K0Hcrpy1w,11J1x.
nptrT}'[lJIClllll'.: NpOMO.I\ BLlll0.1JISllOT ,nnH o6ecne•;CHl!JI YC'rOH.'111•
110!"0 llCilCIH!SI ripouccca Ce:l)l!.:H npu DbtnOJIHCHllJf KOpttCBO[O CJ!OH
11111a. 0-rcyrcmnc np1nynneHHJ1 cuoco6cruycT 06pa3onamno npo:iKoron npn cn.-ipKe.
CMcmcuuc KpoMoK yxymuaeT npo'IHOCTH&lc ceoikrna cnapuoro
co~·;11111c111rn 11 cnocc6creyc-r oupa3oea1m10 ucnponapa H K0Hue11Tp.umii 11.lllp!ti!<Cllllii, rOCf 5264-80 .nonycKaCT CMClUCHHC CH::1p1111:tCMl>t."< KpOMOK OTllOClfTC]fbHO .a.pyr .npyra JJ.O 10% TOIDllllllbl
l\ICT!IJ1Jlll' 110 111! 6o11ec 3 MM.
16
I.().~
a/
,.
•
l
2
' r_r J
fipP.,"/tJ/1UHfJWfS!i'
•"m'"'"
lloflot.1~111
ll}
/,)
(/( /f(l(J(//'>lfft>ILJ
.
~.'·
·~.'~
. ...
. .
~
e)
1'111:. 6. IC.•mcc11~mi:a111rn CD3J>HblX lli!lOD:
fl
"" 11.11'1111:ttl~iCHlllO II a;o:tn•l<"C"rB)' 11~1ur.111.1eflHMA D3.1lll>:OD, (j - no Cl flOWCIUltQ
1 Acllcrnym11111M yc11:111n~1. a - 110 uanpauJlcrmw, .: - no •l•opMO
I \•1i,1t· 11111u 11 1'Jtocr.mJ!sr:,:iQJllil ceop11L1x weoo. 311cMCHTli:o.m
I ...... U' IPll'll'l"l•oii (~OpMi.I Cll:lJ?HOfO 1118.1 l'ID!!Slf()TCR: npH C'fblKOUblX
I 111'1111111":111111:1: - 11111p1111a lUIJOJ b, Jlb(CDT.1 urna Ii, np11 TaDpOi:lblX,
11 1111111.1~ 11 11:t.XJ1..:cro•m!:.IX coc;:rm:cmrnx - ump1ma tuna b, SbiCOTa
11.1111 h 11 1;:1ra 1Un:1;: (p!!C. 5,ii).
l '11,11'111.u: urnr.1 1'.:1acc111!mlll~pytoT no pacno.;1o;Kemuo 11 1:01111'"" 111)1 11111J.11aB!IClllll>IX Ba."ilU\Otl: 0.!J,llOCJJOfiHblC, MHOl'"OCJIOUHblC,
• "'"' '·'"Pll:l:O)UIMC, O~HOl."TO(lOHHllC u ll.P.}'C'TOpOIUtHC (puc.6,a), no
'" 1111111,·111110 "' JlciicTb)'lalUltM )'CIL'IU!1lll ua WB1'1 - $.'JaITTOBble, !IOl •11111.1<" ( rnpuonLrc, pnc. 6, t.i); no Hanpaanemno - np11MommciiHbtc,
•11y1 ''111o1c, 11cpTHKa111.111.1c 11 ropH~o1rra;1t.11wc (puc. 6, a), a ·raio:lt>c
1111 1!1opMC - oC.Jm611eHHblC, HOpMa.:"'IMfb!C H ycllJlCl:Ulble (pnc. 6, z).
C'11,11mn1.1c coap111o1c coca1t11cHHR. 3-m coe.l(llllCHHJI u cnapHbL"{
~nm: 1 py1,111111x 111111>110TCR Ha116once pacnpOC'rp<lf!CllHbIMH. Caapu11.11·1111.1c "JJICMCillbl pacnoJJaratOT 8 OJ{llO.!l IlJlOCKOCTII IUlll Ha o.nuoil
ll1111t"p)(llOCI II. it>op:-.ta H nco6xo.nuMoCTb no.m-OTODKJ( :KpOMOli: DO.U
'""i'liY ·moue.HT OT i.·011um!11>1 CB!1p11aa.:M1>1X KpoMoK; nonmxcim.si,
17
n ICOTOpOM Ul1lllOJ1IUTCTCSI ·CBapKa; MapI<ll .csapHBaeMoro MCTaJJJia;
npHMc1rnel\u,1x nnJ(OH coap1<11; Tpe6osaH:rui, npe.z::t'bXBJI.sICMbIX I< TOH·
JIJHI Jllloii l~OllCTflYKI.HH.
1lpu llO)~IOTOJIKC CTaJibH.bIX JCOHCTpYKUHM no.u pyqHyI-O )lyrosyio
cnap1~y
pinJ(CJllCY ICpOMOK natIHHaIOT BbIIl0J11UlTb npH TOJlllU-IHe
J111c nm 7 MM, a H11or1J.a H nptt TOJII.l\Ime JIMCTOB 4 MM. Pa3J.J;eJih1'
acpor,h)fC noit py 1111y10 ;zyronyto cnap1<y n1>1non1uuoT cornacno Tpe(•rn1a1111ii l~OCf 5'.2(14~·80 u 11534-75 mm oco6h1x Tpe6osaHml,
01 orn.>pcnm.1x n •1cp·1c11rnx. CThfKoni.rc cnapuLIC coc.nnucHIDI, IWK
up:11111110. f11.maro1 pau1tCl11po 1111i..uvm c ocnonnhIM MeTannoM.
I I 1> 1l111p;\u~ 110,!U OTOHIOI 1Cp0MOK cuap1maCMbIX .ueTaneu no.rt:
1
py 111y1u J.•.YJ 011y1u niaptcy 110 r·OCJ' 5264-80 H 11534- 75 CTblJ(OllJ.IC (.'0<.JUtlll'lllUI 61.maJOr c OT6opTOBI<OH KpOMOI<, 6e3 CKOca
1\f101\H>I<, c O/~lfOCTopom111M CKOCOM OJ~HOH KpOMKH, «B 3aMoI<»,
c Kf HIBOJllllldiubIM CKOCOM O,UHOH KpOMKH, JIOMaH.bIM CKOCOM O,l{HOU
l<'pOMKH, ~BYMR ClIMMeTplftlHblMM CKOCa:MH O,l(HOH ICpOMIGI, JJ:BYMJI
<.:11MMCTpHtIHLIM.H ICpHBOJilllieiiiil>IMll CKoCaMI-1 O~HOH KpOivIKH, ,l{BYMH
UCCllMMCTpHtHJLIMJI CICOcaMH O,llHOU KpOMKH, co ClCOCOM ,nsyx
KpOMOK, Kpnuo.111111cii11hlM CKOCOM ~BYX KpOMOK, JIOMaHblM CICOCOM
)UlYX Kpr'r..1\lh', Jtnyrvrn Clll\11\'ICTpll'IHhlMll CKOCaMH ,nnyx Kp0Mo1c,
Jtnyrvrn l'llMMC 1p11 11111.1MH Kplllll>JIJlllctilJl>IMH " noMaUbIMH CICOCa:I\.ill
)~uyx tqlol\tnlC. rlo "1·1110JlllC11l110 CTJ.ll\ODMC COC,f.l,HlleHIUI 6bIBaI-OT
O/\HOC lUpoHIJlfMll II /lBYCTopo1111NMH, a no npnMeHeHHlO IlO,l{KJia)(OI\ - Gc·i no;uom/lOK H c no1..tICJJa.Il;l\:aMH.
Yurm•Me cnap11L1c coc1u111cm1R. CaapunaeM.ble ~JieMeHThI pacnoJtar:11t.n 110;' 11p)1Mh1M yrJlOM ll CBapHBaJOT B I\ ICCTC npHMbIKaHU.H
1
ux Kpaco.
3TH coc,n1n1ee1-u1 11pHMee1110T B cnapH.bIX KOHCTPYKQ1u1x, .HMc101HHX pC3KHC nepeXO,ubl OT 0,l{HOH IlJIOCKOCTH I< ,llpyroii, Hanp11Mep
pa3JJJ.11111oro po.na 6aKn, MMeIOIQHe np$IMOyroJILHoe ce-c1eaue; coe.nn1ic1mc naTpy6KoB c ~}JlaHJ.{aMn; coe.UHHeHIUI npoc}lIDihHoro npoKaTa
C .lllll.:TOBLIM.
Hpu 1101s.r0Tomce KOHCTPYK~nii no;-'( py1111y10 .nyr0By10 cnapKy
pa3J{CJllCY KpOMOK Ha'UHlaIOT BhlflOJlHJITb npH 70.JillU-m:e JIHCTOD
OT 4 rvJM. Pa:inc.1rny 1cpoM01< no,o; py 11uy10 .uyrony:m cnapKy BhI·
UOJllHllOT 110 f'QCf 5264-80 rt 11534-75 llJlH D COOTBeTCTBHH
c Tpc6onau1rnMH 11cpTc)1<cii.
<llOpMa no.uroTOBJICIUll>IX ICpOMOIC - 6c3 CKOCa, co CKOCOM O,l{HOH
HJIH .unyx I<pOMOIC, JUlYMH CKOcaMH O,l.\HOii KpOMKH, ,l{BYM.H HCCMMMeTpHtJHblMII CICOCaMu o.a;noii KpOMICH, .llBYl\tUl CI\OCaMH 0,l{HOH
l<pOMKII H 01{1-IHM CKOCOM DTopoM: ICpOMfCH, OT6opTOBKOH O,IJ.IIOH
KpOMKU.
fio EhIIlOJIHCIIJII-0 yrnonbIC coe,l{HHCIUUI 6bma1-0T O,l{HOCTOpOHHHe
n )lnycTopo111u1c, a TaKlKe Ol(HOCTopouuue H ,nBycTopouuue anpnTbl.K, a no IIpHMeHeHJUO IlOJ.(KJia,l{OI\ - 6C3 IlO,UKJia.UOK H c no.o;-
Kna.nKaMH.
Taoponble cnap11L1e coe)l.11neum1. 3To coe,o;nnc111U1, n KOTopbIX
K 6oKOBOH IlOBCpXllOCTH O~Horo 3JICMeIITa nplUvlbIKaCT IIO,l{ yrJIOM
II npMBapeH TOpl{OM .npyroii 3JICMeHT.
18
npHMCIISIIOT BCChMa tJaCTo· B CTpOHTCJibHblX
KOJlOHHbl, 6aJJ.KlI, ¢epMbl H T. ):(.
r·' • 1° ti"\' 1cp11~in11 110/( py 1111y10 m;rony10 caapKy npH II3rOTOBJiemu1
. ) 111
l"llt'/\lllU"lllUI
• ,, I •I 'I 1lll'll'l Id!.'( l\OJICrpyKIUHIX t 11tf1 IJ'\11111111
II
lllolllO.lllHllOT IIO
'1111 I IH' I,. ll11JH
rQCf 5264-80 .H 11534-75 HJUI
c Tpc6onmnrnMH 11epTC){<CH.
lll>JUO'IOBJICHHMX KpOMOK - 6e3 CI<oca, c O.UHMM CKOCOM
1<pl1BOJJllllCMHhIM CKOCOM 0,llHOM lCpOMKM, ,r(ByMH
I II'·•· 11 1 11111 1 1111.11\lll CKOCaJ\Ui 0,[lHOH KpOMKM, .llBYMJl CMIVIMeTpH'illhIMlf
l·1 1 111111·11111L'ii111,Jl\111 CKOCaMH C,UHOH KpOMKH.
1 11111•1\fil
11
1111161
llJH t!\llOI,
11. • 111.111w111c11.n10 TanpoBhIC
• 1111 •1111111w
II
;u1ycTOpOHI-JlfC, a
coe.n.11neHMS1 MoryT 6bITh o.nHono npOTIDKeHHOCTll-CIIJIOIIJHbie
II 111'rp1.11111l'l lolC.
1111\Jll'l' •·o-1111.1c rm1p11L1c coe.1::u111em1H. Ilo ¢opMe no.nroTOBICH
I I'' '"'Oil cu:1 p lllli.lCl'vll..ol x )(CT:urd-i JlaXJfCCTOtJHJ;,Je coe,nMHeHJUI 6bmaIOT
, ,,. 1 t 11oc1 1cporvm1\, c Kpyrm.irvt 11 Yll.llilllClllfhlM OTBCpCTHCM.
11,, xapatc 1 t·py
u1.111om1l·111rn
u111a 11ax11cc1otJ11hlc
coc~m1eH1rn
~'' '' rr hi.111. o;t1101.·TofHHlllUMJ1 11 ;u1ycTnpo111111M11, a TmoKc O.ZJ;H01 I t1p1 t1lllllMJI 11pt.'flloll111C llill'\111 H 0/~llOCTO}JOllJIHMH CO CUJIOllIHI:.Il\1
lllllCIM.
11:1:'\.lll'Cl'OllllJ,tC cnapnLIC COC.ZJ;HIICilH.sI B OCHOBHOM npuMeH$IIOT
.. \ Ip( •II I CJlhCTBC pC3CpByapoB, cy.nocrpoeHUli II B· pSIJJ;e .Lqlyrux
~ 1 •llt' I PYl\l(Hit
B o rr p o c hI .n n .si c a M o n p o n e p K 11
I . Ka 1< l\J1accmpuu:i1py10TcSI WBbI cBapHbIX coc.nmre1n1u?
1 )~;rn ticro npHM:eH.HeTC'I pa3,nemm KpoMoK?
0 6. YCnOBHblE "1306PA>KEHHff "1 0603HA't1-=H"1R WBOB
CBAPHblX COEA'1HEH&.1&'1
llln1.1 cnapubIX coe.r.un-IeHIDi
no pacnono)l(eHHIO na ticpre)Ke
1.1.111a w T DHl(HMble H HeBnJJ.HMhie. Bn:,n:HMbte WDhI H3o6pa:»earoT
111111)111m>IMH, a HCBM~1M1>1e - lliTpHXOBhIMH JIHHHSIMJI. Cnapub1e
u1111.1 ll:IXJlCCTOlffihIX coe.n.HHeHllM, BbIIIOJIHSieMbie c npoIDiaBJICHl1eM
Ctr I 110/{rOTOBI<ll KpOMOK, H306pallCalOT nrrpHxnyHKTHpHbIMM nHllllllMH. llpH H3o6pa)KeHIUf lllBOB CBapHbIX coe,nHHeHilli Ha no.n;1111,1,1ucc ocTa:mwywc$1 no.z:ucna.ll.Ky B ce'l1e.HHH urrpHXyroT, a IIIOB
no.n;Kna.nrcH
H306pa)KalOT
KaK
nenn.D,HMhiii.
I 'l >( • r 2 .312 - 72 yc-raHaBJIHBaeT .nsa BH.n;a 0603na t1e11Hii nm on
'11;1p111t1x coe.n;HHCHHii: ocuona1>1e H .norroJIHITTeJihHhrc. Ocnonttbie
11~ u, •.1 m t1c111u1 aaHoCJIT Ha qepTeiKax n JJ:pynix 1coHcTpyKTOpcKHX
llllhYl'\·ICirrax, a .l(OIIOJI.HHTeJibHI>Ie (6yKBeHHO-l{IHl>pOBhie) o603Halfe-
' 11
cropoHhI
ll IHI
llIJIIMeHSIK>T npH
nepenHCKe H B HOpMan.rnHO-TCXllliqecr<oii
)\('I\ }'l\1CJITU~HH.
(kHODHbie o6o3IJa'leIII1JI U1BOB CBapHI>IX coe.u1rnettm1 COCTO.flT
11' hy1mcnuoro 0603ea 11e1nrn: m-r.na caapKH, ycnonHoro rpa<p1P1et 11\Jl'O 31RlKa, a TaK:lKe pa3Mepa ce'IeHIUI lllBOB D MHJIJIHMCTpax.
J(o110JI1IHTCJlhHblC o603Ha'leHHSI llIBOB CBapHhlX coe,a,HHeHIDi COCTO:SIT
11 l uyKBbI, onpC.ZJ;CJUlIOIIJ;eH BH,Il; CBapHOrO COC)lJIHefll-IH (C - CILI-
19
KoHoe, Y - yrJ1ouoc, T - TanpoBoe, H - HaxnecToY.aoc), n I."{H<flphI~
OTipC)J.CTl S!IOfllCii cnapuoc coe.un:HeHHe no COOTBeTCTBY.IOIUCMY CTaII;.1.apTy lf.llll 110pMaTJ.1BHO-TCXHIFICCKOMY J:r:OK)'MeHTy.
§ 7. noH~Tli1E 0 PACl.!ETE WBOB HA OPC"IHOCTb
L-h npe,J):.t;::i.yu.1,cro l\taTcpna.na H3DCCTHO, 'ITO CBapHbIC coe.nnnc,: 1rn 6»ma10T crb11<onL1M11, yn1onMMH, TanpoBblMH H HaXJleCToqm.1~"111.
flptr pac 11c re cn:tpllhlX COC/\HllCIJHM ua npotJHOC'l'h B nepnyio
\.HCi)C'JlJ, Ul:(JUXo;lllMO ·.maTr. llJIOHJ.HJ~h CClJCHIUI CBapHoro lllBa.
rkpl'M1101K:1 >1 tclm1u111y cnnpuoro urna Ha ero .z:urauy, IIOJIY'llHM
11 '!olll.:l)lh l:C 1 1t•;urn cn:1p1m1 o 1Uua. flpH pacurnceH1u1 ]l;onycKaeMoe
ycrrn11c 11 l:Bilp11lnv1 coc;umcmm onpeJJ,enJicTc.s no ¢opMyJie
l'
nr·S·/.
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cuapHOM lllRC npH C)!(an·IH.
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pa60Thf aJ.:.InCJIHillCT J11160 Ha nepcMeHHCM, n1160 Ha IIOCTOSIHHOM
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OT cneuaaJIMlhlX TpaHccpopMaTopoE~ a ITOCTO»HHLLl\1 TOKOM - OT
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Or ceTM 1 r~r:r.::.::::e1·rnI>1il TOK Hanp.srn~~HMeM 220 HJIH 380 B qepeJ
py6RSII.>HHK 2 l1 npc,!J,oxpaHHTeJiH 3 no.u.acTCjj K lICT011HMK)' IlMTi.lHH.ff - CB::.1-FO'!HOMY TpaHcc1JopMa"'l·0py 4, T/J,e TOK TpaaccpopMHpyeTCJ! JJ.O Hanpn.lKernuJ 60- 75 B, Heo6xoJJ,r1Moro rorn: no36yJK,D;eHIDI
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20
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21
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pery Jmpy10T na Ka:JKJ{OM pa601 rcM uoc-ry 6a.nnacTHbIMH peocraTffMH
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aBTOM061mH. TarcHe np111~enhl H
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pa6oTe Ha pa3JIH,,IHoii
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(HHBeHTapHble neca) HJIM IlOl-(Bei:rnmaIOT moJibKH. Ilpu pa6oTe
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csa pKe B cocyn.ax JaKp1>1Toro Tlflla
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22
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11;n 11a 11cumo - HCT0•1ttmu1 nirrainrn /J,.;'1}! py 1moii .nyroBoii cBap1n1,
1111101\t:ITH'lCCKOH II nonyaBTOMaTHl!CCKOH cnapKU IlO.il, ~J!lOCOivI,
'11.1p1m n 3aI..Ql1TllhIX ra3aX, l!J!a3MCHHOH pe3KH H cnapKH., 3JieKI plu11;1;1 l~ODOH cnaprnI H 11CTOlJRllKU ninaHJ-rn TOKOM cneumL1blfl •1 n 11wmaqe1urn (ri:.:rn rpexq)a3HOfi. cRap1u1, MHoro.n.yronaSJ.).
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lllUlllJI. 060311atJCIIHC 3JICIC1'!)0CBapot.JHOro 06opyJJ,0BaH1u1, BhIIIycrm-
23
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y - ymmcpca.:Jbl·IMe HCfOl.lllHKH), OTcyrcTBUe TpeTheH 6yKBbl o6o3lI<l1f:tC"f pyimy10 ,n.yrony10 cnapKy rnTy 11HhIMH 3nelcTpo.n:aMH,
11('TUCpTa51 6y1rna -
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l{H<f>pa - IC<lTerop1U1 pa3Mem;eHHH (1 - Ha. OTKphITOH IlJIO.I.Qa,z:n<e,
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Ouu•11e cnc~e1um. Dpc\!hIJJ.IJICJIHbIM ncpcl\tem1b1M TOK B CCCP
HMeer \racrory 50 nepao,110B B ceKyH.llY (50 ru).
Cnapo 11Hh1e TpaHc<:Popl\nrr0pbI c.TiyxcaT .D;JUI npeo6pa30BaHJUl
Tih!COKoro 1mnp5DKCHmI 3JICKTpnt1ecKoii cen1 (220 HJlH 380 B)
D Hir> KOC m.i.nprnKCHHe BTOP al.JHOH 3JieKTplI1ICCKOW u.erm lJ.O Tpe6yCl\·\Of0 }lJlSI cBapKH ypomrn, onpe.a.eJrnervioro yc}IOBfrnMH ;uu1
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(6c3 narpyJKit n cnap0 moil ncnn) coc:.·T~rn1rneT 60- 75 B. fl.pH cnapKe
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llHKa
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31
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ue 1<acmoTcH m 1 K01H~M cnapO'UfbIX npono.uon .npyr tq>yra; yc-ra1
uoninb ncpcMhl~IKY Ila /{\.JC((C 1a')KJIMOD COOTDeTCTBeHHO Tpe6yeMOH
nemrt11111c cnapc,.moro ·i-o~a (300 1uu1 500 A).
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rcuep:nopa (ec_11n c-~roTpc:-f;. 1.:0 crop0Hb1 KOJIJleKTopa, poTop .D.On;KeH
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.
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11a11pv.:;,Kcm1c na 3a>KHMax HunraTe_'l~I, paunoe 380/220 B, 1IBn~­
~TCj{ onacHblM. l1o3TOM)' OHH .AOJDKU~t 6bITh 3aI<phIThI. Bee no,ncoe,nHncuHSI co CTopoHt.t BhICOI<oro uanp.sm~eHWI (380/220 B) .D;OJI)J(eH
ocy1.uccTBJUITh TOJILKO 3J1CKTpHK7 HMCIOU.U-IH rrpaDO na rrpOH3BO,ACTD<?
3.ilCKTPO'.\'iOHTa>KHblX pa6oT;
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Hanp~lKeuue ua 3a;ic11Max renepaTopa, paBHoe npH uarpy3Ke
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1
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6. KaKI·IC ocnoBHl>Ie npan1-v1a 6esonacHocTH npn 3IC(';IuzyaTarum
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B npo~OJIMihii! KCUiaJI 5 I<OTOpOro BCTUBJ1CH IUTO'i( coe,n;IUilITC..1IbHOro
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1. Cc~cm1c cnapo11Bb1X npoeo.n;on B laBnc1ruocm
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pac1cucJlc1urn pacrnHrn..11cHnoro rvreTaJJJ'1a cm1poq11o:ii BaHilliI. K HHM
OTllOCf!TCK :JJlCMCHThl, ICOTOphIC o6;ra;.:i;moT 66..'IhlillI~l cpo,D;CTBOM
K ICUCJIOpOJ!Y, 'ICM )KCJle:~o, HanpHMCp rvzaprane.Q, KpCMHllli,. TM:Tall,
aJIIO:!VII1.HHH H
EonI>IllMHCTBo pac1nrcn_r,rre.Jieti 1.rno.a.uTc.sr n 3 ...-ieKTpo,-r:i:noe noKpbrrne B Dl~e ¢eppocnnanon.
JI er Mp y IO ll{ He c 0cTaBJijJ:10 He Heo6X0,[(11MbI B COcTa.Be
no1cpb1T1ur JJ,JJSJ npnn;aiurn: MeT8.J1ny nrna cne~HaJI.bHhIX cnoiicTB:
')KapOCTOMKOCTH, 1131-IOCOCTOHICOCTH, conp<rnmn.Hel\lOCTH Kopp031Ill
M IIOBbllllCI-IlUI MeXaI.Hf'-IeCKHX CDOWCTB. JierHp)'IOll(HMII 3JieMe1na~rn:
c.nyJKaT ~rnpraaeJ~, xpoM, THTaH, Baua.n,r-u1, MOJnr6.n:eH, n11KeJib,
BOJIL4>pal\·1 H HeKOTOpbIC .u.pyrMe 3.ITeMeHTbI.
T a 6 H :I M 3 H p
IO 11( H M H c 0 c T a D JI .Sl IO II.{ ll M H SJBJ'I.HIOTCH
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.n...rrn CB.sI3blliaT·nrn COCTaBJiillOIIUIX TIOI<phrnrn Me)J{:.ny co6011: H co
CTCp)KHCM 3.:1cK-rpo,na. B 1mt1ecTBC
Hux npH.MCHRIOT KaJJ11eBoe HJIH
I
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H
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Oc1-IOBHbIM cnn3y1omu~vr RemecTBOI'.·f c.r1y)l(MT :>KH.n.rcoe creirn:o.
Bee nor<:pwnn1 ,[(O...DKHhI y)~ODJieTBop5IT.h CJICll)'IOWJ·IM Tpe6oBaIIIDIM:
o6ecnetnmaTh cra61L'lbHOe ropcHne .nyru;
cp113HtfeCKHC CBOttCTBa IJL'"IaKOB, o6pa3yI-OillJIX npu IIJ1aBJieID:IH
::m:eKTpoJ(a, ,no.1)KHhI o6ecrre"tnrnaTh HopMaJI&Hoe q10pMHpoaam1e
lIIBa H y .no6Hoe MaIIIiil)'JUrponannc 3.JICKTpO~OM;
42
He )lOJI~(HbI npOI1CXO!UJTh peaKqmr 'ro1It;;1Krxy [li.iJGKaivlH, ra3Rl\Ul
11 MeTa1u10M, ~noco6n1.1e DhI3B::tTh o6pa3onauae nop B caapHLIX
mnax;
MaTepHaJibl IlOKPl·ITiffi Il;OJDr\:Iibl xopowo H3MeJihliaTbCSI u
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B
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c
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r,
v
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npu l1Jla::u1enu.11 06pa3yeT pacrJumncHHhltt 1vieTaJL1 n lllJ!aK. IlJ,;rnx
.nonxceH o6Jra,naT.b orrpe)J;eneHH1:TM'.H: (Plf3J1lleCKH1\·iH II XIU.'vllitfCCKHMH
cnolicTBaMH.
K qnnwiec1nIM cnoi1crnaM Illmurn O":n:1ocsrr TeMrreparypy r.11rnn11e1um, TcMneparypnr.1i·i mncpna11 3UTBcp11.cna1nrn, Tcn.11oeMKocT1>,
TCilJlOCO.[(Cp)l<aJ-IHC, D.sfJICOCTb, cnocoGnocn.J pacTnop.srrb CiOICJibI,
<:}'Jih~.H,lJ.bl
n T. JJ.., Il.TIOTJIOCTh,
ra·1onpom'fl,U(:MOCTh H 1<o:Jcl1cp111tHeH.,
,..
Tbl nm1c1nroro n: OO'bCMHoro pncnn1pcrnm.
K XHMWieCI<Mivl caoiicTBaM OTHOCHT cnoco6Hoc1b llIJiaKa pacKHC.JHITh pacrurn.nneHHLll MenUJn cnapoqHoii naur-rbl, CBst3brnau.
oKHCJibl B
nen<on.rramnre coe.n.:r.:rne1-urn, a
pucIDJaBJieHHLn1 MeTilJLiJ cnapotUIOH BaJ-lilbJ.
<"DnJHlJecture cuoiic-:r.sa
TaIOKe
nernpoBan.
06pa3y1011~nxc51
u.ma rcoB orca3r,mmoT
:.um~urreJJhnoe Bnn»HHC na npo1,ecc cnaprcu M <}.~opMuponmure
crsapuoro IDBa. Bo ncex 3:IeKrpo,DJILIX nor<pb1T1rnx npH nx n.:1anneHHH IIJIOTHOCTb llIJ1aKa .U:OJI~KHa 6bITb Hl'l'_]i(e IlJJOTHOCTH :rvieTaJIJia
coapo"lHlOH BUHHbI, 'ITO of.ecrre"t!HT cro BCfL'lLIBanue H3 CBapo11noii:
BaUHbI. Te).1nepaTypH.orii 11nTepB3..J1 3aTB'2p~e.oa1urn lliJlaKa .no.101<eu
6h!TL Hl,DI<e Te;i...n1epaT)'pbI KpZCTaJJJHl3<lI:l,HH MeTaJwa cBapot.nIOH
,...
Bt\H!lhI, HHa1..1e cnoxi HiJ13Ka He OJ',[\CT nponycKa1b BLI)'leJUJIOll{HeC.SI
~
H'l cnapo~uoil :eam-rLI ra3Ll. IJlnaIC ,iJ,O.TJ)lcen: no~cpLIDaTb C13apsoil
moll no nceii. noeepxHocTH poBIII>L\.1 cnoe1\f.
llimlKH, o5pa3yIOll(HeCSI rrpH flJ18BJie!I!<IH 3.JTeICTpO,ifJILIX ITOKpbITMM,
611maIOT «JJ:JUH-lHHC» LtI «KOpOTKI'"'~/}. «)l;.TJUHiiJ,JJl.. m» llll3bIBaror TaKHe
U'IJlaI<u,. B cocnrne !COTOpL1X CO,[(ep;;IUlTC}l 3Hat.tHTCJ1hIIOe ICOJill'ICCTBO
Kpt:'MHe3eMa.
llo3pac-fanne TIX B513KOCTH rrpn: TIOHl0J.(eiuIH Te1'.·illC-
pr.t.Typ.ur npoHCXO,D;!IT Me,WICHHO. 3ne1np0.LJ.bl, HMe!OIUHC IlOKphITH.5!,
o!.)Gpa3y1onT,ne rrpH IIJiU.BJl~1ffIIl «)JJiliHHLIC}) n1naKn, He rrpP:'.I'O,UHbI
JV1.Jl CBapKH B BCpTI-IXaJILHOiI H IlOTOJl;)ll.HOH JT-110CKOCDIX, TaK KaK
CB<~pocma)-1 Bri.HHa
,n:. .15r
.UjHITCJ.t!:-HOe Bpe?vrn 113.XO,~HTCH .a JICI1.U,KOM COCTO.H-
BO BCex npocTpaHCTBeHHhIX fIO~iO)Kem·HIX
np~1M('H92.')T 3,;ierap0,!..1,bI) IIOJ'f-1hlTH5! KOTOpblX npH TUJClB.:JeIIHH AaIOT
<(KopoTKHe» IIJnaKH.; BO'lpacram-1e D5J3KOCTH pacrurnBnennoro mnaKa
·c lIOHlDKClUIC:\.1 TCMIIepaTyphI IIpOHCXO~MT 6bICTJ>O, II03TOMY
3aKpEGTaJIJ1H30iiQBT.UHfica lllJJaK npeII>':!TCTBYCT CTCKaHHJO MCTanna
lJHli.
CBapKH
U.11-la'l HUXDXtHn1erocH
eu(e B )KH.UKOl\'1 Bn;Le. «KopOTiilie» 111.naiCH
na10T 3J1CKTpo,u,u c pyTn.iIOBhIM H ocIWBHLIJ\1 norqJ1>ITner:,11.
1-{ocraTQllHO xopmIIy10 OT,D.e.JIHMOCTL lUJiaKOBOM :KOpKU OT
IlOBepxHOCTli lv1CHl.JIJia TIOJiyrmIOT rrpn 11pn1v1eHeHi,IU llIJla:KOB, HMCIO-
43
IUHX K03cp<pHU11CllT ~1HHCHHOrO pacun1peHn5I, OTJUPiaiom.ru1cx OT
1\0Jc~cp1nmc1na JI uueiiuoro pacwHp8Hif.SJ MeTaJina.
Cnott{."Tna MeTanna moa 11 TexuononwccKne xapaKTepHCTllKH
:>.1Je1\'.TI>O~ou. 3i1e1crpoJ~"hI xapaKTcpn3y1-0T no CBOHCTBaM HarmaBneHnoro HMH MeTaYJna, K KOTOphIM OTHOCSITCjl: npotlHOCTh, nnacnr-1JIOCTI>, y)I.JIHHeHne, y,l.J,a pnaSI Jlff3KOCTh, TBep,.U:OCTb, I<Oppo:lHOH..;
HaSI CTOiiI<OCTb, CTOHKOCTb npOTHB crapeHIDI, a npH uaIDlaBOt.Il:I.bIX
pa6oTaX If l13HOCOCTOHKOCTb.
Hap5I~1Y c 1rn 'ICCTBOM Mcra1r11a wna, no.:-ry 1 re11I-roro npn cnapKe
/1.JUIII>l~·f 3JICl<Tpo.~~OM, n:.DKHOC '.JHi.l1ICHllC IIMCJ-OT H ero TeXHOJIOrH\JCCl\ llC cnoiicTU:.t. K
OCHOBHMM TCXIIOJIOfl-P!eCICHM CBOHCTBrtM
:>:ICKlpO/:(a OUIOC~ t' cro upo1nno.n.1rrcJibHOC..'Tb, npiffO,!UIOCTb ):(ml
cnapKII n pct1JllfllllhIX npocTpanCTBCHHbIX TIOJIOJKeHIJSIX, cra6MJlh. IJOCT.f, ropc1urn JJ.yrn npH IlOCTOHHHOM II ncpervl'CHHOM 'TOKe:t
J(Oil}'CTHMYI-0 Mal\CHMaJlhHYIO n l\U1HUMaJibHYI-O J])lHHY tzyrH, l])OpM)'
urna, K03<i)(pUI.ViCHTbl .tmnJiaBiaI, pacuJiaBJJeI-IlUI u IlOTCpb.
Bonpocbr l:(JI~ caMonponepz~u
I. KaKnMu xapa1crcpncTuKa:..n1 onpe[lc.runoTc51 cuoiicTna ~FreK­
Tpo;.(on'!
2. Kmq1c cocT~rn1u11ono1c JH011D 11a1-0Tcn B
::me1npo,u:on?
3. KaK KJiaccmlrnuupyroTc» n0Kpbrr1ut?
cocran
noKphITifll
§ 16. 3flEKTPOAbi C l<lllCilbH·1 nOK?biTVIEM
D cocranc IUICJIOI'O noKphlTlHI CO/~Cp:>KaTC.H OKHCJihI )KCJie3a
n MapraHna (npenMymecrncHHO B BHl~c PY~~, KpervtHe3eM, THTanonhlii
KOHI{eHTpaT H 60JlbIIIOe KO.'IlP-lCCTBO cpeppoMapraHlJ,a. ra3onyro
3aI.qirry pucnJtaBJiCillIOro MCT<.L'!Jia o6erne~runaIOT pa3JIO)KeHneM
opraIHPiecr-:HX COCTaBJJ aIOll.JJIX IlOKphITIUI (I{e;"IJTIDJ103bl, .n;peBCCHOH
l\·IYKH, )],CKCTplUia, Kpax~.taJia). rv1eTa.iIJI, HaIL1aB ..1CHI!bIH ~t'leKTpo~
l:(aM11: c KHC:lblM noKpbITHCt..1, 110 C130CMY COCTaBy 'Jame ncc-ro
COOTBC'TCrnyeT Kl!lUI!.li,Ctt CTa ..'1l1 Ii CO,u,cp;!GIT OT 0, 12 ~~ C~
0,10 ~/~ Si, 0,6-0,9 % Mn /1.0 0,05 % S H P Ka)KJJ:oro. 3.TJeKT})OJU;.I
3TOii rpynrtM npI1f0.[(IihI .unsi CBapKH BO BCCX npocrpaHCTBCHHh!X
rIOJIO)frnHJUIX rrepen·teHlii;,IZ\·1 H IIOCTORIIHb!::'\1 TOI~OM H xapainepH3)'lOT·
CH
)],OCTaTo•mo 6oJibillOH CKOpOCTbIO pacrn1aBJICIIl1H. l•Ix He
pcKO:vfCU.D,yeTCH npmvteIUITb llJUI cnap!UI cnwci1, l(OTOpLIC IIMeI-OT
HOBLilllCHHOe co;::i:ep;-Kamre ccpbr 11 yrncpOl:(U, TaK KaK ~ICTaJIJI
nrna, DbIIIOJIHCHHhrii 3THMII JJleKTpOJJ,a?<.HI~ 'lYDCTBHTene!I K o6p~l30-
na umo KpncraJIJn:nannoHnhIX Tpern;nn. 3 ..'ICKTpo,n;ar..nr c KHCJibTh-t
noKpbnue:rvr MOiKHO cBap1rnaTb MeTan_,i: c p/I\aI>hIMII Kpo~\1Ka:Ma,
0Ka1nmoi-i . (npH 3Ha tnneJibHOM HarrpIDKeHHH .lfyTH}, nonyciasi npn
3TOM nnoTHbIC rnnh1. CTophI B urnax npn csapr<e 3JieKTpo.n;aMH
C KHCJl·bIM IlOKpbITlieM o6pa3ylOTCSI:
lf3-3a Dl>ICOKOro co.n;epxcaHIUI Maprattl.{a
B noKpbITHH;
npH npHMeHeHMH ¢eppoMapranu;a c 60JiblllHM CO'Aep)l(aHHeM
yrJiepoJ.(a .u :rcpeMIDt:SI;
44
npH
CBapKe
MeTa.TJJia
c
BhlC.01\llM
co.nep:1KaHHeM
KpeMHIHJ.
3TOH rpynnhl Il03DOJUUOT no'""IY1Ia Tb MeTH...TJJ"J
mna c BpeMeHHbIM conpoT11Bnciu1eM cni,m1e 420 l-l/M2, OTHOctt3JJeICTpO)J.bI
TCJihHbIM y.i1:.r111HenueM 1~e Mcy1iee 18% H y,uapHorr BJI3KOCT.bIO 6om~c
80 H. M. Ila MeXaIU!'IeCK.HM CBOMCTBaM cnapuoro coeJJ,m1eHIUI
n MeTa.n:J1a IUBa 3.TieKTpO,Uhl c l\11CJibI~1 IlOI\pbITHCM OTHOC5J.TCH.
K rnny 342 no
9467-75. He~r:.(OCT;JTKaMH 3THX ~JICKrpo.n.on
JIBJUIIOTCH IlOHM)l(eIUm.51 CT011KOCTL npoTIIB o6pa30BaHH51 1cp11cTaJ1JJH3aUHOHHhIX Tpeuun1, nonLillleHttoe pa36phnrnnaaue MeTanna
H Bh1,nene1rn:e B npor~ecce cBapKn lVtapran~OBHCTbIX coe.n.n.11eH1lli,
rocr
npcJJ.HO n1n1moI.I.JJIX_ Ha opraHH3M ~e110BeKa.
·
B o n p o c bI ll. .rr ~1 c a !"\'1 o rr p o B c p K n
1. TiepclJIICJIHTC, lJCl'v1 06cc11Ctf.HBaCTCR I' :nona.H 3aIIUJTa npK CJmpKe
3JICK'fPOJi,al\.Uf C KllCJll.11\-1 llOKj)l>ITllCM.
2. KaKOBhl npc11Myu~ccnm H 11ci~OcTano1 1;;ncJ1oro noKpbITI·rn'?
§ 17. 3flEKTPO,l.\bl c OCl-IOGHblM noKPb!Tt.1EM
0CHOBllOC noKpHTHe COCTOHT 113 1rnp60I-IaTOB KaJibIUUJ, MarHIHI
(MpaMop, MCJI, .uonO.LVHIT, MarHe3HT) .H TTJiaBHKOBoro rnnaTa,
1'13 <I>cppOCIJJlaBOD (qJeppo.r-.mprancJ.~, cpeppOCHJIHI.J.Jl~f,
<l>cppoTnTaJI If ,up.). PacnJrnnJ1eHUhIH MCT<UIJI 3:u1~H~aeTc.si yn1eK1n::JlbIM ra3oM H OKHCbIQ yr J1epo.11a, KOTOpblC o6pa3yIOTC.sI BC.TJC,D,CTBHe
J~HCCOUHaI.J.Ull ~ap6onaTOB. 311eKTp0,!1,hI c OCIIOBilhI:\·1 noKpbITlle~-1
npHMeIUHOT npeHJ\·tyll\eCTBeHHO npH cnapKC 110CTOSIHI-IbI1\-'.!" TOI<:OM
o6paTHOii iI01I5IpHOCTH DO Bcex. npoc-rpaHCTBClm.J,IX fi0.1:0)f(CHl-I.sIX.
McTaJIJI,
naruxaB...'leHH:hitt TaK111\--m
3J1cKrpo;J,a1v111,
'-rnw;c
ncero
COOTBCTCTnyeT CITOKOHHOH cranu II C0/lCl1'f(f-lT HC1J-Ja1.UITCJibHOe KOJIM1ICCTBO KHC.TIOpo,rr,a,
BO,[{OpOl!,a
M a30Ta.
CoJJ.epJKaHHC
cepLI
11 cpoccjlopa B HCM o6hPIHO IIC npeDLimaeT 0,035 ~;.: K<.DK.D.Oroy
CO/l,ep)l<UHHe Maprauu:a H KpCMl-llISI 3aBI·ICHT OT mnHa qCHHJ{ '.JJICICTpoa "TaIOJCC
.l~OD
(oT 0,5 ,n:o -1,5~~ Mn M OT 0,3 .no 0,6% Si). MCTaJIJI
mna, croliKHii nponm o6pa30Ba1nrn KpncraJIJIH3aI~HoHHhIX ipen.uu-1,
crapetnrn:, HMeeT ,D.OCTaTO'-iHO BbICOKUe IlOJ<a3aTeJIH y.n;apnoii mnKOCTH KaK npH TIO.TJ:O)KJfTeJibHbIX, TaK 11 npH OTPHI.J.aTeJibHhIX.
TCMnepa zypax. 3JieICTpO,il,bI c OClIODHLIM IlOICpbITIJeM npI-Il'vfCfUUOT
}.:(JUI CBap;1n-1 MCT3J1J10D 60.TihlJIOM TOJIJJUIHhI, JJ,:rn 1-n~1enn.H, pa60Ta1clllUX B T1DKeJihIX 3KCilJiyaTaIJ,HOHIII>rx yc.,,10BH.HX HJIH TpaHcnopru·
pyro:rn:11x TQ3hI, a Ta.KiKC jl,JlH cnapKH JlllTbIX yrnepOJJ;HCThIX, HI1:3KOJJC['HpoBaHHhIX BLICOI(OI1p01ll.U.>IX CTi:U!eM JI Cl aJieH c IIOBbllJ1CJIHI>IM
COll,ep)l(aHMCM ccpLI. H yrJiepo,n:a. 3J1CICTp0,[(bl c OCHOBHhllYI noKphlTl-ICM BeCbMa 1.JYDCTBHTCJlbHbl IC o6pa30BaHJuo nop DO BpC:\1SI
cnapKM, CCJIH KpOMKH CBap1rnaeMhIX H3~r:.(CJIJ1M noKphITbI OI<anl-:IHOI1,
piKaB 1:UUIOH, MaC:iOM, a TaIOKe eC..'1H 3JleKTPOJJ.HOe IlOI<phlTHC
ysJia)l(IIeHo H no,IL.T(ep:>KHBaeTcSI 6oJiblllaSI A;TWHa Jl,yrn. Mexa1m1iCCKMe CDOMCIBa Menuu1a uma perynMpyIOT BB~JJ,eHllCl\·1 B IIOICpbITHe
XpOMI!, MOJIH6,,uena, c}>eppm~mpraHna 11 ~eppOCHJ!M.QIUI.
45
Borrpocbl ,r:i;.rrn caMonposepKH
1. Vb tICrO COCTOliT OCIIOBHOC TIOiqJbITHC?
2. B 'ICM npCH1\1"'jII(eCTBO OCHOBHOTO Il0Kpul1'llil nepe.n; ,n:pyn-IMH
noKphfr'Hjfrvrn?
§ 18. 3J1EKTPOAbD c PYTEIUnOBblM noKPblTlllEM
B cocran pyn·rnonoro no1<pbntu1nxo,r:i;~T1coHQc1rrpaT npapo'AHoro
Mlnrepana pynrna,
H ¢cppoM~prauc1~.
KpcMIIC'3Cl\1,
Kap6om.1ThI
1rnn1>11Jrn,
MarHIDl
Kom~c1npaT
pynrna COCTOHT D OCilOBHOM
li3 JJ.BY<H(lfCH nrrana. Kpc:vrnc·JCM B COCTaB IlOKpblTlUl BBO~UTCJI
B BH,l\e l'pamna, IIOJICBOJ'l) mmna 11 CJU0/1,hl.
Co[(ep11rnnnc no.r~opoJ-'i.l n Mcnumc uma 3aBHCHT OT rrp11cyrCTBiu1 n noKpLnrm opr~11n1t1ecKnx nemccTB. CTofm:ocTb MeTaJIJia
uma nponm 06pa3ona1urn: KpHCTaJIJJ.H3aQHORHbIX TpemnH TaKa.n )!r.ej
I\aK y 3JieKTpO,D;OB c Kl1CJlbIM TIOKpbITUervL 3JieKrpOiJbI 3TOH
rpynnbI npM CBapKe MaJIO CICJIOHH.bI K o6pa30BaIIIilO nop npH
M3MeHeillUI ~.JillllbI ,n,yru liJIU no OKIICJieHU:bn·~1 nonepXHOCT.fIM,
a TaKJKC no MeTaJIJJy, HaTIJW.BJICHHO:r..·ry paHee 3.TICI<TpO)J,aMH co
cra61·rn1nirpy10uurM noKpbITHCM. B np01~ccce cnap1c11 pyn-vroBoe
noKpl>lTIW oflccnc•urnacT ycToiitmnoc ropcunc l'()'f'H, xopomee c}>o!>"'
rvmponaHIIC mna, a Tar<JKC MillIIJMaJII>Hoe pa36pbI3nrnanne MCTaJIJia.
Bh1~eJieH11e npe.QHbIX ra30B npa cma pKe He6oJn,moe.
3JzeKTpO)J.aMn c pyn1noBhIM rroKpbITiteM MO)f(.HO cBap11aa TL
li3J.~eJIIUI BO ncex npocrpanCTBeIUlb!X IlOJIO:iKClllIJlX KaK nepeMCHHI::IMsi
TaK M nocTOjJHIII>IM TOKOM. MeTaJIJI, uanpaBJieHHbrii aJieKTpo.naMH
c pyTI·L10Dh!M noKphITHCM, co)J.ep)l(HT /1.0 0,12% C; 0,4-0,7~~ Mn;
0,1-0,3% Si; 0,04% s H p KaiK/1,0fO.
Bonpoci,1 .n;na caMorrpoBep.KH
1. B 11eM coc10.sir oco6eHHOCTH pyTnJioBoro noKpbITH11?
2. KaKon cocraB pyTH.rronoro noKphntrn?
§ 19. 3nEKTPOAbl c 14Ellnt-Ono3Hb1M noKPblTlliEM
QeJIJilOJI03HOe TIOKpbITHC COCTOHT rnaBHbIM o6pa30M .H3 ropro1IHX opraHHtICCKMX Ma Tep1mnoB ( OKCllQeJIJII0..'103bl, I<paXMaJia),
KOTOph1e n npou:ecce pa3no1KeH1u1 06ecrre 1uma10T B llyre ra3onyro
3all{HTY pacIDiaBJreHHoro MeTanna. lllnaK006pa3y101.Q1r!\.1H '1B}HUOTC.R
pyTiIJI, TRTaHOBbllf I<OHU:eHTpaT, MapraHQCBa» py.n;a H CHJII-IKaTM,
a pacKHCJIHTcneM - ¢eppoMapraueu. 3rn 3..1e1c-rponb1 o6ecrretmBaIOT
·ne6oJibIJToe pa36pI>nnmam-re MeTa . 'IJia
.
H Manoe EOJIHl.JeCTBO IIIJiaKa.
01n1 nplffO.D;Hbl AJ15! cnapKH BO ncex npocrpaJ-ICTBCHHbIX I!OJIOiKCIIl:UIX
ImK nepeMCHHbIM, Ta:I\ II IlOCTO.HHHhIM TOKOM.
BonpocbI ,r:i;n.si caMorrponepI(H
I. Karcono Ha3Haqen11e
~neI<Tponos c u:eIDironoJHf,IM noK,PM-
THeM?
2. lleM
46
OTJilfl.JaeTCJI
:QeJIJIIOJ103HOe
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OT
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§ 20. 3n!E~(TPOAM c
nOKPbff~EIM
CMiEWAHHoro 8111,QA
l{poMe BbII.IJencpetIMCJleHHbIX TUflOB flOKpbITHi.1 cyrr~eday1o:r
CJic,n;y1om11e nor<ph1nrn r,,,rcTaJJJinqecrrnx 3.rtCKTpOJ..lOR: pyrHno-Kap6o...
HaTnoc (~1ie1npoJI;hI AH0-3, AH0-4, AH0-5); pynuJO··KapGoHaTHO.•
<bTopac-roe (::>JH:!KTPO.llhl 03JI-9); llJlbMCHHTOBOC (3J1e~crpo.u bl
A~I0-6); pyTJUionoe c jKCJie3HLIM rropollIKm. .1 (3.liCKTpO~hI AHO-I);
nnaCTMacconoe (3JICKIJ'OJfLI BCII-1).
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BbICOKBMll CBapotJHQwTeXHOJIOH{lieCKUMII CBOMCTBaMH. flpM CBapI<e
3THMI1 3JieKTPO~aMH o6ccnetnrnaroTc.si xopon1ee ¢opl\·IHpOBanne
MC'I'aJIJia llIBa BO ncex n:pocrpaHCTBeHilblX IIOJIO)KeHMJIX, nerKa>I
OTJJ;CJUIMOCTh IIIJiaKonoli Kopxu, ycTow1nBoc ropeHne .nyrH npH
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Om-1 HMeioT MaJILIC noTcpu Mcra11na OT pa3Gphl'.inmanm1 H B 3TOM
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flo MeXaIUitICCKUM CBOiiCTBaM MeTaJIJia urna H CBapHOrO
coe,tume1nrn .l(aHIILie 3.TieKTpO,nbl OTIIOCHTCjI K 3Jieinpo,D;.aM THna
3-46, rocr 9467 - 1s.
3neKTpo,ru,r c pynuro-:rrap5oHa TIU.IM noKpbITHeM o6ecrre"turnaroT
BLICOICYIO
y.uapny10 BITTKOCTb MCTa.,'IJ]a mna npH IlOJIO)KIJTeJibllbLX
H OTpHqaTeJibllbIX TeMnepaTypax uerrocpe,D;.CTl.!CHHO IlOCJie CBapI<H
H noc11e CT«pcrurn. 3Hatfennc y;:mpuo.H B5J3KOCTH MeTai£JJa mna,
BhiuonneHHoro ::>Jie1npoJ.(aMH AH0-3 u AI-I0-4, AI-!0-5, 3Hai:nneJlbuo DbIIIIC, 'tJCM ,I:(JUI 3J1CKTpO~OB
CM-5.
3rreKrpo,n;b1 c pyTHJI0-1<ap60Ha THo-cl>Top11CTbTM rroKpLITHer...1 np11Mc1unoTcJI npH CBa pKe ;x~.pOCTOKKYX cra.11eii, pa6oTaIOII.JJIX np11
TeMn9JaTypc lJ.O 1050° C, H i;:or,D.a K Menuvry urna npe,rrMIBJIHJOTCH Tpe6onaID1R IIOBbIIlleHHOH CTOIDCOCTH npOTHB oxpyn~ BalUUl.
3JieK'rpo,D,bI c M.JlbMCIIJZITOBbIM IIOI<phITUeM OTJ!H 1IaIOTC~ JICrKI'Th-l
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u ra3on, qeM npH cnapr-:e :Jne1npo.r(a.r-.·1II Cl\tI-5.
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nopoll.IKOM, o6Jia.l(aIOT BbiCOI<oir npOH3BO,[{HTeJihHOCTLIO 3a C'tleT
nan~Pnur B noKpbITMH )KeJie3Horo noponrna. CBapKa Bb1no11!HieTcs:1
3.rreKrpo,r.;bI,
B OC.HOBHOM B lUDXIIeM IIOJIOX<eHHH. npu CBa pxe BI:Jr,:enneTC}{
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CKJIOHI-IOCTh MeTa.n:na lliBa K o6pa30Ba1uno nop 11~3naqITTeJ!r-.1nu1,
TaK KRK HaJIH1Ille p;rcaB 1UillbI H ' Macna, Kal( npaBHJIO, HC
Bl>I3bIBaeT o6pa30Ba!UUI nop.
3JieKTpO,n.bI c nnaCTMaCCOBbn.-1 noKpbITHCM TaIOKe co.uepxrnT
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3a3ophI. IloKpbITHe Hernrpocxonircrno. CBa pKa B03MO)KHa BO ncex
npocrpaHcrnenHDIX nonoxcenm:ix Ha rroCTOHHHoM
n: nepeMeHHOM
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47
§ 11. 3nEKTPO~bl AnSI CBAPKW YrnEPO.Q"1CfblX
"' Hl'13KOnErlilPOBAHHblX KOHCTPYKL\lllOHHblX CTAnE'11
3' n c KT p o /1 hi A MapoK Cf\11-5, Kfl3-32P u YHJI-1 11 i:tpyrHe
npe.D.Ha.3Ha lfCHhl 11.m1 cBapK11 HH3Koyrnepo.D,HCT.l>IX craneii. no ncex
JipOCTpaHCTBelIHLIX IlOJlOJKCHlHIX.
3ncKTpO.[(hl
03C-2
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MapoK YOHM--13/45, CM-11, Yil-1/45,.
upe;I.mt3m111e11b1 JJ.JISI cBapKU HH3Koyrncpo-
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cpc.n.ncyr.;1cpo11HCThlX
If
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JJO BCCX 11pocrpa11CTI>CHHhlX llOJIOjKCHirnX.
McTcUIJl mua
3-'I c KT po .n. hi P Mapo11: AH0-3, AH0-4, MP-1, MP-3,
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3neKTPO.i1LI E l\rnpoK YOHH-13/55, JJ:CK-50, YCT-1/55,
Yil-2/55, K-5A npc,rn1a31m ~r~Ht-I .zvrn cnapKn HH3Koy11repo.QUCThIX,
C:111:'/UICyn1cpo;~HCTJ,JX 11 HIJ'.lKOJ!CiHpoBaHJlhlX CTaJieii. 0HH xapaKTCp1nymrc~ ~vl<.Ulh!IVI COJl.Cp)Ki.\ITHCM no.n:opo.n.a H BhICOKOii CTOMKOCTh!O
urna npoT1rn 06p~nonntt1rn Kpncr:::.n.iunannoHIJh!X -rpemm1. CBapI<a
3TI1MH 3J1CKTpo.o:aMH BOJMO)k:Ha BO BCCX npoc-rpattCTBCHHbTX IlOJIO)l(CfUUIX.
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npoc-rpaHCTBCHIILIX flOJIO:>KCHiUIX.
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,n.1~ HI·DKe nepetmCJlCHm:>IX 3JicK·rpo.o:ou cocra~uu1cT: Kf13-32P
11 YHJl-1-0,07;
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lVTP-1-0,12; l\1P-3-0,ll; 03C-4 H 03C-6-0,10;
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1. qCM OTJH1t.IaJOTC5J. 3J1eI<TpOJJ,bI 342 OT 342A?
2. t.IeM OTJUft.JaIOTC51 3JieKTpO.D.bI 342A OT 346?
§ 22. 3nEKTPOAbl ~nff CBAPfU.1 TEnnoYCTOaif"t"1BblX CTM&lif
3 n e KT po .n 1>1 A Map1n1 U:fl-14 npe,.a;Ha3HcPieH.bl f.l.i151 CBapI<H
l2MX, ISXM H 20MX-JI, pa6oraIOIJJJ1X
KOHCTpyK1tHli 1'13 crane.M
48
ssoc·c. CnapKa B03MO)KHa BO BCeX npocTpan-
npM: TeMrrepa1ype .no
CTBe.HHhIX IlOJIO)f(eHHSIX.
3 n e K T p o 11. hr E Map Kn r JI-14 npc11.Ha3Ha ~eHhl AJUI cBapKll
KOHClpYJ<UHll 113 cra;ur 12MX, pa6oTaI-Oil_\CH npH TeMnepaType
J~o 560"'C. Cro.p1m BOJMO)K}Ia uo nccx npocrpm-icTneHHhIX :i;iojI0>1ceH1u1x.
3 JI c KT p o .n hi E MapKH UJI-30-63 npe.nHa31m "leHbl .n.~·u1 CBapKH
CTaJlCH 34XM H 20X3MBcD. Cna p1<a B03MO:>KHa B HIDKHCM
II ncpTmmnhHOM Il0Jl0}KCHI1'1X.
3 n e KT p OJ( hI E MapKH QJI-20-63 ncnonh3YJOT npH cnapKe
11ep.rrHTHbIX
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craJieH 20XM©,
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f\l:lp!\U
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l~Ta.11eii: X5B<l>, 06X13 n Xl 7.
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c r~w cii
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1
110.llOn<'.CHMH.
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111.IUOjJHfilOT BO DCCX npocrpaHCfBCHHhIX IlO.iIO>KeHIUIX.
BonpocLI .UJI.sI ca MonponcpK.u
I. Ka1n1e !\.-rnpKn 3J1eKTpo.r(0B rrp1Th1cHmoT 11.su1 CBapKII Ten1roVt: 1oiilJnBbIX c-raneii?
. 2. 1\A 0)KH0 JUI ceapima Tb TCillIO)'CTQMllHBhie CTaJJH . 3J1eKTP<>Jtit Mil 342?
§ 23. 3J1EKTPO~bl AJlH CBAPKl-1 KOf-'f031110HHOCTO~H(l-tX,
>S<APOCTOliiKJAX L-1 >KAPOnP04Mb!X CTAflEf/; Pl1 cnnABOB
J(.11SI
cnapI·\:11
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craneii
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llM
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1Pl~r,~ma111rn cTOMKOcTH nporHB Me:>KKp11CTannHrno:M 1coppo3I-UI;
O'lJl-8 - ~JUI csapK11 CTajICH Xl 8H9, X18H9T M MM no.no6HhIX,
pa\;trnuou~Hx npH TeMnepaType JJ.O 350°C;
LtJl-11 - .n;;rn csapKH cra.;1ei! Xl8HIOT, X18H9T~ OX18Hl2T,
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va6oTaJ-Oll.{HX rrpH TCMn·~pa1ypc 600-650° C, H BhICOl~OM ,nan.!1e1nrn;
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QJI-25 - ,rvrn c-rane:H X25T, X28, X23:H18, pfi6onnoH11Ix npH
reMnepa rype BhIDie 850° C; 03J1-4 - JJ,JUI era.nett X25T, X28,
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1
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X20Hl4C2 lI eii IlOA06HhIX, pauoTalOI!UIX npH TeMrrepaTypax
900- l 100°C.
CJIO.H);
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2. MoJKHo JJH o~ny MapKy 3JieKTpo.n;oa 3aY..1eHnTh ,npyroii?
50
§ 24. 311El<TPO,Qbl
.q.nn ceAPK!ll 4YrYHA
J(IDJ: cnapJ(u 11yry11a ::>neKTpO.l:\bl xapaKTcpH3)·10TCSI no np111.,,rna.SieMOMY CTepxcmo 3JlCKTpoAa.
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51
§ 25..-.3nEKTPOAbl Allft CBAPKlll L\BETHblX METAnnos
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52
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54
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llJ)Ol(CCCe CBapKR.
Hu.16op )l.HSl\'ZCTpa 3nel\'.1]l0,ZJ:a. J);HaMeTp :)JICICTpo,n;a B:oI611paIOT
II '.lalJHCHMOCTH OT TO.JIIUlllibl cnap1-mae1v10ro MeTa.TIJia; Map:KH csapn-
55
naeMoro MeTanna·; <}lopMI>I pa3.ZJ;eJIKH KpOMOK H HOMepa Bl>IDOJIHeHHOrO BaJIHKa-nma; IlOJ10)KCHIHI, B KOTOpOM BblilOJIHHCTCH
caapKa; Bn.[(a coe.m1HeH1u1.
,[l11aMCTp 3.lJCKlpO.[(a B 3aBHCHMOCTI1 OT TOJT..I.QHHbl csapHBaeMoro
MeTaJIJia BhI611pa10T B OCHOBHOM npH CBa pI<e D HM'>KHeM IlOJ10:>KeIUlH,
XOT~ TaKoii BbI6op HC HCKJUOt.IeH npH cnapKe B .npyr-HX npocrpan.;,
CTBeHHhIX IlOJIOn<:CIDUIX. IlpH cnapKC MCTa.JIJia B HIDKHeM ITOJiffiKeHHH
(ec.'IM He y~mTLIBaTb <l~opMy pa3J.~CJIKH KpOMOK) HMeCTC» c11c,ny10I.Qa>.L 3KCnepllJ\1CHTaJibHaH 3aOHCHMOCTb Me)J<.U.Y TonmliltOll cnapttBaeMoro MeTaJJJia II )(WlMCTpOM 3JICKTpo.n:a.
Tonuuma cnapnsacl\mro
MC-
Tanna, rv1M •
•
,l(HaMcTp 3JICl<Tpo.Aa, MM • •
1,5 2
3
4-5 6-8
9 - 12
13 - 15
16 - 20
1,6 2 2- 3 2; 3; 4 2; 3; 4; 5 3 ~ 4; 5 3; 4 ~ 5 3; 4; 5
u 6011ee
3.r1e1n-po,n,bI )J,l1aMeTpOM 2- 3 M!\.-1 npu CBa pKC MeTaJI.Tia TOJIJl{HllOH OT 4 Ml\{ II Bblllie npI-L,1CH5UOT npH BL!!10JJHCIIHH IICpBoro
CJIOiI - TaK 1133hmacMoro KOpHCBOro WBa.
JJ.1mMcTp 3J1c1npo1(a npu npotmx pannb1x ycnomrnx Dh16npa10T
n 3aBHCHMOCTll OT MapKH cuapuuaeMoro MCTa.nna. /J,JISI yMeHbIlleinrn: TCIL10I3.HO)J(elnrn B OCHODHOM ( csapimaeMLiii) Me-raJIJI (JI.JUI
CHIDKeHIUI B03MO:>KHOCTU o6pa30BaHIDI Tperu;1rn), oco6eHHO npH
csapKe 3a1rn.nJIDa10uv1xc11 craneli n tiyryHa, 3JieKTpo.n: 6epyT ~ua­
MeTpoM 2- 3 MM, •rTo 06ccrre 1 nrnaeT noJiyl1eatte Ba1111Ka He6o.Tihmoro cet1e1urn.
):(HaMeTp 3J'IeKrpo,u,a BhI6HpaI-OT nuoKe B 3am:ICUMOCTH OT t}JopMbl
pa3~eJIKH r<poMoK no.n. cBapKy. E~illi pa3.n.e~1K11 KpoMoK HeT, TO
.AR~-n..reTp 3JICKTpo.aa MO)J(HO no,a;6HpaTb no BLrwe nprrne,.a,em-10H:
3aBHCHMOCTH. Ecnn :>Ke IIMeeTc~ pa3,nenKa KpOMOK, To npu 11aJ10:>KeHnH nepnoro CJIOH> He3aB11CHMOfO OT .rvmpKI1 CBapimae!'.-fOI'O
MCTa.JIJia, rrpm1eH.5UOT 3JieKTpO.ll;bl ,n.mlMeTpOM 2- 3 MM H pe,r:r;Ko
4 MM. IlpMMCHeHlIC 3JieKTpO,D.OD 60JiblliHX .D:HaMCTpOB (CllbilIIe
4 MM), KaK npaBHJIO, npttBO.ll:lff K HenpoBapy' 3arnnaKOBbIBaHIDO
H o6pa30BaHIDO pSI,n:a .upyr11x .Aec.PeKTOB. Ilocne.uyroI.IU1C CJIOH
BbIIIOJIH.SIIOT 3JleKTpO;::J;aMH ,n.HaMeTpOM 4 MM, a eCJJH TOJ11UHHa
MeTaJIJia CBhTIJle 12 MM Ii CBapKy Bbll10JIHIDOT B IUDKHeM IlOJIO:iKCHHH,
TO MoryT 6bITb IlpMMCHeHhl 3JieKTpO.lI,hI l-1.HaMe1-pOM 5 MM. J(eI<opaTUBHbIII cnoH: npH CBa pKe MeTaJIJia TOJllll;'tniOH 6o:cee 12 MM
B HmKHeM IlOJIO)Kemnr MO)KHO DbIIIOJ1Hl1Th ::me1npo,ll.a!\.nf ,n:HaMeTpOM
5 MM H 6onee. IlpH DbIIlO..'lHeHHH IIIBOB B BepTMKaJibHOM H .npynrx
npocrpaHCTBeHHhIX IlOJJO:>KeHIUIX nepBblll CJIOH IIaKJ13,ll.bIBaIOT
~>neKT})O.ZJ;aMH .n:1raMeTpOM 2- 3 MM M pe.a,1<0 4 MM, a TIOCJ1e.u.y1om;11e
CJIOH, B TOM 'LUfCJie H .n.eKopa TMBHb!.lf cnoii, DhIIlOJIH}JlOTC.SI
311e1trpo.uaMH ,n:Ha:rvterpoM 4 MM.
A1raMeTp 3.JICKTpo.n:a .no.i:nKeH Bbl6npaThC~ B 3asuc11MOCTH OT
cnap.i:maeMoro coe.[(MneH1u1. Ilp11 cBapKe CThIKOBoro coe.rurneH1-u1
DLI6op ,n;HaMeTpa 3J1eKrpo.ua Ha.ll.0 ocym;eCTB.iUITL KaK 6hIJIO CI<a3aHO
56
B~Illle.
TipM CBapKe TaBpOBhIX, yrnOBbIX H HaXJieCTOt.IHLIX coe.nnneH'HH cyIII;eCTByeT Ta.Koe npaB.HJJO Bbl6opa ,nnaMeTpa 3J1CKTpo.ua:
.un.a lllBOB,
BbIIlOlliHICMbIX D llCCI<:OJibl\O CJioeB, nepBblH C.ilOH
}.{CflalOT :)JICKTpo,naMH .U.HarvteTpOM 2, 3, 4 MM. qeM OTBCTCTBeHnee ICOHCTp)'KUIUI, T.CM MCHbllle .nuaMeTp npuMeJUICMoro 3Jieinpo.na,
'I.TO cnoco6CTB)'eT no11y1.1emno xopomero npoBapa n 1copHe WBa,
}'MCHblllaeT TCl}..110BJIO:JiCCIIHe D OCIIODHOH MeTarrJI, a cne,noBaTeJibHO,
CHIDKaeT cnapO'l"Hbie HarrpmKeHIUI lI .ue<t>opMaU:M.H;
JJ:.illl
llIBOB, BMflO_TJH~CMhrX 3a O.D:J..IH npoxo.u, npHMClUUOT
3JICI\lp0/U>I )JJmMeTpOJ\·1 2, 3, 4 5 H 6 MM - B 3aBIICH.MOCTlI OT
TOJ1IlUIHbI CBapimaeMbIX JIHCTOB.
THn n MapKy 3JieKrpo.n;a no.n6Hpa1-0T B 3aBHCH.MOCTll OT
llpOtJHOCT.H, MexaHHtieCIGIX n 3KCIJ_:ryaTaI.tIIOHHbIX CBoiicrn CBapHoro
coe,nnHeHH.SJ.
l-1anpmn~cm1c .nyr11. Hanpsrn<c11ae Ha 1cy1c 1-r1Mc1rnc-rc.n nponopnpn }'llCJIH'ICIUIH )1,JllIIllJI llYHl l.l03pac-raeT
JUtomuJI:.HO lJ.JIIfHC ){)'I'H.
cc 11anpmKcm1c tt no::HoMy ync.r1i-rt11macTc.sz .nonn ·~·~nJia, liJlYIII;cUI
na nJraBJ1cm1c ::).IIeKTpo.na H ocnonnoro rv1eTa_1111a. B pC3)'JihTaTe 3Toro
rnupima cnapuoro lUBa }'BeJIM1nmaeTc.11, a i·I1y6n.Ha npoBapa
H DhICoTa ycuneHJrn y:rv1eHhwa10Tc.SI. HanpIDKeHtte Ha .zzyre 3aBHCHT
OT aenn 1rn.HhI TOI<a JI ,n.MaMeTpa ::::.:ieKTpo,na. 0Ho o6oitJHO 6I>maeT
18- 45 B. CBapKy 11~1wc Bb1nomrnT1:» KopoTKoii .nyroii, n:i:e
11anp~rnce1me ycraHaBJumacTCH 18 -20 B. ,[l11mma» .n:yra 1n.uaer
pc3KHH
3BYK,
conpOBO~K,Uaiomrt.i.f.Cj{
XJIOilKaMH
3Ha l{l'lTeJlbHhIM
pu36pbnnrna1n1eM pacrumm1eH11oro MeTaJina. Ilo3TO:My onhlTHbdi
cnapIII;MK no 3B)'I<Y .uyn1 MOiKeT ):\a)Ke Ha HeKoTopoM paccromnnI
cy JUITh 0 ee .ll.JlHiie.
U:CJibI-0 yMeHblliCHIUI ,llJllUlbl .uyrH C.:!eJJ.yeT
6hICTpee onycKa Th BHH3 3JICI~Tpo~o~ep)l(aTeJlh c
3JICK"fPO,lJ,0~·1.
CrcopocrL cn.apm1. C yBe Jiwrei-rn:eM cKopoc-nr cnapKH mnpHHa
If
c
cn1pH·=>ro urna yMcHbu1aeTc.s1, Hap.SI)l.Y c 3TlHt.·f r.i1y6HHa npoBapa
1.ITO ~DJI!IfTCH e,,1e,UCTBHCM Toro, 1HO iKHJJ;KMM
MC ra.t1J1 He ycncaaeT no,nTeKa Tb rro.n .uyry M TOJJI..UHHa ero npocnoi1Ku
Ma.;1a. TIpH .rr.ai11>HemueM ysenw-reRHH CKOpocnr CBapKH BpeMSI
TCllJIOBOro .u:efiCTBHH Jl'jrM Ha MCTaJIJI H rJI)'6HHa npoBapa )7MeHh11IaCTC.sI, a npH 3Ha1IHTeJihHOii CKOpOCTH CBapKH 6y,neT ,lla)lce
o6pa3on1>11.m ThC.sJ necrrJiaBJICI-I.HC ocuonHoro MeTanna c MeTa.;i.1101\-1
yncJilFUrnacTC}I,
111ua.
Pon 11 ao.TJ111n1ocT1> To1ca. Po.a. H
non.HpHOCTh ToKa TaK)Ke
1w1ur10T mt (~Op?\.·f)' u pa:::Mepu nma. IIpn cnapKc .nocro.stHHLIM
'J'Ol\01\-! o6paTIIOil IlOJUlpHOCTH r;1y61rna npoBapa Ha 40-50%
fio.1n1we, l{C!VI npI-I CBapKe lIOCTO.HHHhIM TOKOM npSIMOH ITOJrnpHOC'fH,
•no o6'h.HCH5ICTC.H pa3JIH~IHLI.M KOJIIftJeCTBOlVI TCI1Jl0Tbl, BhI,nen.suoll lCHCH Ha aHo,uc H KaTo.n;e. TI03To11.zy o6panm.H rro1u1pHoCTh
llj)UMCH.HCTC~ npn CBapKe TOHKOro MCTaJIJia c ne~TJhlO HCKfllO'qeHllJI
llpO)f(Ofa H npH c~pKe BblCOKOJierHpOBaHHhIX cra..lleH c uenM-O
HCKJI101.JCHlrn'" llX neperpeBa. Ilp11 cnapKe nepeMCIIRhIM TOKOI\·1
rJly61nm npOBapa Ha 15-20% MCllbllle, tieM npn CBapKe IlOCT051HIlblM TOKOM o6paTHOH no.mrpHOCTll.
51
Po.a: H rroJu1p11ocTo TOKa B1>16npa1-0T no nmy 3JICKTpo~aoro
IlOKpbITHSI, MapKe CBapMBaeMoro 1\IeTaJina, TOJIII(HHC CBapHBaeMoro
Mera.mm.
l-la1~.11on JJJeKTpOJUl.
Pyqnyro .uyronyro CBapKy MO)KHO DbIIIOJI-
lUITh DCpTHKaJlhIIbIM 3JieKTpO,UOM, yrJIOM Bnepe,n; !I yrJIOM na3a,u;.
B BH.rcy Toro 'ITO croJI6 ,uyru CTpeMHTCH coxpannTb HanpanneHHe
OCH 3JieKTpo,a;a, TO B Ka»<.UOM H3 3THX CJlyt-IaeB {~OpMa CBapo~uroii
BaHHhI n, cJJe,n:onaTCJlbIIO, cJ.>opMa urna 6y.uer pa3nHlfHOH. IlpH
cnapKe· yrJIOM nrrcpe.u, JCaK npamIJJO, )ICMJ.J;KMH MeTaJIJl UO,l:(TeKaCT
no.n /J.Yf'Y, rro:>TOM)' nryGmm nponapa H BhrcoTa ycnne1nrn
)'MCIIL111awTcs1, a nnrpmra nrna yncJ1HtmBaeTCH. Ilpn: cnapic:e yrnoM
Ha3a)~ iICM)~IOIH MCTUJIJI ,ll.UDJICIIUCM }lynr Bbfl'CCU.SICTCH H3-Il0~ Hee,
Il03TOM)' rny6HHi.l nponapa H 13hICOTa ycrmeIUUI yneJIRtUIBaJOTCH.
Ha1~;1011 u3_ne.1um. B 3am:ICHMOCTR OT pacnonoJKcHmr coe,n;nHeHllli
na li3.QeJllllI HJ1H OT HaI\JIOIIa H3,L\eJIHH pytIHaH ,Zl.)'TOBa.SI cnapim
MO)l(CT 6bITb BbffiOJIHCHa Ha ropH30HTaJrbHOH IlJIOCKOCTH, Ha IIOtJ;'beM
H cnycK. IlJIIDIHMC HaKJIOHa H3~CJUUI II npoCTpaHCTDClUJOro
pacnoJIO)KCHHjJ coe.n;111:1eH1nr na M3,n;e.r111.n Ha cpopMy nrna np:mv1epHo
TaICoe, 1ITO n BJUUIHHC HaltJIOHa 3JieI<:TpO.D;a. Ilpn C.i3apKe u:a
IlO)J:'heM pacn.rraDJIClillbiii MCTrlJIJI no.n .neiiCTBHCM co6cTBCHHOfO
neca BbITCKaCT 113-110/~ ~yrn, D pc1y.n1>TaTe 'ICro yneilIPIMBa:KlTC}I
r Jiy6uua nponnannen11.si n BbICOTa ycHJ1CHHSI, a unrpnna IllBa
)'MCllbIIIaeTCH. IlpH CBapKe Ha cnyctc )Kll.1J;KHH MeTaJIJI no,n:Te·
xaeT no,u; .uyry, t.ITO yMeHblllacT rny611.11y nponnan.;ienmr u yne~
~
Jn1111maeT IllHpHHY IIIBa.
ffpe.nnapHTCJlhllLIH no.norpen H IlOCJICJzyl0lll}1-0 TepMHt.IecKyto
06pa60T1cy BbIIlOJ,l!filOT D CJiytraax, KOr,a;a MCTaJlJI CIOIOHCH IC 06pa30~
naunro JaKaJIOt.IHhIX cTp)'KTyp, ua11pIB\irep 3a1mJiot.111bie CTPYKTYPI>I
o6pa3)'IOTC.sI B cnapHb!X COC,UHHelrnHX npu CBa pKe cpc,n:He- II BhlCOKOyrncpo)J;MCThIX cra.rreii, llH3I<OJier11poBalilli>IX, TCIIJJO ycTOH'UIBl>IX
H BbIC0Konen1ponaaHmx CTaneii H T • .D;., H Kor.na MeTa.JlJI o6Jia,n;aeT
3Hat.[~ITeJibHOH TelIJ1:0IlpOB0,1.J)IOCThIO JI TerJ.JIQeMKOCTl>IO (Me~'b n .np.).
IloJJOiKeH11e B DpOCTpancme, KOTOpOM BLffiOJJHDeT-CH cnapKa.
P)'"turyro .rzyroayro cnap1<y npaKTRtieCKli MO:>KHO BhmOJII1»Th BO Bcex
npocrpaHCTBCillihIX IlOJlO)J(eHHHX: lllDKIICM, B JIO'AO~IKy, nonyBepTHKaJibHOM, nepTI11Ca.J.IblIOM, nonyropn30HTaJibl!OM H ropH30HTaJihHOM, a TaKX(e nonyrroTOJIOtIHOM n noToJIOt.IHOM. Bo3MO)KHOCTb
Bl>IUO.JIHeII.IUI CBapKH B TOM HJIM HHOM IIO.ITOnCCHHH 3aBI1CHT npe)l(,n;e
accro OT Map1nr cnap1maeMoro MeTa.JIJia 11 Tima noKp:bITirn
3JICKYpO~a.
BM6op CBapo1umro TOKao Csapot.JHDiii TOK ycTaHaBnHBaIOT B 3aBHCIIMOCTH OT )J,HaMeTpa np1u..1eH.SieMoro 3JieKTpo.na II npocTpaHCTBeHHOfO IlOJIO)Ke.HYUI, B KOTOpOM BhlIIOJIHSieTC51 cnapKa.
Jl,J!JI CBapKH B HIDKHeM IIOJIOXCCHHH CBapotm:oril TOK MOX<CT 6bITh
onpe,a;eneH no ¢opMyne Icn = K · d3 , rll.c lea - caapotJHbill TOK, A;
K - K03cp<J?HUHCHT rrporropI.UfOHanhHOCTn, 3aBHCSllllHM OT AUaMerpa
n Tima sneKTpo,a;a, A/MM; d3 - ,n.HaMeTp 3neKTpoga, MM.
Ilpu cnapxe HH3I\OYrJiepo.IJ.HCTbIX craneii
,izy1omne:
58
3Haqe1m»
K
c.ne-
J{:mMeip 3nercrpo.ua, (d3), 11.·E\·t
l<oJcp<l>u:unmrr rrponopm10na:!bHOcn1, A/MM . . . . . . . .
IlpH
1- 2
3-4
5-6
25 - 30
30-45
45-60
•
CBapKe D BeprmcaJihHOM nono>KeHIUI csapotll:IbIH TOK
er:.1pa;KaeTCjl no cpop)..ry;re Icn
0,9 · K · d'J, r~e 0,9 - rco::>l1><Inm.neHT,
Y'IHTr:.marom1..rn: CHJDKc1rne cnapoqHoro TOKa npu cnapKe B nepTH1ea.111>HOM IlOJIO)l(eHMH.
flpH CBUpKe B IIOTOJIOlIHOM IlOJIO)Kemur CBapO'tJ:HhIM TOIC paBeH
Icn = 0,8 · K · d3 , r.n.e 0~8 - K03cpCpl1!UleIIT, ytn1T1:>rnm-o~nli c1m:JKeHne
crm.poqnoro TOKa np11 CBapKe B IlOTO.iIOlilIOM IlOITO)l(eHHlf.
=
§ 28. TEXHlllKA PY'-'Zl-~0171 .l(YrOBOH CSAPK'1
HETA.nfl~~ECKllJMllJ 3JIEKTl?OAAMJ;1
B HllfUKHEM nono>KEH14"1
TexnHKa Mmmnym1ponmnm :>ner~rpo;~ol\·1. Bo npervrn cnapKH cnap.
~
none COOOilJ.aCT I\:OJUJ.Y 3JICl\TpO.Aa )J;BIDKCHHC D Tpex nanpaBJICHIUIX.
flepBoe .D;BlDl<CHliC - IIOCTynaTCJibHOe no HanpaBJieHIUO OCH
JJ1c1npo~a, ,n,r1SI no.DJI.ep)Kamu1 Heo6xogn:Moli .!1.JIHHbI )1.yru LJJ.,
,;oTopan ,a;oJrnnm 6bITb Ln
(0,5..;.. t, l) d3 .
,L~Jllnm .uyrH OICa3hIBaCT 60.i'IbllIOC B.JTHUiifC Ha l(atieCTBO CBap-
=
11oro uma n cro <l>opMy • .[(nmmoil JI.yrc cooTneTcTnyeT HIITCH01mcnc1mc 11 aJoTnponaunc pacnnan11cuuoro MeTanna u no1u.1111c1 IHOC
CTO pa36pM3nmalme. fl pll CBapICC 3JieK'rpo,a;aMH
OCJll>llllOl'O nma yncJIHl!Ctllie )J;JIHHbl .nyru npHaO,UI1T I~ nopHCTOCTH
Mc·nurna 111na.
t.~mmoc
B rnpoc J\IHDl\"CllHC -
J1J.lOJlh OCH
munma .lJ.JHl 06pa3onaIIH.H cBap ..
uor o 11 ina. Cf\opm;'l'h J,nni1ccmrn 3JlCKrpo;\a JauncIIT OT BCJ1H lll1llbI
1uh a, .1 (1111 Ml~ 1pa »..11c 1< rp,1,aa, ·n111a n n pocT1xu1cTBem toro nono:>Kc111:r.sr,
n liP I npoM n1&t11t)J11Ufl:Tl'>I mou. HpamtJJ1>110 DL16paHHaH CKopocTb
1wpc~h·11v.~rnar ~'J1c1cq10Jla DJJ,OJib ocn mna 06ecne1il1EaeT Tpe6ye~·ry10
cl:11pl\1y II 1ca 1 IC~TDO cnapuoro uma. IlpH 60JThlli0H CKOpOCTII
llCJ 1t'Ml.'IHClllU1 ::mernpo.ua OCHOBHOll MCTaJIJI HC ycneBaeT npOllJiaBllJI 11.l·n, 11CJIC/lCTDHC ttero 06pa3yeTcn nenpoBap. He.nocTaToT.maH
tM >11uc 11. tacpcMcll.{cmu13JieKTpo.na np11no.rr.nT K neperpeny H npoxcory
(l'h:llll'lllOC npo1v1aBJIC1I.MC) MeTa.lJJia:; a TaIQKe crnrncaeT KaqCCTBO
11 rtpotl'WO).lJlTCJlbIIOCTb CBap1m. IlpaD.U.IThIIO BbI6paHHa51 CKOpOCTb
t1a>OJ~n.t11,noro )J;BIDKCH.HSI 3J!Ciapo,':(a n.ri;OJib OCH urna TI03BOJUICT
11011y 1 1uT1J cro 1UMp1u1y na 2-3 M1vr 6oJILrue, qe:vi: ,ro1ai.\11eTp
·rnc:1n poJ\a.
( ~.napHOH llJOD, o6pa30DaHHhlll B pe3yJII>TaTe rrepBoro H DTOporo
murnw1nm 3JieI<TpOJJ.a, Ha3bIBaIDT HHT01iHLIP&. Ero npHMCIHIIOT npH
CUil pl.l'.C MeHUIJia He60JihllIOH TOJU!U1Hhl, npu HaIUiaBOl.f.HbIX pa6oTaX
u 110,l~UapI<C IIO,Upe30B.
TpcTbc /lB.Hi!CeHHe - KOJ1e6aID1e ICOHI~OM ::>JICKTpo.ri;a norrepeK
11rna ).(J1H o6pa30BaHH.H yrnw:pcnnoro naJIHIG.l, KO.TOpJ)IM npHMCI:UIIOT
••a ll~C, lJeM HHTOllHl:::ll. l(JI.H o6pa30BaH1i51 yrnttpeHHOfO B.aJIHKa
'.lJICKTpo.ny coo6ma1-0T norrepe'-II-IblC KOJie6aTeJ1hHbie )J,BIDKeHHH 1.mrn.e
59
6)
a)
PHc. 19. Tcxmn<a Mauunynuponamrn 3.11c1npo.noM np:n DhifiOJIIIemm
mno 1moro uamma (a) u ymnpcm1Lrx DaJIHKO!l ( 6)
Bcero c IlOCTOaHHOH 1.iaCTOTOi-i 11 aMUJII:ffy.noii, COBI\.·femeIIHbie
c TIOCTynaTeJll>HblM ABIDKCIU1CM 3JICK'rpo,ll;a B~OJih ocu IlO)U'OTOBJieHHOrO rro.u: cuapKy coe,u.r1Hemrn .u ocH 3JieKTpo~a. l1onepet.UILie
Kone6a TCJiblibIC ,l1;13IDKeHIUI 3.TieKTpO~a pa3IIOo6pa31f.bI II onpe,[(eJUUOTCP.: cJ.lOpMOH, pa3MepaMn, TIOJIO:>KeHH.sIMH lllBa B npocrpaUCTBe,
D KOTOpOivf DLrHOJJIUICTCJI CBapKa, II HaBblKOM cnapuu1Ka. I-Ia
pnc. 19 IIOIG.13Ullbl uoncpe'IHLrc KOJIC6amUI, OilliCl>ID3.CMbie f~OHUOM
3JICI<Tpo,[(a. B npoQecce Kone6aumr ::>nc1crpo~a cepc,[(nHy nyr.tt:
npoxo).(RT 61>ICTPO, 3ap;ep)!(1rna» 3Jietnpo.u no Kpa.SIM. Ta1mc H3McneHHe cKopocru Kone6aH.HH 3JieKTpo.ua o6ecnetnmaeT Jiyqrn HH npoBap
no r<paaM. llhrpnna BaJ1HKa He ,noJDKHa 6hITb 60.rrec 2-3 JJ,1mMeTITO COOTBCTCTD)'CT rOCT 11 TCXUOJ10r!IU CBd.pKH.
Ilpu l3LIDOJIHeimn 6onec IliHpOKHX nanHKOB D pc3yJibTaTc OXJiaE.Ue}] HSI IJJJiaKa B03~0~.:Ho o6pa3oBaHM.C ...1er})el\TOB B CBapHOl.\·1 lllBe.
06hILIHO cnapKy BhIIlOJII·!!.flOT nepTlJKaJibHO pacnoJJO:>KCHHhlM
:JJieKTpO.AOM HJUI rrpn cro HaKJIOUe OTHOCiiTejJbJ-IO rrma, )TJiOM
pou 3JICKTpO,Ua,
1
nnepe}l HJIH Ha3a.n; {pHc. 20). l1p11 cBapr<e )TJIOM mna.n o6ecrre'111.DaeTcJI 6onee rro,,n11:i1M. nvonap n
t>.~CIIbIIIas1 ru11pm·Ia uma.
311e1crpoJloM, pacnoJIO:J.KeHHbIM yrnoM ua3a.n:, cnap11nmoT nax-
, .
.iICCTOl.J.Ubie, }TJIOBhre H TaBpOBhle COC.lJJIHeHJ151, a Bl:iTCOl\OI<BaJUllpHi.]J{-
ponaHHble cnapUJJiKII cnap1rna10T H CTblKOBbIC coe1ll·UieHJUI.
HanpmKeHIIC rrpn pyttHoii JJ:YTOBoii cBapKe Ha n1y6HH)' npom.lpa
OKa3bIBaeT HCJJ1aqnre;1bHOC BJIIUUIHC, KOTOpblM :rvlO)l(iIO rrpeHc6peqh.
Ill HpHHa 1una CBn3aHa c 1mnpmKeHTiei\.,I ua
311e1crporrpcno.nax
np.HMOii 330HCHMOCTblO. flp11 )"BCnHl;ICHJUl Harrp!IiKCIIH.H WMpHHa
IlIBa yBeJIH'IHBat:TC5I.
Be;upuma rrorrepe 1umro Kone6aH1rn .::>neK-rpo,n:a no::mo;rneT cymecIBeHuo H3MeH~Tb r.rry6incy npo~apa M un1pm1y urna. OpneuTuponotmyio BeJIIPIHIIY CBapotnroro TOKa TI0;::!;6J·IpaIGT II3 pacqeTa
25 - 60 A aa 1 MM }lUaMcTpa cTepiKHH 3JieKrpo.na, KOTOphn1
noJJ.6npmoT no TOJTII.Ollie CBapunacMoro Mera1111a H npocrpaHCTBeHHOMY noJIO)!(CHHIO uma.
,[(JI.SI MeTaJlJia TO~IIHOM 2- 3 MM ~ttaMeTp 3JICKTpO,[(a ,UQJI)KeH
cocraBJUITb 2- 3 MM~ l.VUI MCTaJIJia TOjI.I.QJIHOH 8 rvtM OH ,ll;OJl)KeH
6h1Tb 4- 5 MM.
60
oJ
a)
6)
f·2Nl"I
e)
Puc. 20. 1loJ10)J<c1rnc 3JICKTPO'AOB npu cBapKe:
}TJIOM nncpcir., " - }T.nol\r Ba:m.1r(cTpcmwii n01m~rn110 1mnpaa·
1JLUIOJlllCllllC ncpnoro CJ1on 11p11 cnapKC CTblKOBOfO COC,!l.HHeHJrn,
UMCIOll{Cl'O p;nJ{CJll\Y KpOM<lK
11 ·" nrp11rn1u11.11oc, (j -
Jf('llllll l'lll\fl&•ll), •' -
).~ct«>panrmn.rc
Im p11c.
l9,6. llcpHLlU
"" (H,IJIO npO)J(Ofa.
MO)KlfO Bh1HOJ1IUI'ffi TaK, KaK IIOKa3aHO
CJIOll BLIIlOJUUUOT TaKHl\·f o6pa30M, 1.IT06bl
CJIOU
c 3TOH l(CJILIO :JJICKTpo.n J{OJibllle 3a.uepxnrnaroT Ha
3a3op npOXOlJJIT 6bICTpee (pHC. 20,z).
Uo1mHOK DLlll0.11HeH!m illBOB p~3.1J~AH{)H lipOTIDRCHHOCTH U TOJIU(llDIM. Dec cnap11b1e coc.uuHeuzu no rrpon1)KeHHOCTH pa3JTM1.IaroT Ha
c11np1maCMl>IX KpOMKax, a
·1·p11 1·pyn111>1:
250 ,[(0 300 MM - l(OpOTI<Iie;
OT 300 .n;o 1000 MM - cpe/T.HCH ,DJIHHbI;
OT 1000 MM M 6onee -- 1-(JlHHHhie.
OT
KopO'rICHe coe;:i;1u1eHfm CBapima10T OT HC.l"Iana I\ KOIIQY DbDlOJIIUJCMOTO rn:sa B o.n;HoM HanpaBJieHnn (pHc. 21, a). Coe.n;ntteu1rn
cpCJ:(HCH J.I,JUIHLI cnapnBaI-OT yqacrKaMH (pHC. 21, 6, e).
AJiMHY y..iaCTKa BI>1611pa10T 1.::aKoii~ ..rro6hl ero MO)KHO 6I>IJIO
cnapHTb :ueJihIM 1 IHCJIOM '.3JICKTpO,D,OB (.imyM!I, Tpel\·151: M T. A.).
Caa,Ky yqacrKoB Ha 11nHa10T n u;euTpe 6yAymero nrna H Be.uyT
OT cepe}J,lfHbI K 'KOHqaM HnH 06pan10CT)TICfl1.JaTLirvt
o~Horo
cnoco60M OT
Kpa.H K .upyroMy.
61
Pnc. 21. CxeMa ·cnapKH IIIBOB pa3mrirnof!
IlpOTSJ)KeHHOCTH:
cnapKa I-Ia npoXOJl D,.."iH BbIITOJIB'.eHIU! IWpOTCl.lapKa COC,9,HHeHHii cpc.n.1tdi
JJ..,"UH-rbl OT ccpc;:UiHbI IC KOIIIl<!."'I uma; 6 - CDapxa
06 pn THOCTyncll'raTLIM crroco6o:\'I /l.TIS: llLIIlO_TfJICIIIDl
COCJ.\HIIellHH Cf'C~Heii }1,..1.MHLI (J -5 - rrocm:.noaa~
(l -
KIIX coe,n)IUCimii; 6 -
a)
EB
TCnhIIOCTb I!U.IJOilCemrn IIIl.1013); c - CB<!p!m (;0paTHOCTYllCll'J~\Thll\·I cnoco6oM OT ccpc,i:(HU.Ll K KOH·
uaM JUIJ:l Jl.'HI nLIIlOJJl!CIUUJ. }.l,JllilIHWX COeAJ.l'HCmdi
ti)
6)
P.Hc. 22. MeTOJJ.hl CDapim McTarma 6om:>mo:i
rr~~1
TOJTillHHbl :
a - cxe:wa m.mOJJH\:Hirn ..u.1mm1>1x imoroc.11oi1HblX
urnon «rop1mii» (l -4 - noc.1c,ri:oBa1·e_'lbJIOCTb ruiJlOjKCHHR umon); 6 - CXC.MLl CBap1m l\8CICU.~OM IIJlB
z)
nt.1TirOJ1IICUIHI ,'{.:llJJIUMX l\-IHOl'OCJIOHHbI~~ IITDOB ICac··
1Gl1'0M (l-6 - nocnC.IlODaTC.1LHOCTb cnaprrn); 6 -
CXCMa
cna p1m 6noKa:'l-UI (1- 9 - IIOCJieJ"J;ODaTcm.~
HOCTL JmJIO:;KeHHH c.:IOcn)
TonU(u11a /lucma
I~_.._
200-300
a}
3.......,.......___
-=----"1·5
2 i-.a;------
-----...,5
-----..'I
1' ,.......,,___ _- t
zao
200
200
200
6)
:::s '
2
j
9
8
\
I
-:::: s::
4
1
6)
7
,0:Jiill1Hhie' coe,n;1rn:eHILq, tI!HpOKO npHivICIUleMI>Ie rrpn: M3I"OTOBJiellli.H pe3epnyapoB, B cya,ocri:JOCHH.H M npH M3TOTOBJieHHH pa3JUP:IHLIX
eMKOCTeli,
Bcero cnap1mm-0T npa36HBKy, o6paTHOCTyneHliaTbIM CiIOC060M (pHC. 21, z).
Cm.apica MeTaJI.aa 60J1Lmoii TOJ1utm1L1. MHorocnoih-1b1e llIBLI
peROMea.a.ye-rca BhIIIOJIR'1Th MCTO,llOM «rop1n.1» llJilil KaCI\'.a~HblM
MeTO,UOM. IlpH CBapKe <<rOpKOID> (pnc. 22,a) Ha y1.mcnce AITHHOH
200 - 300 MM ImI<JJa)J,bffiatoT lJCPDbI~i CJIOM. 3aTeM noc.rre QlllICTKH
nepnoro cnoa: OT 1IIJiaKa, 01rn.11HHhI li 6p1>nr Ha uero HaKna,o;hr'BaroT BTopoii cno.if, no .n.rnme n .n,na pa3a 6onbnre, 1.JeM
tiarn,e
nepnr,n1.
HaKoHen;, 0Tcryn1m OT natiana BToporo cno.x na
200- 300 M?v!, BbillOJIHIDOT TpCTIIH CJIOll. Ta:unv1 o6pa30M DbIIlOJIHJUOT CBapKy (3ailOJIHeHMe pa3.n;eJIKu) D o6e CTOpoHbI OT neHTpaJibHOH «rop!<H» KopoTKHMM lllBaMH.
KacKaAHLill: MeTOA (pnc. 22, 6) nnJIRCTCSI pa 'lHOBH/.UIOCThIO
c11ap1rn <<rOpI<OID>, npmv.lCJUilOT npH ceapKC JIHCTOB l'OJUI\HHOH 60.r1ee
20-25 ~f. Tipmv1e1-rn10T Taxrncc MeTo,n cnapK11 6nom.1M11, cymnocTh
KOl"Oporo I>MAHa H3 pHC. 22)6.
Ilo cetIC.HHI-O cBapubre llIBbI MoryT 6bITh n:r:.monHeBbI 3a o.r:i;HH
npoxo~ -
on;uonpoxo.r:i;u.a11 cnapKa {pnc. 23, a), 3a tteciconhKO CjIOe.B
(Ka)J(,r:i:l>IH CJIOll OAHHM BaJllllCOM,, pnc. 23, 6), IIO<;;JJOUHO sa:IHKaMii
(.M'.HOrOCJIOHlia51 MHoronpoxo,r:uW,)! CBaprrn, pHC. 23, 6).
Tcxm1111ca uLmO.TJI;KerK;• C'fLH~ODbfX, TanponMx 11 yn10:.Mx CU?,.fr>E:LIX
C04!'.JJlllHCmJii. CnapJCy CTblKOBbIX COCAHHeim:ii BMIIOJ1HHI-OT c 0/.1,!-lOH
HJUf .n;nyx c-ropou. ,[(11SI 6op:o6M c npo)KOraMH npnrvteH.aroT ocTuro-
8)
PHc. 23. Cxeiyta 3ano.rrn:emur umoB no ce1:.wmuo :
a - O,l(llonpoxo;i.1-1~111 cnap1rn, 6 - .t>lHorocmliiH::!.R (l- VI cnoH); e - MIIoro-
cnoM:nan Mnoronpoxo.AHa.11
63
6e3 pa3iJenKU
l<P:iNOJ<
J0-600
900
0)
oJ
[ pG.'Jt1l'IJICOli
DJ
IfPl1NOK
Pnc. 24. Texr·!mrn · caapim CTblKonoro coe)J.liuemur:
a - DCpTI!Ka.;li>HO pacrro..i:O>l,CIIHbl'.'..1 3JICJCT}J0!.(0M, 6 - }TJ10l.f: Ha3a.U, 6 yr 1ro;.1 1.1nepe.u; I - cBnpim.'.lc:..tFC n:Mcnmr,r, 2 - no~K.i:a.uKa, 3 - no.r:oY.>:eHHc :mc1npo;xa yn1m.t nnepeJl, 4 - nepTa!~aJ11>1Jo pacnono:w.eHIIhlM
:ncKTpOJJ;OM, 5 -
!IOJ°10)i(Cl!HC 3JlCiapo~::i. }'fJ10Jv1 Ha3S.,'l, 6 -
lWpHeBOll WOB
IUHCCSI 1-L1IH CbeMHb!C nOL\KJJc,U,KH. Ocra1omnecS1 uo,u,KnaJ~Kn H3roTOB11moT 113 CT8Jlb3blX rmnoc TCJHlU·U!:OH 2-4 MM rrpM lllHpH..Y!C
30- 40 l\Tht. C1lc:tv1H.h~e no;uuia.IT,Kn H3rOTOBJuaoT 113 MaTCpHaiia,
KOTCpb!H BO Bpe:..rn CEapKH ne ruaBHTCR, T. e. o6v1"Ja}1.3.eT xoporue!,i
Terrn:onpOBO,lJ,HOCTbl-0 lI TeIIJ!Oer,1KOCThYJ. 3TiiM Tpe6oBaHn:;1M OTUe'IaCT ivie,r~I:., a TaK>Ke rpacpHT u Kepa!Vnrn:a. C1::;eMHbie IIO.D.KJiaJJ.KH
D npon:ecce cnapKII 111101 ;::i:a oruia)K..-'Ia!OT npoT0 1n10i-i Eo.uo:H:. C:sapKa.
ua no1-1.KJia,!J,1,ax MMeeT c~1e.u,y1vit{He npCllM)'TIJ:eCTBa:
cnapII(HK pa6oTaeT 6011ee ynepeauo, ne 6011Tc»
npox<oroe
.H MOJKCT }'BeJIIf IHTh cnapOtIHbIU TOK Ha 20- 30%;
!ICKJilOtiaCTCJl Heo6xo~MOCTb no;.umpKU KOpII.SI IIIBa o6paTHOH
CTOpOHbl.
lI
HaTeKOB
1
IlpH cnapKe CTLIKOBhIX coe,n1raeHHH (p:uc. 24) 6e3 pa3.n;eJnrn
II c pa3,n;eJIKoii KpOMOK B 3aBHCl:IMOCTII OT TOJIIUHHbI CBapnnae:r.AbIX
JIHCTOB (OT 3 .uo 26 MM), .n:naMeTpa 3JieKTpO,O:a cnapKy BbIIIOJlHHIOT
B .naa H 6once CJIOeB. Bn1rro11HeuHe urna ua'lnHaJOT c HaJIOJKCHHH
64
Pnc. 25. Cnoco6tJ1 nhmoJmcmrn yuroBhIX, TanponbIX i:1 na(l -
cmi prm- n
Cll:\fMCTp!~'ill}'JO II HCClfh.fM~Tpa'IHYI{)
mtK.1101m.1:i1.M 3.wr;.-poAor.r,
«.'lO)lOtrn:y», 6 e - cnapKa c on:ra;rncinteM Kpol'.ua1
11cp11oro CJIOSJ, cocT01m{ero HJ on.1mro naJ111Ka. Jlyry no36y>KJl.aJOT
ua ClCOCC lCpOMKH, a
3i.l TCi\·f, nepeMCCTJ1JJ .z:.yry Ha cepe.UHHY
coL:Jl,llHCn1rn, npouaplmmo-r Kpa11 CI(OCa I<pOMOK (KopeHh mea). H~t
n~ocax l\})OMOK ,ll,Bl{)KCJ-IHC ::>.rre1npo)l.a 3f!Me)J,JI.SII-OT' tJ:T06H ynytmillTh
nx nponnp, a npn ncpexo.u.c 1co1um :::>JleKTpoµ:a c o.r.Hoii KpoMKr-r
Cl;t J~pyryto CKOpOCTb cro .IUHDKC;HJm yncJIWHIBaIOT ,U:JlSI Toro, tJ:To6w:
1n(iL··,1~ari. 11prrnwra 11p1rryum.:11111>1x 1<p0Mmc
·
11 pH n1:' pace 11cpunh • c.11<rn 11pH1\1f:IHllOT ~J1c1n·po;u.1 .U:HaMeTpo.r.1
., , :i 11.1111 4 MM. '.).r1c.~1c1p<'-''·"' uoJ1i..111oro 1u,rnrvfCTpa ne o6ecne~nrna.ror
11a.'tt•1K1tftlli 11punap l\0)11UI mna. llepe.[( m\JIO)lceHn:eM" CJ1e.ll)'l0mero
t:JIC).U llOIJCpxnocTh np:;~,[(bl.l.()'LUero 3a"ll{U!aIOT OT llIJiaKa lI 6pbl3f.
( )fipa ·~oBC\JUIC UJBa 3HKH.UlJHBaIOT 1-IallJiaBI\OH yCWICHIUI
Bl>JCOTOK
.~
.l MM. llocnc 3anoJHieIUUI D~ro Cel.!eHIUI IllBa co CTOpOHhI
pwlJ\CJllm KpmvIOK c npnL(anneM eMy 'Tpe6yeMoro yc1u1eHiiH
II IJtCJlHC nonopa lHfDaI~rr' a 3aTeM IlHeBMUTH"·IeCKHM 3y61UIOM i'Uili
Ill fijt}'llIHO-.nyronoH CTpOJK!~OH Bbipy6aIOT liJUI Bl>IIIJiaBJI.HlOT n KOpHe
111 na l\LlHaD:KY ll!IipllHOii 8 -10 MA·! H rJiy6HHOH 3- 4 MM, KOTopy1n
*
·1auapunatoT 3a OJJ;HH npoxo.u lllBOM, npu.n;aBa51 eMy -11c60Jibllloe
ycm1eune.
Cnnp1m
yrnoBMx, Tanpon1>1x n HaxnecroqHL1x _ coe~HHeH11ii
fiJ.maeT O~HOCilOHHOM, M.HOrOCJIOHHOH ( O.U:HOCJ10i-iny10 npnMeH5IlOT
J\JU{ WBOB c I<aTCTOM ll.0 10 MM) H MHOI'OCJIOHHOH MHoronpcXOJl.llOH. YrnOBbIC, · TaBpOBLIC H HaXJiecTot.1ui,1c coe.~HHeHH.si MO:>KIIO
"' Y cHJieHwe CThll\onoro ·wna - 11aCT1> Menuma rirna, B03Bblllla1-0ma.S1c.11
cnapHBaCMl>IX 'JaC"rCH.
.... , .. flOBepXHOCTblO
3 . ct>oMnHi.rx B. n. 11 np.
6S~
CBapHBaTb JI 6c3 KOJie6aHm1: 3JieKTpo~a HlITO"tJlfbilvl II ynrn:peHHbIM
Ba.JIHJO:OM. l(one6m-IIIlI KOH:O:OM 3JICKTpo:Ua upo:n3BO)J.5IT, Kor.ua
Heo6XO)ll1MO IIaJlO?KITTh IIIOB c 66J1.billHM KUTCTOM. Ilpn BbllIOJIHeirnH
CBapliliL"{ coe~.HHCHHH B03M0)1\GO o6pa3oBaFine uerrponapa B O~HOH
H3 wopon, a Ta:K)!(e Henpcnap yr:m. M no~pe3 nepxneii 11 HJDKHeli
Iq)OMOK. JlY'"IIlle Bcero CB2pKy yrJIOHMX, TanpoB:blX u naxnecrO'tfiibIX
CO~)J:UHeuMH BCCTH B IlOJIO:>KCI-JllH «n Jio.no•rny» (pHC. 25, a). ITpH
(pHC. 25, 6) HJIII c onnanneHUeM
nepxHeii Kpoivnn·1 (pnc. 25,<>) npou.ecc cnap1c11 n,c11ecoo6pa3nee BeCTH
c1mp!ce naKJIOHBhlM ::>neKTpO/J:OM
3JICKTpO.zJ;OM, pacno.TJO)JCCl!HbIM yn.lOM
na3a)~.
§ 29. TEXR--lf.1n(A l?}.!l.(D-flO~~ l~)'r'OBOfl CBAP5U1
MIETAnnVJ"ilECK!IJMl.1 3flEM.TF'O/:\J\.M!tl fl f'OP&~i30HTAnbHOM,
BEPTll!&..6...t"lb~iOM 1.1 noTOJr.O"BHOM nonomEH~tffX
B e p T II E a JI I> 11 J>I c illnhI BbirromHnoT .Z.tBYl'•rn crroco5a.M:Ii: cm13y
:n cnep:xy BHH3. IIpu CBapKC Cll.H3Y DBt:px (pnc. 26) iJ.YTY
Bnepx
D036y)l~JJ,t'.n-OT B lll::l.iKHCH TO'tfICe coe.r.unLCl:Urn H
noc.rre o6pa30BaHJ-UI
nannoqK.;.i pacrmaBncunoro Merar.tna =:>netcTpo.n; OTBO,il151T Her-..raoro
B!lcpx 11 B cTopouy. fi.yrd np:u 3TOM .n;o;uru-ra 6b!Th nanpanneHa
Ha OCHODHoi-i MeTO..Tl.TI. Pa"~~HJlCli:Ht.!H MCT'a~J1 npH OTBOAe
3JieKTpo,ua BBepx 3aTocp. ~t:~UL!.l)T,
.
o6prnyn «DOJIO'lKy», Ha KOTopyro
HaDJiaBJ!!lIDT H ICOTOpa~ y,r.epiKJIEaeT IIOCJie.ny1om.He Rannn MCTaJJJla.
npa .rcrnor-::enlln :3.i1cr<1 po.n.a :c:sepx. 3.rrercrpo.n }JCKOMcu.n:yeTc~ Hmo10-
iurn-. nnepx no.Q yn10M 20-25° 1c rop:-,1301ny.
.
TipH c::.>~pr~e cntpxy BHH3 (puc. 27) p:yry nosGyJlc.nm-oT B B~pxuea
TO?IKe Illna H npu.n.moT Mt~Krpony c.mr'rn.rm I!epneR,1l.n:-\yJrn:puoe,
a noCJJe 06pa3onru11rn Kparepa - IiaK.rroHnoe nonoJKeune. Mero~
CBap:<:H CBcpxy !UD!3 peI\'.O:MeH.IzyCTC.9' npu:rvrCH~Th D OCHOBHO:M JlHJllh
.D:JUJ. coe,!l,IIHe~nrn TOlrKDf'O Ki:eTanna H .UJHI DLIIIO.llHCFll{j! nepnbIX
CJiOi;';::J npu Ha.;nPU1H pa~,!l;CJIRH KpOMOK.
EepTu!r.aJin!ffile nrr-:hr P.hHIOJIHSITb 3IIalI!iTe1ThHO Tpy.u1tee, 1:1ervr
lllr>lU:!?'.cle, n:.K KUK n nepBOJ\·1 cnyrrnc pacrrrmnJ1enui.:1fi: MeTaJI.JI
a)
15-80°
6)
6)
Pnc. 26. Cxel\>m Tcx111m11 Bbl!IO.r.memrn nannmnat Bamrn:on u Bep~
Tl!Ka.ril>lfoIX llIBOB aa IIO)~l>el\·i:
a - 3a:nmram1c ,nyr.u, 6 -
66
cnapo11Hcli
3.li.CKrpo,u.a :rmcpx
06pa3onam1~
Ba!tllhI, 6 - JlBH:lKCHHe
15-20°
oJ
a}
Puc. 27. CxeMa Tcxm1Ku cnapKH (uammmrn) n:a cnycic:
a - :m)f(HI a:m1e ,uyn1,
(j -
06pa'30Bt11rnc
c1mpo•moii: Bamlhl,
a - .nsmKenHe
3JICK'l'po.a.a DllllJ
no,n; .n;eHC1BMeM CHJibl T.mICCCTII CTpCMIITCH BbITC 1Ih JI3 caapotrdOH
BaHHhI. • Bcp1nKaJibHhie nmhI c.11cll.ycT BhmomrnTh
To1coM ea
10--=-15% MeHbllIMM, lJeM np11 m~mo.r111c1n111 lllDOll D HH>I<HCM IIOJIO..
"'eIDIH, H KOpOTKOH ;:zyroit lrkno:IhJYCMbIC J.l.JUI uaJIO)KeIUl.SI nepTH..
JCaJihHbIX llIBOB 3JICirrpO)lLI /~o.:rncHLI HMeTb «KOpOTI<Ue» 111.lJaKH.
flpu BhIIIOJIHeiilUI BCpTI1KilJJbflbIX lUBOD, Kare H rrpn BbiilOJI!leHHH
111non B HH)KHCM no110JI(CHI1H, n0Jryqa10T Y3K.He n IJJHpoKHe aa..i1UKH.
An1D1<eH11e 3JicKrpo,n,a npKI HarrnaBKc y3Knx BaJIHKOB n nepTHKailf?HOM
JIOJIOiKeHM:H rrpHBO~lffC5I Ha pnc. 28, a IIIl.fpo1rn:x - Ha pHc. 29.
TipH CHapICe CTbIKOBhIX r 0 p U 3 0 HT JI b H bl X COe,nm-IeH:ffii
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3. KaK BhIITOJIHIDOT IllBLl pa3n11~mo_i1: IIpOTSDKeHHOCTff 11 To.ir..
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§ 30. TEXHMKA PY"IHOlll .QYrosoPll CBAPK"1
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j)('ii.f,CCTZO,
D
co..:TaBe
KOTOpO!O
11MCCTC51
HCC1COJI1>KO
MeTa1mos n r, ;•.: r<i.JI.JioHnon. CnnaBa 6b!BC:.I-OT ,n-,Pyx-, ·rpcx.- H £onee
~:O~H!OH~HTHblMH.
Do
<.~O.O:.K'p:Fh3.l-U-HO JTei1iJ1Yl-OI.nMX KOMilOHeHTOD
1~a Ht! :n<o11en1pm;aHHb!e, i:.:pe.r~nenen1pcEaHHLre n
Cr1:::::aB!->l ,D,eJTSIT
B:OICOKo.11erHpoBaH-
Rble. HH3KOJJen:poml~HbIM Ha3hIBalOT Cil.JiaB, CO.:l~pJK.aW,HH B CBOeM
COCT~1ne ncn1pytolUI-CT KOMTIOliCHTOB MeHee 2,5~·~, cpe.n.aenerHpoea.Hf'blM - 2,5 - 10~~' DblCOKOJlenrpOBaIIIffiIM - 60.nee 10%.
no CTCriemI ttHCTOTbI MenUIJI:SI II cn.rraBhl ,n:eJHIT Ha MeTa.JlJThl
llOlUGKCH{!OH,
cpe.1:{HCH~ nOBLilliCHHOif, BLICO!\Ull l.lllCTOTbT M 00060
'tHCTJJre.
I~p1s~:ra1 1JilB!UlHJ1
Mtrra.ri.rm
m~.a.
KpHcTa..1.mna~R.ff:
:>KH,zucoro
Mera.11na npu OXJia)l(.n.em111 Ha t.nruaeTcn c uenonttoCTh10 onnaDneHHLIX
3Cp 1?.H OCHOBHOrO MeTa.JI:Ia, pacnoJIOJK'.CHHblX Ha rpa..lUHte pacnJiaB.1tett1rn, .I( perneTKC KOTOpbIX H np:Hcipm:maroTCj! aTO:MbI KpI1:CTa.JIJill-
3yromeiic11 clla3hI. Tioc..rie JaTBep.ri;eHHH MCTaJina msa (KpHCTaJImnawrw) ea rracTKax pacnnaa11e1urn 06pa3y10TCH 3epHa, cocToHmue t.IaCTHtfHO HJ OCHOBHOro MeTaJIJia Ii MeTa.JUm lUBa, o6ecne-
'IHBaromHe B cnapHOM COC'AHHemIH HenpepbIDH}'lO Me'f8JI.TilftlecKyro
CBJI3b «OCHOBHOM MeTaJIJl - lIIOB - OCHOBHOH Me'faJJJD). Ilpn ,D;BH:>KeHHH CBapotraoii ;zyrH B'AOJIL CBapHBaCMblX Iq)OMOK B nepe.nueu
1:1aCT.H BaHHbl npOHCXO,UHT nponecc llTlaBJieHIDI, a B TLIJibHOH npon;ecc KJ'HCTamunaunn. TaKIIM o6pa3oM, npo11cxo,nHT <}JopMJ1ponaane cnapHoro uma. IlpoT.SI:>KeuuocTb cnapotmo.M BaHHbI 3aBHCHT
OT THna HCTOIJHJ.IKa TenJia, cro TCIUIOBOH MOI.U;HOCTH, pe)KHMOB
CBapI<H Ii Tennocp:H3Hl!eCKHX CBOHCTB CBapHDaCMoro MaTepnana.
)1:11ccoQHaQHH npotThIX 11 CJimKHLJX raJoe. B pe3)'JILTaTe CToJIIDIOBeHHii .H y,r\apOB D 30He BbICOKOH TeMnepazypbl CBapo 1n1oii
JI.}'TJI npoHcxo,uHT pacna,n MOJICK}'JI ra3a Ha aroM1>1. Moneeyn~p­
HhIH BO)lOpo.n:, I<HCJIOPO.r\ n a30T pacnal-{alOTCH n nepexo.a;HT B
aToMapaoe cocTosurne H2 P 2H; 0 2 ~ 20; N 2 ~ 2N. AToMapHLiii KllCJIOpo,n;, a30T H D0.1lOPO'A 06na.ua10T 60JiblUeH aKTMBHOCThlO
H MHTCHCHBHee paCTEOpS!lOTCJI B MeTaJ!JIC, yxy.mnax ero CEOHCTBa;
CHM)KalOT ero nnacnPIHOCTb H non1:.Illla10T xpyn1.:oCTh.
B COCTaB MHOfHX IlOY.phlTHH H c}>m-OCOB BBO.lnfTCH Il.iiaBMKOBhIH wnaT CaF2, ICOTOpbIU, pa3JiaraHCb npn BhICOKOH TeMnepaType,
Bhr,rr;e.:rneT q>Top (CaF 2 ~ CaF F). B1>1ille y:>Ke oTMe'IaJIOCb, t.zTo
¢Top yxy'ArnaeT ycnoD.HJI rope1nrn cnapot1aoii )JjTH BC.ile,llCTBHe
+
6on1>rnoro cpol.(CTna K 3Jieicrpoey. Ilpn TeMneparype lIYfM nop5I'A·
6000 K ,IJ.T1cconn:an.1rn <}JTopa ,nocniraeT ot.1enb 60.11hIUIIX
Ka
BbIIlOJnrneT ne1~hMa
Bali\HYI-0 IlOJIO)l(ITTe.ilhh1'IO pOJIL B MCTruI.nypr:nt1ec1mM npouecce
CBapo 1mon BaHh'bI: OH CBJi3bmaeT BO,D;opo~ B MO..'ICicy Jlbl, o6J&al-{alOII.'(He BLICOKOH CTOHKOCTuro.
MHor1H! nOF..'PhITHH u cPJIIOCI>I B cBoeM cocrane nMCIOT
:Kap6oHaT KaTJbIJ.In1 CaC0 3 (Men H Mpa:Mop), F.OTophIM, pa3naraxcb, BbI,rr;enxeT yrJie1rn:cm,1ii ra3.
pa3MCpOB. 0,uHaI\O ,lUICCOl\1-IHpOBaHHbIH qnop
C YBem111ennel\f TeMrrepaTypbl aapJ£.uy c pa3JL01Kenne~1
60JI1>Illoro Konn11ecTBa xapooHaTa KaJIL~IDI nponcxoJ.UIT ra101<e
.nu:ccon.uan.11a yrJieKHCJioro ra3a.
§ 35. B3Al-1MOAEHCTB&.1E PAcnnABnEHHOro METAJlnA
C rA3AM~1. CEPOl71 "1 ~OCCZ,OPOM
BJa!IMo,rr;mcnme Kncnc-po.~a c pncn.rum.11e:tHhIM McTan.110M cnapollncii B1mm~1 •. B 3o:ae cnapotzJ:1oii ,n;yrn MMCIOTCSI ra3oBaH,
IIIJiaKonaJI II MeTa.llID-ftICCKa.'i qm3hl.
Ilpli H3YtICHUH peaKIUIM, npoTeKa1orn::nx B CBapo~rnoii BaIUie,
c.Jie.n:yeT Y'LfliTLIBaTh D03M.O:IKHOCTh 01niCJicI-nrn jJ([1J!.!\Oro Menurna
CB060JJ,HbIM (MOJien.)'JrnpHbIM II aTOMapHDIM) I\l{CJIOpO,UOM-ra3onoii
<}la3bl, ICl!C.IIOpo,uoM, Haxo~m:uHMC.H Ha cnap1maeMhIX KpOMKax B
BM,n;e OKUCJIOB u lllJiaKOB, llliCJIOpO,r\OM, paCTBOpH:\1bJ!'.,( B MCTaJ[JilP:leCKOM BaHHe u
XMMJiqecKH
aKTHBIIhIX rrrnmrnx,
KOTOpbie
BCTynaEOT B nponecce CBapICll B o6rv!CHHbJe OKHCJlliTeJJbHbie ll
BOCCTaHOBHTe.~bHb!C pear::~1Hf c j\.(eTa.l'L'IOM CBap01iHOll naHHbI.
Haxol.(~Hlic;i
B ra3oBoil qx13e Mo.neKyJ:!$IpHLiii H
aToMapH:bIB
Im:cnopo,rr; coc;::unrneTCjJ c MeTaJI.TIOM CBapOl:!HOM EaHH.bl.
87
)Kene3o c KHcnopon.oM 06pa3ye-r lpu coe,a;u1e111u1 (oKJitcna),
.DMelOlllHX BCCLMa naJKHOe 3Ha 'ICJUie B MCTaJI.n:ypnI'IeCK11X npoueccax, upoHcxo.run.ulfx npu cnapKe 11naBJ1e1u1cM: JaKHCb )!(ene3a
FcO, co,n.epJKaI.llYJO 22,27% 0 2, 3aKHCb-oK11cL ii\eJie3a Fc 30 4, co.nep)ICamyro 27 ,64
0 2, OKHCh )l(eJie3a Fe 20 3, co,n.ep)l(ru.uy10
%
30,06% 02.
J13 BceX Tf'CX OKHCJlOB paCTBOpHMa B '1<ene3e TO.TlhKO 3aKHCI>.
OcTaJibHbie OKMCJibI B )l(eJie3e npaKTM'JeCKli He paCTBOpHMbI H Ha
ero CBOHCTBa BJllHIHIUI TIO'ITU HC OKa3bIBa10T. 0,n.HaKO OKaJIHHa H
p)l(aB'lllHa Ha CBap.11sae.MbJX k}}OMl\aX, co.uepi!CaIJ.(HC BbIClUHe OI<HCnLI (3aKHCb-OKHCb 11 OKHCb JKejfC3a.), CB06o,a.HbIM )KeJie30M MoryT
pacl\HCJUITbCH ll.O 3UKMCH no pcaKu1u1M Fe 30-:i +Fe= 4Fe0,
Fe20 3 +Fe - 3Fe0.
06pa3y10ma.HCJI 3aICHCh JKene3a paCTBOpHeTCSI tJaCTII'IHO B UIJiaKe
H 1:1aCTHq110 B pacnnaBJieHHOM Menume, BCJie,nCTBHe qero B
cBapHoM UIBe o6paJyIOTCH nopLI. B TBep.n.oM )I<:eJ1C3e pacTaopHMOCTb ICMCJIOpo.n:a HeBeJimca.
JJ:ng YMCHhllleHHR paCTBO~HMOCTH OKHCJJa B MCTaJIJie Heo6xoJUIMO HMeTb COOTBeTCTBeHHO 6onee HH3KYIO l<OHI{eHTpalUllO OKlfCJJa
D LUJJaKe, B pe3yJibTaTe OKHCeJI 6y,n.eT CTpCMlfTbCR nepeiirn H3 MeTaJIJJa B UIJJaK Hao6opoT, 6onee BhICOKa11 I<ouueHTpau1·rn OKHCJia
n lllJlaKe cnoco6cTByeT ero nepe:xo.zzy B MeTan.n. MeTaJIJI MOilCCT
OKlfCJUITbC.SI H IlOlJ. lJ.C~CTBlfeM XHMH'ICCKH aKTHBHbIX, no KHCJJOpo.uy,
OKHCJIOB (runaxos ), aanp11Mep, KpeMHH.SI 11 MapraHita Si0 2
+ 2Fe* = 2Fe0 + [Si], MnO + Fe)!( = FeO + [Mn].
+
(B 3THX ¢opMynax HH}J.eKc )K yKa3bIBaeT, 'liTO Fe Haxo)J,HTca
B BHJJ.e pacrmaBa, a 3HaK [ ], l!TO 3JleMeHT paCTBOpeH B
MeTaJIJIHtfecKOH cpa3e.)
IlpH HaJIH11HH B ra30BOH c~a3e CJIO)l(flblX ra30B, TaKHX, KaK,
HanpuMep, C0 2 H H 20, KOTOphre np11 ~1ccouuamm: Bb1,nen5!10T
KHCJlOl)o.n:, TaI<ilCe npOHCXO,ll;HT OKHCJICHHe MCTaJIJia caapoqHoH
BaHHbI.
EcJIH )l(HJJ.KHH MeTann CO.l(epi!CHT JJleMeuTb1-pacI<ncnHTeID1,
ICOTOpbie HMelOT 66JJblllee cpO.l(CTBO K KHCJIOpo.l(y, 'IeM MeTaJIJI
CBapO'iHOH BaUHbI, TO B 3TOM cnyqae KOJ-IUeHTp~MjJ KMCJIOpoµ;a
B CBapOtUIOH BaHHe MOJI<eT 6.bITb 3Ha tnrreJ1hHO yMeII.hllieHa 3a C1ICT
3JlCMeHTOB pacKliCJIHTeJieH.
.
B3a11MoJJ.eiicmue BOJJ.opo.zta, a3oTa 11 cnom1B>1x ra3oe c pacOJJaBJieHHhlM MeT3JJJJOM CBapO'HIOH BSHlll>I. Bo.l(opo~ D COCTane ra30BOH cpa3bI MO)l(eT HaxO,ll.HThCjJ B MOJieK)'JI.stpHOM 11Jlli aTOMapHOM
COCTOjiffHH, 'iTO 3aBHCHT OT TeMrrepazypbl. IlpH 6onee BhICOKHX
TeMrrepazypax MOJieKymqJHbIH BO.l(Opo.n AHCCOl..UfHpyeT Ha aTOMapHLIH H HOIDI3HponaHHhIH. MenLTJJII,I, cnoco6Hb1e pacraop}ITh
BOJJ.Opo~, MOJKHO pa3JJ.eJIHTh Ha ,nBe rpynn1>1. K nepBoif rpynne
OTHOCflTCH MeTaJJ.llbI, ne liMeI-Oll.{He XlfMHqeclGIX coe.r.r.une1urn: c BO,UOpo.l(OM ()l(eJJe3o, HMKenh, K06aJIDT, Me.Uh u ~.). Menu111h1 uepnoii
rpynnbI nornomaroT BOL(OPOlJ. B T.Bep.l(OM COCTO»HHH, paCTBOpMMOCTh KOTOporo B HHX YBCJil:PIHBaeTCH np:a IlJlaBJieHHH H
3aBliCliT OT COCTOHHHH BOJJ.Opo,ua.
88
Ko BTOpOH rpynne OTHOCSITCSI MeTarr.JThr, o6pa3ylOIUHC c BO,Ilopo.noM r11.npH,1lhI, npe.z:(CTaBJISllOlllHe XHMHtteCKOe coe.z:uu1eHHC MeHUJ.ila
c Bo,n.opo.noM (nanna.altii, I.UtpKoHJ:ill, THTaH, Bana.nnii, Topnii, TairraJI
H pe.nK03CMeJ1bHbie 3JieMeHTbI). IlpH He60J1blilllX l\OJIHllCCTBax
nornow;euHoro no.nopo,n.a 3TH McTaJI.nLI 06pa3y10T c HHM TBep,n.b1e
paCTBOphI, a npH 6onee 3Ha'tllITeJ1bH:LlX KOJIHtICCTBax - rHJlPH,abl.
JiernpyromHe 3Jte~eHThI oKa3hIBaI-OT caMoe pa3Hoo6pa3noe BJIHBHHC Ha paCTBOpHMOCTb BO'AOpo.aa B crrnaBax )KC:.ITC3a. Yrrrepo.a;,
1'.,,eMHHi-1, an10MHHHH n XpOM CHIDKalOT paCTBOpHMOCTh BO,nopo.n.a
B crumnax )KeJieJa, a THTaH u HMo6nii ee }'EC.11H11nsa10T. PacTBO".'
peHIIhiii BO.n;opo.n B CBapO'IHOH BaHHe H ero nenOJIHOe Bbl,ll.CJICHHe
B ncpuo):( 1qJHctan.rnna1un1 npHBOJJ;.SIT K o6pa3oBaHJUo .nec~eKTOB:
nop, MaKpo- H MHI<pOl'pemHH B MeTa..'lJie lllBJ., a TaK)Ke XOJIO,ll.HhlX
H rop.s1tIHX TPClllMH B OKOJJOUIOBHOH 30He.
KOHUeHTpaum1 BO,aopo,aa B cnapO'IHOH BaHHe MOiKeT 6bITb
yMeHbllleHa nyTeM co3,n.a1nrn nepac-rnopH!\ll>IX coe,aHHeHHH Bo.nopo,.1l,a B MeTan.Tie, KaK, Harrp11Mep, clrropHcToro no.n;opo.aa HF,
a TaKiKe nyTeM HeKOTOporo OKMC..11e:m.ui CBapOqffOH BaHHbl.
A3oT. B 3aBHCUMocm OT TeMrreparyp:&I a3oT, KaK H Bo,aopo~,
B ra30BOH clla3e 30HbI .nyrH MO)ICCT Ha..XO.D.HThCH B MOJieeyJI.sipHOM,
aToMapHOM u HOHH311poB~HHOM coCTo.s1mu1x. OcuoBHbIM HCTOtf1mKOM a30Ta B raJOBOH clla3e 30Hbl .nyru ~BJl.HCTCSI oxpyji(al-Ow;asi
aTMOc<IJepa. PacTBopHMOCTb a3oTa B )l(eJie3e 3anucnT OT ero
cocTo.stHH.R. A3oT nc paCTBop.s1eTc11 B Me.nH, HMKeJJe, 30JIOTe, cepe6pe
H He 06pa3yeT c JT.HMH MeTaJIJ1aMH XHMH'IecIGIX coe,ll.HHeHHil.
iKe':'
Jie3oM 011 06pa3yeT J:rnTPH,abr Fe 2N (11,15% N) H Fe4N
(5,9 %N). AJoT cnoco6cTnyeT o6pa3onaHHro nop B MeTaru:te lllBa.
YBCJll!tICHHe KOHUCHTpaUMH a30Ta B HH3KOyrnepo.z:rncThIX CTaJIJIX
nn:m1eT Ha npotmocTHhie H nnacTu11ecKne CBOHCTBa 3rnx CTa.neM:,
a TaIOKc cnoco6cTByeT CTapenmo MenUina. l1Hor.na ero BBO.U.sIT
B COCTUB JierHpOBaJIHbIX CTaJieii ,ll.JI~ nonytieHHSI ayCTeHHTIIOH
CTpy1nypLI. B 3TOM cnyiiae OH RBJISleTC$1 ayCTeHM3a TOpOM H
paccMaTpHBaeTc.s1 KaK ueHHag .,1erepyroma11 ,ao6anKa.
YrneK11cJ11>1ii raJ. B cocraBe ra3oBoii cI>aJLI 30liLI .zzyn1 yrneKIICJlbJ.H ra3 C0 2 npHcyTcTByeT B 3HalfHTeJlbI-ll>IX KOJIH'IecTBax.
3TO oco6eHHO 3aMeTHO npH caap1<e 3.JleKTpO,l:{aMH, IlOKpbITHe KOTOpbIX C03,aano Ha OCHOBe MpaMopa H IlJiaBHI<OBOro umaTa.
B npouecce nm.\BJieHll.sI Taxoro n0Kp1>n1rn npo11cxo.nHT .z:mccou11al{I1.S1 Kap60HaTa KaJlbUlijJ c o6pa30BaHHeM yrneKHCJIOTO ra3a.
yr.rre1cMCJibIH ra3 aKTHBHO OKHCJUleT iKH~KHH MeTa!IJI.
c
l
C02 =CO + 20 2
+
1
Fex + 20 2 = [FeO],
Co 2 + Fe~ = [FeO] + CO
r.ne [FeO] - JaKHCb )KeJie3a, pacTBop1rnrnaRc.s1 B )l(eJJe3e.
89
06pa3yroma.s1cJ1 Ol\HCL yrnepo.na CO B MeTarrne msa He pacrnopsteTcn, B npoQecce KpHCTaJJJJH3aJ.nfH CBapO'IHOH BaHHLI OHa DbI.Z{eJJg..
eTc.si n 06pa3yeT nophI. YrneKJICJThIH ra3 MO:>KeT 61>1TL ucnoJJL30BaH
,nJrn 3aill;liTbl 30Hbl csaplill OT B03JIYXa, ecJlll B COCTaB npOBOJJOKH
BBecm MapraHeu H KpeMHIDi, KOTOpbie 6y.UYT HeiiTpamI30Ba Th pea1m:iuo 06pa3oaaH1u1 CO.
BO.lt'IIIOH nap, Haxo.nmudica B ra30BOH <Pa3e, 06pa3yeTCH H3
Bnaru noKpL1nu1 H cpnroca, BJiaI'H p)KaBtmHLI Haxo,z:vuuencH Ha
noeepXHOCTH CBapHBaeMhlX l\"POMOK, a TaK)Ke D pe3yJJhTaTe peaKUBH,
npoTeKaIO~HX B noKpbITHSIX H ra30BOH <]?a3e.
Bo.zi;$1HOH nap c '1'M.UKlfM MeTaJIJIOM B3aHMo,nelicTByeT no
ypaaHeHH10 H20 + Fe<f\ = [FeO] + H 2.
TipH 3ne1nptrr-1eCKOH CBapKe IlJiaBJieHIIeM ra30BaH <]?a3a 30Hbl
.zi;yru, l<OHTaKTHPY.IOI.Ua5.1 c )i(lfmcHM MeTa.JUIOM, COCTOHT B3 CMCCH
C02, CO, H_,i9, ~..k' 0 2, N2, a TaioKe npo,uyKTOB u:x .n:i-1ccor\Hanm1 (0, H, N, Ott) H napo:a MeTanna H lliJlaKa.
KHcnopo.n;, 11axo.zi;ac1> B cnapotIHoli nanHe, o5pa3yeT c X<ene30M
3aKHCh 1Kene3a FeO, KOTopaH, pacTBop1mc1> B csapotrnoli BaHHe, CHH..
X<aeT npotn10C11ib1e cBoiicrna MeTanna maa.
Bo.i':(opo.n, ocraBlllIIlicn B pacnrranneHHOM Mera.JIJie, Bnocne.nCTBHH mmneTC.H npH'tJHHOH o6pa30BaIUUI XOJIOJlHblX 'I}JeI.UHH.
A3oT cnoco6crnyeT crapeH1uo lllBa, o6pa3onaan.IO nop B nrne,
a B l.{CJIOM CfUDKaeT npO"lHOCTHbie CBOlfCTBa CBapHoro coe,uH..
HeHIUl.
Bmumue ccp1>1 11 <J>occl»opa ea 1~a11ecTBO cnapnwx coe.n11Heu11ii.
Cepa, COCJlHIUl>ICb
)I\eJIC30:M, 06pa3yeT cyJJhqm.n :>KC.1IC3a F
KOTOpOH .HBJUiCTCH Bpe,nHoii npHMeCblO B MCTaJIJ!e UIBa. Cy.nbcpH)l
'1'eJie3a B nepIIOJl KpMCTaJinH3auue CBapotIHOU DaHHbl 06pa3yeT
3BTeKTHKY FeS - Fe, HMeIDmyro MeIIhmyro, 1IeM cranh, TeMIIepazypy Il.ilaBJICHJ.UI (940°C) H Manyio pacTBopnMOCTb B :>K.H,UICOH
CTaJlll. 3TO K8JlaeTC.ff npII'tJllHOH o6pa30DaHIUI rop.sNIDC Tpeuum,
IlOCKOJlhicy 3BTeKTMKa npH Iq)l-ICTaJIJJH3ar(HH pacrronaraeTC.H MC)K.JlY
sepHaMH CTaJIH. Bpe,nHoe DIDISIHHe OKa3bIBaeT " c~occpop, ClliDKaIO..
mnli y,napHyro B.ffJKOCTb Mera.rrna msa. )J;JISI JIRKBU~arurn: ape.n;Horo
BJIH11Hl:Ul cepr,r H <lioccpopa neo6xom:nviO yM:eHbllIHTh nx co,n:ep)KaHne
B MeTaJIJIC lllBa nyTeM C03AaHH.H HX COC)lliHCHHH, uepaCTBOpH!\1bIX
B MCTaJI..'"'le.
Jlernp0Bam1e MeTaJJJia uma. Jier.HpoBaHHe MeTaJIJia lllBa MO:>KCT
6LITb nonyqeHO pacnJJaBJieHiteM IIpHCa]lOtUIOll IlpOBOJIOKH (o,U'HH
c
es,
H3 Hau6onee Ha,ne*HDIX cnoco6oB JieruponaHm1), JIH6o Bee.neHneM
B IlOKphrrne HJlli q)JHOC nopOlllK006pa3HbIX MeTaJIJIII1ICCKHX ,no6aBOK
HJil:I BOCCTaHOBJJCHUCM 113 OI<lfCJIOB MeTanJIOB. IlpH 3TOJ.'o~[ CJie,r.tyeT
yimThIBaTL aKTHBHOCTb oKnc.rreHH51 nerupy1:omero 3 ..1eMeura B 30He
CBapotUIOH BaHHLI.
yne~1lI1:leHHCM aKTIIBHOCTH OKHCJieHIISI nen~:py10mero 311cMe1rra n 3one CBapKH yMeHhrnacTc.H ero ycBoe1u1e
CBapOtnIOH BaHHOii. ,n:.mI OU.CHl(H rrone.ue1nrn Toro lIJlH .lUIOro 3.:IeMeHTa B CBap01.JH:ci1 DC..HHC ueo5xo.LUIMO 3HaTb ero CpOJlCTBO
K ICMCJJOPO.llY ( c-rencHb arcnmnoc11;y OKHCJICH.H.» 3.ileMCHTa KHCjIO•
c
po.n;oM). A1<nrnaoc1i, m:KoTopbIX lllMpoKo lI3BeCTHhLX 3JICMeHTOB
90
no OTHOllleHlUO K 1rn:cnopo.zzy IlOBLilllaCTC'1 B CJJe;zyioxueM nop».u.Ke
(~o TeMnepa zyp1>1 l 600°C):
Cu - Ni - Co - Fe - W - Mo - Cr - Mn - V - Si - Ti - Zn-Al.
3neMeIITbI, crom.n:He neBee OT iKeJie3a, npli cnapKe cTa.JieH:
6yJl)T npaKTH'lfCCKM TIOJIHOCTblO ycnauna TbC11 CBapO"IHOH BUHHOH.
Boni,c)>paM 11 Mon06.neH, <;Tomnue cne'Ba OT '1<e.TJe3a, ~ociaTotmo
nonHo ycsa1maI-OTCS1 cnapotn1oii BaHHoii. Eon1>lllyro TpY'AHOCTb
npe.QcTaBJI$1eT nen1ponam1e lllDa "fHTaHoM H amoMHHneM, TaK 1mK,
tieM npaBee OT :>KeJie3a pacnoJio:>KeH 3.ifeMeHT, TeM 6L1cTpee ou
OK.HCJISleTC$!.
B o n p o c 1>1 ,n: JI .s.t c a M o n p o B. e p K u
l. Ka1n1e cpn3bI MMeioTcn B CBapo~oH: JJ::!fe?
2. KaKJ{e coe.n;uHeHIHI 3.'leMeHTOB c ~ceJIC30M pacTBOpHMbI B
:>KH,!(KOM 1\·leTa.JI~lle H I<aK BjJlIJieT HX pacraopHMOCTb Ha l\fl'tJeCTBO
CBapRoro COC!ll1HCHIHI?
3. KaKHM o6pa30M MO)K""dO nenrpoBaTh MeTaJin cnapHoro lllBa?
4. KaK BJI1u110T cepa H cpocqmp Ha caapnb1e lllBbI?
§ 36. META11nYPr~·U1 PY"tHO~ .QYrOBOH CBAPKH
3neI<Tp0,l:{ COCTOIIT H3 noKphlTIDI H CTa.."IbHOfO CTep»:l-Ul.
B COCTaB no1<pbITH$1 u crep)KH.ff BBO,U.f.ITC.ff KOMilOHCHT:bI, o6ecnetnmaI-OIUlie B nponecce CBapKH Heo6xo.n;nMyio MeTaTinypn1q~
CKYl-0 o6pa6o-rKy c:sapotIHOii BaHHLI. 3JieKTp0.1l,Hbie noKpbITIUI BO
BpcM.SI ropeHIUI CBapotJHOll .uyru MC.r.:,.uy 3..TieKrpo,noM H li3,.:J;CJIRCM
3aWHIUaIOT 30HY caapKH OT ICliC..'IOpo~a H a30Ta B03,lyxa,
pacKUCJHllOT li nerupy1or paCIIJI~BJ!eI.Uihllf MeTaJlJI CBapotIHOH
BaHHbI, coJ,naroT ycrolilfliBOCTb .uy.roBoro pa3pH.ua li 06ecnetnrna10T
3a.ztaHHbie
Me.xaHlflieCKUC
CBOMCTBa
CD!fP~lOJ\!Y nrny,
a TaIOKe
ueo6xO,!J.l1M)IJ-O c-rpy1nypy MeTaJIJla II Tpe6yeMhIM XH::\1UtJeCKIIB co-
crau cBapHoro 1JJBa.
3am1rra
30HLI cnapKH OT aT:.10Cl~ei;Horo BJJH~HU.H KUC.aopo,D;a H
,..
a30Ta ObmaeT WJlaKoBaJI, ra3om.rn u lll.naKo-ra·3onan.
B noKpbITM~'< coBpeMcmn,1x. 3JlCI.(11JO~OB ucno.i-iL3YCTC!=I B ocaonHOM Ill.na1<0-raJ0Ba.st 3anorra. 3.ae1npoJJ;Hl>!C noKph!TID! ~c:rn<HbI
1u:1TepnaJI 3arnep.nena1nrn, tITo D cno10
o"lepe.[{b onpe.n.enJier npuMCHl!MOCTh 3Jie1npoJ(OB n.:n1 napI<u B pa3-.
JlWUlbIX noJIO:iKCHM1IX.
B n0Kpb1T1u1x KMcnoro Tima
_llJJiaKoEci1 3auu1TbI ucnonb-
UMeTb onpe,les.re:n-1uii
.nn:»
3y10T OKIICJJbI )KeJieJa, Mapra:uua, THTaHa u KpcMHH~.
ra30Ba9. 3all.U1Ta ,nyronoro HpOCTpaIICTBa C03,iJ;aeTC~ oprainfllC•
CKHMH cocraBJUilOIUllMR (Hanp:mvrep, KpaXM:L'lOM). Il03TOMY np:a
CBapKe 3JieKTpo~a~H1, llNlel-OJ.IlJ·L'vUI KHCJloe UOlCphITHe, npOHCXO,Zl,HT
HHTeHCHBHoe o6pa3onaHHe ra3oB
CO, H 2, C0 2t H 20, KOTOphre
o6pa3yioT xopowyro 3au.vny pacITJiaBJICHHoro Me-.ran.11a cBapo'IBOH
91
Bruu1bl
aloTa. BhICOKoe co,L(ep)l(aHHe B 3TOM noxpLITHH
reManrra (F203) Tpe6yeT 3Ha"f'HTCJlbHOrO KOJIWiecrBa paCKHCJilrreOT
neli n n11.ne c}leppoMapraHua. TipH pacnnaBJieHHH 3neKT})onHoro
IlOKpbITJUI reMaTHT, cocnHIDUICb c :H\ene30M, o6pa3yeT 3aKHCi>
)l(CJ1C3a.
Ilo3TOl.ty .o.nn norarucam1 o6pa3onaHHsr 3a1rncn :>Kene3a, cnoco6noi1 xopowo paCTBOp$1T!JC.R B pacm1an.rieHHOM MeTanne, H
BBo~uTCH c)?eppoMapraHeu. XoT.SI H n ::>TOM noKpbITHH naxo,ntrrcH
MHOro ¢eppoMapram(a, co,.nep'1<aHHC ICHCnopol.(a B HaIIJ1aBJ1CHHOM
Mcranne ocraeTcH .uoCTaTo~rno BblCOKHM. TI0Kpb1nrn Kncnoro nma
Mano CJYBCTBHTeJlbHbI I< p)Ka:sqHHC, Haxo.r.vnueiiCSI Ha CBap11BaeMbIX
KpOMirnX, BCJie]::\CTBHe 60.TJhllIOll Ol<HCJllITCJlLHOH cnoco6HOCTH.
TioKpbITMSI OCHOBHOro T!ITia, l10CTpoe11Hble Ha OCHOBe MpaMopa
(CaC03) H nJiaBHKOBOro rnnaTa (CaF 2), ra30BYIO 3amMTY CBapoiiHOH eaHHhI o6ecnetnrnaroT nuccouuau;Heii MpaMopa.
PacKHCJIHTe.rurMH n noKpbITI-h·I ocuonHoro nma mJn.SUOTCSI c~eppo­
THTa11, <PeppoMapraHeu n <}leppocHm1unli. B npon;ecce nnaenemtSl
MpaMop pacna,QaCTCH Ha OKHCb I\aJibl.UHI (CaO) H yr JlCliliCJiblR
raJ (C02).
3neMeHTbI-paCKJICj]IITe.rIU yrneICHCJlblH ra3 (C02) nepeBO!.(RT B
OI<HCb yrnepona (CO), XOTSI 1IaCTh C02 OCTaCTC.R HeBOCCTaHOBJleHHOii.
IloJTOMY ra30BaSI <}la3a 3TUX 3.Jlf:?KTpO.ZXOB no OTHOlllCHlfiO IC )KUJ:tKOMY MeTa.JIJIY ID3Jl.fleTCH OKHC..1JHTeJll>HOH BO BCCM TeMnepaTJ'PHOM HHTCpBaTie cBapKH. Conep)KaHHe FeO B lll.iiaKc ::>Toro
IlOKpbITIDl HBJ15IeTC.sl He3H3'IHTeJlLHbU'vt~ IlO:)TOMY WJ18KH ue OKa3bIBaIOT OKHcnmomero .Qei1cTBIDI Ha pacrmaaneHHLili MCTaTin
CBapoqaoli BaIIHbl. Ha.JIH 11uc n noKpblTHH crmLHbIX pacKHCJIHTeneii
(THTaH, KpeMHHH, MapraHel\, a B HCKOTOpbIX cnytia.sIX II aJIIOMHHHH) o6ecnetnmaeT HCBLICOK)'l-0 KOHUeHTpa1000 KHCnopo,Qa B HarmaBJ1CHHOM MCTaJIJle, a HaJIH?fHC B noKpbITHH <PTopHCTOrO
KaJihUIUI (CaF2) 06ecnet11-maeT ynaneHue BO;::(opo.Qa H3 pacIIJJaBneHHOro MeTa.n:na CBapo~IHOH DaHIIbl.
0.QHaKO BBHJIY 6bICO'.KOH paCKHCJieHHOCTII noKpbITHH pacTBOpHMOCTh BO.Qopo.Qa B Meranne BaHHbl OCTaeTC.R BLICOKOH. ITo:noMy
npH CBap!CC no p:>KaBhIM: KpOMI<aM, IlOBbIWeHIIOH BJlaJi<HOCTH
-noKpbITHH M npn CBapKe AJIHHHOH ;zyroif B cnapHbIX nmax
o6pa3YJOTC.sI nopLI. .HaJJH"'IHC B nOICpblTHil MapraHn.a CBJ!3LmacT
cepy B cynI>cpH.l( Maprauua, qTo npe.rcoTBpamaeT o6pa3oBaune
Tpew;11H npn CBapKe ~meKTpO.ZXaMH OCHOBHOro Tima.
PyTIDIOBbie IlOKpLITIUI, nocrpoeHHhie Ha OCHOBe pynma (Ti02),
HMeIOT HCKOTOpbie lllJiar.006pa3y1ow:He KOMilOHCHT~I B B~C
IlOJleBOrO lUnaTa, MarHe3HTa H np. ra30B£Ui 3arQIITa B HIIX.
C03.QaeTCJI opraHW!CCICHMH BeIUCCTB.aMH ( l.1;CJIJIJOJI030H, neKCTpliHOM)
n Kap6oHaTaMH. PacKHCJIHTeneM B 3TOM n0Kp1>1nu1 IIB.1sreTcJ1
<}leppoMapraHc~. IlpucBapKe 3J'leK-rponaMnpynmoBoro THIIa B HatfaJlbHOii cranHH HarpeBa.HIUl HM:eeT llllTCHCIIBHhlM pacna)l opraHil'l{~
CKHX BemeCTB H ,llHCCOUHa.£UUI Kap5011aTOB, KaK, HanpIL'\1Cp, MarHC3HTa f'1gC0 3
:f\A:gO C02, n pc1y11bTaTe qero B ra3onoii <l>a3C
=
+
nyru coJI;epJKaTcsi C0 2, CO H 0 2•
92
pe3y.TJ1>TaTe Hann~nut C02, CO H 0 2 1coHuempauH11
BO~opo.na MeHbllIC, "ICM y 3JieICTpO.UOB lCHCJIOro Tl·ma, 1ITO l103BOJISieT
yaenntUfTb creneHb pacKHCJ1eHHOCTH MeTanna nma 3a c~eT yscJ1H'iemtq co.n:cp){caHlUI KpcMHHH. 0CHOBHcUI qaCTb MapraHua B
npo1(ecce CBapKM HcnapHeTCSI WIH OI\HCJI.ffCTC$1.
3neKTpO,n'bl c n.e.JIJIIOJIOJHbIM flOI\pblT:MeM co.nep'.)KaT ,'fJ.O 50
opraHHqecKHX ra3oo6pa3yt<>uu-ix cocraBJuuom"'1x (muuesa5I M}'Ka,
l.{C.TlJIIonoJa H T. ,n.), 06pa3y10a~ux B npouecce Jiyronoro pa3p.s.na n 60.;'lhWHX 1~0J1Hqec-reax CO M H 2• ,[(1u1 npe.zzynpe:>K,neHHJI
nacI>ImenIDI paCilJlaBJieHHOfO MeTaJIJia CBapo"'IllOll BaHHbl BOJ(Opo.noM
H npeJzynpem.neHH.SI napoo6pa3onar-urn IIOBbnuaroT cTenenI> o~ncnea­
uocTM cnapo"IHOH BaHilbl nyTeM BDe,nCHHSI B IlOKpblT:Be TIITallOBOfO imuueHTpaTa (Ti02 • FeO), Mapranu;eBoii PY.Ubl (MnO) H
IIJUlBIUCOBOfO WTiaTa (CaFe2). Il.JiaBiiKOBbrH nmaT CBH3bIBaeT BO·
~opo.n B HepaCTBOpmtoe B Menume coe~HHCHHC (HF) <}lTOpHCTbIH
BO.n;opo.n; • .[{JI$! ycrpa.HCHH.R nopHCTOCfH, CBSJJaHHOH c Bbl)J.CJICHHeM
01\HCH yrnepo.na (CO) Bel' BpeMSI KpHC'raJI:tU3aUHH CBap01!HOH :Ba!IHhl
BBO)J.JIT B IlOKpbITHe cpeppOCWIHUMH, I<OTOpbDi IlO)J.aDJISJeT o6pa30BaHHe peaKUliH
Ilp11 Bb16ope 3JICKTpo.non ~n11 cnapKH MeTannoB 1-1eo6xo.rmMo
)"IUTLmaTb CJle)J.ylOll{HC OCHOBH1'le oco6em10CTH:
MapKy cnapHBaeMoro MeTanna;
Tpe6oBaHIUJ, npe.n;·Mm.nSieMbie K CBapHbIM coe,nHuenWIM no
XHMH1IeCKOMY COCTaBy, crpyKrype H MexaHHtieC.KHM CBOHCTBaM, a
TaIOI<e TCXHOJIOrHT.;1eClC}'IO npUMCIIHMOCTh paccMaTplmaeMOH MapKH
3neKTpo.non.
B
%
co.
§ 37. METAl1110BEAEH"1E CBAPKM
Ilponecc KpncraJIJ111Ja1.tnH csapo'tuoii eamw. Xoporuo csapuaaIOTCR Te MCTaJIJibl H cnnaBbI, J<OTOpbie B CBOeM COCTaBe
HMeIOT 3JieMeHThI, 06na)J.a10mn:e HeorpaHH11eHHOH B3amvmoii paCTBopHMOCTblO KalC B '.)KH.[{KOM, TaK M B TBep,noM COCTO.HHHH.
TaKHC MenUJJibI H c11J1an1>1 He 6y.nyr o6pa3oBMBaTb coe)J.MHea1rn,
BbI3bIBruomHe oxpynq1maHHe caapHoro coe,n0Heau11. Xopowyio
B3aHMHyto paCTBOpliMOCTb HMCIOT :>KCJIC30 H HHKCJlb, :>KCJIC30 H
BaHa.n;Irn, '.)KCJ1e3o H xpoM, MOJIH6)J.eH :u TaHTarr, HHKCJib H BOJibcp..
paM, HHKenb H Me,ru,, HHKeJih :u Ko6arrbT, xpoM JI MOJin6.neH,
xpo:M H BaHa.mm, xpoM H THTaH T • .[{.
Ilpo:u:ecc KpHctaJIJIH3aIJ;HH CBapHbIX lllBOB OTJilf\laeTCSI OT
KpHCT3JIJIH3aUHM CJIHTKOB DhICOICI1MI1 CKOpOCT.SIMH KpHCTHJUIH3aIJ;HH,.
llOCJ<OJlhKY IlOCIIe HHTCHCHBHoro 11arpeBa MeTaJJJia KOHUeHrpnpoBaHHbJM HCToqHHKOM Tenna npOHCXO.[{HT 6hlCTp.brH OTBO.n Tenna B
ceap~aeMoe HJ.a;enee. CKopocn, oXJiru1<J::{eHID1 ceapu&1x llIBOB
BC':HICJI.HeTC~ .nec5ITKaMH H c0Tmn,..n1 rpa.nycoB B CC:KyH,ny.
· KpucrarrJIH3aUillO cBapHhIX llIBOB H3y11a10-r MenUinorpacp111-teCICm,·1 MeTO)lOM, nyTeM lICCJie}:tOBaHH~ o6pa3oBaBmdic.ff CTpYKTyphl.
MeTannorpa<Pw1ecK1™ MeTO)J.OM ycranoBJieHo, l:JTO B eepXHeii
'laCTH IllBOB pacnoJ!araIOTCSI naHOOJiee Kpyntti.re, a B IUf)KJieH HRH~
~
93
P11c. 41. CxeMa xnMH'lecKoli neo.a,Hopo~Ho­
CTH no cno.RM lCpHCTa..:1..
JIH3aQMH
B
CBapIIblX
WBax
6onee MeJIKHe KpHCTaJIJII>I. B cpe,a;1-1eii 11acn1 lllBOB KpHCTaJIJibI
HMelOT YMHHeiniyro qlCPMY (TpaHc-Kp11CT3..tl rm:rr1oe CTpoem,1e),
a B BepxHeH 11aCTH WBOB DCTBHC1)'10 $opMy (.n;e11,npllTHOe CTpoenHe).
KpHCTa.TIJIJOaIUUI cnapHbIX WBOD ocyw;eCTBJ:UICTCSI
npep:EimHCTO, 'JeM ofrMICIHICTCJI nommeHHC 1CpnCTaJIJlH3alUIOHHbL'{
CJIOeB, KIDl<JJ;Lm 113 KOTOpbIX COCTOHT H3 HCCKOJI:bt\HX OCJIODHl>IX
yqaCTKOD (pHc. 41): IUiii<:Hero - c He60JibWHM co.ncp>XaHHCM
yrnepo.na, cepbI H ¢occpopa (uMero~ero Han6onee iuneacHBHoe
not1epHeHue npH 1·pannelilln); cpe.n;ucro - Ha1160Jiee wupo1coro,
xapaKTepu3yromerocst cpaBlUiTCJibHO o.n;Hopo,n111>IM not1cpHc1n1eM n
co.nep:>Karqero yrnepo.n, cepy H ¢oc<I>op B Tex ~c ICOJlIP!CCTBax,
. 'ITO u MeTarr11 uma, a TaIOKe BepxHero, - xapaKTepu3yio1ucrocn
BHTeHCMBHbIM OCJia611enueM fiO'ICpHCHWI.
Ilepablli
)"-IUCTO:K B03Rm<aeT B pc3yJILTaTe l\pRCfaJ!.i!M3arum:
...
....
...
TOHKOlf npOCJIOll.KH )J\lJ):U(OfO MeTa..'ura, np:HMbJI\aJOIT(CH IC OTI;laDIlponecc
JieHHOH IlOBepXI!OCTU, KOTOpa~! o6orarqeua yr.r1epOJ-~OM, cepoli H cpoc.tI»opoM, nepeMCC'fHBlJUtMliCJl H3 npUMbil~IOIUHX yqacrKOB OCHOBHOrO
MeTa.i'IJia.
BTopow yqacroK KpHCTaJIJIH3yeTcSI H3 )Kll,ill\Oro MeTaJIJia Hcxoµ,Horo COCTaBa. Bcne,n:CTBHC 6oJI:UlllOH CKOpOCTU lCpHCTa.r,JnDaU,REI
3aTBep,u.enmnii: MeTaJIJI BaHMbI no o.uuopo.z:u1ocTH 6JUI30I\ IC '.iKH~KOMY
MeTa..11ny, Il3 KOTOporo OH o6pa30DaJICJl. TpeTmi ytlaCTOI\ CJIOjI B
nepxueii tJacTu DToporo y<iaCTKa cpopMupyeTcst 60.:tee o6e.11.HCHUhlM
yrnepo~oM, cepoti u <I)oc¢opoM.
06pa30BaHJie IlOCJie.!X}'l-OmJIX CJIOOB npoHCXO,D;HT TaKHM: :>Ke Cl!Oco6oM. IlpH <PopMHpOBamm CTOJI01IaTbIX KpllCTa.Tl.ITllTOB lJ.3 l\87.t.n;oro
OilJiaBnCIUlOrO ICpHCT8JIJlllTa OCHOBHOrO MCTaJJJla DbipaCTaeT ne."la.SI
rpynna o.nm1a1coBO opHeHTHpOBCl.HllblX ,n;eu.npHTOD, COCTaBJI.Sl-Oll.UIX
CTOJI6'-IaTbtii ICpncrannHT. Hanpa.BJieHHOCTh rnaBHbIX oceii .ncu.npu-
TOB onpe.ne;u1eTcJ1 1rnnpan11ca11eM 1·ennoo1·no.ua, a reor1:1e1-pn11eC1CHe pa3MCpbI )leH.npnTOB 3aBJICSIT OT recMe'I'pHqecKUX pa3Mepos
CToJI6"tJaTbIX KpHCTaJIJrnToB. EoJiee :icpymroIM cTo.116-tiari,rr..1 1cpacranJIHTaM COOTBCTCTBY'iOT 60.rree I<pyrIHble pa3BeTBJieHHI>Ie .ueu.npnTbI.
B nponecce 3aTBepJ.leBaH1m cBapHbIX WBOB nep~A ll;poHTOM pacTy-
mux KpHCTail.JillTOB MaTO'IllbIM paCTBOp HaC.bII.UaCTC5.I pa3JUftIHhTiv.rrf.
npHMecHMM. B caMy10 noCJic,nmoro oqepc.zu> 3arnep~BaeT cpe/J;II~u1
qacn, nmoB, no3TOM}' o6hNHO B neii cocpe.uoTotumaeTc$1 MaKCHM:aJI1>Hoe KOJ.rW1eCTBO npu1v1cce.H.
C'1p~"K'fYP3 C'Bapm~tx lliBOB. rfpH IDyq:eHHH MeTanna CBapuoro
WBa pa3.nn'lra1or MaKpo- H :MuKpocTpy1<Typy. M aKpocmpyKnzypa
paCCMarpIIBaeTC.H H~Hoopyx<eHHbiM TJia3CM unn: npH He6o.iThUUIX.
(.no 10-15-KpaTHbl:X) yBe1111~1eHH~x. Crpyxrypa MeTa..r111a, )'Be.'Iu-
94
Pac. 42. Cxe~m li3MeHCHMsr CTpYICTYPLI no y'-1acTKUM e O.t(Honpoxo)l.noM CBapHOM WBe
l"iemm-'l 6once tI~M B 60-100 pa3, na3LrnaeTcH MUKpocmpJ!K·
mypozi.
Mar,po- u MHitpoc-rpytcTypa 6LraaeT nepBIPnioii H BTOplfl!Hoii.
IlepBifi"ila~ crpj'1~1-ypa 06pa3yeTc11 Henocpc;ic-rnettl!o D nponecce
3aTBep,neBUHllil paCIIJiaBa; BTOpli'U!ag - n pe2y.n:oTaTe <J?a30B.b!J'.C
{TCpM1rt1eci:nx) npeBpam:enua. CsapH:c1e m1lhl IIMe10T uenbra
KOMIU!CKC c-;py1nyp }ffiIIJiaBJie.HHOro MeTanJia M MeTaJIJia' lCOTOphni
B npor~ccce cBapm no;.wep:ra..'IC.ff Harpesy. PaccMoTpmYI pa3JIHlllihie
)'1ntCTt<n crpy.ti:1)1pbl CBapnoro mna (pHc. 42).
Y1.1acTox Hannanneeuoro MeTanna (uma)
HMeeT
CTo;16tmToc crpoen~Ie. CTon61IaTLie Iq>HCTaJinliTbI OT nepexo;:uroii
:Jon::.1 Me:-I-:;i,y y·'·Iac~-;~oM H~non1-1oro pacruianJJ:eHiffi H nan.1JaDJ1eHHLIM
MCTaJ!JIOl\-1 1mnpa'!!~e!::b1 Brny6u lllIH\. KpRCTa'IJIIIT COCTOIIT H3
OT:teJII>HhIX ,D;CH;lpUTOB, JP.,lfeIOI.qHX 06n~y10 Hanpa1!3JJeH!!OCTh, ICOTOpb!e bHOrJJ.a MoryT P~iCTb H pa3JI1ftll!)10 pa'3BeTEJieHHOCTb.
i''pyrnw. .nen.npr~Ton, H.."\!eroma.a '.Ien<:yr-0 rpmr~y. cocTa..JJJUieT
cro..116-CJ:aThll'i 1cpncra.JIJUIT. B KopHe nrna, 6.11P..iKe K uepexo.[',':IOH 30IIe,
COCTa:DJUIIOlll;ce CTOJi6tia Tbllf KpucranJIIIT ,n;eH.r~pHTbl pa3~ eTB,JICH.LI
MHIIHMD..JILHO.
H a y lJ a c T IC e Hen o JI no r o p a c n JI an JI e Ru SI nepnWIHM
crpyznypa xapa1'.!epH3YCTCH XHMIP!ecKo.M: Heo,n;Hopo.u;HoCTur-0. BTopwwaH Cl'pyKrypa 3TOrO y-i:aCTKa uanoMHHaeT BH):.(M..<:.\IDlleTTOBY
C'rp)'K1'YPY*. 3Ta 301!3. HCBeJIHKa H ,nJIH .LJYTOBOM CEapKH COCTaBJIHeT
OT 0,1 l.J.0 0,5 MM.
• BnJIMa1:aneToaa crpyJITYpa - 3TO crpy1..'"Typa cm.rm c npaMonHHeii.~
HLIM pacnm1me::eID1eM BOJIOKOH.
95
Ha y 11 a c T Ke n e pc r p e Ba MOiKeT o6pa3onan,ca KpynuosepaHcran CTPYKrypa, KOTopaR np1:1,na~1' MeTanJJy naHMelll>lll)'IO
nnacrH"'lllOCTb H y.uapH)'lO B}l3KOCTb. l.JT05bI yMe.HbIUHTb npOT}!~ceHHOCTh
yt1aCTKa neperpeBa, CJ1e.nye·r yneJUl'IHTh cKopoCTI,
CBapKH JiIJilf BhiilOJ'lllJUJ, CBapey 3a neCI<OJibKO npoxo.nos. llh1pMHa
30HLI ytiaCTl\a ncperpesa 1umr.ua .nocn·IraeT 3-4 MM.
y 'I a c T 0 re H 0 p M a J1 H 3 a lt H 11 xapaJ~Tepn:}yCTC$1 MeJIK03epHHCTbL\.i crpoeS:n1eM MenuIJla. B 3aBHCHMOC..."TH OT pa3Mepos lllBOB
IllHpI-ma y 1IaCTl\a IIO{AV.aJli.JtJal.lHH KOJIC6JieTCJI OT 0,2 .no 4- 5 MM.
Ha yqacTKc ucnonHoi nepcKpucTaJIJIH3aQHH
He Bee 3epna ocaoBHoro Menl..Tlml. no,mJepraroTc.11 nepeKpncraJIJIH3aI.uu1. ffiup1nia =>TOH 30Hhl OT 0, 1 .r~o 5 MM.
p e K p H c T a Jl JI u 3 a Q H 0 H H bl ii yqacroK 11011BJI.SICTCH npi-t
csapJ:Ce n11acTn1:1ecKRX .necpopMliponaHHhIA cra.i1eli, mxpHHa 3Toro
Y'Iacnca cocTaBn.mrr 0, 1-1,5 MM.
y 'I a c T 0 K c H He J'I 0 MK 0 c T II pacrrono)l(eff 3a ytzaCTICOM
peKpHCTaJIJIH3al.l1u1. CTpyKTypa MCTaJIJia 3,neci, He OTJiIItiaeTCJl
OT Hcxo.z:m:oii CTp)'KTypbI. Ha 3TOM y 11acrKe TeMnepazypa aaq:.\CBa
,uocrnraer 200-400° C.
MeTo.z:u,i BLJ.HBJiee!lll cTpy1n-ypY cnapnMx l!lBOB. ,nmr 3Toro m
Menu1na CBapHbIX WBOB npMrOTOBji51lOT llIJ'IHq)bI - o6pa3I(bl
113yqaeMoro MeTaJina co cne~Ha;"lbHO rro.nroTOBJieHHOH IlJIOCKOM
(llIJIHcl>oBaHHOH, 110!1HpOBaHHOll) noBepXHOCThIO. )J..rrn BhLT3.TICHID1
CTPYJITYPbl npmvieH>U-OT MCXaHif'ieCKoe, XHMWICCKOe, 3J'leltrpOJUITff':lecKoe non11poeaHHe H OKHCJTKreJihHoe TpaBnenue.
IlpB'IHHhl otipa30BllGHB ropHltHX n XOJIOJlHLIX TPfll\liH B caa,IDJX
Coe.zl1U1C1ou1x. B npouecce caapKH MoryT o6pa30BbIBaTLcn 'IpeI.QHHbI.
rop~He TpemHHbI o6pa3yIOTCSI B YCJIOBIUIX fiOB:bllllCHHbIX TeMnepaTyp H3-3a 6oJlblllOU yca,nKR npn oxna:Jic,ne1un1 MeTa.rrJia
cnapO':lHoii na1urh1, Ii3-3a H3MeHeH1rn cocn.rna cBap1maeJ\.rb1x M~lTepua­
non. EoJTumoli CKJICHHOCTLro K ropH•nt:M Tpell.UfHaM 06na,u.ai-0T cn11aBhr, co.nepj.l(aruHe oKo.rro 5 % xpoMa 11 OT 1,0 ,u.o 2,5 ~~ yrJiepo~,
H cnJiaBbI c 9-10 % xpoMa rrpn co,u;ep:>1rnHUH 0,9-1,2 % yrJ1epo,na.
Xono.nn:h1e TpeI.QHHhI o6pa'.3yIOTCJI B MeTaJIJic WBa H OI'oJiolllonnoii 30HbI li3-3a pe3l\Oro H3MeHeHIDI MexaHll1ICCKHX C:90HCTB,
a TaIOKe xapa1aepa HarrpmKeHHoro cocTOSiHli.st Bcne.a;CTBHe cpa3onhlX
H crpyirrypHLIX rrpeBpameHMH. B o6pa3oBaHHH xoj10;.1,11hrx TpemHH
npu CBapKe cra.rreif cyuteCTBCHH)'lO pOJib urpaeT BO..QOpo.n, KOTOpbD{
Bhl;:{CJJjieTc.SI U3 TBep.noro pacrnopa B HMeromnec» n Meranne MHKpOo6'heMbI (11yc10ThI). B nux BLI,D;eJ11mmHiic11 aToMapHbrli no~opo.n;
coe.nHHaeTCSI B MOJieKyJ'lhl H C03)nlCT B OKp)')KalOI.l{eM o6beMC
MeTaJJJia BHyTpeHHee .naBJ'ICHRe, KOTopoe 06pa3yeT BhlCOKOC 11anpR)KeHMe, cnoco6CTBYJOIUee o6pa3oBaHiUO Tpell(HH npu Harpy3Ke H
,na:>Ke 6e3 HarpeBa.
Bonpoc1>1 .n;nR caMonposeptcH
I. KaKOBLI oco6eH.noCTH 1<pucran11u3auu.u MeTa..r:Jta lllBa?
2. KaxoBI>r crpyirrypHhle oco6eHHOCTH crpoeHIDI cnapHoro coe.naneHIDI?
96
3. lJeM MOX<UO 06'1>9.CHMTL npntIHJlbl o6pa3oBaHllS XOJIO.Z:UILIX H
rop11t.mx Tperunn e MeTannc csapaoro coe.ZJ.HHeHH11?
§ 38. MAKPO· M MMKPOCTPYKTYPA METAJlnOB
.
H CBAPHblX COEAMHEHHH
)l(e11eJo, a TaIOKe cnnaBhl Ha ero OCHOBC, B TOM lJlfCJle H CTaJib,
nsJIJIIOTCSI J<pHcrannH'IecKuMH TeJiaMH. B Ka)l(.ZJ.OM KpHCTMJIH'leCKOM
TeJle aTOMbl JaIUIMalOT onpe)J.eJieHHOe DOJIO:>KeHHe, o6pa3ySI I<pHCTaJIJ1HtiecJCyro peWeTKy.
)l{eJieJo HMeeT ,rme KpacraTJJlHtJe<;KHe pellleTKH. 3To CBOHCTBO
IlOJIHMOpcllH3Ma :>Kene1a onpe)J.eJIJieT MHOrHe npaKTHtJeCKHe )J.allHbJC
cBOHCTBa cnnaeos )KeJie3a.
TionHMopcl>H3MOM Ha3bmaeTCJI cnoco6HOCTb npOCTblX H CJIO:>KHblX
BemecTB B JaBHCHMOCTH OT YCJIOBHH KpHCTaJIJ1H30BaTbC.H B
pa3JIHqHhIX c~opMax. )Kene30 B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TeMnepaTYPLI HMeeT
cne.zzy10m:He peweTkH:
.llO t = 911°C - o6'beMHo-:ue1npupoeaHHoro Ky6a (cx-)KeJieJo);
OT t = 9l l°C .ZJ.O t = 1392°C - rpaHe1.teH-rpHposa1rnor.o Ky6a
(y-)l(eJie3o);
·
OT t = l 392°C 11.0 t = l 536(')C (TeMn~pa-rypa nJiaBJ1CHH$1) o6'heMHO-UeHTpHpoBaHHOfO Ky6a (<5-JKene30).
B3aHMO.ZJ.elicrBMe yrnepo.ZJ.a Ii .ZJ.pyrux 1<0Mno11enToB c ri.10.ZJ.u<Pmca1.tHffiv!H :>ICeJle3a npHBO,llHT K o6pa30BaHmO pa3J1HtJHLIX CTpyKTyp.
Teep.ZJ.bIH pacrBop yrnepo.ua H .upyrux nempy10mMx KOMnoneHTOB B
7·>Kene3e Ha3Lma10T aycTeHHTOM. CTanb, HM:e10ruy10 aycTe:m·nonyro
MHKpocrpyKTypy, Ha3t:ma10T aycreHnraoii. Tsepm1ii pacTBop yr11epo11.a H ..upyrHx ner0py10mnx KoMnoHeHTOB B ~ H 8-iKeneJe
Ha31>maioT cx-cl>eppnToM H B-¢eppnToM. Cra.rrL, HMe1omy10 cpeppHTuyro MHKpOCTPYKTypy' Ha3hIBaIOT clJeppHTHOH. XHMHlJCCKoe coe.l(HHeHHe yrnepo.ua c :>KejJeJoM Ha31>ma10T ue~~ei-frHTOM (Kap6MT
:>KCJie3a - Fe 3C). MexaHut1ecKyio cMecJJ cp~pp"rra H u,eMeHTHTa
Ha3hIBaIOT nepnHTOM. CTa.rrL, HMeIOIU)'lO nepnun-1y10 MHi<poCTpyKrypy, Ha3Lma10T nepnHTHOH. Ec;u1 B cranH yae1nttJeHo
co.n:ep)l(aHHe nepnHra, cne)J.oBaTenLHO, yaenw1euo H co,u.ep)l(aHHe
yr.,1cpo)J.a, 'ITO B CBOIO o~epe.llh IIOBhlUiaeT npo1JHOCTb, CI-IIIA<aJI
rrJ1acnrq1-1ocTI> crann.
<I>eppHT npH TeMnepaTYpe 723°C B TBCp.ZJ.OM paCTBOpe
MO>KeT co.n;ep>KaTh .llO 0,02 % C, a IIpH KOMHaTHOH TeMnepazype
TOJ1LKO 0~006 %·C. Teep.ZJ.OCTb H MexanuqecKne cuoiicrBa <}>eppura 3aBHC.HT OT HaJIWUl.SI H KOJllfciecrea 3JlCMeHTOB, HaXO.llHllU1XCJI B <}leppHTe. Han6on1>lllee B.111-lllHHe Ha ero caoiicraa e
yn1epo.n,HCTLIX CTaJJ.HX H 'lyryHe OI<a3bIBalOT KpeMHHH H lf>oc¢op.
l.J:ucrblii c)>eppHT HMeeT TBep.u.OCTh nop.H.UKa HB 60.
QeMeHTHT - XHMH'leCKHe coe,llHHCHHJI yrnepo..ua c :>Kene30M
Fe 3C. QeMCHTHT HMeeT CJIOiKHYJO pemeTKy. UeMeHTHT .ZJ.O
TeMnepaTypbI 210°c <f>eppoMarHHTeH II, o6na.uaSI BeCLMa BhICOKOH
TBep,L\OCTbl-0 (HB > 800), OTJIWiaCTC»
6oJibWOH xpynKOCTblO.
PacTBopettue B ueMeHTHTe Maprauua, xpoMa H J:tpyrux Kap6H.ZJ.006pa3onaTeneli yBenuq1maeT ero TBep~OCTb.
4
cJ>oMHHLIX B.
n. H .np.
97
flepBH "lHUSI KpHCnUIJ!H3a1.UUt lllI3KOyrJJepOXlHCTOH CTaJlH npoHCXO,LIJIT np:n TCMnepa-rypc 1500- 1520 °C, npu KOTOpOH nepeMell{eHl1C aT~MOB iKCJie3a B il\H~Koii <}>aJe CTaHOBHTCSI uecKOJlbl\0
3arpyJ~HcH11hIM tt3-3a }'MeHbllle1m:.S1 'IHCJla nycn1x y3JJOB H noJJocTeii >KH,lll\OH c~a3bl, B pe3yJJbTaTe 1 1ero B03HHKalOT ,o;nlITCRbllble
3a,o;ep)f(KH, JJ.OCTaTolJ.Hbie ,o;.rut Toro, 11To6b1 no1'.-pyr 3a.n;ep)f(aHHoro
aToMa crpynnHpoBa.lJOCb coe.nm1eHHe, .siBJJsnonteecn 01.m1·0M HJIH 3apO.llbillleM KpHCTaJJJlH3a ~HM.
IlpuMeCH B CTaJHIX MO:>KHO pa36Jffh na J.(Be rpynnbI: no.rIC3Hhie
(Cr, Ni, Mn, Si, V, C) u Bpe.nHLie (H, N, S, 0, P).
Yrnepo.n noBbllllaeT npo"IHOCTh, a B BH.lle Fe 3C J(CJlae-r cTaJib
xpynxoii. Si o6paJyeT c KHcnopoJJ.OM TyronJJaBKHe CIDIHKaThI,
SIBJl.SllOWHeC.SI UeHTpaMH KpHCTaJJJ1H3aUHH, )'MCHbWUIOWllMll BeJJH'IHHY Jepua.
MenUin, HMeIOlUlfH MCJIKYIO CTpyKTYPY (MeJIKUe 3epHa), SIB.11~­
eTC.ff 6oJJee npo"lllbIM ll nnacn-1tIHbIM, 11eM MeTanJI c 6onee Kpy11Hofi:
CTpYKT)'pOH. Si nOBhIWaeT MexaHHlJeCKHe CBOHCTBa, HO npu ero co)1.epil\aIUIIf OI<OJ10 1~~ Koppo3HOHHLie CBOHCTBa CTaJiu IlOIUOKclIOTC.sI.
Mn o6pa3yeT npoCTbie Mn 3C
.
u
cMewaHHb!e (MnFehC
Jmp6H,[(bl H nerKO pacTBOpSICTCJI KaK B c}>cppuTe, TaK " B u,eMeHTHTe, ynpo 11H.sIH HX npocJIOHI<H H JIBJIHSICb neHHOH ncrupy101ueii
,o;o6aBKOH, IlOBbIWaroweli npotIIIOCTb H D'13ICOCTb (Mn= 1 + 1,5 ~~).
nPH 6onee BblCOKOM co.nep)KaHHlI Mn CTaJlb np1106peTaeT
xpynKOCTb.
Cr yny•uuaeT BH3KOCTb H Koppo3HOHHYIO cToitKOCTb CTaJm. Cr·
xoporno pacTBop.s1eTCS1 B ¢eppHTe. Xopolllo TaKil\e pacTBop.S110Tc.sI
B c}>eppHTe Mo, Ni, W, V.
Bpe.nHbIMH np1rMec.S1MH JIBJJHl-OTC.st: 0, S, P, N, H. KHcJJopo~
06pa3yeT 3aKHCb il\eneJa FeO, pacTBopJnowy10c.sr B :>Kene3e,
Hapyma.SI uenocTnocTh H CHI-DKa.H Mexai-rn:qecKee CBOHCTBa. A3oT
06pa3yeT c )KeJieJoM mrrpH.llbI, KOTOpb1e pacmenJJ.fftoT 11 6JJompy10T
3epna <I>epp1na, BCJle,UCTBHe 1.Iero c-raJJb CTaHOB11TCSI MaJIOil.iiaCUlllHOH H necbMa xpyn1coit A3oT cnoco6cTsyeT CTapemno cTa.rrn:,
no )1.enaer CTaJib 6onee npo~Hofi n H3HocoycTouqaBOH.
Cepa 06pa3yeT FeS - cyj1bc}n1.n )l(eJJe3a. Ha.11wn1e cep1>1 cnoco6CTByeT o6pa30Ba1nuo ropH1-mx TpemnH. Bpe.nttoe .ne:HcTBHe cepbr
HCMTprunnyeTc.s:r Mapraat,e!VI, KOTOpbrn c cepoil 06pa3yeT Tyronnaexoe coe.nuttettne MnS. <Docc}lop 06pa3ycT ttecroliKuii pacTBop c
4leppiiTOM 11 BbI3bIBaeT CJL'lbHhrM pocT 3epHa. CI>occpop IlOBbllllaeT Kopp03HOHHhie CDOHCTBa CTa.JlH. TeMnepazypa, npH KOTopoli
CTaTJb rrpMo6peTaeT xpynKOCTb, HOCHT Ha3BaHHe nopora XJia)lHOnOMKOCTll. Ilpu IlOHIDKeHHhIX Te~1neparypax pa3BlmaeTC.H. xpynKOCTh
craJIH.
,Unsr ouen1n1 1m~1ccrna CBapHoro coe.nuttcH1rn ucc;-ieJJ,ymT ero
MaKpO- Ii MlU.'J)OCTpyKTYPY. .nirn onpe,ue..'IeHH~ MaKpocrpy1nyphI
caapHoro coe.n11HeHIUI no ero nonepetm:oMy ce 11eHI1I0 Bhipe3aeTC»
o6pa3C~, IlOBepXHOCTb KOTOpOfO DpOXO)lHT TpaBJieHHe. IlOCJJe
TpaB;1eH1..01 ua rroBepxaocru mna Bb1cryna10T ero CJIOH. J:(e¢eKTbI
98
D lllBe (nopbI, TPCinBH.bl, HeMCTanJIH'ICCKHe DKJil-OtICHHSI) BH~llhl,
KaK npaBHJio, 6e3 JiynLt. Ha 3TOM :>Ke o6pa3UC no.n MHI<pocKonoM
paccMaTJ)IIBaI-OT ero MMKpoCTpyKrypy npu 100-KpaTHOM H 6once
yaeJIHtieHlUIX. qCM MC.TibtIC MHKpOCTPYKTypa, TCM JIY11WC KatteCTBO
cnapHoro ll.JBa.
Mcc.ne.noBaHne MaI<pO- H MH.KpOCTp)'KTYPLI cnapHblX WJ}OB
npOII3BO.llllTC.H D TOM cnytme, ecJIH OHO oroBopeHo B TeXHH'ICCKHX
YCJIODIUIX Ha c6opKy H cnapny Toro HRH nuoro 113~CJIWI.
rnABA VIII
.QECl>OPMA~"1JI "1 HAnPJl>KEH 14.A nPH CBAPKE
§ 39. 06U\1'1E CBEAEHl-1.A
Mexanw·1ccm1e cnoilc'fna MeTannoe 11 cnnaeon. K MexaHWieC:KHM
CBOHCTBaM MeTaJIJIOB M crrJiaBOB OTHOCJITC.sI: np01.1HOCTh, TBep'AOCTh, ynpyroCTb, TIJJaCTHtJHOCTb, y.uapHan BH31(0CTL, IlOJI3Y'ICCTh
H yCTaJIOCTh.
llp0ll1IOC1nb - 3TO cnoco6HOCTb MeTaJJJia HJJH cnJiaBa npOTHBOCTOSITh .necI>opManuH ll pa3pyWCHIDO no.n .n;eiiCTBHCM npUJJO)KeHHbIX
HarpyJOK - pacu1nma10u~HX, C'ACltVIalOIUHX, H3rH6a10wHx, CKpytiHBaIOI!.\HX H cpe3a10mux (pHc. 43). Harpy3KH 6bmaroT BnewHH!\-IH (sec, ,naBJICHHe H .np.) "
BHyTpeHHHMH (H3MeHeHHe
pa3MepoB Tena OT HarpeBaHWI "
OX..'Hl)K,D;eHWI, H3MeHeHue
CTpyKTypbI MeTaJIJia H T. .n;.), a TaIOKe CTaTHtieCKHMH, T. e.
IlOCTOSIHHbIMH no BeJIHl!HHe H HanpaBJICHHIO .neHCTBIDI, HJIB
.u,MHaMlftieCKHMH, T. e. nepeMeHHLIMif no BeJIH'lllfHe, HanpaBJieHHIO
n npo.no11iKI-ITeJibHOCm .neiicTBHJJ. MeTO)J.bI onpe,ne.nemu1 npoqHocnI paCCMOTpeHbI OT.llCJibHO.
Teepoocmb10 ua3i,maeTcsr cnoco6HocrI> Meranna HJIH cnnaBa
oica3bIBaTh conpoTHBJiettue npoHHKHOBeH'fno e Hero .npyroro, 6onee
TBepAoro Tena. IlpHMemnoT cJieJI.yIOll(He cnoco6b1 HCnbrraHIDI
TBep.nocTH MeTaJIJIOB H CilJlaBOB B,ll.aBJIIIBaHHeM B noeepXIIOCTb
o6pa3na:
.
p
p
~L.~~ :J
p
Pacmnmem.1e
p ~
l
Cpe3
r:::::::? .
p
A J
p
Cmamue
p
~
Hpy11eHue
J13ZU5
p
PHc. 43. Bu.2n>1 Harpy3oK, BhI3hlBaromHe HJMc11e1me cI>opMbI MeTa.m1a
HJUI CilJiaBa
4lfl
99
cra.ni,noro Ja:KaJICHHoro wap1:1Ka .unaMcTpoM 2,5; 5 HnH I0 MM onpc.n.eneHHe rscp,LIOCTH no Epm1enn1-0;
CTfu1bHOrO 3al\aJieHHOro wapttKa )lHClMC1'pOM 1,588 MM HJIH
an:MaJnoro Kouyca c yrnoM 12oc - onpe)lenettHe TBep;:J;oc1 H no
P0Kaen11y;
npaBHJibHOH tICTLipexrpaHlIOH 3JlMa3HOH rnipaMHLlbI - orrpe,n;eneHHe reepJJ.OCTM no Bmmepcy.
Ynpyzocmbro Ha3bIBaeTc.st cnoco6HocTh MeTailna WIH cnnaBa noccraHaBnHBaTh nepnoaal.JaJibHyro qlopMy nOCJie npeKpamcttrrn ;:J;eiiCTBHSI BHel.llHCH Harpy3KU (pHC. 44).
ll11acmwmocmb10 Ha3bmaeTcst cnoco6ttocTI> MeTaJJna WIH crmana,
He pa3pymancb, H3MeI-UITb ¢opMy no.n ,D;eHCTBHeM Harpy3KH H
coxpaH$1Tb :ny c~opMy noCJie ee CHSIT1u1.
•
Yoapuoii B.c111<ocmb10 Ha3waerc.9 cnoco6uocTh MeTaJina nnu
cnnasa conpoTHBJI.RTLCSI ;:J;eiicrsmo y.napHblX Harpy3oK. YJJ.apHan
BJl3I<OCTb H3Mep.SleTC$1 B nacKaJI.ffX (Ila).
llo113yicecmb10 Ha3bmaeTCJI cnoncTno Meranna un11 cnnana
Me.11.JleHHO II nenpepbIBHO IlJlaCTIPieCI<H .necpopMMpOBaTbCSI nOLl
.n;eHCTBlICM IlOCTOSIHHOH Harpy3KB ( oco6eHHO npu IJOBbillleHH.bIX
TeMneparypax).
Ycma,1ocmb10 Ha3Lieaerc.R nocTene1moe pa3pywem{e MeTaJIJia
MIDI cnnana npn 6onbllIOM qncne noBTOpHo-nepeMeHHbIX HarpyJoK;
CBOiiCTBO BblACp:>KHBaTb 3TII Harpy3KH Ha3bIBaeTCjf 6bl110C/lll60Cmb10.
McnLJTarun1 06pa:u.1;00 MeTaJI.TJ:OB H cnJianoB 11a pacTI1ii\euue.
IlpH ucnLITaHHH o6paJuos Ha pacr1rncem-1e onpe,nennroT npe,nen
npotIHOCTH (apeMeHHOe conpoTHBJieHlle) 0 0 , npe.nen TeKyi1ecrn
(<PH3H1ieCKHH) O'n npe.nen TeKy11ecrn yCJIODHbIH (TeXHlilJCCKllH) 0'0.2,
nponopQHOHa.JlbHOCTH O'nu' lICTHHHoe conpoTHBJie1111e pa3pbIBY SE
H OTHOCHTeJibHOe y.ll,IIHHeHMe H C}')KCHHC 0, ~·
p
<~-­
\
\
\
\
\
\ \
\
\
\ \
\ \
\ \
0
/
Puc. 44. ,l(ecl>opMa~m1, xapaICTepH3y10m.a11 ynpyroCTb
(nOCJie
CH.RTHJI
narpy3KH
o6pa3eQ B03BpawaeTc.R
HCXO,llHOC noJio:>KeHHe)
100
B
~l
PHc. 45. ,l(HarpaMMa pacn1JKeHHJJ (3aBHCHMOCTb YJJ.JIHHelUUI Ill OT Harpy3.KH P)
PacCMOTpHM noKa3aHHYIO na pHC. 45 ,llHarpaMMy, Ha ICOTOpOH no
BCpTIIlCaJibHOH OCH OTJlO>KeHa npKTIO>KeHHaSI 3arpy3f(a p B KHJIOrpaMMax (tieM BLIIlie T0 1uca no OCH, ·reM 6onLllle Harpy3Ka), a no
ropH30HTaJibHoii OCH - a6conroTHoe y.nnuneHne Af o6pa3ua. TaKHe
,nHarpaMMJ,I cTpOSl'f no pe3yJILTaTaM paCT.IDICeHH.R o6pa31.(0B Ha cne[(lla111:iH1>1x HCDbrrarenbHLIX pa3p1:imH1>1x Mawm1ax. IlonyqeHHaR
1<p1rnan no3no.r1.S1eT cyJJ:BTb o npo11uocn1 o6pa'3n;a Ha paCTJI)l(eHHe.
Ha'laJibHbm npHMOJIHHeHll'bIH yqaCTOK 0- Pmt xapaKrepB3YeT
ynpyrocTL o6pa3n;a, nponop1.(HOHaJibllOCTh Me)l()zy YAJIHHCHHeM
MaTepHana n uarpy3KOH (Pm, - uarpy31ca npH npe,ne.ne nponopJ.(H OHaITbHOCTH).
To1IKa P; pc3ICoro nepern6a 1>.-pusoii onpe,nenaeT BenI11uuiy
11arpy31<.r1 npH ecpxneM npe.o;ene Texy11ecm.
Y"laCTOK P~ - PT (IlJloIUa.z:uca TeKyqeCTH), napaJI.nenLHi.tii rcr
pH30HTWibHOH OCH 0 - l!J, B npe,nenax KOTOporo o6pa3eQ
y,unmrneTCSI npH IlOCTOSlHHOH DHeUIHeH HarpYJKe.
Totrn:a Pn - orMe1meT HaHfioJibmyro pacTm-HBa10myro cHJJy Harpy3KY npu npe.nene npO'lHOCTH, no KOTOpOH paCCIJHThmaIOT
npe.nen npo'lfHOCTH MaTepuana o6pa3ua.
TotII<a Px - onpe~enS1eT BenH'lfnHy pacu1n-ma10meif CKnhI B MO·
MeHT pa3pymeH1u1 06pa3na.
llpeOeJI npo•mocm~ npu pacmR:HCeuuu (6peMe1moe conpon-m611e;.me) - 3TO Hanpsi>KeHue, 0Tae11a10mee HaH60Jlbllleli Harpy3Ke,
npe~rneCTBoBaBrneii pa3pymeHHI-O o6pa3na:
O's --
P.B
'
Fo' HJM-,
r.ne F 0 - rmoma.llb nonepe1IHoro cetie1uur o6pa31.(a nepe.n HCilblTaHHeM, M2; Ps - uaH60jJbllia.SI pacn1nma10maS1 cHna, H.
llpeoe.1 meKy11ecmu ( ¢u3ullecKwl) uT - JTO .HanMeHhwee Ha- .
npIDKeHne, npll ICOTopoM nponcxo,nHT .ne<f>opMaUIDI 11cnh1TyeMoro
o6pa3na 6e3 }'BeJIK'tICHHJI Harpy3KH (Harp}'3Ka He yneJIHlJ:HBaeTCJI,
a o6pa3en; YMHHSieTc.H):
PT
Uy= Fo'
H/M-,')
r.ne PT - uarpy3Ka pacTIDKeHIDI, 1-I, Bbl3hma10ma.S1 y.zurnHeHne
06pa3ua Ha n.11orua.rore TeK)niecn1.
llpeiJeJZ meKyLJecmu yc..10011b:u (mexm11Jecr<uu) u 0,2 - 3TO Hanpw&eHHe, npH KOTopoM OCTaTOq}{aJI .nec}>opMa~IDI o6pa3Qa
J(OCTHraeT 0,2%:
p;
cro.2 = Fo ' H/M2,
r.ne
P;- Harpy3Ka pacnDKeHHH, H, B Ha11aJie nnoma.u1m: Tel\-y-
"ICCTJr.
llpede.tz nponop11uo11a11bHocmu urnt - yCJIOBHoe HanpIDKeHne,
npH ICOTOpOM OTCTyilJleHHC OT JlHHCHHOH 3aBlICHMOCTH MCiKJzy Ha101
npJ1:>1<CHIHIMH 11 "J1ec}>opMaUIUJi\UI .uocnrraeT onpe.nenennoif CTeneuu,
ycraHan1111naeMoii Tex1u111ecKHMH yCJios1rnMH
- Pm~
,
Fo ' ·H/ M-,
O'uu -
f)lC Pnu - Harpy31\a B KOHQe IlJlOlHU)lI(II ynpyroCTH, I-I.
flcmu1111oe co11ponmeAem1e pt13pbtey - :no HanpstiKcuue n nreiiKe
pacuirHBacMoro o6pa3Qa, onpeJJ.eJJJicMoe KaK oTnollleHue pacn1nfBarome:H CMJlhI, nei1cTByromeii Ha o6pa3e:U uenocpe.rtcrnenno
nepe.21 ero pa3pbmOM, K nnomaJlB nonepetrnoro cct1e1nrn o6pa3ua B
Pf:
lllCMKC •
. ?
s = -F , H/M-,
K
o6pa3ua, H·, F- HCTl·IHUoe cetJeHHe o6pa3I(a B MOMeHT pa3pb1Ba, M~.
0THOCHTeJILHoe y.wuu1eHHC () H OTHOCHTeJlblloe cy:>KCHHC \~
onpcnen~cTcn no <I>opMy :1aM:
Pr. - 11a1py31m B MoMeHT pa3pLma
r.ae
() = N · 100°/· ,,, = Fo - F · 100%
lo
ro'
v
F
o'
rJJ.e 61 = /1 - 10 - a6co1uoTHoe yJJ.nm1euHe 06pa3ua npu pa3pLme., / 1 - JUIMHa o6paJua n MoMeHT pa3p1>ma; /0 - nepnoua'1a.nLHaH MHHa o6pa3Qa; F0 - ncpB0Ha 1rn.nw1a11 nnoma'Ab noncpet1uoro cet1e111u1 o6paJua; F - nno~a)lb o6pa3ua noc:1e pa3phma.
Bonpoci,1 JJ.JlR caMonponepKII
l. Ka1a1e ocnoBHhie Mexairnt1ecKHe cnolicTBa MeTannoB u cnJ1anoB?
2. KaKue xapaKTep11h1e yqacTKH nMeeT .unarpaMMa pacTSI:>Kc1u111?
3. Kai\ onpeD,eJJJieTc.SI npe.neJI npotmocTH H TcKyt1ec·n1?
§ 40. nPM"IVIHbl B03HVIKHOBEHE4.R HAlfP.R>KEH"1'1
Ill AE<POPMAL-'"1 '71
)lc<f>opMaLUIH B caapnbIX KOHCTp)'KI.UHIX SlB.1HUOTCSI pe3yJlbTaTOM
naJUftIHSI BHyTpeHHHX Harrp~DKCHlll1, KOTOpLie MoryT Bbl3bIBaTbC.H
pa3JIHllllhil\.Ul npHtUIHU:\UI.
K H e H ".3 6 e :>K H bl M n p 11 t111 n a M. cnoco6cray10m11M Bo3HIIKnosemno uanp.H)Kettuii H ,Jle{{lOpMaUUH, OTHOCRTC5I TaKHe, 6e3 KOTOphIX npouecc o6pa6oTKn nponcxo]lHTb ne MOiKCT. K 3TIHvl
npJf'lIHHa'-'t npH cnapKe OTHOC1IT uepaBHOMepHbIH uarpeB~
KpHCTaJI·'IIDalUIOHHYIO yca.nKy UJnoR, cTyKTypHhie H3!VICHCHirn: Mera.11.im llJBa
11 OKOJIOUTOBHOM 30Hbl II T. )1,
K c o n y T c TB y JO 1.~ H M n p n q H H a l'v!, cnoco6cTBy1-0w.1~1
B03HUKHOBeHmo HaIIp5IiKCHHH H .a.ecpop:v.auttli, OTHOC5ITC.sJ Ta1a1e,
6e3 KOTOpbIX npouecc CBapKn MQ)KCT npOHCXOAHTh. K TaKUM npH'lJHHaM rrpu CBapKC OTHOCRT HenpaBHJibHhlC perne11m1 KOHCrpyK-
102
LJ,HH cnapHhIX y3noB (6n113Koe pacnono)l(CHttC IIJBOB, ux qacToe
ncpece11ettue, ttenpanM.111>110 B1>16paHHhlH Tlfn coe.n.HHeHHJI H T . .n..),
nplf.\lfeHeHHe ycTapesmeii TexHMKH n TCXHononu1 CBapKJ1 (Hcaepno
Bb16pa11b1 cnoco6b1 Hano:>KeUIDI cnoes H .mmMeTp 3JieKTpo.n.a, He
co6nIO.J,Hl-OTC.JI pe:>Kl1MbI cnapKH H T. JJ..), HH3Kasr 1manmlmKaLUUI
CBapmHKa, HapymeHHC rcoMeTplitieC.KHX pa3Mepon cnapllblX WDOB
H T. Jl.
KpHc-raJIJJH3aUHOHJiaH ycaJJ,ica MeTanna lllBa
Bbl3bIDaeTC11 TeM, llTO npu OXJia)K~CHHH MeTCUIJl IIJBa }'MeHblllaeTC$1
B o6'beMe, HO noCKOnLKY O}lHOBpeMeHHO llIOB HMeeT :>KCCTKYIO
CB'13b c OTHOCMTeJihHO XOJIO,UHblM OCHOBHblM MeTaJVIOM, ero
yca)ll\a Bbl3bmaeT IlO.RBJieHMe BHYTPCHHH.X Hanp.SI)l(eHHH.
KpHCTa.r:tJJMJa1..u-10H11a.H y c a .z:i; I< a H e 3 a lC p e n JI e H 11 o r o ( cno6o~noro) o6pa3ua npnaener nHlllb K ero yKopotienmo. EcnH :>Re
yca~Ka 6y~eT nMeTb r-..1ecTo .m160 n ycnomrnx :>Kecnmro 3aKpenJieHmI cnap1maeMhIX JleTaneli, nn:6o B ycnoB1u1x HepaenoMepnoro (HeO,UHHaKOBOro) HarpeBa, TO B JTOM CJ1yt1ae D I\OHCTPYKUHM
noc.rre OCTbJBUHJfSI o6pa3)'lOTCSI BHyTpeHHHC HanpIDKeHI·HI, Dbl3bIDaJOIUHe ee .necpopMar.uno. B npouecce CHIDKeHWI TeMnepaTyp1>1 B
)lCeCTKO 3aI<penJICHl-IOH ,ueTami 6yJJ,yT B031-llIKaTb CH.JlLI pacTJI'.>KelllUI,
Cl])eMSIUJ.HeCSI ee pa30pBaTb.
MexamtJM o6pa3oBaHHH HanpmKCHHii H .net)opMaQuii np11
ceaptce. KJiacc11cl>HKaQ11R uanpmKe111tii. 0cTaTo11 H hie Ha II p 11iK e H Jf SI npH cnapKe B03IUIKaIOT B pe3yJlbTaTe no.smneHH$1 TCp~10nnacr11qec1rnx .uec~opMaum1:, K0Top1>1e o6pa3yJOTCSI oT HepaeHoMepHoro pacnpe.ueneHH.SI Te:vmepaTyphI B H3,uen1n1•. TaKHe .ue4)opMau111:1
61>ma10T ynpyrHe H ynpyro-nnacrHqecKHe.
OcTaTotJHbie HaIIp1IJKCHJUI a 3an:ucHMOCTH OT o6uMa Tena,
n npe.ueJ1ax KOToporo oHH ypaBHoBenteHbI, K.'IaccmpuunpyK>TCH
cneny1-0IUI™ o6pa3oM.
0 c T a T 0 q H bl e H a n p JI )K e H H SI II e p D 0 r 0 p 0 ~ a ypaBHOBel.lIIIBaIOTC.ff B KpynHbIX 06-.beMax, COU3MepsieMblX c pa3MepaMH
113,!(CJlfUI llJlH ero 1IaCTeli, H o6na.naIOT onpe.ne.'leHHOM opneHTaUHCH
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT <pOpMbl 113,UeJIIH!. 3Tli HanpSliKeH:U.SI onpe~eJJSllOT
pactieTOM, llCXO,USI ll3 reopIIH ynpyrocTH H n.TlaCTHtIHOCT:H, a TaIOKe
3KcnepHMeunUihHO.
0 c T a T 0 q H bl e H a ll p SI )K e H H 11 B T 0 p 0 r 0 p 0 )1 a ypaDHOBCllilIBaJOTCSI n npe~enax MHKpoo6oeMon Tena, T. e. B npe.ue11ax
O,!lHOro HJJH HCCKOJlhKHX 3epeH MeTaJJ.Jia. 3TH HanpIDKeHmI He
11MeIOT onpe,ueJJeHHOM HanpaBJ1eHHOCTll H He 3aBn:C.aT OT ¢opMhl
M3.UeJIHif. Haxo.unr 3TH ttanpIDI<eHH.sI onhITHbIM IIyTeM.
0 c T a T o q H bl e H a n p SI :>K e H 11 11 T p e T b e r o p o ~ a ypauHOBern11na10TcS1 B Menh"laiiIIIHX o6oeMax - B npene11ax a TOMHOH
peweTKH. 0HH TaKJKe He HMeIOT onpe.z:i;eJJeHHOM HanpaBJICHHOCTH
H onpe.aenHIOTCjf 3KCIIep1rMeHTMbHO no CTeneHH ll3MCHeHIDI HHTeHCllBHOCTH JIHHHH Ha peHTrettorpaMMax.
B CTpOirfeJlbHhIX KOHCTpYKUliHX H B MaWHHOCTpoeHHH HIDKeHepHbIMH pacqeTaMM onpe,ueJI.sIIOT TOJlbKO Hanp.IDKeHHR nepBoro
po.ua.
103
no HanpaBJienmo B TCJie COOCTBeHHbie uaupSliKCIUJJI {pHC. 46)
MOJ"}T 6bITh OJlHOOCilb™H - JUIHeHHhlMH, ,nayxoCHhTMH - llJlOClCOCTHLIMH ll TpexoCHbIMH - o6'LC~HLTh1H.
npn paccMOTpCHHH npouecca B03HIU\HOBCHIDI necpopMalUiH npu
csapKe c11e11yeT y'JHThIBaTh, 'ffO B npou.ccce ox..rzaiK~eHIDI CTa1m:
H3MCHSUOTCSI ee c}>H3HtleCI\lte II MCXaHH'teCKHe CBOHCTBa (pHC. 47).
Knaccn4»HKanrut coapo1111L1x JJ.ef!lopMau11ii. CnapHbie KOHCTpYK~"" B pe3yJILTaTe no11anet1ru1 ynpyronnacrnqec1<ux Jle4>opMaum1:
COCJJ.HHeHHJIX MoryT llJMCHHTb CBOH pa3MCph1 "
npercpnCTb o6ruue ~ccpopMa-n1n1. floCJie.n;HHC MOf)'T 6bITb npo.uon1>H1>IMH " noncpetfHLIMH, }lecpopMa[(HSIMH H3ru6a, CKpytmBaHlrn
H norepu ycTOHtlllBOCTH.
B pe3yJJ1>Tare npo,non1>Hbl"< 11 nonepettHblX ~ecpopMauH.H
npOHCXO~HT COKpame1me 3neMCfffOB no JlJUIHC H llIHpnHe. 31"li
,1le<}>opMau1m: o6pa3ylOTCH npH CIL\1MeTpHtfllOH y1ma,n:Ke CBapUbIX
WBOB.
)1.ec}>opMaUIUI 1nn16a o6pa 3YIOTCSI npR HeCR.\.fMeTpH1iHOM
pacnOJ10'.>KCHMH csapHLIX WBOB B KOHCTpyKI~HjlX " conpoBOiK~alOTC.SI
npO)lOJibHbIM COKpall.(CHHCM 3JJeMeHTOB - npo.rtOJlbHOH yca.11.KOH
llIBOB JI nonepe'IHblM COKpame:nHeM - nonepetJHOH yca,D.KOH WBOB.
3TOT Bl:I.lJ. .ne<PopMaQHH B npaKTHKC BCTpetJaeTCSI J.(OBOJibHO tfaCTQ_
J:le<PopMaUmf CKpytUIBaHHSI o6pa3ylOTCSl BCJie.n;CTBHe HCCHMMeTpH'IHoro pacnonOiKCHlrn lllBOB B nonepetlffl>IX CC'ICHHjiX 3J1eMenTOB H BCTpettalOTC'i OTHOCHTC.ilhHO pC.11.I<O.
,ne{~OpMaUHU norepH ycTOHtIHBOCTH Bb13bIBalOTC.SI CiKHMalOll.(HMH
HanpSliKCHlUJMH, KOTOp1>1e o6pa3yIOTCSI B npoueccc HarpeBaHIDl
Ii OCTbIBaHlUI M3.D.eJiliM.
B
CBap.HblX
E
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o/o
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5)
PHc. 46. K.1acc:ucp1-1Kau1u1 co6cTBeHHbtX aanpg>Keuuii no HanpaB.llCHHJO:
a - 0.UHOOCJll,IC, 6 - ,AB}'XOCHJ.JC,
6-
TpeXOCHl.1IC
Puc. 47.
llhMeHeHHe
Mcxam111e-
CKMX CBOHCTB HHlJCOyrnepO,!lHCTOH
CTa.Jm B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TeMne-
paTyp:&I
104
0
200
1/00
600 T,°C
B o n p o c 1>1 .u JI n c a M o TI p o B e p K "
1. KaK 1~naccmpMUHpy10rc.sr HanpSI)KeHUSI 11 .uecpopMau11H?
2. KaKHe np:utn111i,1 BLI3bma10T B03HHKHOBCHHe Hanp5DKe1n1ii 11
.[(e¢o pMat~HH?
§ 41. ,QE«S>OPMALO•H1 M HAnm>Jl>KEHlfU1 nP&.1 CBAPKE
CTblKOBblX M TABPOBblX COEAMHEHIAM
)J;ecl>op!\18QllH H uanpmKemm npn CBapKe CTLIKOBbJX COC)l.IOlemdi.
Ilo npo,l(OJDKHTeJlhHOCTH cnapO'Illhle nanpIDKeHIDI ,[(en.SIT Ha TeXHOJIOrii'IeCKHe H OCTaTOl!Hbie. IlepBbJe B03HHKaIOT BO BpeM.SI cnap1rn
(B npoQecce 113MeHeHH.SI TeMnepaTypbl), BTOpbie - noc.ne OICOHlJaHIDI
cnapKH H IlOJIHOrO OXJIIDK.[(eHHSI 113,l(eJllHI. Ilo HanpaBJieJUllO
,l(eHCTBIDI pa3Jll{tia10T npO,l(OJlbHbIC, pacnOJIO)KeHHhIC napa.TI1ICJ1bHO
oc:u nma, H nonepet1H.ble, pacnonoJKeHHbie nonepeK OCH lUBa,
n1meih11>1e cBapO'IHhie nanpIDKeH1rn (pHc. 48). Pacnpe,l(eJieHHe
npo.uonbHblX uanp.snlCeHIDI npH cnapKe B CTbIKOBOM UIBe TaKOBO,
1.JTO Ha ero ICOHQax H3-3a D03MO)l(HOCTll CB06o.nuoil yca,l(Kli OIDI
He3Ha'lllTeJibHbl, a B cpe)lHCH 'IaCTil HMeIOT .uocraTO'iHO 60JiblllytO
BeJ1U'IlIHy, ,UOCTHraI-OT npe,nena TeKy'lfeCTH .(pHC. 49). IlpH CBapKe
BCTbII\ npOJI.OJlhHhie COKparuemrn nrna BbIJhIBaIOT He TOJlbKO npo,l(OJlhHLie, HO JI nonepe'!Hble Hanp.RX<eHIDI, IlOCKOnhl<Y ,l(ecpopMH·
poBaHHhie («HJOrHyThlC») nHCTbl CTpeMSITCSI pacnpSIMHThCSI. Ilo:r
TOMY B cpe,uudi 11acTH cnapeHHLJX Jnrcron B03HHKaioT Hanp'1·
)l(CJUUI paCTSl)KeHIUI, a no I<paHM - HanpIDKeHHC CJKaTHSI.
IlpH pa3pa6onm TexHonor:nqec1<oro npouecca cnap1<n o6SI3aTenblro c.ne.nyer Y'rnT.orna Tb nonepe11H)'IO H npo.non1>Hy10 yca,l(Ky
lUBa. TipH CBapKe MeTa.Jina TOnIUHHOH .no 6 MM rnaBHbJM o6pa30M
PHc.
48. HanpmKeHHJI B CThIKOBOM
coe.a.nuemrn :
J - npo,lOJJbHble, 2 - nonepe'tllbie
PHc. 49. Xapaxrep pacnpe.nenemrn
oc'faTO'IHhlX 11arrpJ1iKe1mii no .n,nHHe
CTLIKOBOro WBa
N
'10
~
~JO
~ 20
,,,,,-
/
~.. 10 ,
:::.:.
cu
~
t1::
0
ft-10
t::J
~ -20
--
"
\
10 20 JO '10 SO 60 70 BO 90 100 110' PaccmoRHue
OtJonb woo,
CM
105
Pttc. 50. YrnonaSJ: .necl>opl\mUHH
CTbIKODOI 0
coe.nnHe-
mm:
a - }'!°On pacf\ 1>1?1nui urna, p yj 011 110ttop0rn ,ncTann
B03HHKaIOT 3Ha ..mTCJlbHble ,lieC~OpMal(HH. npu 3TOM OCTaTO'IHbie
Hanp.srn<cinrn 6i,rna10T He60.11blllHMH, 1aK 1<aK MeTann y)Ke ,r:i:c<l>0pMHposanc51_
.Diecl>opMaUHll H 11anpml\eHHB npH cna p~e TaBpOBLIX COC}lllHCHltH.
B cnapHbJX KOHCTpy1ni:H$1X, MMClOlllMX TaBponoe cet1e1u1e ( COCTOHIUHX
113 .nsyx JIMCTOB),
no.u BJIM.RHMCM npO.l{OJlbffblX H noncpe 1na,1x
nanpa:>KeHHH H YKOpOtleHHH CTe1ma H TIORC TaBpa .uecpopMHpyJOTC.R, TaBp 113r116aerc.SI no MHHe. Ben1-11-mua TaKHX .ne¢opMauffii
3aBHCHT OT COOTHOll.ICHJHI pa3MepoB CTeHKH H no.sica, noc.nc,noBaTe..'IbHOCTH HaTimKCIUUI cnapHblX lllBOB, BCJll11.fHHbl noroHHOH
3Heprm1, ycrcoBuii 3aKpen.iJeHHH TaBpoeoro cet1eHMR H T. .n;.
1.IeM TOHbllle no.sic lI 6onbllle llIHpFrna eepTHKaJlhHOM CTCHirn:,
TeM 6onbme npo.no.'lhHhie ttanpmKeH1u1 cBapHoro TaB pa.
B paccMoTpeHHbIX Bhlllle npHMepax cBapKR cTbIKOllLIX coe,r:t11HeHHH If TaBpOBblX ce'!eHHH OTMetteHbl JlHillb .n;ec}>OpMauint,
npoHcxoii:.stUJ.He B n11ocxocru csapHBaeMoro 3JieMeHra. KpoMe
.ne¢opMaUHH B IlJlOCKOCTH coe,nHHReMbIX 3JleMeHTOB, B03HHKaIOT
TaIOKe H .necpopMaI..tUH CBapHBaeMhIX J1HCTOD H3 IlJIOCl('.QCTH,
KOTOpbie Ha3blBaIOTCj.J: yrnOBLIMH .uecpopMaUIHfMH (pHC. 50). Ha BeJIH'lllHY yrJIOBblX .ue<l>op.Ma[(MH (yron
BJUUllOT pa3Mep cnap11BaCMblX JIHCTOB, yron pacI<pbITIDI nrna a (1.IeM OH Melthrue, TeM
MeHbme .ne4)opMaI..tn$1), 3axpermeHHe, 1<0Jn1t1ecTBO npoxo,noB H
T. ,ll. JhiCThl ueo6xo,r:{HMO 38KpeIDHITb KaK MO)KHO 6JnDKe K
ceapttoMy lllBy. PaccToHntte KpeIDieHH.st OT lllBa npH caapKe
TOHIU(X JlMCTOB ,r(OJiiKHO 6:bITb paBHO 3-6-KpalHOH llIHpHHC lllBa.
I<peIDieHIDi, paCITOJlO:>KCHH:ble ua 3HalfHTeJ1bHOM paCCTO.SIHHH OT
nrna, npaKTHlfeCKH ne OKa3hmaIOT B.'lIDIHIUI Ha KOHelfHhle yrJJOBiiie
p)
.necflopMaQHM.
B o n p o c bl A JI .s1 c a M o rr p o B e p K u
I. KaKMe Ae¢op1v1au11H B CThiKOBbIX cne.nimemrnx cymecTBy10T?
2. KaKHe .ne¢opMarun1 B TaBpos1>1x coeAHHeHH.HX cymecTB)'IOT?
§ 42. METOAbl 60Pb6bl CO CBAPO"IHblMIA
.QEQ)OPMAU,IA.AMH ..., HAnPRmEHHllMH
Pa60 ..1ue
'IepTe)KH CBapHblX KOHCTpyKI..tHH cne.nyeT pa3pa6aThIDaTh c
yqeTOM MeponplUITHH no yMeHhllleHmo CBapOl!HbIX Hanpjf)l(eHHii
H .ne¢opMauIDi. ,[(JIH 3TOro ceapHble coe,UMHeHIUI KOHCTpYHPYIOT
PaQHOHa.rtLeoe
106
Koncrpy1tpoaauue
cBapllbIX
Y3..'IOB.
TaKHM
o6pa3oM,
irro6b1
ofrhCM
HaruiaBj]CHHoro
MeTaJJj]a
6bL1
12 MJ\·I
HanpHMep, npu TOJlll{HHe MeTaJJ:Jla 60JICC
CJie.nye-r npu;vieHstTh X- 11 K-o6pa3HYI-O no.uroTomcy xpoMoK. C 3Toii
JKe UCJ1bIO 3aMeIUUOT npepbIBHCTbie coe.unHeHIDI Ha CIIJlOWHbie llIBbl
MCHblllero CC"ICHlUI. BbinOJlHfilOT CT:bIKOBbIC lllBbl npH MMHIIMaTII:iHOM yrne paCI\pblTlUl lllB3 H MHllHMaJibHOM 3a3ope. J136eraIOT
pC3KHX nepexo,i:ton CC"ICHHH, a TaK)Ke IIpliMCHHlOT npe11Myll(eCTBeH1-IO
cTuIKOBble coe.u1me1nrn H ue .uonycI<aJoT KOHUeHTpauuu 11 nepece'ICHHM CBapHbIX lllBOB.
Tcxuononm c6opKn 11 coapm1. nop.SI.llOI{ c6op1rn no.n cBap1\y,
cnoco6 cBapKu, pe:>KHMhI cnapKH H noCJic.noeaTeJJhHOCTh HaT.1o:iKe1um
nrna no cro .nn:nHe u ceqenmo 0KaJ1>ma10T 3Ha"n-1TeJJ1>Hoe Bn1un-1Hc
Ha BeJlHlllIH'.Y .necpopMal{HH If Hanp»)l(CHHM npH CBapKe. '4 T06bI
}'MCHhlllHTh ocTaT01.JHhie .necpopMaUHH H HanpIDKCHHH KOHCTPYKUHH
u 113,nenIDi npn c6opKe, no B03MO)l(I-IOCTH ue .nonycKaroT CKpeID1eH1rn yJnon u ,r:i:enlJieii np11xBaTKaMM, KOTOpbie co3,naroT iKecncoc
3a1<permcm1e. JJ:Jrn o6ecnetieHWI noABH)l(Horo cocTOj{HIUI 3aKpenne1-1HhIX .nerancll: HCilOJih3YIOT 1U1HHOBbie ueHTpOBoqHbie H .npyriie
c6opoi1Hbie npHcnoco6neHHSI.
Ha o6pa30BaH11e ocraTOl.JHbIX ,r:i:ecpopMaUHM u uanpIDKenlill
3Ha"Il:ITeJlbHOC BJIHSIHHe OKa31>macT cnoco6 CBapKH.
Ha BennimHy H xapaKTep CBapotHibIX HanpIDKeHHH H OCTaTOtIHblX .ne¢opMal{HH BJIHHeT norOHHaSI 3HeprHSI cnapKH H pe)l(HM
cBapKH. Yeenn"leHHe ce"leH1n1 wna, Kate npaBnno, cnoco6cTByeT
pocry .nec}>0pMaUHJi. BeJJHlJIIHa ocraTO..IHbIX Aec}?opMaun:H 11 HanpRJKeHHH 3aBHCHT H OT nopR~Ka Hano:>KeIHUI lliBOB no ,wnme H
ce"!ettmo. HanpHMep, npI:I cBapKe JlHCTOBbIX KOHCTpyKulill BHa1rn.TJe
BblfiOJIHSll-OT nonepe 111Ibie IllBbl OT;.(CJibHhlX IlO.SICOB, a 3aTeM
coe.uuFunoT no.sica Me)K.uy co6oii.
Ypas11osewHBaH11e .ne«jlopMamtii. Cyuu-10cT1> ::noro cnoco6a
3aKJII-OtJaeTCSI B TOM, 11TO yc·1aHaB.,'nmaroT onpe.neneHHYI-0 IlOCJie,r{Ona TeilbllOCTb HaJIO:iKCHIDI lliBOB, npH l\OTopo:H .ue<~OpMal.{HH OT
npe,r{hl.Izy~HX lliBOB CHlD1\alOTC.st rrpn Dhll10JlHeHUH IIOCJie.ny1-0II(HX
llIBOB. 3TOT cnoco6 lllHpOKO nplfl\•IeHHIOT npn CBapKC crep)l(HCBhIX
KOHCTpyKuv..ii nnH ACTaneti cnMMeTpw1Horo ce"1e111rn.
06paTHLIC ,ne<)opM81.lHH. Ilcpe.n CBapKOH
KOHCTpyKQIUf HnH
v
•
3JleMeHTa ,r:t:JHI yMeH.bllleturn OCTaTOtIHOl1 ,D,CcpopMaD;I1M HCKYCCTBeHHO
co3.uaroT .uecpopMaumo, 06par11y10 no 3HaKy no OTttornenmo
K Toil, KoTopajl MOiI<eT ao31u1KHYTb np11 cBapKe. Ha puc. 51
fIOica3aHbI neICOTOp.ble rrpm·..tepbl HCno~1h30BaHl·UI o6paTHOll .UC¢opMaMHlHL\1aJIL.HbL\1'..
~mI.
)Kccrnoe Jar~pennem1e (pHC. 52). 3aKpenJiem1e o6ecneqJmaei
yMCilliLUCHHe caapo"IHbIX ;.:ceqlopMauuii no cpanne1uuo co cBap:Ko:H
ll He3a.1<:penne11IIO::.\·f COCTO}IHMH, CCJIM 30Ha HarpeBa JJ.O TCMnepaTyp
nhilllC 600
ne npeBhllllaeT 0,15 o6meii nrnpttHhI cBapnnaeMoro
3neMeHTa. Ecnn 30Ha narpeBa 6ylleT 60.TJee 0, 15 un1pHHhl JIHCTa,
To :>KeCTKoe 3aKpensreHHe He )'Meni,maeT .ae¢opMauIDi, a Hao6opoT,
MO)f(eT yseJIWIHTh HX no cpaBneumo co CBapKoii B CB060}1.HOM
COCTO}IHIUI.
cc
107
Puc. 51. CxcMa co3.;;,aH1u1 06p2THoro
npon•tia:
a - ceo60.m1b1x nncrnu u~'::onbwon wHp1111w,
6 - 6onbWOH WHpHHL!. (J - 3axpen rtellUblX
.-----~------~
6)
JUI CT OB
PHc. 52. CxeMa :1KecT1<oro 3axpenJieHH.s1
JIHC'fOB
0)
'--
IlpOKOBK8 111808 H OKO.rlOWOBHOii 30Hbl. Ilpo1<001<a cnoco6cTDyeT
CHH:>ICeHmo Hanp.oceHHH H .ne¢>opM8UHH. Ilp1-1 BblilOJiliCHllH npoICOBICll Heo6xo~HMO co6JIIO.UaTb CJieJzyK>utHe ycJIOBHR:
npu MHOrOCJIOHHOii CBapr<e npoKOB1'.')' BblilOJIHSITb nocnoih10,
a nepn.1>1.ii n nocne.rnulli c.;1oii He npo1coB1>IBaTL;
npOKOBKY cne,nyCT B:bIDOJlHJITh Ha
150-200 MM cpa3y JKe noc11e cBapKn
y'laCTKe
wuz
llIBa
,l(JlHHOH
noCJie no.uorpeBa ero
.llO 150-200°C;
npH CBap1ce MeTaJIJia TOJ!lUHHOH 6onee 16 MM Heo6xo)l,HMO
npOKOBhIBaTb lf MCTaJ!JI OK0.1"IOWOBHOH 30Hbl.
06uun1 oTau~r ceapuoro 1tl,lleJ11u1. Ottnr npRMeH.HeTC$1 ,nJu1
cra.n:eii, JIMeI-01.QHX CICJIOHHOCTL K o6pa3oBaumo 3aI·:aJieHHbiX 30JI
B6n:u1u cnapuoro mea (oco6eHHO npH 6on1>uroii TOJIIUHHe csapHsaeMoro Menwna), H ,DJ.C}} KOHCTp~tw, pa6oTaromHx np11 3HaKonepcri..reHHbIX uarpy1Kax.
MexamriecKaH npamm
KOl!CTpytcQH..ii
nocJie coapk11. IlpaBtcy
BhinOJHISfEOT npHJIO)l(eHHeM y.napuoil RJIU CTaTii'IecKoii narpy3KOH
npH XOJIOJ:(HOM MJIH HarpeTOM COCTO.ffIDfH MeTanna
TcpM1111eCK~H c:paBKB KOHCTp)'KQHH II H3~eJiHii UOCJie CW?}>KE.
npamca BblilOJlHSJeTC51 HanJiaBKOH samucoB c o6paTHOH CTOpOHhl
WBa HJIH MCCT!~hIM HarpeBOM, npOH3BO,!l;lIMI>L\f B oco6oM ,I:(Jl.ff
l<aiK)l.Oll :KOHCTpYKUHH nopsr,n:Ke. ,[(.rt.SI nonyt:iCHll.11 CBap!!.bIX KOHCTpyKUHH 3a.aaHHbIX npoeKT!fbr;~ pa3Mepos Heo6xo.zniMo .nanan, npIDiycICH
Ha yca.n.Ky cBapH.bIX lllBOB. Ha o.nmI nonepeliH:brn CThIKOBoii
WOB npoICaTa H.mf JIUCTa TOJIIJ.tHHOH 8- 16 M.."\if npnn:;-cK ,~0.i1)KeH
COCTaBJlSITh O!COJ10 } MM.
§ 43• .QECS>OPMAL.U1M M HAnPJIH<EHMA nPM CBAPKE CTA11EA
"IYrYHA l1 L..IBETHblX MET.A11noa
IlpH Bb16ope MeTo~a }'MeHbmeHIDI .uett>opMalUIH: H Hanp.IDKeHHii, B03HHKalOJ.UHX B npouecce CBapICH, Heo6xo~HMO yqHTbmaTL
MapKy cBap1maeMoro MeTanJia.
108
TipH CBapKe TI;1aCTHH 11'.3 yr_1epo.a.ncroii CTaJlH 3a3op MO)KHO
.uenaTL MeHLUie, tie)..f npu cBapl\e MeAHblX nnacTHH. IlpR cnapKe
MC.UHhIX n..r1acTHH, Bc:1c~crnnc oojibWOro n1u1e.Wnoro If o6wMuoro
pacr1u1peHHJi Me,UH, npH Ma.TleHbKOM 3a3ope B KOHUe CBapKH nnaCTIIHhI
6y,uyT HaKna.ubmaTbCSI O~Ha Ha )lflyry10. ECJiH '1<e HX .no HatJa.TJa
CBapKll :>KCCTKO 3aKpenllTb, TO B 3TOM cnyqae B03HHKllYT
3HatnfTCJ1bHblC ocraTO'iHhie HailpIDKClUU1 H .uecpopMamu1.
IlpM CBapKe nnaCTllli H3 JierHpoBaHHOH CTaJJM BCJie.UCTBHe
H3MCHeHIDI o6DCMa MeTaJIJ!a npH H3MCHeHHH CTpyKTYPl>I MOf),.
B03HH1CaTb CHJ!bl C'1<anm, eCJIH ynen11qHBaeTCH o6DCM HJlH CHJ!bI
pacTIDKCHHJI rrpu YMeHbmeHHn o6DeMa. Ilo3TOMY npu csapKe
JlCfHpoBaHHblX Cfa.TICll Heo6xo,nHMO CTpeMHTbCH K yMeHbllleHIDO
06'beMa HallJiaBJieHHOfO MeTa.TIJ!a H BblilOJlHHTb CBap01IHbie pa6oTl>I
TaKHM o6pa3oM, tIT06hl 6blJIO MCHbllle 3aKperuieHHbJX tfacreli
cBapunaeMOH KOHCTPYKUHH. Cno6o.ua l!aC'I'eii csap1-maeMoi1: KOlicrpyKUHH yMeHblllHT B03HHKHOBeHHe BHyTpeHHHX HanpIDl<CHHH.
IlpH CBapKe iiyryHa Ae<l>opMaUHH He B03HHKaeT, TaK KaK npli
o6pa30BallHH 3HatJHTeJibHblX BHyTpeHHHX HanpIDKeHHii 06pa3y10TCSI
TpemHHbl.
,ll;JISI YMCHbllleHH.SI .ueq>opMaQHH ll BHyTpeHHHX HanpIDKeHHH npll
csap1<e UBeTHbIX MCTa.rIJ!OB, RMClOll.lHX 3Ha"'IHTeJ1bHblH K03cl>4n-t:r(MeHT JlHHCHHoro M o6'beMHoro pacmupeHIDI, Heo6xo~HMO yacsnf\IHBaTb 3a3op Me)!(AY CBapHBaeMblMll xpOMKaMH H yMeHblllaTb o6'beM
HannaBneHHoro MCTaJina, a TaIOKe Tpe6yeTCH »<eCTRoe 3a1<pen.1enue
ceapHBaeMbIX .n;eTaJieit
BonpochI ,IJ;JJH caMonpoeepKn
I. Ka1<11e MeTOD:hI yMeHDmeH1uf (npe.uynpe)!(.ue1nu1) cBapo1111L1x
HanpsnKeHHii If .ue¢opMaulrli cymecTBy10T?
2. B 'leM oco6eHHOCTH )!(CCTI<oro 3a1<pennemrn: .aera.neii npn
cnapKe?
rnABA IX
AnnAPATYPA Ill TEXHOnor11111 AYroeo&ll PE3KH
§. 44. AYrOBAll PE3KA 3nEKTPO.QAMH
,[(yroBaSI pe31<a MeTaJIJ!OB BbIIlOJIHReTCSI MeTa11JllfliCCKHM .nJJaBSlI.QHMCH 3JieKTPO.UOM, yroJibHblM 3JleKTPO.UOM M HennaBjfLUHMCST
BOJ!h<l>paMOBblM JJielCTpO.UOM B 3alllHTHOH CpeAe aproHa.
,ll;yronas pelKa MeTWIJJll'leCKllM WlftBHIQHMCH 3JieKTPO.UOM.
CyruHOCTb cnoco6a pe3KH MeTaJIJlH1IeCKHM nnasmuHMc.R :lne1<rpo
.U:OM 3aKJIIO'IaercSI B TOM, 'ITO CHJia TOKa no.u6upaeTC.R Ha
30-40% 60JlbWC, "leM npH CBapKe, H MeTaJIJI nponJiaBJlHIOT
MOll(HOH 3JlCKTpHqecKOH ~)TOH. 3neKTplflICCKYIO .uyry 3a)!(Hfa10T
y Hal.fana pe3a Ha sepxHeu 1<poM1<e H B npouecce pe3KH nepeMemaroT ee BHH3 B,UOJlb pa3pe3aeMOH ICpOMKH (pHC. 53).
4
109
Kann.11 o6pa3~wu;,erocjf pacn.rraBJ1en:ttoro MeTaJJJl:t BhITa.iIICIIBaIOT IC0-
3hipbKOM nor,pLITitIB 311eKTpo.n;a. Ko3brpeK 0;:1,HoapeMCHHO CJl)OK.HT H H30JI51TOpOM 3.ITeKTpO,il,a OT 3alYII>II<aHIIJI
nocne,D.ucro na MCTanJI. OceoBHbDMM
ucJJ,ocn1TI<aMH 3Toro crroco6a pe3KH
JIB_IHUOTCH IIJl3IG.UI
HOCTb H nnoxoe
11pOH3BO)l;H'ICJlh•
KatJeCTao
peJa.
Pe:>KHMhI pytm:oii ;zyroBoli pe3KH
Puc. 53. Cxe::'>.m pe3I<H Menm-
cTann MeTa11nu11ccr<HM ruraBIDI(lil.tC.H
3JieKTpO,r:t;OM npimc.n:eHbl B Ta6JI. 6.
11.uor.na npMl\1CHSIIOT aBTOMaTH'tJeCKy.IO pe3KY no.n: lPJllOCOM nerHpOBaHHbIX craneH:, IDA:eionurx TOJilllHHY JJ.O 30 MM. PeJKY BhmoJI,...
....
....
Jlll'ICCKHM 3JICKTpOJJ:OM
JUIIOT ua OOhPIHhIX cnapotIHhIX aBTOMaTaX cnapo11HOM npoBOJIOKOH
CB-08 1111n CB-08A. c rrpI:!McHeHHeM cpmoca AH-348
(Ta6n.
7) .
.ll:yronaH pe3ml yrOJJLHbll\.I '.)JlCKTpO~OM. Ilpu .n;yrOBOH pe3Ke
yroJJhHhIMn, rpa<{mTOBbIMH 3Jiernpo,naMH pa3,nem<y .n;ocnrraroT
nyTCM BbID.ilaBJ1eu.HSI MeTaJIJia B,[(OJfb J1MHlil1 ero pa3,r:i;eJJa. 3TOT
cnoco6 pe3KH np11Mc1rn10T npH o6pa6oTICe 'tJyryna, WleTHhIX
MeTaJJJJOB1 a TaKiKe CTaJJU B TeX CJl)''UHIX, 'KOr,na He Tpe6yeTC.JJ
co6JII-O,[(CHH51 TOtIHhIX pa3MepoB, a IIUipHIIa u xaqecT.DO pe3a
6. Pl"~KHMM pc:um nnamnl{Hf'.tCSJ :meKTflOJlOl\-1
PclKHrv1LI pe3KH
ToJ1nt11na
}],1-mMeTp
MCT::\JlJla,
3JieKTpO-
MM
)1,a, :\fM
HH3Koyn1cpo.1J,ncTan CT3JIL
6
2,5
140
To xce
25
6
12
25
12,36
7,2
2,1
3
190
6
4
220
12
13,8
8, I
3,78
15
9,3
25
4,5
M ap1rn l\·ICTaJt.1a
TOK,
A
12
))
Koppo3HOIIHOCTOHK<UI CTaJih
To >Im
6
12
25
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6
3
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25
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12
4,38
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195
12
25
6
c1wpocn.,
18,72
8,7
4,5
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220
18,9
10,2
5,4
7. Pe)KHl\lbl aBTOl\.IRTH11eCICOM pel~H IIO,il t;uoco:o.-r
Pcn:H:>1br pe 1Ka
Tom.1.unm pa3pc- 1{1-tal\IeTp cnapo•13ac:~1oii J"'IcnrponaHHOH CTa ..111, Ml\·t
HOH
npoao.101m,
TOK,
Ml\·I
4
4
4
10
20
30
A
I-Ia IIp Sfii{ C UH C
1Cyrn, B
CROpOCTh,.
M/'i
40-42
42-44
46-50
34:8
30
24,9
1000
1200
1500
8. Pe»1:11MLI pe:nm yro.Tu11L1~1 :me1npo)!.OM
ToJirunua pa3pc-
PciKHMLI pe3KH
,TJ,uaMcTp 3JJCKTpo~a, • - - - - - - - . . . , - - - - - - - - -
3aCMOH CTann, :\IM
MM
TOIC,
6
c1mpocTb, M/•t
21
18
10,5
400
10
IO
A
16
IJC
HMCIOT
:u1aqemu!.
Pe3rcy
B.bIIlOfllHIIOT
cnepxy
BHH3
npH
co6J110Jtcmrn ueKoToporo yr.rm ua1mo.na onJiaB.rrneMOH noBepxHOCTH
« ropw;onnu11>11oi,i D}JOCKOCTH, "'ITO o611cP.1ae-r BbITeJ<aHHC Menu1na.
Pc'.lKY ncJJ,y-r Ha nepeMeHHOM I-L'1M nocTO.sIHHOM ToKe (Ta6.r1. 8).
,ll,y1·onaH pe:nea uemilaESU{llMCSI 8().J1b<J!I>aMOBhlM :l.'!eii:TpO)lO.M.
Pc1Ka B 3aIUHTHOH cpc,i1e aprona rrpnMeH.STeTc» BeChMa orpauu:-
1.1c11uo H T0JlbKO B 11aCTHbIX C-1I)' 1Ia5IX IIpJ.I o6pafioTKC _i1cnrponaHHblX
craJlCH UJ1M J..{BCTHhIX MCTC.!.jlii OB.
CytUHOCTh cnoco6a pc3KH 3aKJHOt.IaeTcSI B Tor..1, tITO Ha 3JieKTpo,n;e
CO'lJtaIOT TIOBblillCHHblM TOK (Ha 20-30 /'~ 60JThllIC, "'IeM npn cnapKe)
H 11po1111aDJUllOT IIaCKB03b MeTaJJJJ.
B o rr p o c hi .n: n .si c a M o n p o n e p K 11
t. KaK11e cymecTBYFOT cnoco6b1 pe3KH ::merrpo.uoM?
2. CymuocTh cnoco6a ~yroBo:H pe3KH.
3. r )le npHMeH$ICTC.sI µyroBa.SI pc3Ka 3JICICTpO)_(O!V1'?
TI pH KM c JI op o .n: no - .n: yr o Bo ii
p e 3 Kc
rvteTaJrn BHa1rnne
pacnnann.HeTCM ::>neKTp111-1ecKott .uyroii, a 3aTel\.·I cropaeT B nocTynm-0-
mcii CTpye KHcnopo.na 11 EhI.UymtcTc». I-Ia pMc. 54 np11nc,nc11a
CXCMa KHCJJOpO)lHO-fJ.YI'OBOH pC3KH.
B nacTo.srmee npe1vrn cymecTByeT necKOJibKO MeTOJlOB KHcnopo.u110-;zyroBOH pe3KH. 3a py6e}.Ko~1 (n CllIA, ·<l>paIIJJJ1M H Eenhruu),
nanpHMep, Hallie.'! npUMCHeHne MCTO,n; KllCJIOpO,llHO-,n:yroBOH pe3KH
11}1H TIOMOII'H CTa.JlbHI:.IX Tpy6"'IaThIX 3J1eKTpOJJ:OB.
Ill
8
Puc. 54. Cxeti.·ta o5opyJI.onamur nocTa !l.,;u1 1mc."Topo,D,Ho·-AYfOnoii: pe3KH
CTaJibHblM CTep)l\HeDhl.M: 3Jie!CTpOJJ;OM:
I - Cl3apo•mblH TpaHct}lopMaTop, 2 - pcryml'rop, 3 - py611111>nH:ic, 4 - npoBo)l.a, lfJlY1w1e K /:i:cpncaTe:rro, 5 - 3JICKTpo.n.oJJ.cp~aTenh, 6 - :J.TJCKTpoJJ;, 7 - pc3aK Pr,D;,
8 - KHCJIOpo});l.iblH nmanr' 9 - 6aJIJIOH c KHCJIOpOJJ;m..1, JO - pc,J.yKTop
Ilp:a 3TOM cncco6e pe3KH MCTalJJI uarpenaeTc.R .nyroii, Bo16y)K.uaeMo:ii MC)((~y -rpy6qaTb™ 3JieI<TpOJJ;OM H ·o6pa6aTI>maeMbIM
113.[(eJureM. CTpy.SI KHCJiopo,[(a, nocrynarow:a.SI HJ OTBepCTHSI Tpy6KH,
uona.uaH Ha HarpeTyI-O noeepxHoCTb, OKHCJIHeT MeT<L1JI no seen
cro TOJlll.\HHC.
~~JICKTpof.(aMlf cny:>KaT Tpy6KH Ii3 HM3Koyrncpof.(HCTOii HJJH
Hep:tIGlBe1-0meii
craJJlil
npH Hap)?KHOM .[(H:aMerpe 5-7 MM.
B11yrperu1ltl1 JJ.RaMeTp Tpy61rn: MO:>KCT 6b1Tb 1-3,5 MM. Hap}')KH)'IO
noBepxttocTL 3JieKrpo,u.a n0Kpbma10T cneu1m,'1bn;:.,.u..1 noI<pr,rnreM,
npe.uoxpattmomnM 3neK1po.z:r: OT 3arv1b1Ka1nrn: c o6pa6aTLruaeMbIM
MeTaJUIOM npH ero onHpannH H nepeMern.eHMH. KucJiopo.u,no.u.yroByio pe3KY Ta!OKe Bb!IlOJlHfilOT H yroJlbHb!l\.1 ::>neKTpo.n;oM.
Han60J1ee IJIHpoKoe pacnpocrpaHeu11e cnoco6 KMCJiopo.n;Ho,r1,yronoii pe3I<H namen np11 IIOro30'Allbr.i<. pa6oTax.
Bonpochr ):(JI» caMonponepK.H
l. B qeM 3a1U11-0 11aeTc.si cymHoCTb KMcnopo.ntto-.n:yrosoii pe3KH?
2. Ka101e cym;ecTBYI-OT cnoco6LI KMCJiopo.D.HO-.AyroBoH pe3KH?
112
§ 46. B03_llYWHO-AYrOBAfi PE3KA
fl p H B 0 3 ,n y ill H 0 - ):{ y r 0 B 0 H pe3ICe MCTUJ1JI pacrmaBJl.SleTC.SI
)~yroii, rop»mew Me:>K;zy H3.JJ.eJ1neM H yronLn:hIM 311eKTpo.z:i;oM,
a y/laJI.HeTC:H CTpyeii CJKa TOTO B03,nyxa.
Ha p!.JC. 55 npime,neHa cxe~m npouecca no3;zyrnHo-.uyroBoii
JlC3KH.
_
Bo3,n,ymHo-.uyronyro pe3KY MeTaJIJIOB BI>mon1-uuor noCTO.HHDh!M
TOKOM o6paTHOH IlOJJHpHOCTH, TaK !<aK npH eyre rrpHMOM
110.11.HpHOCTH MeTaJ1J1 HarpeBaCTCSI cpaBHIITeJihlIO Ha urn:pOKOM
yimcnce, BCJiep;cTBHe qero y,naneHMe pacn1rn.Bn»eMoro McTarrJia 3a-
Tpy1.r.:neHo. Bo3MO)KHO npHMeec1-rn.e H nepcMeHHoro ToKa. ,D;n11
U03JlYUUIO-;zyTOBOH pe3ICH npH1\1~H.filOT cne~HaJibHhle pc3mrn:, F.OT"OpblC JJ:CJHiTC.sI Ha pe3aKH c rrocne,noBaTenbHhIM pacrro_lJQXCeHHeM B03J\YU.IHOlf CTpyH JI pe3aKJI c KOJJL~eBblM pacTIOJIO)KCHHeM B03.n:yn;I11on CTpyH.
B pc3axax c nocne,nonaTeJihHMM pacno.TioJKeuMeM D03J.()'lUHoi1
i.:rpyu OTllOCHTe.TibUO 3JICK1J>O~a C){(aTblii B03,tzyX 06Tc1meT 3JlCICTpo,n
TO.llhKO c o,nuoii CTOpOHhI.
)lJur D03.UymHo-eyronoii pe3KH npmvieumoT yro.Tihttbre IDIH
rpa<lntTOBhle 3.11CKTp0)1.bl.
rpmpHTOBble 3JieKrpo.nbl 6onee CTOHKH,
'lt:M yronbHhie. Tio cpopMe 3lleKTpO)lbI 6hIB3IOT ICpyrJihlMH H
11;racT1r-1111mn.rMH. Benulfrmy ToKa rrpu B03).J.)'lllHO-,nyroBOH pe3JCe
onpeJ~c.muoT no C.iICJT.)'IOIIlCM 3UBIICHMOCTH I= K · d, r,ne I - TOK,
A; ti - JVmMcTp 3JtCKTpo~n, MM; K - xco:J<Pcf>mmeuT, 3anHc.snn:Hii
0'1' TC 1IJIOCl) li'.1 H1ieCKHX CBOifcTB MaTepHaJJa 3JieKTpOJ:(a, paBHblli
46- 48 A/MM, ~JUI yro111>1ih1x 3.lleKTpOJJ:OB H 60 - 62 A/MM
J~JUl r·pa£}>HTOBb!X.
l1cro(.1nnKaMH nnTarnul )lJUI no3.zzyrn:Ho-,nyronoli pe3KH crryJKaT
C'nlllH<IPTIIbIC cnap0 1IHbie npco6pa3oBaTenu IlOCTO}IHHOrO TOI\a HJIH
l 'Ha poLfuMe
Tpaacq>oprvraTopbI.
flnTaHHC pe3aKa C:>KaThIM D03.llYXOM ocymecTBJIIDOT OT nexoBoii
l'Cl'U, HMelOU\CH ~aBJICHIIe 0,4-0,6 "Mila, a TaIOKe OT nepe,!(!HJ)KllJ.IX KOI\,mpeccopoa. l1p1111.-1eHeHtte c:>R:aToro Bo3.izyxa npH B03)lyuuroJ\Ynmoi1 pe3Ke ,D;aBJICHHeM Bbnue 0,6 J\.flla He~enecoo6pa3HO, TaK
l(a 1< c11.111>mu1 noJ.LI.YllIHas1 cTpyH pe3Ko cu1nKaeT yc-roiitJ.IIBOCTh
ropcum1 ,r1,y.ru.
Puc. 55. CxeMa npou,ecca
B03.ll.}'lliH0-,[()1fOBOH pe3ICH:
I - pe3a1c,
2 - p,03,u:yumasi:
CTpysi:, 3 - Kam:uuca, 4 - ::mc1n~
po,1:1. (yroJJbHb1f1)
113
9. Pe*HMLJ pa3)J;CJUITeJibROii so3_uyu1no-,nyr0Boli pc31m
To.nmuna
nuc-ra, MM
)J;uaMerp
JJICKTpo.u,a,
MM
10
6
8
12
10
12
25
12
12
5
CxopocTL pc3KH, M/•1
Tmc, A
270-300
360-400
450-500
540-100
540-600
JIH3Koyrnepojl,HCTOH CTa.'lU
BbICOKO~'Ienipo-
60-62
26-28
20-22
22-24
8-10
63-65
30-32
22-24
24-26
10-12
DaIJHOH CTaJm
10. Pe»;:JtMLt noncpxnocumii Bo1,rzyw110-)J;)'ronoii pe3KH
Tonmnmt cnap11nae?1--10ro MCTa:rna,
MM
5-8
6-8
8-10
10-11
,Aua.MeTp
3.lICICTpO.!l;a,
ToK,
A
MM
4
6
8
10
180
280
370
450
Ill11p11Ha pa3-
rJiyfo.ma pa3-
,U:CJIKH FopmI
nma, MM
,ilC.1KH Kopm1
6-7
3-4
4-5
4-5
7,5-9
8,5-11
11,5-13
llIBa, MM
5-6
Bo3,1lynIHo-,nyroByro pe3KY pa3l-(en5110T na rroBepxHOCTnyro
CTpO)!ncy u pa3)1,CnHTenhH)'IO pe3KY. IloBepxnoc·myio cTpo)l(Jcy
nplIMeHSIIOT ,!(JI.SI pa3AeJIKH 'ACC~eKTHbIX MeCT B MCTaJIJle H cnapllhIX
ll1Bax,
a
TaIOKe
Jl)I5I no.upy6KH
ICOplUI
lliBa
II
CIUITIUI
cpacOI\. cJ>acKy MOiKHO CHHMffib O)J.HOBpel'v1CHHO na o6eHX Kporvm~ix
JIHCTa. lliHpHHa KaHaBKH, 06pa3y10maS1C.SI npu noBepXHOCTHOM
cTpoiKKe, Ha 2- 3 MM npeBI>llliaCT n;naMeTp 3JieK1J)OJJ;a. Bo3.z:i;)1IlIno-Ayrony10 pa3,..J;CJIITTCJlbHYIO pe3KY H CTpOjl\.f()' npUMCII.SIIOT npM
o6pa6oTKe Hep)lcane10u:i:eli craJlH II ~BcTHbIX MeTam10B. Otta
nMeeT p51,1l npettMymecTB nepen .npyrttMn cnoco6aMH ortteno:ii
o6pa60TKU MCTaJIJIOB, TaK l\'.aK 60J1ee npocra, a TaIOKC 6once )J.ClllCBa.SI H 6onee npOH3BO.QMTeJlhHa.SI.
B Ta6JI. 9 npMBe)J.enhl pe:iKHMbI pa3.tie.rrHTCJ°IhHOH B03.l1.YlllHO.n.yronoii: pe3KH yroJihHbIM 3JICKrpol-(OM, a B Ta6.11. 10 npHBe.QCHhI
;:~aIIHhie no pa3;-:{eJIKe KOpIUI IIIBa, BblIIOJII-IeHIIOrO BCTLIK c K--o6-
pa3IIOM no.nroTOBKOH KpOMOK.
Bonpocbr l-(JIH
carvtonponepKH
1. Cy11JJIOC'fb B03ll)'llIHo-nyrono:H: pe3KH.
2. r JJ.e nparvteUSICTC.sI. C'fpO)KKa?
3. KaK irnaccrn:p111~upy10TcS1 pc3a Ka )J.JUI B03/.lyillHo-.nyronoil
pe3KI1?
114
§ 47. nnA3MEH HO~,QYrOBAll PE3KA
I1Aa3MQ -
3TO ra3, COCTOSII.QHii H3 IlOJ10jf(HTeJILHO M OTpMuaTCJlbHO 3ap5DKeHnbIX 11acn1u n TaI<Mx nporropu1rnx, trro o6nuill 3apn.n.
puncu H)'Jno, T. e. nna3Ma upe.n.c-raiurneT co6oii cMecb ::>.r1eKT-
pw1ccKH HciiTpaJibHbIX MoneKyn ra3a H 3JICKTpHt1ecKu 3apmKeun:urx
"1CTHQ, 3JieKTpOHOD H IlOJIO)l(HTCJILHbIX HOHOB.
HaJIWIHe ::>11eKrp011ecKa 3ap»iKea11b1x 'JaCTH~ ,.neJiaeT nJia3MY
11yncrn HTeJlbllOH K B03)J,eiiCTBHIO 3JieKTplP.IeCKHX IlOJie:ii.
1
TIJia3Ma ncne,nC'rnne na.i1I11IRH B Heil 3JieKTpHl.feCKH 3apn)KeHHbIX
'l:lCTII~ .sIBJI.HeTCj{ 3J1CKTponpoB0,1J;,HOii, H npH .n:eiiCTBllH 3JICKTpH'ICCKllX nonei1 B nna3Me B03HMKaIOT 3JieKTpHl.feCKHe TOKH. qeM
llJ.lWC CTeIICHh HOHH3aI.J,J111, TCM
Bbnne
3JleKTponpoB0;1HOCTb
11.11a '.1M1.)1. ToKH B Heu OTKJIOH.HIOTcg no.n. ,n:c.HcTnueM Mannu11i.1x 110J1eii. Yc1<opeHIDI, coo6maeMbIC 3ap.sD1Ce11111:;n..1 tJ:aCTH~aM
/(Ciicrn 11CM 3JieI<Tpl11IeCKHX n ManIHTHhIX IIOJieH nyreM coy.ua peHIDI
11cpCJ~UIOTCH HeMTpaJlbHbIM qacTm.i;aM ra3R, H BCC:b o6'beM fljia3MbI
110.11yc.iaeT HanpaBJieHHoe .UDIDKCIIHe, 06pa3y51 CTpyIO, IlOTOIC .HJ!H
cl>H 1ccJ1 rop51qero ra3a.
JJICKTpl-.f'IeCKHe IIOJUI, B03,1J,CHCTBYH na IIJia3My, coo6ma10T
'>Jlcpnno 3ap.siiKeHlil>IM 1:1.aCTHQaM, a 1Iepe3 3TH 1IaCTHUbI H DceH:
11.rmJMc. B pc3yJibTaTe TaKofi rrepe.n.a1:1.u 3HepnIH TeMrrepaTypa
11.lli.l'lMLI MO)KeT .l(OCTWlb 20 000-30 000 °C. Ilo3TOMy, 1 (CJ'vJ 6onI>UJe.
llMCCTC" cno60,11;11hIX 3JlCKTpOHOB B Beuiecrne H 'IeM 6bICTpee
0111{ .U.lHDI<yTC.sI, TCM 60JJ.hWC npono~HMOCTh BemecTBa, TaK KaK
nwGOJ(HO ,UBIDKY~HecSI 3neKTpOHbI nepeHOC»T :JJICKTpnqeCKHe
·,a pHJlbl. MHa tie roBop.H, nna3Ma - 3TO TOKonpono,u»ll{HM ra3, Harpcn,.ii )J.O DbICOICOii TCMncp·aTypLr.
( 'yuurocTh n JJ a 3M e H H 0 ii pc 3 K H COCTOMT B npOl1JiaDJICHHH
Ml~ l'a.llJJa MOIQHbll"'{ ,n:yroBhlM pa3p51,!l;OM, JIOKaJIH30BaHHOM na MfulOM
v 1al.' n'c rronepxuocTII pa3pe3aeMoro 1'.-ICTanna c noc11e.n,y1-0:m1ru
1
}'.11,i\JJCI IHCM pacnJiaBJieHHoro MeTarrJla ll3 30Hbl pe3a BbICOKOCKOpt)(..' 1'1IJ0lM ra30BbIM IIOTOKOM.
XoJio.l(HhIH ra3, nona.n.arouv1i1 a
I l>pe1rny, o6TeKaeT 3JieKrpo.n. H B 30He .nyronoro pa3ps:1;i:a
11p11oop~TaCT CBOHCTBa IlJia3Mbl, KOTopa.H 3aTeM HCTCKUCT ~1epe1
I l rnq1l:TMC MaJioro )J.HaMCTpa D COilJIC n
BH.Qe .HpKOCBCUllll;Ci.fcR
l' I py11 c 6oJThllIOH CKOpOCTbIO H TeMrreparypoii, )I.OCTHrmo~eii
.\0 000 "C H BbIIIIe.
11 p11 uu:xurna.11hHa.H
cxeMa una3MeHHOil peJKJI
np11seAeua
ua
1>m.·. 56.
B 3:mucn1'iocTn
OT npnMeHHeMoli
311eKTp1P1ecKoll: cxeMhI
111111 \l\fCllllaSI pC3IG.\ MCTanJIOD MO>KeT BbIIlOJIH.SITbCR He3aBUCHMOM
·1:rn11cnMoii .n;yraMH. CxeMa nJia1MeHHo:ii pe3KU ,u;yroii npsMoro
.111' he I IUUI npirne;xeHa Ha pHC. 57' a, a
~yroii KOCBeHHoro ,n:eliCTBIUI
111, puc. 57, 6. KoHCTPYKWUI DJia3MeHuoif ropeJIKH npHBC.l.l:CHa
Iii\ p11C. 58.
B 'l a6n. 11 rrp:uBo,ronca opHeHT11poeot.u11>1e pe)IGIMbI pe3KH.
11
I l.11111Moo6pa3y1011\HH ra3 - cncTeMa, npeo6pa3yroma.n nol-(no-
'"'"'Y'o 3JICKTpHtICCKYIO 3HeprHIO B TCflJIODy10, nepeAaBaeiv:ta.JI
I J5
6
PHc. 56. Ilpmu.{11rrnas1b11a.S1 cxeMa llpouecca
nnaJMemro -- .nyronoii
---8ooa
....--1aa
8
pe3K11:
J - BOJ1LCllp8.'..\.iODLlii '.3JICICTpO)l, 2 - l\·IC.i.UIOC
DOJl,OOXJia)J\,U3Cl\'10C corrno, 3 -
11apy;1moe
7
+
4-
com10,
nJI:l3MCillla.H CTpysr, 5 -
I
JXl1-
pc3aCMl>Iii MCTaJIJI, 6 -1noJl.Hl~HOHHaJ1. rnaii6a, 7 -
6a11-
Jiac-rnoe
conpoTHDJICHHe,
8 - HCTO\fllHK IIltTUIHISI
fa3
BotJa
DJ -
a)
Puc. 57. ITpttHI..{HJIHaJlhHMI cxeMa npotlecca nJia1Men110-.n.yrocoii pe3Kli:
a-
np.HMoro,
Pnc. 58. Kon:cTpyKl.lliH
ropcmrn )J.JHJ llJ.Ia3MeHao-.nyroso.ii pc31m :.
12-
Marn:c:unonoc KOJILI~O,
COlJJIO, 3 - peJHHODa.H
npoK11a.np;a, 4, 6, 8, 10 1130:1.Hl(HOHHOC IIOKpbTTHC,
5 - pe3HJIODaH Tpy61.a, 7 -
COCJlHHlll'C.:JhJ:laH raliica, 9npo6Ka, 11 KaTO}llihlH
I2
pe31111onaH
npoKJia,!J,Ka, 13 - 1~opnyc
com1a, 14 - cocmnnneni.y3eJT,
urui raliKa. 15 -
con.10
uapy:>tn:IOC
6 - 1Cocne1rnoro nciic-rmrn
11. Pe*HMLI pc1KH
Tomruma I& i1M
Cr 3,
Cra!Ib lX18H9T,
TOm.QMHi.\ 20 MM
300
65
340
75
3,5
4
5
3,5
4
5
10
5
10
ToK, A
HaupH>I<CHHc .uyrH, B
AnaMeTp cmma, MM
fJ,HaMCTp 3JlCl~TpO)l.a, MM
Pacc-rosu1He comm JJ..O H3).l,emrn:, MM
PacxoJ.J; aproHa, n/MHII
Pacxo)"{ B03Myxa, M /q
CKopoCTh pc3Ktt, M/"1
60
5
40
JXt3pe3aeM0~·1y MeTarrny. ITo3TOMY )KenaTeJibHO, t1To6b1 ra3 MMeJI
HMCOKHH IIOTeHQIIaJI HOHJl3UQIUI H naxo,mv1c.s:1 B Mo.rreKyn~pHOM
cocToSJH1u1. TaKMMH ra3aMH .HBJHIIOTCH aproH, a.JOT, Bo,n:opo.n,
l'CJIHH, B03,U.YX H MX CMeCH.
Bonpochr ,D.JJ)'I
caMonponepK!i
I . q To Ha3hIBaeTc.si n1za3:.vroii?
2. CymHocu, rrna3MeHHoii pe3Kn.
3. KaicHe ra'.Jhl upHMeiun-0TCjJ np11 IIJia31\.·leHno.M pe3Kc?
§ 43. AYrOBM PE3KA no.a. BOAOii1
B :>Im,IT,KHX cpe;nax, B
TOM t.IHCJie H n Bo,ii:e, MO:>KHO nony1UiTh
)lOl: n\'l'otmo ycToil~HBbIIf .uyroBOB pa3p~J..(, KOTOpI>lli, 06pa1yH
1\1.ll:OKYIO TeMnepaTYl)Y ll HMen: 60.11:bllly10 y,ncJibHYJD TC11.?!0BYI-O
l\1oaq11ocT1>, 11cnap~eT tt p:13JiaraeT 0Kpy)l(a1-01uyro :>KH,n;KocTh. TI(1pb1
II I ~l'lLi, o6pa3y1-vwuec~ npn ,uyroBOM pa3p$i,IJ,e, C03,D.RfOT BOKpyr
r11upo•1HOH .nyr:u ra30By.10 3a~HTY B $op!vte nnonoro TIY3b!p}l,
1, l'. n cy~HOCTH .nyra ropuT· He B Bo.rte, a B ra3oBoM: cpege.
I 'in COCl'OUT B OCHOBHOM .1!3 BO,nopo.n;a, 06pa'.ly1-ow,erocs- ripH
ll'pMll'lCCICOM )J.HCCOIUmll,Mli BO~SIHOro IlEpa, a 06pa3y1o~t-1.UCH
llflll J(llCCO[\HaI~mi KiICIIopo,a; OKHCJUICT MaTepwa.H 3.TieKTpOJ(OB.
laOi.fqi;-rna!I C3HPO"U{a~ .uyra npH HCBOJlb30BaHHH o6LitJHblX
1u· rO'llllJKOD nuTaHIU! CBapOt.lllOH .nyrM MO:IKCT 6.blTi:- noJiyt1eua np1_1
llpllMCHCHUH yr-OJih!lbIX HJIH MeTaJIJIH1.£ec1rn:x :).:lCKTpo.noB.
').rl<:K'rpO~bl, IlpW..ieH.SCMl)Je .QJH! 110,ll;BO,rtHOii pe3KH~ ,ll.OJDKHbI
ll~te 11. TOJICTOC BO,.U:O~errponI-ruaeMoe IIOICpbrTMe, Kotopoe 07.JUDK'l·ll" I CJI c1mp}f)KH DO~O~ H fI03TOMY n.rraBIITC5i Me)lJieHnce CTCp:>KHil
.i1n. l poita, 06pa3ysi
KOHD;e 3neKTpO;J.a «K03bipeK». 06pa3onaB-
v
i
11111iln1 K03hipe1c B1>1cTynaeT nncpe.n B ¢opMe He60.rrh1.llo:t'1 qarnel.rnH
11 u1ocoGc·myeT ycToH'iHBOMY cymecrnoBaHHIO ra3oBoro ny3I.Ip5!
II I opCllHlO ,nynI.
Jl 0 II p () H 11 a e M 0 c Th 110KpbITI151 OTp1111,aTeJib~O BJUrneT
11.1 ye roii 1mBOCTb rope1urn .nyrtt, TaK KaK BOJ..(a, 11cnapmo~a.RcH
u ,,
u.
117
y rop~I1-I~ii nosepXHOCTH ::ncKTpO,D.HOfO CTepiKIUI, pa3p)•maeT
norqJhITnc H cpbIBaeT ero KYCKaMH co cTepiKrrn. B o Ao He n p o II 11QacM0 c Tb ;J,OCTIU"aCTCH D OCIIOBHOM nponnTI<OM ITOKphITlnI
napacjmnoM. B K~P-ICCTBC TIOKpunrn np11rv1c1unoT COCTaB II3 Cl\/ICCH
:>KeJie3HOrO cypHKa (80%) H f\·1CJla (20~~) c .no6aBJieH11eM .D;JI51 HX
CB513Lrnan1rn )l(H,[(Koro uaTpnenoro cTcK.rra. HaHeceinre nmcphITU5I
npOH3B0,!1.SIT OK)'llC.\HHCM. 3J1CKrpoJ~HblM CTCpiKHCM CJIYJICflT cnapo 1 TI-ICUI rrpoBOJIOKa Cn-08 1um Cn-08fC.
BeJ1H 1 nrny TOIG.l no,rt6HpaIOT H3 1xtc•re·ra 60- 70 A Ha 1 MM
11;1mMeTpa 3.r1c1crpo/~a. HanpmKcuuc .n.yrn noJ( no,noii necKOJihKO
1cM ua B03.JJ.yxe. Pe11m uo.u no.Qo.H npnMer-rneTC}l npu
peMOHTC cy.uon, ycTpOHCTBe paJJllfllllblX rn.upocoopyiKCIHIM H .up.
6oni,me,
1
B o n p o c LI .L' JI }! c a i"-·f o n p o n c p K n
I. Cyll.{HOCTh no.aso.o.uoH: pe3KH.
2. 06nacrn npHMCHCIUrn IlO,[~BOJ~I-IOii pC3KH.
r11ABA X
OCHOBHblE TPE60BAH 111S!, nPE~"b.'1811.AEMblE
K MCTOl.IHVIKAM nVITAHl-1.A CBAPO"f&-~OVa AYrlll
l1CTQl.JlUiICU IlHTaHHSI
11erKoe 3aJKHraHl1C
npouecce cnapKH.
cnapO'JHOH JI.Yfl.l ,D,OJ°DKHhf o6ccne•nmaTh
:u cra6HJibHOC (ycTOHl.UIDOe) ropeHHe .!1)'Tl1 B
OcHOBHhIMH TCXHWICCIUft\.UI TIOK<naTC.TI.SJr\Hl HCTOlflIHKOB 11JITaHIUI
cnapo 1 moi1: . .uyru }m..-i.moTcH: B11ern1urn xapainepHcnum, nanpn:JKeH.He xonocroro xo.n.a, 0Tnoc11Te111:.11asi 11pO.iJ.OJ1J!>:HTe,,1MIOCTh pa6oTM
(ITP) n OTHOCHTCJlLHa.H npo,n,oJDKHTCJlhHOCTh BK.;uo•1e1nrn: (OB)
n npepbl.BHCT0\-1: pe)!(HMC.
§ 49. BHE!J.11-1.R.R XAPAKTEPl.1CTMKA MCT04Hll11(0B nlllTAHllUI
B He Ill H 51 SI
x a pa KT e p 11 c TH Ka H c T 0 lf H 11 K 0 B II HT all u .H (csapoti:noro TpaHccJ>opMaTopa, Bb1rrpnMHTC}rn H rettepaTopa.)3TO 3(!BHCMMOCTh nanp~DKCHH.H Ha BhIXO,D.HbIX 3a:>ICHMax OT neJTUtIHHbf
TOica uarpy3KM. 3aBMCl1JvlOCTb MC:JK,[(Y HanpmKeHHCM II TOKOM .n.yrH
B
yc-ranoDI1BlllCl\.'ICSI
( CTaTWieCKOM)
pe)I<:revIC
l!a.3bIDaCTC.H
6(hlbl11.-
xapaKmepucmuKml oy.,u.
BHernHne xapaKTcpHCTHKM 1tc-ro11HHKOB n1uaHHH csapotmoi1
.nynr noKa3aHLI na puc. 59. BHewune xapaKTeprrcTHKM cBapotfHblX
reHcpa TOpOB, norca3cHlllbIC ml p11c. 59 (KplIBblC 1 H 2), .ffiUl.HlOTC51
na.nm-01.l.ra-:vi H.
,[(JIHHa A}TH CB.Sl3a!la c cc Hanp.~DKCIIHeM: 'JCl\.-1 ,[J,.:THHHeC cnapo1.rna}l .n.yra, TeM Bbime Hanp.H)Keinre. Tipn 01..unmKoBoM nanemn1
nanpmKeH1rn (H3Mene1-u1u AJIHHbI JJ.yru:) H3~eneune cBaroqnoro
TOKa ueo...'1,HHaKOBO IIpH HCO,iJJIHaKOBLIX BHellllIHX xapaKTCpHCTHKax
HCTO'IIIHI<a. 4cM Kpyt£e xapal\ repHCTMKa, TeM MeHhllie BJII-rneT )J)IH.Ha
{/Jl-IJ1£>]Jll0tl
CBapOlJllOi1 .n.yru Ha CBapotmbtli TOK.
118
Ilpu 113MeHeHHH HanpmKe-
UiJ,B
60
J
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I
i
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JOO 0
10 .A
100
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59.
Bncrmme
xa paICTCpHCTH KH
I
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200
IICTO'llil·mOD
JOO
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mnamu1:
BHcum~ur xapaKTcpncnma, 2 - no.r1oroua,r_i;a101.uasi,
3 - il\CCTKaJi, 4 - no:1oro1>03pac-rn10waS1
I - KpyTonaJJ.a1011\asi
1111 H
1-m
ne1rn 1H1-1y
1
o npu KpyTona.u,momerr xapaI<TepHCTHKe
ll'lMCHCI-IHe TOim paBHO
a1' npH HOJIOrona.u,a1011\ei1 - ll2.
)~.1rn o6ecne'JCHH51 cra6m1hHOro ropett1rn .u,yn1 Heo6xo~HMO,
•11\10hI xapaKTepHcTmrn cBapo•moi1 ,n.yrH nepeceKaJtach c xapaKrepHl:n11coii tlCTOlJHHKa fIHTalllUI (pHC. 60).
B MoMeHT
Ja:>1.n1ra.1nrn .uyrn (pHc. 60, a) uanpIDKeHHC na,naeT
~
I
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125
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11 H~M Kpyqe 6y.n.eT BHeillH.HSI xapaKTepuCTHKa.
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a - T,D;<l>-1001, 6 - T)J.<I>-1601
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I loM!IHaJihHOe nepBwmoe Ha-
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1600
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380
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Il epBI~Ha.sI 06MOTKa COCTOliT H3 ,D;BYX KaTYJlieI<: O)J,HHaKOBOrO
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15. Texm1qec1rue xapaK"rep11cTH~H TJM~.l!C<~op~.-nnopoB
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TPAHCQ)OPMATOPbl
M11oronoCTos1>1e Tpaucl}lopMaTopLI• .[(nR MHoronoCTonoli ceapKu
JII-06oii CBapO"l!HhTI~ TpaHccpopMaTop
1111 ia CT3 c :meCTKoii nueu1aefr xapaKTepncr1u<oif npa ycJioBHH
M<l~iCCT 6I..ITh liCHOJib30BaH
11p11COC,LJJ1HeHRH K KaJIC)lOMY nocTy pery1unopa TOKa (n.pocceJHl)
1111ra PCT, 06cc11eqHBmom.ero na.naromyro BHelllH.IDro xapaKTepHn irny.
l<onH.qecrno ITOCTOB, IlO)lKJll01.JaeMOC K MHOronoCTOBOMY CBa..
pn•1110My TpauccpopMaTopy, onpe)leJIHCTCH no ~opMyne
Irp
n= l·K'
n
' ~ ~c ll -
KOJIW!CCTBO ITOCTOB; lrp -
HO:f\.·H·Ula.JlbHblM TOK CBapo"tJHOTO
In - cnapolfHhlli TOK nocTa; K - Ko3cpcpnu;ueHT
111 py·!KH, pannhtii 0,6-0,8.
I !a pHC. 69 noKa3aHa 3:1eK'rpnqecKa~ cxeMa 1vrnoro11ocT0Boli
1 i1.111c<l1opw.._aTopa;
1
• 1.• q 11,11 OT OJJ.Hcxf?a3Horo TpaHcc!JopMaTopa c )Kecncoii xapaKTe-
1'Ill'11c1<oii u: peryJuITopoM Tor<:a TIDia PCT.
133
Puc. 69. CxcMa r..moronocronoH:
~ U ·.f80B
cmtp1rn OT TpauccpopMaTopa c ~c­
1
CTimH xapaKTCpHCTMKOH:
J - Tpancq)op:...rn.·rop, 2 - n.poccc.'m noc10Bbre, 3 - cnapo•IHbIC )lyrn
Ilpm1CHCHHe MHOrOllOCTO-
DbIX cnapo'llHblX TpaI-Icl}lop!WaTopon noJnoJrn:eT 60.riee nonno HCl10Jlh30BaTh MOI.l.\HOCTh
I I I
2
2
o6opy}lOBaHH51:
.lJ:JI.SI MI-IOrOTIOCTOBoii CBa pKH np.mvtCIUIIOT TalOKC Tp~xcpa3UbIC Tpancll)QpMaTOpLI c
2
napanne.11LHLI!'.vl
J
.-.,,;;v...--
J
3
nHTm-rn:cl\1
J-JeCKO.r1hKMX
CBapoqHbIX
noCTOB. KaK BH.UHO 113 pHc. 70,
TaKoi1 TpaHcc)>opMaTop ur-.teeT
ncpBHlfl!)'IO o6Moncy 1~ COCAIIue1111y10 «TpeyroJII:.IUIKOM>>, H
BTO]JlP·IHYJO
o6MOTKY
2, co~.rr,m1eUH)'I-O «3Be3,TJ;Ott». <f>a30BOe
1-IaIIpmKeHHC (Hanp~.iKe1me Me)K~y nyneBhJM rrpOBO)J;OM H .rno6oii H3
<paJ) ~OJDKHo 6bITh 65-70 B.
PerynupoBaHHc cBapo'{IHoro TOKa n: 06ecrrc1.ic1-rn:c na;:i:moII\cii
xa1-mKTepHCTHKH Ha KmK)J.OM CBapo'lUIQM nocry OC)'~CCTBJ15ICTC.H:
c n0Mo1~1.10 ;1pocceJ1eii THrm PCT.
Mnoron9cTODbie cnapot.IIIbie Tpa11ctpopMa-ropL1 HMCfOT orpa1-n111ettuoe npnMeue1-u1e.
Tpextjm3Hhri1 cnapo"tII-IbIH TpaHC(~op11.-raTop MO:>KeT 6bITh npHMeHCH )J,JUf prmo.H: .uyronoii C.BapKH ,i:J;BYM.H 3JieKTpo.ri;aMH {pnc. 71 ).
PHc. 70. CxeMa BK.IIIO'lcmrn MHOronocTonoro Tpcx~m3Horo cBapo'lmoro Tpmrccl)op!t.mTopa:
1 - 11Cp131Plll~Hl oGMOTKfl, 2 - rrrop11'JJJaH o6MOTKa; 3 - pcrymrropLI TOKa
(.npocceJ·m), 4 - cnapo~rnhre .n:ynr
134
Tp
60/J
L _ _ _ _ _j
P!1C.
71. Cxe.1\.-ia cnapKH TpexcI>a3HOH .n:yroli
B 3To~1 c:1y1rnc
o6ecrrel.nmaeTcJI 6on1:imaa npOH3BOJJ.MTeJ1L11ocTb
CBapKH, :JKOHOMHTC5l :::>JICKTp03Hepri-rn, 60.TJbllle KOClUIYC «(pV.:», pal3HOMepnce pacnpe,ne.iureTc51 Harp)'3Ka MC:>I'llY cpa3a:!vnL Pery;rnTop
TOK:J. T(1KOrO Tra11ccpopl\-taTopa Tp COCTOMT H'.3 .n;nyx cep,lI.eqIIHKOB c perynupyeMl>It-..UI B03,D;)"llIHh!MH 3a3opaMH. ,[(Be o6MOTKH
pery.nHTqpa 1 u 2 paCIIffIO)l(CHhl na OJJJIOM cep.neq!fHKe Ii BKJUOl[(lJOTC5I nocnexi;oBaTe.i1bHO c 3JICKTpO,ll,aMl1, o6MOTKa 3 - Ha BTOpOM
ccp,~~e"UIHKe H IlO,IJ:KJHO''iaeTca IC CBapmmeMoii I<OHCTp)'KlVIH. Ilp:n
Tpext]la3HOH CBapKe rop.SIT no paccMaTpHBaeMOH CXCMe OJ.I.HOnpervreHHO Tpu .uyrM: J.I,Be Me)l(,ny lGDK,UhN H3 3JieKTpo.noB 4, 5
11 cnap:am1eMbII'vf ll3l(enncM 6 M o.una MC:>K.JJ;y ::>neKTIJO,Ua1vnr 4 I1 5.
npe1cparn:e1nrn ropeHH.sr ,n:yru Me)K.UY 3JieKTp0,0,arvtH 4 :n 5
11pe;1ycM0TfX!H MarHMTHbiii KCHTaKTop K, KaTynm:a KOToporo BKJII0•1c11:1 ua.pan.TieJThHO o6rvtOTKe 3 pery;u.1Topa n pc.npusaeT- ~JieICT­
/J..rrn
pul!CCKYIO QC11b MC'Y.{J].j'
:)JlCKTpo,rraMH.
Cnapo u.rlhie u:peo6pa3oBaTeJ1D noaL1memmii '-J3CTOTLI. IlpM Jl.yroBoii
CBU prr.:e :fl:H:Tfu1jl0B HC60.:-YbI!IIlX TOJlIIJ;MH Ha Ma:lbJX TOKax, a TalOKe
1
llpll CBapKe JiellJiaB}{IL!HMCSI
cra61-rnbHOCTI) rope1nu1 Jl:)TH
3JieICTpO)l,OM
B
3a:W.HTlibIX ra3aX
HeBLICoKa. Ee
nepeMeuimro TOKa
MO)KIIO IIOBMC.HTb nyTCJvr
yBe.TJH"le1nrn t.JaCTOTI:.I TOKa, JI.1160
llOBblU1CHHCM nanp!DKf:HlUl XO.TJOCTOro xo.n;a, lfTO, O~HaKO, orpa111111cno-yCJJoBH1li\.U'I TeXHMKH 6e30ilaCHOCTH H CUIDKeHI:iCM KOCUHyca
«l}>H».
fipHHUHII IlOBhfllieI-IM.sI CTa6H.1'lbHOCTM ,'lynr UCIIOilb30DaH JICHHil1 pa,IJ,CKHiv1 3aBO,D;OM «3.;ie1npHK» B pa3pa6oTaHHOM 0,!l.UOKOpnycHoM
I IC pc,UB JDKHOM CBapoqHOM npeo6pa30BaTCJJC
C-100-1, KOTOpblll
11pc;~na3uaqeH .[J.JHl IUITaHl.fH .uyrn nepeMeHHhIM TOKOM IlOBI:.lllleu11oii:
•1acTOThl rrpH CBapKe MCTaJI.TJa TOJlll(MilOH .uo 3 MM. Ilpeo6pa3ollaTCJlb COCTOIIT H3 reuepaTopa c He3aBMCM.MbIM B036)1)KJ::{eHI-IeM
JI
llPHDO.n,Horo acnuxponnoro KOpOTK03aMI<llYTOro JJ.BI-IrUTC.TJSl.
)\.!HI pcry1mpoBaHM5I CBapoqnoro TOKa H IlOJIY'tielUUI 11~i,!laKHi~ei-i
nrnmmefi. xapaKTepHCTHKH B cnapO'LJ:HYJO QeIIb BKJII01IaeTC5.l ,LTJJOCCCJih
l'f'-100. IlnaBnoe perynupoeaun:e TOKa ocym;ecTBJI.HIOT murroBLIM
f\WXallll3MOM; 113MCHCHHeM B03.UYIUIIOro 3330pa B cep.uetIHM.Ke
l\1a1111nonp~BO/.J;a. I1peo6pa3oBaTeJib ITC-100-1 HMCCT c11e/T,YFOlU:Y:IO
I CXllH'lCCK)'lO xapaKrepHCTHKy:.
n
pcrynupoBamrn cBapol:nmro TOKa, A
11prJllCJt1>1
~1011\tlOC'fb
1
tnn llT:l
rrpu
TIP-100/~,
CBapo~moro
TOKa,
KB"r
rl.(
.
20-115
2
480
135
§ 53. nAPAnnEnbHOE BKJUO"IEHl'IE OAHO.Cl>A3HblX
CBAPO"IHblX TPAHCCl>OPMATOPOB
CaapoqHhie Tpanc¢opl\·raTophl coe.nnHJU<>T Ha naparrnenhH)fJO
pa6ory c n:eJibIO llOBhIWelUUI MOll.(lIOCTH 11CToq1nraa 11.1na1nrn.
):(JUI :)Toro llCI10Jib3YIOT )].Ba HJIM HeCI<OJlbKO OJ],HOTlUIHbIX TpaHccpopMa.TOpOB c O,ll.'HHaKOBhTivIU DHellIIUIMM xa paKTCpHCTHKaMH H ncp. .
B
BnqHbIMH o6MOTKaMH, paccttu-
c
A
TaHHbIMH na OAHO n
TO '.ll<e
nanp.si)l(ettHe. Ilo,nKJIIO'lleHHe HYiKHo npOM3BO.D;HTh K CAHHM n TeM
)KC cpa3a:\f cen1 COOTBCTCTBYIOI.UHX
O.D;HOMMeHHhIX 3axnIMOB nepBH1IHbIX o6MOTOK Tpanc¢opMaropoB,
HX BTOpnqHhle o6MOTKH COC,I:lHHHIOT TalOl<e 11epe3 0)1,HOHMC!IHble 3aiKHMbI.
/Jpz
Pnc. 72. Cxcrvra na.pam1e.11i,uoro
:mouoqemu1 cnapo11HhJX Tpauccpop:·.mTopo n:
A, B. C - <}>a3M ceni ocpcMcnuor-o ToKa,
er•. CT.,_ - c:riapo 11IblC Tpm1ccllOr:-.-unopL1,
1
p
.l{p" J/.p 2 - ..Upoccc..i:n, P - py6HJib1m:K,
ltt,. 111~ - HOM1ma.11i,m.1c TOKll ,wrn: rm*.nm-o
TpaHci~opMa ·ropa, /Im -
BOMB llaJlhHbIH TOK
llpH nap3,"lJlCJibHOM BK.TllO'tCHUH, Ult - HOMUH<lJIHiOC mmpmKeHHC npn m1pan.'lCJlL-
llOM DKJllO'JCHHl1
CxeMa napa1111enI>noro coeAHHCHH.H o,r:i:Hm}m3HhIX cBapo"IHbIX
TpaHccl1opMaTopon c ,n:pocce;unvnr Trma CT3 noKa3ana na pnc. 72.
TipH 11apa.rr.rre11b1IO.!v! coeJJ,HHeHHH ,nnyx TpaHc<lmpMaropon neJu1~rnHa
CBaporu-10ro TOKa ll ~enu B03pacntCT COOTBCTCTBCHHO n 2 pa3a
no cpanHeHmo c o~HH:rvt Tpanccpop:~.mTopoM. CooTBeTCTneu:Ho
c IlOJJ,KJJIQ'lICHECM In napaJIJieJih!IY!O pa6oTy Tpex TpaHC<~OpMaTO­
poB TOK yneJnitumaeTCH B 3 pa3a.
Heo6xo.o:nMhTM yc.n OBHe1"1 napr:t.!lJICJihHoii pa6o TLI TpauccpopMaTcpon 5IBJU.IeTC5.l paBHOMepHoe pacnpe.ucJICHJie MCJK.UY HHMU neJHP·IH!-Ibl cn2.po'-rnoro TOKa. Pcry.ITHponaTb nen1-rcu111y cnapo'IHOro
TOKa CJie,n:yeT O,IJ:HOBpeMe!IHO OJ{lffiaKOBhIM •IUC..101\·1 nonopoTOB
py1IeK ncex peryjJ5lTOpOB HJilI O)lHOBpeMeH.Uhll'vl HaiK3.THeM KHOflOK
(K::H-': 1-mrrp1wep, 11 Tpaac¢opMaTopax nma TCJl). PaBCHCTBO
mirpy3oK Me)x_n;y Tpauccpopr-.rnTopaMH npouep11eTC5I aMnepr...teTpaMH.
§ 54. OCUll1ItJ1.RTOPb! "1 "1MnYflbCHblE B036YJJ.a.1TEflfA AYrW
3TO ycTpOHCTBO, npco6pa 3y10mee TOK npoMhilllJieHHOii ~mCTOThI HH3Koro nanp5DKeH.V.:H B TOK BhICOKOH tiaCTOTbl
0ClJU..1fJl!ll'nop -
(150-500 ThIC. ru) u
136
BhICOKoro
HanpmKeinrn
(2000-6000
B)~
HaJio)KeHHe KOToporo ua cnapoqr-I)'lO 1~elTh 06..'ICP.IaeT no36y)KJJ.eHne
M cra6 HJIH3lfPYCT JJ.yry npn cnapKe.
OcHOBHoe npmvreneHne ocQHJIJHITOphI HamJ111 npu aprono-.uyrosoli cna pKe nepeMeHHhW TOKOM HCTIJiaB.Slll{ID.1CR 3JieKrpo.u.oM
MCTa.rIJIOB Ma.JIOH TOJll.I(IUihl H npw CBapI<C 3neKTpO,D.aMH c
llll3KMMll HOlill3Upyrou~mvrn: CBOMCTBC:\MH IIOKpbITlUI.
IlpHHUIIDHaJlbHaSI 3JlCKTpwieCKa.SI CXCMa OCUlillJlRTOpa 0CnJ-2M
noKaJaHa Ha puc? 73.
OcuurrJUITOp COCTOHT H3 Kone6aTeJ1bHOro KOHTypa (KOH)J;CHCaTOpa C 5, B Ka1:1ecTae MH.UYI<UHOHHOH KaTyrnKH 11cno11h1yeTc.H
no.D,BlDKHa.si o6MoTKa TpauccpopMaTopa B C/T 11 pa3p».n:HnKa P)
H .nnyx 1111.[(yI<THBHhJX )lpocceJ1bHhIX KaryUicK /(pl 11 Pp2, Ho1n..1ma10mero Tpancc_l)opMa To pa
llT,
BhICOKoqacToT1-10ro Tpauccpop-
MaTopa B l.JT.
Kone6aTeJibHhri1 KOHTYP reHepRpyeT TOK BhICoICo:i1: 1iacTOTLI H
CBHJUH co CBapoquoii uenbIO HH.llYKTHDHO •repe3 ULlCOKOlfaCTOTUhIH TpaHCcpopMaTop, BbIBOl(bl BTOpI-PIHhlX o6MOTOK ICOToporo
npucoc.nru-1.ruoTCjJ: O)l.HH I< 3a3eMJICHHOMY 3a'.>KHM)' BblBO)J.UOU naHeJlH,
/llJ)'TOH - "lepe3 KOH.UeHCaTOp C6 H npe.rr;oxpanureJib IJp2 KO BTOpOMY
'.HDKHMY. ).1,jUI 3alli,H TM cnapll\HKa OT nopmKCillUI '.)JlCK'lpH'tfec1:0.i'.\.rI
TOKOM B ueilh BKJIIO~cu Kon)J.eHcaTop CG> conpon.mJicuwe KoToporo
upcn11:TCTB)'CT npoXOJK,ll,e1nno TOKa BhJCOKoro uanpIDKCHl1.H ll .HII3KOM
11acTOThI n
cBaporn1y10 uenI>. fla cJiyqa:il npo6o.SI KOH.lleHcaTopa
C 6 n r~enb B101101:1en n.rraBKMM rrpe)J.oxpaHHTCJib Ilp2.
Ocrumn.nTop OCI13-2M pacounaH Ha no)J.1<.:J.Iot.rettHe uenocpe)J.-
c..-nc11110
B
.UBYX<~a3Hyrc>
RJHi
O,IJ;HOlpa3H)'l-O
ceTb
nanpsnKCHHeM
220 B.
flpH HOpMaJihHOH pa6oTC OCUJ.UIJI.SITOp paBHOMcpno
no-rpec-
1rnnacT, H 3a cqeT BhlCOl(OrO irnnp5DKCIIHSI npoHCXO,IH1T npo6oii
·~•nopa HCKpOBoro pa3p»JJ;HHKa. Be1n1trn_ua ncKpoBoro 3a3opa )J,O.rrncua
fi1.rrh 1,5-2 MM, KOTopaH perynnpyeTcH ciKaTHCM ::.v1ercrpo.non
CT
l 'uc.
73. Ilp1m1uuma.llbHaS1 .:)JICKTpH~1cc1rnH
.
OCH3-2l\1:
CXCl'via
OC:Q11J1JUITOpa
<'1' - ci.lapo<mL1i-i TpnJic(pop~1aTop, llp J, llp2 - npc.uoxpamncJ1n, f(p I, /J,p2JlpncccJ1t1, cl -·Ci; - KOIJ,J.eucaropbI, IJT- lIOBh!lllalO~Hii rpauc<popM<.n op,
B '-IT - 13bICOKO'mcroTHbill Tpauc4lopMaTop, P - pa:ip.a.umnc
137
P11c.
74. CxcMa BKJ11otJernu1 oc~HJI­
mrropa M-3 u OC-l
B
c1mpotcmy10
u.enb:
Tp 1 - TpanccpopMaTop c0apo•mh1i1, PP -
.upocccni,, Tp") - no0b1llla1011~11ii Tpauc¢op1'.·laTop OCL\HJinSI ropa, p - pa1pH,1..l,Uim, Cl KOH!lCHCaTop KOirrypa,
3aLIUIT!lhtii
c, -
1mnJJ.cHcaTop 1w1nypa, L 1 .:. Ka-rymr::a. caMo1rn,r~y:K1\1m, L 2 - IWTyurna cuJ::m
L-----'
perynupoB0 11HbIM DHHTOM. HanpIDKenne Ha 3JieMeHTax cxeMbI
OCQI1JIIl5!TOpa .LlOCTttraeT neCKOJJ!>JCHX TLIC.H1I BO}lhT, 003TOl\·ty perynHponauue neo6xol-l,HMO BblilOJIIHlTb rrpu OTI<JIIoqeHHOM OCQHJIJUI-
TOpe.
0Cl{HJIJl$JTOp neo6xoj.JJ1MO 3aperHCT{)HpOBaTb B MCCTHhIX oprauax
HIICIIeKJJJ1II 3JieKT}JOCBR3JI; npH 3KCJ.InyantQHM CJie,URTb 3a ero
npaBlVIbHbTI\. f npncoe,D}'IHeHHCM K CIUIOBoi1 M cnapO''IHOH l.(CllII, a
TaIOKC 3a 11C!TpaBHbIM COCTORHHeM KOIITaICTOB; pa6oTa Tb IIplI Hal.(eTOM KOX(yxe; KO)K)'X CIHIMaTb TOJILKO npu: OCMOTpe UJIH peMOHTe
H npH OTCoexon:IeIIHOM CCTH; c.rrel-1,HTb 3a ncnpaBHbTh[ COCTO.sJUHCM
paoot.rn:x noBepxnocTeu pa3pf1,n;HuKa, a npn no.S1Bnem111 ttarapa - 3a"
lffiCTl:!Th nx HaiK.lfclqttoM: 6yl\1mroii. Ocu.1u1JIS1TOpbI, y KoTophIX nep~
~
HanpIDKe1rne 65 B, no.n.KJ110..IaT.b IC BTopu11u1>1M 3a)KHMff'.\1l caapo..IHhIX TpaHccpopMaropon THIJa TC, CTH, TCJJ:, CfAH ne
peKOMeH.n.yeTCSI, n1K IcaK B 3TOM CJly~rne Hanpa)!(eHHe B uenII
nptt cBa pKe noIIIDKaCTCJI. ,nnsi n11Tan1ru ocu.un1rnTopa HY}KHO npHr-.wHHTL ClUIOBOH TpanccpopMaTop, Hl\1eIO~HH BTOpHIIHoe HanpH-
BI-ft!Hoe
)l(eHHe 65- 70 B.
Cxe1via no~I<J!JO ..reHun oCU.lir'lJI}ITOpon M-3 :n OC-1 K cnapoqnoMy
TpaHcc}>0pMaTopy Tima CT3 no1nnaHa Ha p11c. 74. Tex11nt.1eCKHe xapaKTepHCTMKH OCI.llUIJI.Jf'fOPOB npHDe)lelILI B Ta6.TJ. 'I 6.
lIMny.'.l!LCH.ble no36y JJ;H"Ie.IIH ,n:yr11. 3TO TaKHe ycTpOHCTBa, KOTOpbie c..11y:>1caT )lJUI uo.z:i;aqu CH.H.XpOHH3HpOBaHHhIX HMDYJibCOB
nonr,1me11noro
nanp.IDKeH1u1 na
csapoqHyIO
p,yry nepeMeHHoro
TOKa B MOMeHT H3MeJT.eHHSI rro1rn:pHOCTlf. Enaro.napSI 3TOMy
3HatIHTeJibHO 06ne1 1IaeTC.SI IlOBTOpHoe 3a)J(MraHHC .zzyrH, 1.JTO II03BOJI.HeT CHH3IfTh HaIIpIDKeHHC XOJIOCToro xo.ua Tpanccpo.pMaTopa
.n.o 40- 50 B.
J1MnynbCHhIC B036y,UHTenH npHMeIUUOT T0.11.Ll<O .llJlH .nyroBOH
CBapIGI D cpc,D.e 3am11TllbIX ra3CB HeilJiaB»lllMMC» 3J1CKrpo,UOM.
Bo36y,r(HTenn c B.hICOKOii CToponM no,i.J.,K..rno 1 mroTcH napa.rrneJihHO
K ceTn n1nanm1 TpauccpopI>. .1aTopa (380 B), a Ha BhIXp,n;e napruu1e111>HO ;J,y.re.
13S
16. Tcxm11·1cc1me xapaKTcp11c1·Hh."H oc1tn.•m1Topoe
IlepDH11HOC
Tim
I'vI-3
OC-1
OCQH
TY-2
TI'-7
TY-177
ocn3-
mmpS1:>Kem1e1
B
40-65
65
200
65; 220
65; 220
65; 220
220
BTop111moe
ua11psnKcm1c
XOJJOCTOl"O
xo~a. B
IloTpe6mIeIYia.fl MOUl,-
r a6ap11TJU,Je
Macca,
nocn., BT
pa3MCphl, M~·l
Kr
150
350 x 240 x 290
315 x 215 x 260
390 x 270 x 310
390 x 270 x 350
390 x 270 x 350
390 x 270 x 350
250 x 170 x l IO
15
15
35
20
25
20
6,5
2500
2500
130
2300
3700
400
225
1500
1000
400
44
2500
6000
2M
l\101.U:Ilhie B036YAHTC.ITH IlOCJICAODaTeJJhIIOro BKJIIOtICHRSI npHMCIU110T ,ll.JISI CBapKH no.u; quuoCOM.
l1MI1YJibCHhie B036y,AHTenn .nyru 6oJiee )'CTOWt.il1Bbl
lJCM OCUJL11llSITOpbI, OHH Me C03,r~alOT pa,zn.1on0Mex,
B pa6oTe>
HO
II3-3a
11e.n;oCTaT0~1Horo nanpIDKen1ui
(200- 300 B) ne o6ecnetiMBaIOT 3a.n:yn·I 6e3 conpHKOCHOBCHIUI :lJieKTpO)l,a c H3.IJ;enHCM.
JKHraHHSI
Bo3MO)l(HbI TamKe c11ytrnn KOM6:m-rHponaHHoro 11puMeHeH1n1 ocn:i1..11J1S1Topa JI;.;"UI HffllaJILIIOro 3a)l(HraHl-ffi .n;yrH H 11...\1ll)'JlbCHOTO B036y,DJI-
TCJUI AJISI IIOMCp)l(armJI ee noc11e,ll}110mc:ro cra6m1hHoro ropeHil.H.
Pa3pa6oTaHHhIH HHcTnTyTor,1 :J.:l:CKTpocBapl<H U:MCHH E. 0. IlaToua rCHepaTOp HMCTYJibCOB rM-1 UMCeT MOIUHOCTh 100 B-r, ero
ra6apHTbl 275 x 305 x 340 MM.
.
CTaiin.IJHJaTop CBapoquoii ,ZJ;yn1. ,[J;.ru1 rroBbIIlICH1ur rrpo1nnoJ(UTCJIL11ocrH py 1J.HOH ,uyrOBOH cnap1u1 H 31\0HOMJ.PilIOrO HCilOJib'.lOBaIIIUI 3JieKrpo::>Hepnru co3,z:i;au cra6HJI1naTop CBapo 11noH ,z:i;yra
CJ~-2. CTa6IuunaTop no,n.u,epJKHBaeT ycToii~nmoe ropenue CBap<Pmo.H .uyrH rrpH CBapKe ucpeMe:H1Ibll\ I TOKOM fJJUlE5Ul(HMC.a 3JieKTpo1
JlOM nyTeM rro,Aa '-lH ua nyry B Hcttiane Ka)lc,z:i;oro uepHo.rr.a
u~111yJ1bca nanpSI:>Ke1un1. CTa6mnnaTop pacrnnp.RcT Texl1onorwre-
n: Ill.!
B031v10)KUOCTII
cnapO'LIHOfO Tpaacc]?opMa TO pa 11
111.1110J11un1, cBapKy Ha nepc~cHHOM ·roKe
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py 1 my10 ,v,yroay10 cBapzy 11crma:1rn:uo1McH JJJCKTpo.u;oM
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ll'l J1cn1poBaHHbIX CI aJICM H aJUOMHHHeBbIX CIUlaBOB.
CxcMa BHcIIIm-1x :>JICKTpatiecrrn:x coe.r:n·1Hen1lli cra6nn1naTopa
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1tt1.111y.111.. ca - Ha pHc. 75, 6.
.
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110 IMO)KIIOCTH rrp:mvieHCHIUI cnapotIIIoro TpattcqwpMaTopa, )'!vlCHb11111111 :mcnnyaTaQHOHHbIC pacXO)];bl, JIH.KBHAHpOBaTb MarHMTHoe
JlY ri.c.
Cna110•1uoe ycTpolicTBo «PalpD.u;-250». 3To ycTpoiiCTBO pa3pal10 1 ;1110
na 6a3e cBapot:IHoro TpaHccpopMaTopa TCM-250 H
139
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2
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ocu;mmorpa~1:iMa
c-.ra6munHpyrornero
HM-
nyl1Lca:
a-
CXCMa:
1-
CTa6HJUI3!.!TOp, 2 -
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:JJ1eKTpo.n:, 4 - u3.ncnnc, 6 - ocn:mmorpaMMa: I - cTa6munapyroumii HMny.""IbC, 2 - Hanp1rncc1mc Ha BTopwmoi.f 0611.·mTKC Tpaucqiop~
fo.·1aTOpa
CTa6MJII13aTopa CBapOt.IHOH Jzyf'i:I, DhIJJ;aIOII(ero HM:ny.nhCbl qaCTOTOH
lOO ru,.
¢yHKQHOHaJibHaSI CXCMa CBapOt.UIOro YCTpOllCTBa M OCQHJJJIOrpaMMa
nanpmKeHHSI
XOJlOCTOTO
XOJJ,a
Ha
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noKa3a.HhI na p11c. 76, a, 6.
y CTpOHC'fDO «Pa3pH.u;-250» npe.n;Ha3IIa lfCHO }J;JUI p)'1ll:lOii: ,[("jl'OBOH
cnapKH nepeMeHHbTh{ TOICOM IlJIUBJ.lll{HM::nc.sI
33IeKrpo,L\aMH nro6oro
TI-ma, B TOM HfCJie rrpe.una'3Ha'feHH!.Ii\1Ii ,[(Jlll cnapKM Ha IlOCTOHHlIOM TOKe. y CTpOHCTBO MO)KeT MCITOJlb30DaTbC~ npH CBa p_Ke nenna~x­
1
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I
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1
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lot~--~·~~----~-1
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CmaowmJotnop iJgiu.
l
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.
P11c. 76. CnapolfHOC ycTpciicTno «Pa3p~n,-250»:
a - CXCMa }'CTpOHCTBa, 6 - ocrumnorpa~mrn H.1llpJDt;eHIUI XOJIOCroro xo.n.a na BLIXO,'J,e
ycTpOHCTl33.
140
Y cToii11HBoe ropenue JJ.Yl'H 06ecne1nmaeTcS1 no.na qeu Ha .nyry
e Ha~1a.rre Ka)K'JJ.OM nonoBHHhl nepHOJJ,a nepeMe1n-1oro nanpIDKeHHH
.caapo11noro Tpanc<l.lopMaTopa HMnyJ1bca uanpIDKeHHH np11Moii rroJI»puocTH, T. e. coBnaJJ,a1-0~cro c noJISJpHOCThlO y1m3aHHoro uanpRllCeHIDI.
Textllt':lecnaSI xapa1cTep~cn1Ka ~napoEIHoro
ycrpoiiC1·sa «PaJpH}.(-250>>
Tipo.u;omKHTeJLLHOCTh pa6oTLI, IIP~{
.
20
Hanp1DKem1e xonocroro xo~a, B .
60
HanpIDKeHue noMHHaJibHoe, B .
HanpIDKeHue nuTaiomeii ceTB, B .
MaKCHl\iraTI1:tHhlli caapotIHhIH TOK, A .
Ho'.!\nmanhULiii nepBH'illhiil TOK, A .
25
. 380 mm 220
250
43
Koaj><f>HllHeHT MOlll;llOCTH
pe:>KHMC HC MeHee • •
npH HOMHHaJihllOM
0,55
•
69
Ko3<f><l>Hl\MeuT noneJHoro .neiicTBm1, ~~ .
qaCToTa CJ1e,n;0Bamrn
ny11hcou,
rl..\ .
cTa61-1m13Hpy1ouu-Ix
1n..1-
100
§ 55. 06CnY>KMBAHME CBAPO"IHblX TPAHC<l>OPMATOPOB
TipH 31\CrmyaraqnH cnapOtIHhIX Tpanc<~opMa Topon c.J1e.n:yer
cnc;r,11Th 3a 1-m.n.e)KHOCTbIO KOhTaKTOB, ne .n;onycKaTh ncperpeBa
oGMoToK, cep.u,et.IHHKa n: ero ).J;CTane:M:. Heo6xo,u.uMo pa3 B Mcc.su.~
cMa3bIBaTh perynuposoqHbiii MexaHH3M 11 ne .a.onyc1rnTL 3arps13uc11nii pa6oq11x qacteli Tpaffccpopl\HlTopoB.
Heo6xo,nuMo cJICJI.MTb 3a ua,n;e>IcHOl"TbIO 3a3eMne1-n:u1 n 06epe1an, Tpaac<PopMaTop OT MCXaHWieCKHX IlOBpe)Jc.n.enuH.
JTpH pa6oTc Tpauccpopr.mTopa neJib3j{ .n;onycKaih npeBhImc1uur BC~il-FUIHbI cnapotIHoro ToKa npoTMB yKa3aHHoii B nacnopTe.
·bl 1pcm:acTcH neperacK1IBaH11e TpaHccpopMaTo pa YLI~M peryJrn:To pa
c llOMOil\b10 CBapoqHLIX npoBO/{OB.
PaJ H MCC51Q TpaEccfJo{Y.'rnTop ueo6xo.n;HMO 06.Lt.YTh (olfHCTI1Th)
t: rpyeii cyxoro C)f(aToro B03):\_VXa H rrpoBepHTh COCT05IIIHe ll30ll.HQHI1..
'lloua.n.a!rne BJiarH Ha o6MOTKH TpaHCCl>opMaTopa pe3KO CHII-
conponrnnenne, B pe3)'JihTaTC qero D03HHKaeT
onacuocTb upo6os H301rnn1u1. Ec11I1 cK1po 1HLIC TpaHcc{>opMaTopbI
;J~i\CT ~UieKTpl-P!CCKOC
1
ycranoBflCHbI ~m OTKpbITOM no3,nyxe, Mx Hco6xonmv10 yKp.bmaTh OT
H rMoc<pcpHbIX ocat.;KOB. B TaKnx c~TJYlJa.HX c11c~yeT ,u.eJiaTb naneChI
'IJJ 'r cne1u-t:aJI.hHT.:.Ie nepc,lI,B :mKULIC
Borrpochl
.AJI~I
6y~I<H.
caMonpoBepKR
l. Ha 1.::aKnc rpynnL1 no.npa3Jl,cnmoTC5i caapo mMe TpaHccpop?1.1a1up1.1 '?
~!. KaKne uu1b1 TpaHccpop!>.·mTopoB JJ,.:1.5! o.n.nonocTonoii cnap:~nI
1
1101Jy 1 m.rm HaiiOOJibliICC
J. fl
pac11pOCTpaueHue 1:1 Il0 1 IC!\·1Y?
')CM npel·t:'.-Ijilil,CCTAa TpauajJOpMaTOpOB
llP rr-.1 pcry1m11omnrneM csapotn-mro Tor<a?
C .UlICTaHI~UOH­
141
rnABA XII
HCTO"ltllAKM nMTAHll!ll CBAPO"IHOH AYrlll
nOCTO.AHHOro TOKA
1..f CTOtJHMKH T!llTEHIU! IlOCTO~HH.OrO TOKa no,n:pa3,n:e.TUllOTC.sI Ha ,l03e
ocHOBHhie rpynnhI: cBapo'iHMe npeo6pa3o:eaTeJn1 spamruomeroc.S1
THna ( caapo"LIJ-Ihie renepa-ropi,1) u cBapoqHhle Dbmp.SIMHTeJIH yCTaIIOBI<H ( cnapoqil1>1e B1>1npm.n1Te..rin).
§ 56. CBAPO"iHblE BblnPllMMTEnH
3TO ycrpoifcrBa, npeo6pa3y1-0IUHe c
rIOMOI..In>I-0 IlD.!l"J npoBO~HHKOBbIX 3J1eMeIITOB - BeHTllJieH - rrepeMelUil>IH 1'0K B nocTOHlIHbIH If npe,UBa3natJeHiibie .n;IDI IlHTaHII.Sl
CBapotmMe 6bl11pR.·wzmieAu -
CBapOl!HOH ..uyn1.
Hx ,n;eliCTBHe
OCHOBaHO Ha
TOM,
'ITO
llOJiy-
npOBOA.JiT TOK TOJThKO B O,D;HOM nananpanne1mH OHH (nonynpono,ri;Hmc.H)
npaKTI:I"LICCKH 3neK'I'pWiecI<MH TOK ne nponycKaIOT.
Han6onbillee np111"\l!eHe1nre B ceapotIHhIX Bhlnpsn\IIITeJrnx nonyl:JHJ1M cenCHOBhIC 11 KpCl'vi!UICBbie nonynpoBO,lJ;HI-UCif. CeJieHOBbIC
IlOJl)'IlpODO,ll;HHKli IlOJI)''iliJI.H 60JibllIOC pacrrpocrpaHCHHe IlOTOr-..·ty,
'lJTO c.au .n;eu1esI>re H 06na,n;a10r 6omllloii rreperpy3otu:m.H crroco6HocThio (HX JC rr. lJ.. OKOJ10 75 ~~).
Caapo'lrnhrc Bh111pmvn-rre1m: 06na,T.ta10T n.eKOTOpl>IMH npeHMYr.ueC'rnaMH nepeA rrpeo6pa3oBa Te.iUIMH c apan~arom;i.IMHCB poTopaMH (Ta6n. 17),- TaK Kare OIIH HMCIOT .TI~Illille 3HepreTH'lleCKHe H
DeCOBbie IlOKa3aTeJTU, 60jlee DbICOKHH IC n. ,n;. H npoCTbI B 06CJIY)KMBaHHH. KpoMe Toro, OHH HMeIOT MeHblUHe noTepn npH
XOJIOCTOM xo.n:e II Jiyqwue CBapo1IHble l\atJeCTBa (I<a:K pC3YJ1bTaT
6oJiee llIHpOKUX npe;:ceJIOB peryJllipOBaHHR), OTCYTCTByeT lllYM
npH pa6o-re. ,[(ccp11n;HTHble Me.z:un,re o6MOTKH 3aMCllCHbl B HHX
Ha aJllOMHHHeBI>Ie.
I!pOBO,ll,HHKOBbie 3nCMCHTLI
npaBneHirtl; B o6paTHOM
17. Cpanuem1e Tex HK s1ecKHX ~awwx CBapo'lllhuc
n~o6pa30BaTeJleii II BhlDpBMHTCJJeii
Tim
Tnn - B1>mpsr1\mTe_ rJ1
1
npeo6pa:ioBaTem1
llapaMeTpbl
HoMuHaJibHbiii Ci1a-
nco- nco- IlCM- BCC-
BJJ;-
300
500
1000
300
301
BKC500
BKCM1000
300
500
1000
300
300
500
1000
76
75
87
potnn.1li TOI\ (npn IIP-
65%), A
K. n . .n.., %
IloTepw npH XOJIOC-
55
60
2,3
4,l
-
66
0,65
72
0,65
1,26
-
305
540
950
240
225
385
650
"fOM XO.D.C, ICBT
1'.1acca, Kr
142
+
5)
a)
Puc. 77. IlpHHl.IJmHaJibHblC TllDOBblC CXCMLJ BbIIlp.SIMHTeJ1eM:
a-
o,uno¢a3HaJI MOCTODa11,
6 - Tpexcl>a3Ha'JI MOCTOBa.n
IlplDHllDI pa6oTLI cnapo•moro ni,mpHMHTCJIH.
Caapo'-mhle BbIpacnpocrpaHeHII'bllvJ
up.s.i:~HTenH co6upa10T no ,a:nyM naH60J1ee
cxe~mM: 0MHoqm3HOH MOCTOBOH JJ;Byxnonyrrepno,lJ,HOrO BbIIlp.HMJTCHIUI H TPex<fm3uoii MOCToBoii (pnc. Tl).
Hau6oJiee pacnpocrpa1-1eHa Tpexcpa3Ha.s:i: MOCTOBa» cxeMa BhIri pHMneHIUI, KOTopa.SI o6ecnet.IHBaeT 60JibillY.EO yCTOMtIHBOCTI> ropcnW:I CBapOt.IHOH .nyrn npH MeHbllICM KOJlI11iec-ree BCHTILielf npH
o.rr.unaKOBO 3a,UaHllLIX 31Ia 11e1nrnx Bhlllp.slM.JieliHOfO nanpHJKCIIIHl H
TOI<a, 6oJiee paBHOMepH)'IO 3arpy3KY .Bcex Tpex ¢a3 CHJlOBOH
CCTH JI nyq1uee HCIIOJlb30B3HHe TpaHcq>opMaTopa CBapoTIHOro
m.1np,gM1rren.K.
llpM pa6oTe BbITip.SI.tvU:fTeJrn: no 3TOM CXeMe D K~DI(,IJ.bIH .uaH11 bfH MOMCHT BpeMCillf TOK npono.u.srr TOJlbI\:O p;na 3}ICrvfeHra,
<.:oc.n;uueHHbie nocne.n;onaTen1>1·10 c rrarpy3KOM. TaIC1uv1 o6pa 30M,
n TerieHHe o.n:Horo nepno.n;a IJo.uyqaeTc.SI rnecTh nynLcaunu ror<a.
CBapoTIHhle BbIIlpSIMHTeJIH, D 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BHennru.x xa.pa1'Tcp11crHK, MOJKHO pa3)l,CJ"IHTb Ha Tpn: nma: c Kpyrona.n;aIOIHHMII, c )KeCT.KH:I\ lH (UJUI IlOJIOrorra~alOIIUUvrn) xapaKTepHCTI-maMH
11 y Ill1BCpCa~-:i:bllbIC, o6ccnct.U:IBaIOI.I.U1C nonyt.ICI-U!e na,u,arom;Hx, iKCCT1rn x u 110JroronJ./.(a1omHx xapaKTep11cnuc
.
1
Bhmpm·:nne.1n1 c ~py·rom.u~a1ou1u~m: nneu11n1Mu xapaKrep11cTu·..
Bbmp.nl\HITenu npHMe1unoT .n:nSI pytfi:Io:H .uyronofi cnaprcH
1rnMnt.
II J\JI>l cnapKH HeITJJaBmIJ;HMC5I 3J1eKTpO.iJ;OM B 3all~HTIIbIX ra3aX.
11:1 pOtfHhIH Bbinp.mvmTeJI'b B 3TOM e1y1:.iae COCTOHT ll3 TIOHH'.>l\:t IOJ.U,ero rpaHc¢opMaTopa H Bnmp5IMIITCJibHoro 6noKa. K 3TOH
1 py11nc oTIIOC}iTC.sr nhrripID1.-nrrc.ru1 BCC-300-3, BCC-120-4, BKC-500
11 J~p. (-ra6n. 18).
B1.rnpnM11TcJ1h BCC-300 (p11c. 78) npc.l:(cTan115IeT co6oii OLJ:IIOllPCTony10 CBapo•1ny10 ycraHOBKy, COCTC.S'.illlYlO l13 IlOII11)l(aIOm;cro
1
(
1p:111 ctf>0 p.rvm Topa, 6noKa ceneno BhIX wai16, nycxoperynHpywmeii
111111ap;1ryphr, c:r.10IITHpOBaHHOH B 06u_\e1,,1 KO)l(yxe, H DCIITHJlHTOpa
r\JIH
l)X}l(l)!C,ll;CHII)I
Tp<'mcclmprvmTopa. Tpexfpa3:iTbIM IIOHIDfWIOUJ;Iill
I p1111c<l>0p1vtaTop BhIIlOJIHeH c yneJHPICHHhIM Man-IHTHbIM pacceHHH'ITO o6ecnctnmacT C0'.3,[1,i:l!U1C CCMCMCTEa na,n:aI-OlUHX BHelllIDIX
~.1p:tKTcpHCTHK. Cnapotmp.1ii TOK perynrrpymr H3::\.feHeHHeM pac' I OHllmI MC)iC/~Y ncpB11'i!iOM ll BTOpHtIHO.ii 06.rvlOTKal\.·IH IlOHH)K3..EO-
\'fl I,
llll'l o 1-pcx¢a3Horo Tpanccpop.MaTopa.
143
PHc. 78. KoHCTpYK·
THBHOe HCITOnHeuv.e
7
cBapo'iHoro Bbmpa-
1
MUTerur
BCC-300:
] - Bel:!Til.JUITOp,
2HeITO,lI.BHJKHasr o6MOT•
rn,
3 - MarmITanpo-
son TpaHc¢opMaTopa,
4 - pyx:o.sinm c MexaHH3Ma:~
nepe~cmemr.!!
no.u.1:nu1erroft o6MOTKII
TpaHc.f>opMaTapa, j IlO.[tBlDKHasr
o6:MOTKa
1'PaHcqmpM2Topa, 6 6.JIOK ce.nCIIOBbTX Bblnp?.MUTeJieli, 7-I<O-'KYX
7J5
875
18. TexHr."lleci.;:11e
xapa.K'fCilMCTar:r.;:~!
B~e1.11m11~m
-
Tim DbmpHM11rc11cii
BCC-300·-3 BCL'.- ! 20-4 BKC-500
Haup.si:)l(euuc mrram- 380/22.0
c ·KpyTona)laJOUtHMH
:xap~m:n~!iz>itCTm~RM.M
-·----
IlapaMCTpbI
BLmpS!MHTC~"leii
Bg-301
B)l-502
380/220
380/220
380/220
220/380
120
500
(rJP60°/)
, /o
300
(TIP60°/)
/o
500
(TIP60%)
65-74
65-68
80
1ueii ceTH, B
HoMUHaJJbIIhll'.f
TOK
300
(11pn ITP-65 %), A
I-Ianp.snKeHne xosroc-
58-65
Toro xo.u;a. D .
flpc,[(e111>1 perynn:po11:m1rn: 1. 01m) A
35-300
MomuocTb, KBA
Ko3c}>qun~He!n i10.TIC3-
13,2
57-63
15-130~ 65-550 40-330
68
5,1
59
23,5
75
-Tl
240
140
410
225
-
I
42
-
11oro .[\eHCTPH~. /~
lvtacca~
u-
350
Pnc. 79. Ilp1u1u;~mna.ilb­
Han 3JJCKTPH1ICCK~Ui cxcMa BLrrrp51IV1HTCJHI
BCC-300:
a - coe.r.urnemie o6MOTOK
1 paH:c<iJOpMaropa
<<Tpe-
}TOJII>HHKOM» upH CBapKe
TOKOM 60JihlUOH BCJI»'llrllt,f, 6 COC.UHHCHllC 06~
1'.WTOK
Tpanc¢opMaTopa
«3Be3,40ll>~ llpH CBlljJKC T011'.0l••l
1'.-IaJIOH
neJllf"UUJhl,
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0)
BCIITHJJSll_UUJ, lIB - naKCT-m,Jii BhIK.iUO<taTCJU>, JI.! ,i),BJH'UTenh
BCI11HJJJITOpa,
1( fl · · J~ocKa ncpeKJ110\1cmrn, Tp - Tpanc<PopMa.Top nonm1m1om1di, BC - B&mpHMHTC51h CCJlCHOBhlfi, [(3 - KOUne11caTop 3allU1THhltl
145
19. Tex1m11ec1rue xapaKTepucnnm CBapo1n1Lrx s1>mpBMRTeJ1ei c ~ecnmMH BRCUIHllMR xapaKTepBCTHKal\m
Tiap~MCTpM
THn Bblllp.s!.MHTeHeli
YITID-120 HITTI-300 MITIT-500 IHTIIT-1000
HanpYUKe:mrc ITYITaromeli
ceTu, B
380
380
380
380
120
300
500
1000
BC-200
BC-300
380, 220 380, 220
BC-600
BC-1000
B,Ur-301
380
380
-
-
1000
300
(IlP-60%)
(IIP-60%)
HorvnrnarrhHb1il TOK, A:
npu ITP-65 ~,~
I
-
-
npu TIP-I 00 ~~
-
-
-
-
150
270
600
-
-
Haup5Iii<eI-nie XOJI OCTOfO
xo,na., B
25
40
50
66
21
40
40
-
-
Hpc,ri:c.rr~I perym·1ponamm Hanpsr:>I<emrn, B
14-25
15-40
17-50
0-66
17-21
20-40
20-40
-
-
Mow:nocT1, I~BT
3
11
27
60
-
-
-
-
Ko::Hpcpv.n:neuT noJie3IIO-
75
75
78
80
60
70
75
-
175
280
440
780
190
250
450
-
210
ro ~eiicTB1rn, ~~
Macca, Kr
72
.-
11. Tum a •w x:aearcwt&KB yrnraE-pca:n.HblX CBapom BIWOpIDnrre.1ei
T1m Bbirrp5I:o..une:reii -(Bn~ xapaiuepncnnrn)
BCY-300
BCY-500
BJJY-504
napaMCTpl..I
'
(~CCTI<a$1)
(na.na1oruasi)
(il\ccn::rn)
(rra,rr,aI-Om.aH)
(:iKecrnan)
(nanaroma.H)
220/380
220/320
220/380
220/380
220/380
220/380
300
240
500
350
500
500
Harrp.si::JKeHHe xonocToro xo.na, B
40-60
60
50-68
60
50
45
Ilpe,.ueJ1bI peryJrnpoBamrn Hanpa:JKeHI·rn, B
18-35
-
20-40
-
23-50
-
50-330
40-260
100-550
50-380
100-500
60-500
-
300
-
440
-
400
Harrpsrn\eirnc nMTaror.ueM: ccnr, B
HoMHII3J1bHhIH TOIC (npu IIP-60 %), A
IIpe,tteJ1b1
Macca, Kr
pery1rnpoaaHH.st TOKa, A
'
q T06LI YMCHbllIHTb XO.!l. IlO,ZUUl)KHbIX o6MOTOK~ Tpe6yeMble
npeJ{eJibl peryJnipOBaHIUI BCJ]lfqHHbI . cnapOl.lHOro TOI<a crapalOTCR
Il0J1)'11HT.b OJI.HOBpeMeHHbIM nepeKnI0 1IeHHCM nepBlflJHOH H BTOpH'i-
IIOH o6MoTOK c <npeyronLHHKa» Ha «3Be3.rzy» (pnc. 79). BbInp.SIMMTeJibHhlli 6noK BbJilOJJHeH no Tpex<!Ja3HOH MOCTOBOH cxeMe
H COCTOHT I-13 TpeX coe):(HHCHHblX rrapaJIJleJThHO ce.n:eHOBbIX CTOJI6oB c IlJiaCT.MllaMH pa3MepoM 100 x 400 MM.
3neKTPH"IeCKa11 cxeMa 06ecne1nmaeT Il.bIIOil-0'-IeHHC BLIIIpRMHTeJI.H
OT l.Jpe3Mepnoro neperpcna. B1>1npsiMHTeJ'Ih cna6lfccn <IJHJJbTpaMH
):(JJH IlOJJ,aBJICHJl51 paJJ.HOilOMex.
Cnapo1iHbre BhinpRM1-nena c i!ceCTKHMH nneunu1MH xapaxTepHCTI1KaMH npIIMeH~UOTC.SI l-{JI51 CBapI<H IlJlaBmI.lHMCil 3JieIC1J>OAOM
B yrneKHcnOM ra3e Ji .npyrHX 3aIIIHTIU.IX raJax, a TIUOKe MOryT
npHMeH~TbCSI l-{JISI CBaplCH no.n; (~JIIOCOM upu IlOCTOIDUIOH CKOpOCTH fIO)J.al-JH 3JieKrpo,IJ,Hoii npononoKM. Mx TaKJi<e MOilCHO 11cnoJJh30BaTh AJIJI caapKH nopournoBoii nposo110Koi1 Cil-2 ('ra6n. 19).
Y11:11mepca.TJLDL1e cuapo1t1Hhae m.a1np11M1tTeJIH (Ta6.rr. 20). B1>111paMHTenH nma BCY, BAY o6ecnc1111na10T B03MO)l{HOCTb nonyw.iettHR KaK )l(CCTKHX, Tmc H IIaJJ,aIO~HX BIIeWH.lfX xapaKTepHCTHK,
Il03TOMY HX MO:>KHO npm1eJU1Th )J.JI51 pytrnoH Jlyronoii CBapKH,
aBTOMaTH'iCCICOH cnapICH rmaB.HllU·IMC~ 11 nensraBllUMMC51 3Jie1crpo.u.aMH B 3amHTHblX ra3ax If ,il,JUI cnapKH no,.rr, (~JIIOCOM.
Y1nmepcaJihHhIW Bb1np11MnTeJ1b cocToHT H3 nonvDKaI-Om.ero
TpaHc¢>oprvmTopa, JJ.POCCCJrn llaChr.meHIUI c o6MOTIC<lMH o6paTHOH
CB»311 Bbinp.aM11TeJILHoro 6JJOKa.
Bh1npHl\.HUenn Tima BCY, CAY 06ecne'iHBa10T noJ1y 11eH11e
)l(ecnni:x B!lCllIHMX xapaKTepHCTHK
llOBblllleHHblM nanp.si::>KeHHCM
xojfOCToro xo.n.a .uo 68 B, i.no 31-m 1IHTenbHO 06J1eP.meT 3a)K11ra1111e cnapot[HOH ,r.zyn1 M 06ccne1umaeT cra6HJihnoe ec ropeH.He.
c
§ 57. MHoronocTOBbBE CBJ.'~Po~HblE BblnPRMlllTETIR.1
B1>1np9.MHTC.i1H BhlIIYCIGlJOTCS.I Ha Kpe.rvfHHCBhIX BCHTH;rnx, KOTOpLlC 06ccne 1nma10T xopoLlcc KOHCTPYKTt-rnuoc pellle1u1e Bbrnp.HMHTCJibHoro 6no1rn 11 nonycie1-rne BbICOKoro K03cp,lnnlHC1-rra noJ1e31-1oro l-{CHCTBHSI.
OpoMb!WJieHHOCThIO nh1nycKaJOTCS.1 MHoronocTOBbie CBapotmhJe
ni,mpa:vmTer.n BKCM-1000 Ha 1000 A, pacclIHTaHHbIC na OJJ.HOnpeMcnnoe TIHTaHHC 111ecn-1 CBap01IHblX IlOCTOil c l!OMHHa:lbHblM
TOKOM no 300 A KaJK,.!1.hIH. BHClllH51~ xapaKTcp11cnrna BbmpHMHTensi BKCY..1-1000 )KCCTKa5I. ,l.l.Jrn co3nmnrn naJ1.aiou~di xapaKTepuCTttKn np11rv1eH.mOT 6aJJJiaCTHhie pcccTaTbI T11na P.6. Bhlnp}lMHTCJih COCTOHT 113 cnc.nywrn.nx OCHOBHblX )'3JIOB: CHJJOBOro
nom1)Kmow,ero Tpaucq)OpMaTopa TC, BbmpaMHTCJlbHoro . 6.ao1m
c BClfTH_""!}ffOp0~"\1, nycKopcryJUiPYIOI.Qcii H 3all\HTIIOI1 amrnpaTypbL
TpaHcci)OpMaTop TC - Tpcx¢>a3nhlii, cTcp:>Knenoro T1ma. 06BblJIOJl HeHbl In aJTlOMHHHCBblX npOBOL!,OB.
nepBWIJHHI
MOTKH
o6rvlOTKa TpaHC{l)OP~-laTOpa COCJ.{HHCHa «TpC)T0J1hlIHKOM», a BTOp:wrna.sI, COCTomua.H H3 .uuyx Tpexfpa3Hhf~( o6MOT0K, - «3Be3JJ,OH».
148
BhlnpnMHTCJibfll>IH 6JIOK co6paH no lliCCTHKOHTaKTHOH KOJID11enoii cxeMe in KpeMHHCBLIX aennmcii TmJa BK-2-200.
IlycKopery.rmpyroma.H u 3aE.VITHa.H annapa1ypa cocro1u H3
aBTOMaTa AB, pene KOHTpo1u1 neliTHnjln1n;2 PKB. AnToMaT AB
CJIY>KHT JlJ.UI 3alll;!IThl DCeM yCTaHOBI<H OT KOpOTKHX 3aMb!.KaHJ'.lH
H OT!UIIO•IeHJia ee ~ CJiyqae npo6pJI o,n:Horo H3 BCHT.HJleH.
PKB npeKpamaer pa6oTy 6e3 BCHTHJHIUHH u npM HcrrpaBl1JlbHOM
uanpaBJieIUJH Bpaw;eHH'1 BCIITlfJI.SITOpa.
Ha na-F!enn ynpasneHaH YCI'aHonne.IThr: MarHHTUhIH nycKaTeJTh
TpaHe<lJopMaTopa llT c Ten.ilonoii 3aI.l(HToi1 PT, rraKeTHbIH m~pe1uuoqaTeJih lill, MarHIITHhIB nycKaTCJib )lBiffaTeJrn: BeHTlfJJ..s!TOpa
!I,l( c TermonoM: 3amuToli Pll H npe.uoxpa1mTeJI» llP 1 -IIP 3•
B 6.TIO.Ke ynpaBJieHIDi ycTaHOBJICHbI: aMrrepMeTp A, BOnLTMCTp .V, :KllOITK.0. «IT'jCI<» .f(fl H «CTOil» KC, JiatvlTiii CJffH<:LTih.HEUI
J!C. Ha 6a3C 3arQHT:bI ycraHOB. aeHbI 3£?IIJ.IITUI>Ie ueno'-11n1 113
tcOBP,eucaiopoB C 1-C6 u conpoTHBJieH..w!i P 1-P6•
B:snxyCKaeTCH TaioKe ceapo'IHLill DhlnpP.MffTCJlh BlI,:NI-3001, co-
c-ro~iili 113
.UBYX cnapCHllhIXt pa.6oTaIOH~HX impaJJJlCJihHO, cna(lOlfHblX Bhrnp.HMHTene:H B)l)\tf-1601 Ea 1600 A KaYr.:)J;i.,rli. TaKoe
coc)J.Hneiure yny•n:.u:aeT yn0qn1Kau,1lliJ II C03,UaeT y,[(o6crna np11
'.JICCn.nyaTa.1.J,illf.
Tia,ua1on~ru1 aaemn.xn xapa!CTep11CTlli<a cnapo!.J.Horo nocTa co3.uat~Tcsi 6a..'IJiaCT:H:bIMH peocia1aJ\1lli Tnna Pli. Bb1np~i.Vnrre..'lh B,llM-1601
pacclfHTaH Ha nMTaaue 9 nocTOB TOlCOM JJ..O 300 A, a B.AM-3001 -18
ruapo•nfbIX IlOCTOB.
OcnoBHhIC Tex.Hn"CieCK.Me .zxaHHhie MHoronocToa:o1x cBapo'II-IhlX
llt.lllpSIMl·ITCJieii: npIIBe.QeI:1bl B Ta6.iI. 21.
..
MnoronocTOBbie csapol.HJbie nL:rnp»MHTeJIM, o6na,n,an MHOrHMH
11 pc1uviy1.uecrBaMn (6ecruyMHOCTh pa6oTl>I, BhICOKMe :::>nepreTtttiecr<Hc
IIOIG\3aTCJIM, Me.HbIUC.UI Macca, ne60JiblllttC ra6apHTbI, DbICOKMH
1c, 11. lJ... H J~p.)~ BLITeCH?.JOT npeo6pa3onaTe1111 TICfv'i-1000.
21. Texamqcc1mc xaprutTep:ucn~~a MHoronoCTOBLLX nL11npm.mTeneii
Tnn BbIIlp~MHTCJJSI
BKCl\i-1000
B,/J,M~l601
B~M-3001
ce-
380
380
380
I lof\H-IHaJII,HbIH CBapO"!.JHWll TOK
·1000
1600
3000
c11p11 BP-100%), A
I lnJ\mrm.~1haoe CBapo~moe m1-
60
60
60
xo-
70
70
70
l\u· uJ11i.11n~HCIIT MOU~ImcnI (Ko<<tl)11»)
0,9
0,9
0,9
h, If. H-
0,87
f\ l ·wca, rcr
650
0,88
750
0,88
1750
l l:111p~1Kem1e
111.
u
11p11··1~r·mrc, B
l ia11p>DKem1c
Jl1I,
mrra1o~e!i
XCJIOCTOfO
B
' 1111yc
149
31cc11.riyaTanin1nLmp11MHTeJ1eii. B1>mpfl:\1HTCJIII ueo6xo,LlHMO yKpbrna TL
OT
a TMOC<}JcpnblX
oca,nKOB
H.
6epe11b
OT
CbipOCTH,
TPH Mecs.ru:a nx HY:>KHO 0 1rnma Th OT ni,un1
npo,llyBa.H C):[CaThlM cyx1n.1 B03.ll)'XOM, a O,LI.HH pa3
pa3
B
11
B
O~HH
rpH3M,
meCTh
MecSin,es - -rpyuu1ecSI 1iacru 3anonttnTh ryro1uiaBKo:ii CMaJKoii YT
IlO rOCT 1957-73. ilpH IlCpHO)J;H"'IeCKHX OCMOTpaX CJie,nyeT
ycrpaIU!Th nee MCflKHC ue11cnpaDI·IOCTH, npoBep.HTb KOHTaKTbl,
CJIC.D;HTb 3a pa6oTOH BCllTHJlHTOpa (npn pa6oTe Ha .ZJ;B}'X <}Ja3ax
BCHTHJHITOP MO:>KCT cropeTL II BhIBeCTH li3 CTpOSI BbinpIDv:IHTeJib ).
BbmpHMHTe.11b ctta6)JcaercSI rerL1onoii 3alUHToii, npn Bl:>IX-OJJ.e
KOTOpo.M H3 CTpOiI
oco6eHHO TLUaTCJI.bHO CJie~yeT BCCTH 11a6~mo~e­
Harpy3KOU B CBapO'ilIOH nenn, KOTOpaR He ~OJI:>KHa
npeBhII!JaTb uarpy3KH, y1m3aunoii B nacnopTc, 11ro6L1 He J{onycKaTh
I1He
3a
neperpcna BLmpSIMHTeJul.
Bh1np.R!vIMTe.rn1, He 61:imm11e B pa6oTc 6onee ro.u:a, Tpe6y10T
«nOJJ.C})OpMOBKH» ceneHOBbIX 3Jiel\1Cl:ITOD. )J,JIH 3TOro Bblflpj!M~TeJJb
20
nanp.BiKCHHe, paBHOC IlOJ10BHHe HOIVUIHa.."IhHOro 3lia'IeliiiSI, a 3aTCM D Te"'IeHHC 4 "I OH HaXO,LI.l1TCH
IIO}J; HOl\nIHaJibHbIM HaIIpIDiCCIIllCM 6e3 Harpy3KH co CTOpOHbl
CBapo'LillOH ~enH.
BKJHOtfaI-OT Ha
MHH
Ha
Bonpochl .aJ-i.s: caMonpoBepKH
1. Kmn1e
npeMMYII~ecraa
nMeioT
CBapo11Hbie
Bh1rrpnM11Ten.n
nc pe.n: npeo6pa3o Ba Te1u1!\1H?
2. B KaKux
CJiy'ia.Hx npH.1.'\1e1u1eTcJI · cBapol.mbIH BbmpSLWITCJih
c )f(eCTKOiI xapaKTepHCTHKOH JI B KaKHX CJIYlJa~X c na.na10r.ue"H
BHCillHCif xapaKTepHCTHKoii?
3. ~a.K perynupyeTc}l ceap011HhIM TOK na ceapo•1noM nocTy
OT MHOfOilOCTOBOrO BblllpSl?vHHeJUI?
4. KaKoB np1u1uun pa6oThI csapot1Horo Bhmp»MHTe.Jrn n cro
.KOIICTPYKTI1BHbIC oco6eHHOCTH?
5. B 1 1cr'v1 3aKJHotmeTc51 «no}:i;<~opMomca» ceneHOBhIX 3J1CMCJITOB?
§ 58. Ti?AH31-1CTOPHblE "1CTOYH111Klll nl'lTAHr..1ff
IlonynpoBo,nnHI'<OBhie TpalnMCTOpHhie annapaTbI ATI-4, ATI-5 II
Ail-6 np11Mc-1unoTCH }J;JT" aprono,u;yroBoii cnapKH HeITJiau.Hu~11Mcn
::meKrpO~Ol.'vl
11JIH
pa3JUil.fH!:>IX
HMTI)'JlbCHOM
TOI<e.
JvieTaJIJiOB H crrnanon Ha IIOCTO.HHHO~·i
)J,1mna30H CBapo 1 moro TOI<a 3THX HC-
~
TOlJlfl1KOB IlHTaHJUI ooecnc1umaeT cuapKy :rv1eTaJ1JIOB
OT )l.CC.HTKOB rvrnKpoH
uecKOJlhKHX MH.llJIHMCTpon.
.u.o
~
TOJTII.{IIHOH
AnnapaThI
o6ecne~nmaIOT Ha,QC:JiG-IOC B036y)K,[(eHHC H BI>ICOK)'IO CTa6HJlb1IOCTb
ropcHi:rn cBapoLmoii }lyrn u HMC!OT 6eccryncn 1iaToe pcry.rrnponaHHC cnapol.fHOrO TOim. TpaH3HCTOpHble HCT0 1IIIHKH IlB.TaII.HH HCIlOJib3)'lOTCH ,[(JIB CBapKn JI.yroii, npau~ae:v1oii B l\-IarHnTHOM none,
a nuoKe ,[(JUI cnaprn1 C)l(aToi.f /1)'TOH (n.rta3~·feHHOii cnapKn).
OcHOBHhie TcxnwrecKHe ,[(ilHIILre Tpan3HCTOpHbIX HCTOlIJ-IHKOB
llIITaIUUI npHBC,lJ;CIIbl B Ta6.11.
150
22. '
22. TeXHll'ICClme ,!:(aHHble TpaH3HCTOp11LIX HCTO'IHHKOB OHTaHH51
T11n HCTO'i'HHKa
Cnapotmh1ii TOK, A
Hanpsi:i1Ccm1c xoJJocToro xo-
AIT-4
AlJ-5
Ail-6
0,5-30
30-35
1,5-100
30-35
5-300
30-35
803,IJ;)'lli-
BOJJ.}l'HaH
Bo.a,5ruan:
0,8-0,9
0,8-0,9
0,8-0,9
0,5-0,7
0,5-0,7
0,5-0,7
220/380
220/380
(Tpcx~m3- (Tpexc~a3Ha~)
ua.H)
220 (oµ,HO<lJa3Ha5!)
;m, B
CHc-rel\m
ox.11ai1c,a;cmrn
TpaH-
:mcTopon
no-up-my,lJ,(He,Tb H asi:
Ko::icpqnn.(l:teHT MOU~nocTtt (Koc11Hy~
«elm»)
K. n. JJ..
HarrpH'.lKCHHe
Tll,
mna10w.ell:
B
ce-
220 (o.~rro­
f}la3.tta}I)
Ha p:uc. 80 noKa3aHhI 6110K-cxeMa n nnemHHe xapaKTep11cTHKH
TpaH3HCTopuoro HCToqamrn n11Tainrn Ttma AH. Pa6oTa TpaH·rncTopHhIX HCTO'tiHHKOB IlHTaIUHI ocnonaua Ha Ilp:HHI.lIUie CTa6HJJM.,~lIUIH H yrrpaBJICHH.H TOKOM .uyr11 c IlOMOI.Ubl-0 6110Ka nonynponn,I\IIHI<OBbl:X Tp110.n;on (Tpa.H3HCJ'OpOB), BKJlIO~IeHHbIX B cnapo~rny10
lll'.I lb nocne,uoBaTC.ilbHO c Dbmp.s1:\·Une.1eM.
.
PerynnpoBaHne se.rr111nulh1
,:mtpo 1moro TOKa ocymecTDJUieTcH n ..;:amro 11 3a CLieT H3MeHeynpannen.IDI TpHO.UOB. 3ne!Crpnr.1ecKa.S1 cxel\.m o6ecne•nmaeT CT~6m11>11ocTh cnapoq1-1oro To1<a npn Kone6aH1u1x uanpIDKeiuur IIHTa10meii ceTn H II3Mette1urn HanpIDKeHn.s:r Ha .uyre.
1111H ToKa
U,8
re11epumOJJ..
U/'fn '/JIJCDA
6}
o)
Puc. 80. TpanJHcTopHhIH HCTO'CfHHK IIHTaHHJl nma All:
•I
11p11mimmarrbl1a" 6JJoK-cxcMa, 6 - BHClIIImc xapaKTepHCTHKlf, Tp - TpanccI>op1'.·taTop,
B -
BhinpflMHTeJll>UhlH 6J10K,
a-
Jlyra
151
§ 59. OAHOnOCTOBblE _M MHOronoCTOBblE HCTO"IHMKltl
nMTAHHH
reHepaTOpbI IlOCT051HHOrO TOKa Il0.!(pa3,neJHIIOTC.H: TIO KOJIH'llCCfBY nirraCMbIX IIOCTOB - Ha O.UHOilOCTOBbie H MHOrOUOCTOBbIC;
no cnoco6y ycraaoBKH - Ha crau,aoHapHhie II nepe,rumJKHbie; no
po.ny npHBO,Ua - Ha reaepa TOphl c 3JieKTpMqec1rn:.M npHBO.il,OM. 11
rcaepaTop1>1 c ,nnuraTeJillMII BHyTpenaero cropa1uu1; 110 KOHCTpyKTliBHOMY BblQOJIHClliijO - Ha 0}.l,HOKOpnycHbie l{ ,ll,ByXKOpnyCHhie.
cpopMe Baennn1x xapa1<Tep:ttcrnK caapolfHh1e reaepaTophl
MOry-r 6bITh c na.uaIOJnHMH DHCllIHl1MH xapaKTCpllCTHKaMH; c
)KCCTKHMH H nonorona,r.i;aIOlUMMH xa paKTepHCTHKa:MH; KOM6nm-1poBaHHOfO THTia (yHttBepcaJih.Hhle reHepa Top LI, npM nepeKJIIO'iCIIUU
06MOTOK HJIH pery.;'IHpyromHx ycTpOHCTD ICOTOpbIX MO)l(HO nony'lHTb na.na10mHe, )KeCTKne u:1111 nonoro rra.na1Qm:tte xapaKTep11cTHKM).
Hau60jibillee pacnpocrpaaca11e 110.nyt11mH reHepaTOpb1 c na-
no
.AaIO~HMM BHelliUlIMM xapaKTCpucnncaMH, pa601a1o~MC no CJ1CJzyl0~11f\·1 rpeM OCHOill!hIM cxeMaM:
rcnepa TOpbl
c
ne3aBI-ICl1MblM
B036y)l(,ZJ,ClllieM
H pa3.t\.-tarHH'tJU-
naromeu IlOCJie,UOBaTeJibI-IOii 06MOTKOH;
reu:epaTophI c naMarHuq1maio1.ueii uapaJ111enhHOH n pa3Mar1nr'-nroaioll\eH IIOCJie,!l.OBaTCJibHOH o6MOTKa!\.>UI B036y:>K,nCHIUl;
re Hepa TOpbl C paClll.C!1JieHHhIMH. IIOJIIOCaMH.
HH o.n1rn H3 Tpex n11.noa reHepaTopoB c naL(aIOlll.HMH BHe111IUJMM xapaKTepHcnnrnMH He BLI,!l.eJUICTC.H cylUeCTBeHHhU\'Ul: npeHMy1.u;ecTBa~m: KaK no T~XHOJIOTlf~CCKHM, TaK If no 3HeprCTl-ltfCCKlfl\.I
H BeCOB.hIM IIOica3aTeJIID\.1.
euepaTOpbI C IJC33BUC~U1Lll\-f 8030~K)l.ClllleM Ii pa3M31"'HHlfHBaI-O-
r
ll{Cii noc.11c.nom1TeJ«LHoii 06Mo-r1co5i: (p11c. 81, a). rettepaTop T'
llMCCT ,.[(Be o6MOTKH B036)':&:.UCHHll: o6rviOTI<y HC3aBHCMl\·toro 13036y)K)l,eH!Hl 110' Il}ff(-iC!l.1YI-O OT OT,UCJibHOfO llCT01IHl1Ka 1.1epe3
ceTb rrcpCMCHIIOro TOKa n no11ynpOBOJJ,I-JHKODLIH BbIIlp.SIMHTCJih,
.n noc..'1e.ucnaTeJ1LHYID pa3rvmrttnq1ma1-0U~)rro o6MOTKY PO, BICJIID-
P
P11c. 81. ITp.mmumrn11LHa$l
::>J1cKTp1111cc1Ca5I cxeMa c.na-
~ J HO~<:p,I
i ,
¢
po11rmro reHepaTopa:
a
a - c HC'.JaIHICUM.bTt-.·! D030YX(.ll.CUllC[\f H pa3J-,.ran-11-1<1111JaIOI!lCH
IIOCJIC,iJ.O.i.JaT~JlhHOH 0611-tOTKoil;
6 - c uaMarm-r•u-maIOmeii rmpanJTCJihHOH
B
pa3M~Ulll-f'lJ.!­
Da 10uwii
nocJie;IouaTcnhHoii
06/\toTKOii;
I' - feHcpaTGp,
P - peoc-raT, RO - o6MOTKa
11c1anucnMm o - no36)-'iK;:lem-rn,
PO - pa3l\rnrm1•nwa1om;an 06,ll.IOTlia
152
a)
oJ
.:1e1u1y10 nocJle,n;oBaTe.nhHO c 06MOT1<oif llKOpjf. ToK n uern1 11c3anncnMoro no36y)i(LlCHHSI peryJn1pyeTc11 peocraroM P. MarHHTllLIH TOK
</J," C03,UaBaeMhIH o6MOTKOH He3aBHCHMoro B036)'iK.UeIUI.SI, npoTHnonoJIO)l(CJI no CBOCMY Hanpan11en111-0 MarHHTHOMY UOTOKy <Pp
pa3MarHll"'UIB310lQeii OOMOTKH. npH XO,ilOCTOM XOAC, T. C. KOI'J.I.a
csapo 1u1aH - ue1u, pa30MKHyTa • .J •
c. reHepaTopa onpe.n.c11~cTc11
no cl>opMyne E C · <P"' r.u:e E - ::> • .u.-c. (311eKTpo.n.mnKyma.s.1 c1u1a);
C - nocTOjlHHall cocraBJuuou..r;a.si reHera To pa; <1>11 - MarHHTHhltt no'J'OK 061\.10TKH HC3aBHCH?-.10ro B036y)K,._'1.CI-IIrn:.
TipH 3a:rvIKH}'TOil uenu CBapotIHblH TOK npOXOL(HT 1.1epc3 no-
.u.
=
PO, C03JlaBasi :'.\-rnru11THbIM noTOK <PP,
up0Tnsono_11o)l(HO uanpaBnCHHhIH Man-nnHOMY noToxy <PH. Pc-
CJlC,lJ,OBa TCJibHYI-0 OO;\-IOTKY
·1 y11hT1-1pyEOmnli IlOTOK <Ppc1 npencTaBJUleT pa3HOCTb IlOTOlCOB
'~'pn = <P11 - <J> p" C YBC.iUitJeH.HeM TOKa B CBap01iHOH U:CilH <J>p
hy ~cT ynennq1-maT1>cn, a <P pcJ' 3. n. c. 11 1-1anpmKeHHe Ha 3a)l(J.IMax
1 cucpaTopa - na.naTh, co3.ri;ana.si na.uaromyro n1-1eUIH1010 xapaICTep 11cnrny re1-1epa Topa.
Cnapo 1IHhIH TOK B reHepa Topax 3TOM cwcTeMhI pery.TJHpyercH
pcoCTaTa:rvm p H ceKIJ,HOHHpona1111e.M IlOC;1e,n,onaTeJihHOM 06MOT1rn, T. e. M3MeHeHIICM lJHCJia aMnep-BHTKOB.
0Tc11ecTBeHHOH npoiviblllIJICHUOCThIO BhlilYLI.leHhl ceapOlJ:Hbie
11pco6pa3omrreJ1H IlC0-120, TIC0-500. TIC0-315M, r}J.-502, )'KOMllJlCl\TOB3.HHh1C reHepaTopaivm: c He3UBHCHMhIM B036y1K~eHHC:M H
I IC H:JICL(OBaTeJibl-!OH
paJMarHHtrn:Ba1-0mei1 OOMOTKOH
rC0-120,
rco-soo, rco-soo H rc-1000-11.
OcnoBHbie Tcx1n11.1cC.KHe J.J,aHI-ILie npeo6pa3oBaTenci1 c rcm.~pa­
HlpaMH, pa60TaIOilU1MU no .naHHOH cxeMe, npnBe,ll,eHbl B Ta6Jl. 23.
J\_;rn no.rrytICfflfj{ )KCCTKOM nnemueii xapaKTepIICTHKM IlOCJlC).I,0-
pa3Maru:wnrnaIOil)JIC o6MOTKl1 nepeKJllOlJaIOTC51 TaK,
OHH .neiiCTBOBaJIH COrJiaCOBaHHO c o6MOTKOH HC33BMCl1f\llll 0
B036Y'...K}J,eHH5.I. Ilo TaKOH CXevfC pa60TaJOT cnapoqHhie
11pn1fira30BUTCJIIf flCf'-350, ITCr-500, C reuepaTopa!\HI rCr-350
II 1
CCOTBCTCTDCHIIO.
11:1 l CJihHhie
'11 nG1>r
·cr-soo
OcnonHhie Tcxnu1.1cCKHe .ri;aa1-11>1e- npeo6pa3onare11cw c re11cpa111p:11\111, pa60Ta10l1.U-H\n1 no ;1am-10i1 cxeMe, rrp1me.nenh1 n Ta6JI. 24.
I 'cnc1laTopM c 11aMaf'IUilHmmomeii napa~men1>11oii u pa3\'Iana11u1-
o111outcic OOCJIC)lOB3TCJYLGOH o6MOTl\'.a!\-m B036ym.n.cinrn (pHc. 81, 6).
c) I lfll'lllTCJlliHOH oco6eHHOCTblO reuepaTopon TaKCH cxe:\-1bl HB}rnucnon::o30BaHae npHHl.I,Hna caMOD036y:»\LlCIIHSI. JJ,1rn 3Toro
1111.w1t> ref! ):{Be o6MoTKn no36yJKJlCiuu1 (HO n PO) - B pe3yJihTa1(' ''· )~. c. reuepaTopa HH.llYKTHpyeTC-" Man-rnTHbIM IlOTOKOM 06f\IP 11111~ np11coe.IT.HHCHHoii K mcTKaM reHefJaTopa a H c. Hanp»-
1' 11 'H
MC)IC.!l.Y 3TU:MU u~eTimMH no-c.nH. IIOCT05IHHO no BeJIJ,ftll1HC,
llll 1 IOl'vty Mafl-IHTHblM IlOTOl( <PH npaKTJilICCI<lI He l\.·iCIUICTC.SI. 06111n 1t11~
1\.11111\;1
rcncpaTopa
110 ua3hIBaCTCH 06I\.·IOTKOii He3aBHCIIMoro
111 t II I\' ;&\)~Cllf1~.
I Ip 11 narpy3Ke (npn cna pKe) cnapotmbitt TOK npoxoJJ.HT lJepe3
1111~11l11Cy
PO,
n1cmot1ettHy10 TaK, tITO ee 1vmnu-1rnbIH IIOTOK <PP
"" 11 l'il I IJ(Cll nponm MarHHTHOro flOTOKa </JJ[ 06:\.fOTKM IIC33BllCUMOfO
153
23. Tex1111"1eCK11c xapa1ncp11cn11c11 npeo6pa3oBaTcJJeii
IlC0-120, f'.U:-502, IlC0-500, IlC0-315M
IlapaMeTpbr
Tim npco6pa30BaTem1
nco-120
r,[(-5(12
T11n reHcpaTopa
rco-120
HoM!·manbIIOe
25
40
Hanpsn1ccm:e xoB
48-65
HoMHHanbEaH nc-
IlC0-500
rco-soo
DC0-315M
40
32
90
55-90
80
120.
500
500
315
30-120
15-500
120-600
115-315
28
17
220/380
11anp.mi:rem·1e, B
nocroro xo)I,a,
JIH':lHna cnapo\moro
TOKa (np11 CTP-60 ~~),
A
Ilpep,e111>1 pery1a1ponamrn TOKa, A
MoumocTh JJICKT-
4
pOJ{BttraTeJJ.H, KBT
HanpsDKeHHe mrTaromeit ccTn, B
I<. n. fl.. rrpeo6pa-
220i380
220/380
220/380
46
62
59
Ko3¢¢m.~MeHT
MOillJ-IOCTH
(KOCH-
0,88
3onaTeJI5I, %
rryc <«~11»)
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i1acca, Kr
0,9
0.DJIOKOp·
ll)'CHbIH Ha
KOJ1ecax
0AHOKOp-
0,D;HOKOp-
0,TJ,HOICOp-
nyCHhiil
Il)'CHhIH Ha
nycnbIH Ha
KOJICCaX
K0.11ecax.
155
400
540
310
B036y:xq.:i:eHIUI. IlpH yneJltttleHHH TOKa B cnapO'IHOH uenH B03pac-raeT pa3MarHH1.nma1omee ,[(eii:CTBJrn nocJie):i;,oBaTeJihHoii o6MOTKH PO,
a IIanp.SDKCIDIC reHepaTopa CTaHOBHTC'1 MCHblllC, TaK KaK 3.
c.,
.n:.
IIHJJ:YKTHpyeMaH B o6MOTKe HKOpX renepaTopa, 3aBHCIIT OT pe3YJ]bTHpyioru.ero MarHHTHOro IIOTOKa reHcpa TOpa.
IlpH KOpOTKOM 3al'v1bIKaHIUl.MC.lrHHTl-Ihie IlOTOKH <Pp II ([Jll paBHbI,
nanpJDKCHHe Ha 3a)KJIMax reHepaTopa 6Jlll3KO K nynro.
fla.naro~a.SJ. BJieJlJH.Sl.SI xapaKTCpliCTHKa IlOJiyq:aeTCll Bc.ne,lJ;CTBl:Ie
pa3MarHwnma1oru:ero .n;eiiCTBM.SI o6MOTKH PO.
Ilnanuoe perynHpoBann.e CBapolfHoro roKa n reHepaTopax ~Toii
cncTeMLI ocy~eCTBJUieTc.SI peocraTa:Mlf P. Bo3MO)KHO TaJOKe JJ.06anotllloe peryn11ponattne cBapoqHoro ToKa nepeKJI10tJeuncM BIITKon cepHeCHOH o6MOTKH B036y)K,U.CHH.SI.
CxeMa .n;onycKaeT 11eThrpe.xnon1ocHoe ncnon1-1e1rne renepa TopoB,
1.I'fQ Il03BOJI.sieT ynpOCTlffb l<OH.C'fPYKUIDO
llHlTb
11 COOTBeTCTBeHHO )'MeHb-
Macey.
Do .n.aHuo.ii cxeMe pa6ora1or Han6onee pacnpocTpaHenuhle
npeo6pa3oBaTe.Jin IlCQ..300, IlC0-500, TIC-500 c reHepaTopaMH
rC0-300, rC0-500, rC-500 H HeKOTOphle ,D;pyrHe CBapOtIIlble
arpera Thi. OcHOBHhie TeXHMtiecKHe ,n;aHHhie npeo6pa3CBa -reneM c
reHepaTopaMH, pa6oraro~HMM no 3Toii cxeMe, .naHhI n Ta6n. 25~
154
24. Texml''ICCK11c xapmcTcp11CTHKH n11eo6pa30BaTc~1eii
ncr-Jso, ncr-soo
Tim npeo6pa3onaTcJ1sr
'
ncr-3so
ncr-soo
Tim rcncpa Topa
H oJ\nma.IIMIOe 1mnpmKcune, B
Hanpjl:)Ke1mc xonoc•roro xo)la, B
rcr-350
30
15-35
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(npM ITP-65 %), A ~
OpcD,eJ1h1 pcrym-rpon:unrn T01m, A .
350
500
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14
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28
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220/380
63
0,88
0,86
Omro1~opuycHhli1
mt KOJICCax
0 ,U.HOKOpnycnLiii
na J(OJ1ec.ax
400
500
Tim :meKrpO}J.Blffa Tc.t1.H
lvloI..QHOCTh 3J!CKTp0.!1,BHra TC.TUI,
35
15-40
KBT
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K. n. JJ... npco6pa3onaTe1rn, ~f.1
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c1111yc <«}m»)
11cnonHeHne
Macca, Kr
65
25. Tcxeu-icc1me xapaKrcpuc111K11 npeo6pa:ionaTe.r1eii
nco..300, nco-soo, nc-soo-11
Tun ripcoopa.3om\Tc:rn
fiapa~1cTpb1
lIC0-300
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30
40
40
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60-90
60-90
300
500
500
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75-320
120-600
] 20-600
A
::>.r1c1npo,n,e1ffa·
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A-72/4
A-72/4
14
28
23
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220/380
220/380
52
55
55
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0,86
0,86
Tim reuepaTopa
Ho:\umanhuoe
111rn~cnne, B
na-
f laIIpR)KCHHC XCUOC'fllf'O XOJla,
B
1-lorvtmiaJJhlILIH CBap111111i,rii TOI\
(nptt TIP-
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(a) n cxe1\·!a ManmTIILIX CllJIOBhlX:
llOJidi
(6)
reuepaTOpM C paC~IlJlCRHblMH IlOJllOCal\m (pMC. 82). Y ren.epaTOpOB 3TOH rpynnbI na;:!,alO~l!C BlICllIHHC xapaKTepMCTlli(li nonyl:JaIOTC.SI B pC3YJibTaTe pa3MarHW:IHBawmero ,n;eMCTBlHI .MarHHTHOro
UOTO:Ka 06MOTKM srn:opH {peaICI,f.HH .SII~OpSI). reHepa1'0p I' HMeeT
1ieThrpe OCHOBII.bIX MarHHTHhIX noJiroca l'lt,
St, S2 H rpn
rpynIThI ~eToK a,
D, c ua .KOJIJJeKTope. B 0Tm11rne OT pac-
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y KOTOphIX CeBepHbie II lOX<'Hh1C Mar-
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co6oi1:, y reHepaTOpOB 3TOH
rpy I!IThI O,UHOHivieHHhlC IlOJIIOC:bl paCUOJlOJKeilbl p»AOM.
KaJK,zzyro napy OJJ;HOHMeHHbIX noJuocoB cqmaeM o~eIIM, uo
pacmennenuhrM ua ,D;Ba. reuepaTopI>I c pacmera~eHHhIMII nomocarvm:
qmKTMt.1ccKH RBJuuoTC.H .D.ByxnonrocHhll\nI. BeprmcanhHO pacnono)KeHHhie IlOJIH)C.bI Ha3UBaIOTCfi nonep~tlllblMU., a rop1130HTam.Hhie 2/ta6l-lbU·tU. I"JiaBHbie IIOJUOCbl lfMCIDT Bl>Ipe3hl ~JUI yMeHbIIJCHIDI
r....iLOlJJ,a.n;H norrcpc:.iuoro ce~eH1u1 11 Ecer.n:a pa60Ta10T npn IIOJIHOM
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MarHHTHhrii noToK noJI1ocoB, co3,n;aBaei\·1Lrii o6MOT:Ka'!\1l-r III' II
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26. TexBH111ecK11c xapaKTepHCTHKB opoo6pa3ooaTeneii
ITC-300M, IlC..JOOM-1, IlC-300T
IlapaMe"JpLI
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HoM11HaJibHLiil: cBa-
potm..LIH TOK (npH IlP65%), A
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Tun 3JICKTpOJ:(BHra·re.mt
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Mcnoru1eHue
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l\fff0phn1:
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THn npeo6pa.JoBa·reJIR
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50-76
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50-76
340
340
300
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80-360
75-340
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14
14
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590
600
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nraBHbIX non10coB (11anpan11e1urn: MarHJ.ITHhIX noTOKOB
m)Juocon noKa3aHhI cTpcnKaMu), yseJiwurnaeT ero; HanpaBncnm.1H )KC B npoTMBOilOJIO)KH)'l-0 CTOpoHy :rvtarHHTHhlii IIOTOK <Pn
yMc1 tbillaer ero.
rJia.BHLIC IlOJIIOCbI BcerJI,a pa6oTaJOT IIplI 110.JIHOM ManUITHOM
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rl O'l'OK
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rlpn o-rcyrcrm1H 11arpy31cn B c1mpo~moii u:en11 (npn xoJIOCTOM
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u, cne,rr,onaTeJibIIO, pe3yJihTHpy1011~ui1: rvmnrnTHhllI IIOTOK HMClOT HaM60JiblliYIO BeJIM'UIHy, a
1~~•1cpaTop - Ha116onhmec nanp.snKeu11e. TaK¥ev1 o6pa3oM, ncne.n;cr11 tu: pa'.lMarHHtJ:HDmomero .neilCTBIUI ManJHTHOrO IlOTOKa o6MOTKM
oH:yTCTByeT, Il0.3TOMY UOTOK <Pn
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11< '.. J()OM-1, IlC-300T c rcucpaTopaMn Cr-300M, Cr-300M-l,
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11· \11u·1~c1<He · .uanuLie npeo6pa3onaTeJ1ei1: c
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rcHepaTOpM C ·nonepea:mLil\I HO.l!el\11. Y reHepaTOpOB 3TOrO Tima
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BeJIM1.IHHhI no3,n,yan1oro 3a3opa n MarHMTonpoBo.n;e. B naCTO.SIIJ..(ec
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U:eJUI npOMbIIIIJJeHHOCTb BbIIlYCKaCT npeo6pa30BaTeJJM flCr-350,
ITCr-500, a Ta!<)!(e YHIIBepCa.IThill>Ie npeo6pa30BaTeJUI IlCY-300
n l1CY-500. YH1:rnepcanhHh1e apeo6pa3onaTeJIM THna TICY rrpe.n;Ha3Ha:lfcIIhI ra10Ke ri:n~ PYTfI·Ioii .nyrono:H CBap.Ku, Han.;i1amn1 n pe31rn
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I-Ia pHC. 83 JIOI<a3allbI BHennm:e xapaKTepMCTHKH npeo6pa3oBaTeneli DCY-300.
Ilpeo6pa30BaTeJJb ITCr-500 KOHCTpyKTHBHO o¢opM.11CH TaK )l(:C,
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50
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40
30
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to
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Max
reuepaTopa rrnanllo
pcryIDipyerc» B npe.neJiax 15- 40 B peocTaTOM
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Pnc. 83. Buelllmi:e xapaKTepu.cn1Kn:
npeo6pa3oBaTemi
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1 - tcpyTona.ua1oume. 2 - ~•ecnmc
158
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ButJ co cmopOlfoJ 1ro1111e1rmopa
PHC. 85. 3.11e::apn11ec1Ca.H CXCMa npeo6pa30BaTeml IlCr-500:
Tp - Tpauc<popMa-rop crn6HJIH3Hpy10w;ni·i, r- rcucparop cnapo"!Hh1f1, IOI'- JJ.OCKa
33>1CHMOB rcncpaTopa, .[{ - .nsnrnTCJib, PJP - Jl.OCKa 3a)f(HM0D JJ.mrraTcJrn, llK-:naICeaRhTii Bhnc110'iaTeJ1b, BC - BLmpSIMHTCnb ceneHOBhIH, P - pcocraT 11,em1 B036y»cJJ,c1uu1, ,anp - JlOCKa nepCKJIIO~JCllHH .ueuraTcmJ, y - BOJlb1"MCTp, /(~ - KOH.ueucaiop 3am;nrnh1fi, Kc - icoHgencaTop cra6mm3Hpy:mm:.uil
27. Tex1m~cc1me .n.amebie BI_peo6pa30BaTc.r&eu ncr..350, ncr-500
THn npeoGpu~jOBa1·c.:J1ci1
ncr-3so
ncr-soo
rcr-Jso
rcr-soo
350
500
50-350
60-500
AB-61./2
14
AB-7ii2
28
Hcno.i1HemIC
0,llHOI<OpTiyCHhIH
O.unoKopn.ycHhn'i:
ua KOnecax
Iv1acca, 1cr
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400
Tim reHepaTopa
.
Ilpe,11eJihI pcry;rnponamrn na-
15-35
16-40
npmKeHIUl, B
Ho::vum:arrbU'bIH CBapol.HfJ,}M TOK
(11p11 l1P-65 %), A
ITpe.nenM peryrrapoBamrn To. Ka, A
Ti-m 3JTCICTpO.D.BHraTeJu1
MomaocT.o 3Jierapop,mrrareJur, Idh
160
500
':leMy Ilf'H ICOpOTKOM 3aMhIKaHMH 3JieKTpo.na c 113p;e.J1neM 6r.rC1po B03pacraeT nchuqHHa caapo11Horo TOKa.
Ilpe.n:eJI.bI perym1posru11151 Bem,1tUIHh1 TOKa 60- 500 A.
OcuonHLIC TeXH.wiecrc:ue .QaHHbie npeo6pa30BaTene:H THna
.D:}'KTllBHOCTh, 6Jiaro.uapS1
npnBe.QeHbI B Ta611.
ncr
27.
YuHBepcaJJLRLle cnapo~mMe 1.1peo6pa3oearen11. ,[(1rn pyqnoii JJ.Yronoii CBapKH II coaplGI 11a anTOMaTaX, CHa6:x<:eHHhIX aBTOperyJI.SITOpaMH HanpH)KeJUISI, aBTOMaTii'IeCKli D03)J;CHCTBYIO~lil\.1U Fa CKOpOCTL no.nat.iH 3JICKTPO.D;HOH npoBOJIOKH, Tpe6y10TCJI 11CT0111UIKH nuTallIDI c na,naIOll{HMH BHCUurn::r-:u'I xapaKTepHCTHIGiMH. ):'(JUI Il.HTaIUIH aBTOMaTOB n nonyaBTOMaTOB c IlOCTO.SlHHOH CKOpOCT'hlO
ITO.l.(a1IH 3JieKTpO.D;Hoii npOBOJJOKH, B TOM ':UICJie .[(JUI cnapKH
B yn1eK!ICJIOM ra3e n nopomKonoi1 rrpoBOJIOEOH CTI-2, Heo6xo.n;nMhI reHepaTOpbl c '.'>KCCTKHMH DHClllllifMH xapaKTCpHCTlfKaMW'.
fIOCKOJlhKY Ha JaBo.l.(ax II MOHTa:>KHhIX ITJIOl..L'(aJJ,Kax MCXHHM311p0naIIHhie MCTO.[(LI CBapn:H HCilOJlh3)'IOTCH B COtieTaIIllH C pytIHOH
.nyroDOM cnapKoii, II03T01'.1)7 Tpe6ywn:.H YHUBepCaJibHMe HCTOlIHIIKH,
06ecne1.1IIBa10ll{Me KaK na.n;aiom:Me, TaK .li iKeCTKHc BHeIIIH1Ie xapaKTepncr11KH. )::(IDI 3TOH :u;eJIH pa3pa60Ta11a IC011c-rpy1<l(IDI yHunepca·u..noro cnapo'(nmro npeo6pa3oBaTenn TICY-300, renepaTop
KOToporo I™eeT o.nny o6MOTKY B036y)KJJ;eHH51. Btteuume xapaKTe}JlfCTHKH B 3TOM renepaTope co3.ua10Tc11 c noMOJW>Io TpHO.l{a IIT,
mcJ110qeH1-1oro n r~ern, o6MOTKU no36y)K~CHH.H OB, u o6paTHo:H: cnn3H no TOKY narpy3Kl1 (pHc. 86). On .HBJ151CTC.H "ICTh1pexrro1nocnh1M reHeparopoM IlOCTQj!HJIOro TOKa HOpMaJILJ-IOrO HCilOJIHeHUH.
Ero o6MOTKa BOJ6y:iKJJ;eHiu1_ OB pa3MeJJ.{eHa Ha 'lJeThlpex rnanHLIX
HOJIIOcax 11 IlHTaCTCH OT )'CTpoM:crna yrrpaBJleiurn, pa3MeII(eHHOro
na r<:opnyce npco6pa3onaTenH.
CBapo1n1ast uenh 11 uenL o6MOTKU BOJ6y)KJJ;CHII» cml3aHhr MeJK,n;y
co6oli cra6Mllll3Hpy1omuM TpauccpopMaTopoM TP, npe.n;rmJHalfeHHLIM ,QJIH 06ecne11eHH.H ]J,HHaMH'lJ:eCKHX CDOHCTD reacpa TO pa.
•
DB
CH
f-¢
CemlJ
Pnc. 86. Ynp0ru:e1maH ::>ne1ap1P1cc1mH cxeMa y1mncpca.rrhHoro
npeo6pa:mBaTem1 TICY-300
6
<J)oMHHblX.
n. n. H .np.
161
28. OceoBHLie TCXHll''fec1me JJ:amwe ymmepcaJJLDLIX npeo6pa30BaTeJ1eii
THn npco6pa3ona-rcJrn (1memmr.H xapaKTt'pHcTm~a)
IloKa3aTeJin
Hoi\-n1HaJibHhIH
IlCY-300
--
na.uaron\a~
)KCCTKa'1
na11.a1owa~1
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200
300
350
500
40-200
50-300
50-300 100-500
-
17-35
25-40
15-40
0,62
0,72
0,63
0,75
cnapo•mLiii
A
Ilpe.n:enbl
UCY-500
TOJC,
pery.:n1p0Ba.H1u1
caapo•moro ToKa, A
nfC)"{CJlbI
perysnrponamrn:
Haups:DKemu1, B
Ko3cvclmu.neHT
fviOll.J,HOCTH
(KOCHHYC «C~H»)
-Hanpsrncem1e mna10rue.ii
ceB
Macca, KI'
380j220
380j220
315
540
TH,
BcJJHlmHy cnapot.m:oro TOKa perysrnpy1-0T peocraTOM - perym1Topo~·t I(ll, ycraHODJieHHl>IM Ha nepe)lHCM CTefm:e ynpaDJIClllUI.
Tio Mepe pocra CBapO'IHOfO TO:tca COI1pOT1IBJ1eHHe Tf>HO)la D03paCTaCT, TOK B036)')K,[(CHHJI yMeilbIIIaeTCSI, yMeHblllaeTcn H
3.
c. rettcpaTopa, T. e. xapa.KTepucnm:a nOJI)11:.i:aeTc.si na~arom;eli.
Ilpn nepcIUII-01.ICHIHI l(ClleH ynpaBJJCH.H.5£ BHCllIHSUI xapaKTepHCTHKa
craHODliTC.sI )l(eCTKOii.
.n.
OcHOBHHe TeXHHt:IecKue ,n:aHHhle yH1mepcaJJhHhIX npeo6pa3oDa-
-reneil .uaHhI B Ta6JI. 28.
1VluoronocToB1>1e cBapo'UUile npeo6pa3oeaTe.TJH. Oun npe,uHa3IIatJett:or
OJlHOBpeMeHHoro IIHTaHmI HeCKOJihKHX CBapOtII:IblX
B npoMhIIIJJieHnocTH :ncrroJTh3)'IOTC.R MHororrocroBbie
,[(Jl.SI
nocToB.
npco6pa30BaTCJUI IlCl\lI-1000, fICM-500. flpeo6pa30BaTeJJb
IlCM-1000 M~·iCCT O,UIIOKopnycnoc HCTIOJIHCHHC CTaQnonapnoro
Tl:ma (puc. 87) H COCTOHT H3 TpexclJa3IIOrO acnuxpoHHOro ,[(B.Hra Term AB--91-4 c 1copoTK03a:rvnnzyTMM poTopoM H 1uecnu1on1oc11oro reHepaTopa cr-1000 co CMelliaHI-IhIM B036y)f{JleH!IeM. KpoMe
1'170
865
BxoiJ
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Bxoil
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P.Mc. 87. ra6apHTllbie pa3MCphl MHOronocTOBOrO cnapo•moro npeo6pa30D8TCJUI
162
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Pi.re. 88. Cxetvm npHcoc,um1cansi CBapo1iHLIX nocTOB qepe3 6arrnacn-1Lrn peocTaTLI K cnapo•moMy npco6pa30BaTem-0 IlCM-1000:
A - aMnepMerp,
v - BOJlbT:\ICTp, m - rnyHT, pp - pcocTaT perym-1poDO~IHl>IH,
PS- peocTaT Ga.nnacTHhtii
P11c. 89. CxeMa 6am1acnmro peocTaTa PE-300:
R1 -R5 -'- conponm.nennc; 1-5 - HO·
Mepa py6nJILHHICOD
llIYHTOBOM o6MOTKM, Ha rJiaBHbIX IlOJJJOCax pa3MCIUeHa IlOCJie,noBaTenbHa.n o6MOTKa ,UJI.)I no.u.rr.ep)KaHHH IlOCTOSIHJIOro Hanp.IDKeHIUI
I!plf yBeJIIflieHMH :Harpy3KH. reHepaTop IIMeeT )KCCTI<ylO XapaKTepucnrKy. Ha rrpmKcnHe pery1u-1pyeTCH peocra TOM, DKJIIO tfeHHbIM B
~eTib rrapa.:J)ICJJhHOH
o6MOTKU B036Y'AC)leHIU:(.
Ila}.J,awm.aSI BHeUIHSUI x.apaKTcpncrmca, neo6xo}.J,HMa» .z:t:Jij! pyq-
Hoii .nyronoii cnapKH, C03,nacTCSI caMOCTOSJ.TeJihHO Ha Ka:>K~OM
CBapotn10M nocTy 6arr.m1crHbIM peocraToM nma PE (3TOT peocraT JJ0330JJ.sieT cryneITTaTo H3Me1111Th BeJJH"IllHY cBapo1.umro
TOKa). CxeMa BKJIIO'Ie1nrn npeo6pa30BaTeJIH ncM-1000 ll 6aJIJJaC'fHblX peocra TOB noKa.3aua na pnc. 88.
OcHOBHhIM Hc,l..(OCTaTKOM MHoronocroBhIX npeo6pa3oBaTeneii:
HBJUICTCH 1u:13KHH K. n. }.J,. cBapot1HLIX nocTon. K npeHMyI.QeCTBaM
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In KOHCTilHTaHOBOM npOBOJIOKI:I c BhIC()KHM OMWICCICfilt conponrnJieHHCM H BKJUOt.IeHHhIX B CBapO'lfHYIO ~enb c lIOMOIIJ,hIO py61L~IbHMKOB.
Cxe.rvm Ha n6onee pa cnpoCTpauenuoro 6m1nacTHoro peocrara
PE-300 rrorm3aua Ha p:uc. 89. Ea.JinacrHhIM pcoCTaTOM PB-300
cnapolJllbIH Tore pery srn:pyeTc.H n npe..r:r.enax OT 15 JJ.O 300 A.
EcJIH .nnH csapKH Tpe6yerc11 seJIH\fHHa ToKa 60.;1ec 300 A~
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c.rre,nyeT BKJ1101mTb napanne.rr1>110 ,usa 6annacTHhIX peocraTa~
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yne1111t1HnaeTC5I n 2 pa3a, T. e..r::~.srn .ZJ.BYX peocraTOB PE-300 MaKCHMaJibllhIH
TOK 6y.n;er 600 A.
§ 60. CBAPOl4Hb1E ArPErATbl c ABfl1rATErmMH
BHYTPEHHErO crOPAHYUI
TI pu pa60Tc B nonenbIX
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ycnoB1:u1x .ZJ.JUI nu-
TaJuur
CBapOlfHblX IIOCTOB 11cnonh3YIOT CBapOt.IHhIC arpera Thi,
COCTOID.QllC . ll3 .ll.BYX OCHODHblX arperaTOB (He3aBMCl1MO OT HX
Tmm}: caapo~moro rettepaTopa u }.J,BlffaTeJrn BHJ'Tpennero cropaHIDI (~1i3eJJbHOro MJIH 6eH3JIHOBOrO).
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arperaTa AC:E~300:
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M ACJJ., A,Il;,l{ c ,ruBeRhHhIMH .Ll;J3Hra Tc.:ui:MH.
CeapotIIIhIH arperaT ACE-300 (pnc. 90) ncno..1n3yeTc.sr npn
pylffio:H .izyroBo.H: cnapKe nocTO.sJHHbIM TOKOcvt. Ou cocro11T H3
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B ropn30I-ITaJibIIOC IlOJ10)Ke1me, 60KO.Oble liITOpbT CHl1M<H-OT' a rmpnyc
reuepa Topa. 3a3eMnmoT.
arpcraTI>I Han6once tmcTo 1<0MnJICICTy10Tca rcuepa Topa.rvm c caMOB036y)K,n;e1utc:\.·t u pa3Marml'IHBaI-OI.I.i;en noc.11e.n:onaTeJibHO:ii o6MOTKoii H c pacrn,errnem-1bIMH 1101noca1vrn. XapaKTepHcTHKH neKOTOpbIX THDOB arperaTOD c rettepaTopa:rvtH, BbIIlOJIHeHHbIMH no yKa3aHHblM: CXCMaM, np:imc,n:eUhI B Ta6n. 29.
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H HaIUiaBKH MCTaJIJIOB. ArperaT cna6)!(eH .u.ncraHu;nonIIMM peryJrnTopoM CBapQtIHOrO TOlW, II03BOJIIDOiQI1M perynnponaTb TOK Ha
paCC'fO.HHHH JJ,O 20 M OT HCTOtIHIU<a n HTamrn.
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15 A,
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Jienrn:if 3anycK JJ.H3e.1rn npn 1u13xoii TervtnepaType (-50cC).
§ 61. nAPAflfllEflbHOE BK.nJ-OLfEHV.E
CSAPOl.IHblX l""EHEPATOPOB
CBapocu-ih1e rcuepa TOpLI BKJII01.IaJoT Ha napa1111e.:1hnyio
pa6oTy
Jcor.ua Tpe6yeTCH cnap01illhlll TOK, IIpeEblll.JaIOIIJ.MH HOMMHaJib.HbIH
TOK
o,LJ,noro
renepa To pa.
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pa6oThI
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llJUOC C IlJilOCOM, a MH.E)'C C MIUIYCOM.
cnapoq..
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renepaTOpOB Ha napaJIJieJibttylO pa6oTy HC06XO~HMO co6111-o.n:enne cne.nymm;nx npaBIUI: reHepaTOpbI .n:o1DKIIhI
UMTh O~l11IaKOBDIX CUCTel'.-:!, c Ol-J:MHaKOBhL\!H1 HOMH.Ha.lJbHhIMH JJ,aH111.IMH, c a11anon11.mbIMH BHellIIJ.MMU xapa.KTepHCTI1Kaf\.UI; HanpH)ICCHHC XO.TIOCTOrO xo.rr.a ,LJ,OJDKHO 6hITh O,D;lfHaKCB.bIM ; CBapOlffihfH
·rorc ,!I.OJDKeH 6hITb oTpery.iJ:nponaH Ha o.n.uy n TY )I<e BCJUf"lilfHy
KOITrpOJTb ocymcCTBJ15:1CTC5I c IIOMOIUbl-0 aMnepMCTf'OB.
Cxerv1a BK"'IIOLJeHrm cnapotfHbIX rcnepaTopoB pa311;11.IIn.1x CHCTeM
11a 11apa11.Tienhuy10 pa6oTy rroKa3aHa Ha pHC. 9 I.
Dpn rrapaJI.11eJihHOi1 pa6oTe rcHepa TopoB cMeurn.H1mro Bo36~­
;~cmm, y I<OTOpbIX nocne.rr.oBa TCJI.bIIas1 o6rvIOTI<a ~elicrnyeT coniat·onanuo c napaJJ11eJibIIoi1 o6MoTKOH so36y:>K.n:eH1rn, 3axcHl'vihI rcuepa-
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11apa.11neJibHOH
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§ 62. 06CflY>KMBAHPl1E CBAPO~HblX nPE05PA30BATE.51EW
Ilpn 3KCil3IyaTal(MH npeo6pa30BaTencii Ha OTKpUTbIX CTpo1-1TeJibH :MOfffaJKHblX IIJIOII.W .n;r<:ax HCo6xo~HN10 3all\Hllla Th nx OT
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169
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(1.:Iyryn ){(11,llKOTeKy\J) npHMClUUOT Cllel~HaJihHbie
1(111pl\11>mcH. HaJnaqcw..1C q)op;.,,,1onK11 - y.n.epxumaTb pacnJiaBJieHHhIH
M•. I ll Jl~I. cI>opMO EOt.Jtrn.n Macca Ul\JCCT CJTC.ll.YIOI!UIH COCTaB: KBap-
' llil(l'l'lllOli mn-IHhl
Hl' II l1ln llCCOK,
3Rl\·IernaHHblll Ha )10{,~KOM creKHe 40%, cimpMOBO'i-
ll"MJIH 30~~ 11 6e.;1a11 rmu-m
llllH
30%.
I lo11.10Ton.1JeHHa.H K cnapKe .~e-ranb no~BepraeTc» o6ru:e:My HJill
""'' 1110My
no.n:orpeay JJ.O TeMnepa1ypb1 350-450°C. 11.Honi:a .rvra
,n;cTaneH no.uorpeB npoH3BOMT AO TeMrrepa T)'phI
'" 1II111 CJIO){CllbIX
60ff'C.
·, ·,11
( '11;1p1<y lfolrIOJIH$1IOT
tl 11~1
11. 1
1OJ\c.
KaK Ha nepe~teHHOM, TaK 11 Ha IlOCTO.SlH-
Be11wnury TOK a no.nfrap~ lOT H3 pacl.IeTa
50- 90 A
I lvl M JlI1aMe1-pa 3JICKrpeµ;a.
185
Texmma 11 Tex110..1Jonm CBapm
}J;yrmmD ceapl\'.a yrOJI.bHLIIU
.l!einpO~O~I. flpu ,nyrOBOH CBapKC
yronhHMl\·1 9JICKTp0,JJ;OI\1f npHMCH$llOT B KalleCTBC 3JieICrpo,n;oB yrO.ilbH.bie lfJ]H rpaqn-ITODl>Ie CTet:nKHH. Tipuca~Ol!.dbIM Ma TepnaJIOM CJiy)lcaT
npyTKli
t1yry1m, a ~jJSJ 3~HThl n pa.CKHCJJCHH.H naHHbl npHMCIHH-OT
clun-0c,
COCTOfilllHH H3 TeXH..lf'feCKOH 6e3BO,UllOH 6ypb! (Na2B407),
npoKaJlCIIIIOH npu TeMnepaTypc OKOJIO 400° H paCTCpTOH D nopOlllOK MHor.ua B I\atICCIBe (p_iIIOCa npHMeH.SII-OT CMCCb, COCTO.HlllY!O H3
TCXIUILJeCKOH 6ypbl~
a30TIIOKHCJJOrO 11a1p1rn (NaN03).
27% CO~bl
23%
,l(yroBaH CBapi~a qyryHHhIM :lJie1npo.n;oM. B Ka1.1ecTBc
.n:os npmv1eH.HIOT JIUThie cTep)l(llH ,ll.HaMeTpoM 8 -
H
(Ca2C03)
50%
3JJCKTPO-
12 !\·IM. Ha CTep:xnrn
HaHOC.HT cneuMaJJhHbie rpa<PHTM3upyroll.VIC IIOK]JbITH~. CnapKy npoM3BO~.HT Ha IlOCTO.HHHOM TOICe np11 o6paTHOll TIO}UlpHOCTH ImK
B rops111eM,
TaK I1 B XOJJO.l(HOM
COCTO.J1Hlllf
B
COCTaB
BXO)l;HT rpac}mT' cpeppocn.mu..i;n.M, TCpMI1T, Mparv10p,
(nopor110K), TH1anona» py~a H )KIJJJ:KOe cTeKno.
IIOKpb!TIDI
aJIJOMHHHii
HanJ11anKa 11 cnap1rn no cnoco6y PocToncKoro 11ncnnyTa H1m~e11cpon TpaHCnop·ra.
Do
3TOM)'
cnoco6y
tJyryHHbIM 3JieKT})O)J.OM ,1l;IUlMeTpOM
pona.HHOM lllHXTbl.
IlpHMCHell.Iie 60JibIIIOro
cnoH
lllHXTbI
no~aCTCSI
npHBO)J.HT
M.HrKIUvl H
Tcrn:a,
HanJJaBKY
npOH3B0,1l;JIT
7 - 8 MM no CJIOIO rpa1ry m1-
rpa<}>HTH3aTOpOB H
3all.(HTHOro
I\ TOI\IIY' qro HannaBJJeHH:blH Menum
o6pa6a Tl>IBaeTCH
o6LlllHblM
pe)'((ylll;IiM
lilICT})yMeHTOM. 0TcyTCTBHe 3aKaJI1rn: B MeTanne urna R B nepeXOJUlblX 30Hax OCIIOBHOfO MeTaJina 06bJICIUI:eTC.SI 3Ha lJll'fenbHblM
pa3orpeBOM OCHOBHOrO MCTaJIJia H 3aMe.nneHHhlM oxna'.)I(,UeHHCl\:I.
3TOT cnoco6 3aHHMaeT npoMe:>KyT01.IHOe IlOJIO)l(Cime MeJK,u,y ropH1IHM JI XOJIO,UHbIM cnoco6aMH CBaprru qyryHa. lliMXTa COCTOUT
113 qyryHHoif cTpy:acrnr 30 % cpeppocumn.uur 20 %, a1noIVmmu1
30 % H CIUUil(OKUJfbl.{IHI 12 %. 'Ocrmooii: CJJy:>i<I-lT )KH~Koe CTCKJIO.
Xo.1Jo~1Kaff CBapKa •1yryua. Xono)J.HaH cnap1<:a 11yryHa - 3TO
TaKoli cnoco6 cBapKH, Kor.n:a MeCTHbIH Mm·r o6ll.{Hii no.z:i:orpen
H3)J.CJJMJI OTCYTCTDyeT. Xono.nHyio cBap1<y T.:r1ryHa npOH3BO.U.stT
CTaJibHhIMM 3JieI\T})OM.lvUI, 3JICKTPOJJ;a!\.-Uf li3 l'(BeTilblX MeTaJIJIOB
M 3JleK11JO)J.aMII H3 aycreHHTHOrO 1.1yryua.
Cna1n~a cTa.11bHhlMH :i.TICKT(JO,ll.al\m. Tip:u cBapKc cranhHhIMH
::>neK'IpO~aMH
c
QeJib1-0
o6pa30BaIIHH
npo\rnoro
Hannam1eHHoro
r..-reTaJ1J1a B ll)'rYHHOe 113.n:enHe 3anepTI>IBaJ-OT lllnHJlhKH, koTopbIC
anocne,fl;CTBHH 06nap1maroT. TaKoii cnoco6 npttMe1uuoT npn peMoHTe TIDICeJibIX H rpOM03)J.KIIX ttyryIIIIblX .neraJJCH. IlpH CBapKe
'lyryn:a CTaJihHblMH 3JJeKTpO)J.aMH Menum lIJBa o6bIT.lH0 co.n;qJ)KUT
110BhUUeHHOe
KOJIJll.JCCTBO
yrncpo.ua,
BCJle)J.CTBlle
qero
IU\·1CeT
DDICOKy.10 TBep~OCTh If IlO,UBepJKell o6pa30BClHHIO KpHCTaJIJJH3aUI10lIHl>IX H
urna
XOJIO)J,HbIX
npu
cnoco6a.
186
cnapKe
T!JCI.I..{MH.
)l,11.H
craJihI.lbIMH
CHIDI<eHIUI
TDep.n;OCTH
3Jie1npo.uaM.H
MCTaJIJia
np:wt•.1c1uuoT
.u.na
C Il 0 C 0 6 0 M CIHDICaIOT B MeTaJIJIC lllila CO/],ep)J(aHHC ynrepo,ri:a nyTCM )'MCHhIIIeHJHI r.rry6HHhI nponnaJJJJCHIHI
OCIIOnHoro MeTa.mm .HJIM npon;ecc CBapKU ne,nyr no CJIOIO OKHCJIHTCJJhHoro qmroca, co,u:ep)Kanlero JJ,O 30/~ oxaJIHHbI, r,n;e cpm:oc
ULlllOJIBaeT <f1yHKll,HlO OKHCJUITeJIH yrnepo,~a.
B T 0 p I:.I M c n 0 c 0 6 0 M IIO.JIYllaIOT Xl1Jlvf[p:1ec.1GI.ii COCTaB If CT(JYK·1ypy MeTaJTJTa lllBa, 6JIH3KYIO no XH!\.fl-PICCKOM)' coc-rany JiI ClpYKType ceporo 1.Jyryna, 3TO .uocTHraeTCSI nyTeM HaHeceHnSI Ha
<.;TCp)KCHb 113 yn1epOJ.(HCTOM CTaJJH TOJICToro rpaqH1TH3Hpyromcro
110Kphrnrn; co)J.ep:;Kam;ero 30% clJeppocHJIHU,H.H H 30% rpaqn1ra.
Csapn:a Me).J.&.mmeJIC3HhIMH 3.:'1CKJ poll,al\-m. )lJrn CBaprrn: tiyryna
11pmvtCHjJ:fOT Ta1rnce H !\:fe,UH0)KCJIC3llhle 3JieIC'fPOll,hI. IloKpbITHe
:nnx 3JICKT})0,UOB COCTOHT H3 OCIIOBHoro Tnna, co.n:ep)KC.lIT(ero
Il e p B LI JvI
)KCJIC3HLii1
11opou10K.
B
Ka1.1ecTne
CTep)Kneif
np11Mc1:u110T
Me)J;b
MapKH M2, M3 MJIH ec crrnaDLf.
H:u160JJee pacnpoCTJJaneHIIhIMH TnnaMH 3JICK'rpo)J.on SIDJimoTc~
~mcrcTpO.JJ.bI MapKtt 03ll-l H MH'l.J-l. Hannan11eHHhIH MeTaJIJI
·,nix 3JieKrpo.n:on xoporno o6pa6aThIBaeTCjJ:. CnapHoe coe,~11Henue
''Y' y11a, Bl>IIlOJIHCHHOC =:>THMM 3JleKTpO~aMH, npe.ucTaBJUieT co6oii:
MCXi.llflflieCK)'l-0 CMeCb Me.wr H )KCJie3oyrJJepo,n;HCTOrO CnJiana,
COC)VIHCHHOTO c OCHODHblM MCTaJIJIOM o6IIV-IMH KpHCTC.UlJiafvllI
c r:um, a TaIOKC nyTeM 1IaCTJPiHOH .UHcP<PY3HH MeJJ,H B M11IqJ0110p:hI
•1yry11a.
Cna p?(a ~Ke.l!eJOHHH:C.TJCBhJMll '..lJieI~Tpo,zi;aM11. 3ncrnpo .D.LI Ma pKn
I (lf-3 n L{H-3A 1nroTaBJnrna10T H3 IKeJie3oHmceJieBoi1: npononoKtt
(' llOKpI)ITHeM clffopucro-ICap6onaTHOrO Tlll1a II npnMeHHIOT ,IJ;.JUI
n1:ip1m DblCOKOnpOllHhIX .l{ cepb!X 1 JYI')'HOB.
) (yronaH csap~\'.a 3Jie1npo~artm 111 aycTe1un11oro qyryua c Tmeo110Jum;umu·1M nmi:pLnneM. 3n1 3JieKrpo;:v.'.)r npe.rJJia3Hal!CHhI ,UJ15I
·1a11:ip1rn )~eqJeKToB J111TL5I H peMoHTHOH cnapICtt. CaapKy ~TI1MH
·111<•1<,' rpo;\aMM BeeyT IIOCT05.iHHhIM TOICOM npH 1Ip£MOH ITOJUipHOCTll.
l lntq')hfTHC 3T.HX 3.'leKTpO,UOB HMCCT xopo1uyro 3JICKrp01IpOBO.UllOl"I 1., 11 no3TO.MY .n:yra ropMT 11011epeMeHHO MC)K,Uy MeTa.:1'JUFie, .,11 Il\t cTcp:rKHCM II 113,~eJJHeM, a Tam:i.'f.(e MmK,ny nor<:pI>ITHeM
II 11'1 l(C.llHCM.
Meimo1n~1ponmm1>1e cnoco61>1 cnapK11 qyryua. 'LJyryH Hnor.ua
n1:ip111rn10T no11yaBTOMaT11qeCKOll H JJJeKTpOIDJiaICOBOH CBapKOH.
I Ii> :1yanToMJ.Tn~1ecKan cnapKa n1:.rnoJ1HneTC.SI c np1L\:IeHeH11e~·1 noporn1,nnoii 11ponoJIOKM 11 ~a.er .uocraT0 1rno xoporn11e pe3yJihTaThI.
'>m·1c1 pornmucona.sr cnapmt TaioKe 06ecne 1nrnaeT yJJ,OBJieTBOpHTCJI.h-
111.11· cuoikTBa CBapHoro COCJJ,HHeHIUI U3 ceporo qyryHa. IlpH
'tltll\1 c11oco6e c:eapKH npHMelHUOT B KaqeCTBC 3JICICTpO,U:OB JIHTLie
'IYI \11111.IC nnaCTHHhI. lipaBIUibHhIH IIOJJ,6op 3JieKTp0,UOB npu
1 111· 1, I potu.!'H:lKODOH CBapKe l1 npuMelleHHe cpTopH,~H.hIX 06eccep1rnmo11111 \ II l!COKHCJIHTCJibIILIX cpJIIOCOD, a TaI<)Ke 3aMe.rr..aeHHOe OCThIBaIHie
111 ll. I 11 0 ICOJTOUIOBHOll 30Hbl, tITO xapaKTepHO TO~'lhKO ,UJIH 3J1eI<:TIJOlll '1. I l\l)UOii cnapKH, Il03BOJ11UOT HOJl)7''1HTh cnapHhIC lllDbI 6e3
n I ( ll' llL'll Ill.IX ytmCTICOB, TpellJ;IiH, nop H ,npyrux )J.ecpeI·CTOD, BJllUII-0ll ll I" 11a K~\l1ecrso cnapnoro coe)J.HHeHH».
187
B 0 n p 0 c bl
J.'( n SI
ca M 0 II p 0 Be p I( H
1. KaK BnI-UleT yrncpo.o; H KpeMHH;M Ha c-rpy1nypy lI CBOMCTDa
qyryHa?
.
2. KaKne cnoco61>1 cnapKH '-Iyryna cyll.(eCTBy10T?
3. KaKHe 3.TieK-rpo.n;br npHMeHSJI-OT .o;.rrn .rzyroBo.H cBapKH qyryHa?
§ 66. CBAPKA UBETHblX METAnnon
Me~ 11 ce cn.'JaDLI
06~He cne~euun. Me,.nb 061ian;aeT BhICOKoii 3JieKrporrpoBo.o;HOCThIO, TerrnoeMKOCTh!-0, TCTIJIOIIpOBO.UHOCThIO ll Kopp03HOHHOH
CTOHKOCTblO, a TaK>KC HMeeT ,D;OCTaToqHo BbIC01<y10 nnaCTHtIHQCTh.
B OTO)IC)l(CH.HOM COCTOHHIUI OHa He tfYBCTBHTeJibHa }( lUi3Kl11Vl TCMnepa TypaM H coxpa1rneT npu HHX BhICOKHC nJiaCTJP-1ecKlie cBoiiCTBa. Enaron;ap11 rrepc11HcJ1eHHbIM CBOilCTBaM Me.o;b 11 ee crn1asb1
IllHpOlCO npn.l\.·1CIHUOTCil B pa3Jru\IHhIX o6JiaCT~X uapo;u.Horo xo3SIHCTDa.
OcHOBHbie xapmnepncT.HKH MCJJJI cne.zo.rromHe: TeMnepaTypa
nnaBJICHH.sJ 1083°C, BpeMeHHOe conpOTl·IBJICHHC HeHarapTOBaHHOii
Me.n;H - 20 H/rv12, OTHOCHTeJihHOC y,ivmHeHHe - 50 %, a nnoTHOCTI>8,96 r/cM3.
CnapirnaeMOCTb MCJJ;H B 3Ha"nrTen1>uoii cTeneirn: 3aBHCMT OT
ec "IHCTOTbI: l:JCM MeHbllIC co.n;epJKiiTC.H B Me.nu BpenHblX rrpurv1eceif, TCM BbillIC ec CBapHBaeMOCTb. Jlyt1llleii cnapimaeMOCThlO
o6na.naeT pacmcneHHaH MCAb, co,LlepiKama.s He 6onee 0,01%
KMCnopo.a;a. BpeJlJihlMH npHMCCHMlf B Me.n;H, CHIDI<aIOIUHMli MexaIm:tieCKlie CBOllCTBa H yxyn;maIOIUHMM ee cnapHBaCMOCT.b, HBJI.SllOTCH
TaK>Ke cepa, CBHHen H BUCMYT.
PacnnannennajJ Me)J;b Hi-rrencnnuo pacTnopneT ra3bl, oco6eHno
((HCJIOpo.n;. TipH Ha.JlH'llIH B OCHOBHOM HnH np11ca.n;ot1HOM MeTaJlJie
KHCJiopo.n;a oH 06pa3yeT c Me)J;bro 3aKHCb Me.nu Cu 20. 3aKHCL
Me,n:H o6pa3yeT c Me,l..,bl-0 (OCHODHbI~ MeTannoM) 3BTeKTH.lICCKllH
cnn_an, KOTOphrii nnan.aTc.si npH TeMnepaType 1068°C, T. c. npu
6onee Ill13KOH TCMnepaType, 11eM 'i.HCTaSI Me,n;L. TipH KpHCTaJIJIH3a1.1,aH MeTanJia 11.ma 3BTeKTHKa pacnoJiaraeTC.H no rpaHHI..(aM 3cpeH,
a TIOCKOJibKY oua »BJij{eTCj(lUITepMeTan:non.n;oM, TO MeTaJIJI.H"ICCKa.SI
CBR3b Me)l(,!ly 3epHaM11 Me.n;H HapynraeTc.H - cBapnoe coe.nunenne
CT3HOBHTCSI xpyn.KIIM. Ilo3TOMY CBap1man, MC,D;b cne.nyeT np11caJJ;OlJHbIM MaTepn:aJ"lOM n:nn: ::>neKTpo,n;aMM, 06ccneq.Hea101.Q.HMI! xopolllce pacK11cne1rn.e MCTa11.11a cnapn:oro llIBa. ,QnSI 3Toro B cocras
npn:can;o 1111oa rrpOBOJIOICH llJUI B COCTaB noKpbITIHI 3JleK-rpo.n;on
BBOJJ;HT paCI<lfCJIHTe,.fUl: c~occ~op, KpeMUHH, Mapranen, aJllOMHHUH H ~p. Haxo.n;sim0ifc.H B pacnnaaneHHOM MeTanne BOJJ;opo.o; TaKiKe
oKa3bIBaeT 0Tp1u~aTenbno~ .n;elicTBHe aa caapHoe coe.QHHeHee.
IlpH KpncraJI;JIH3aquH MeTanna WBa BOJJ;Opo.n coe.o;HH.ReTCjl c ICHCJIOPOAOM 3aKHCH MeAH, 06pa3yg npH 3TOM BO)J;SIHl>Ie napbT>
188
KOTOpblC JIBJIIDOTC.Sl npUqJ-IHOH BO.D.OPOJI.HOH 6oJie3HH. B MOMeHT
"PHCTaJIJIH3aJ.I,"BH CBapHoro uma BO,L\HIIOH .nap. CTpeMHTCil BbIMTH
II:\ OOBCpXHOCTb, o6pa3yH npH :)TOM 60JibllIOC KOJIHtICCTBO nop
11 TpeIQHH. 3TOT npOI..(CCC npoHCXO)l.HT IIO CJie,IJ;yIOll(CH pcaKJ.I,lUi
Cu2 0 + H 2 = 2cu + H 2
or.
Py•mas ceapn:a yroJibHLll\-1 3JICtcrpo~oM. CeapKy Me.nu yroJihHbIM
11.rm rpacpHTOBbIM 3JieKTpO,UOM BbllIOJIHSIJOT IlOCTO.HHHbH.f TOKOM
upnMOH IlOJUipHOCTH. t.(JmHa .!1YHI ,L\O.:DKHa 6b1Tb 35- 40 MM.
I Jpuca,n.oqHhIM MaTepHaJIOM CJiy/KaT EpyrJihie UJ1.H npH..l\ifoyroJil:illbIC
11 pyTKH 113 MC,[(H MapKH Ml M l\12, a TaioKe MC,IJ;HhlC npyn<M
l' 11pnca;J,KOH '1Joa}?opa, .sm.11.mo~eroc.SI aKTHBHbIM paCKUCJIHTeJ.ICM.
• 1roGL1 1n6e)l(aT.b
11 pnca,IJ;oqHoro
rreperpena n HHTeHcimHoro 0Knc.r1cmu1 l\·teTaJina
npyTKa npII pacnmrnne1nm, ccqe1111:e noc11cAnero
20-25 MM2.
<l>snocoM npII cBapKe cny)KaT · nnam1cmrn 6ypa HJnr cMecb
an 95~1;;', npor<aJieIIHOH 6ypH Il 5% MeTc\JIJ1!1l.JCCKOro rropOllIKOo6pa3llOI () Mannn1. Tiepe,n; CBapKOll rroponmoo6pa3lrr-.IC <lW.IOCbI HaHOC~IT
)l(lJDKIIO 6bITh
Cl\10'lJCHHYJO )KH.[(KHM CTCKJIOM noncpXIiOCT.b npH.Ca,IJ;O'lllloro
llPY'rna IUUI CBapnBacw..vre KpOM!CU, KOTOpble 3aTCM rrpocylllHDaIOT
ll:t
11u ll03[(yxe.
11 pnca.u;o11Hbll'1 npyToK n KpOMKH cBapnBaeMoro MeTaJrna nepe,u;
llllllCCCIIHCM qunoca 3a1UIIQaIOT MeTaJIJilfqecKOU ll(eTKOll MJIH npo-
Ml.lllalOT 10%-IILINI pacTBOpOM Ka)'CTI1'-ICCKOH CO~I. ,[(.r:rn o6ecne"
'll' 1111 H IIOJIIIOrO rrpoBapa MCTaJIJI TOJII.qHHOH 6onec 4 MM ,11.0JDKCH
Ul\lc 11. pa3)],eJIKY KpOMOK c yrnoM pacKp1>1nrn 70- 90°. CaapKy
,· 11.mon ne.n.yr Ha rpa'1JuTonoii MJill ac6ccTonoii noAK.ua;J,r<e. Iloc.ne
n111 p1m llIOB npoKOBbIB3IOT H 6MCTPO ox.rra;x.n:moT.
I >l.)ICHl\.1M prmoii ,IJ;yronoii cBapKH yron.hHhHvi u
1'h'I\ 1po;,aMn npHBC,IJ;eHLI B Ta6JI.
rpaqmTOBbIM
37.
cnap:~a l\1eraJJJll~1ec1cnl\1 J1~1eKTpO,!.D,OM. MeTaJ11111qec1<HM
·111nc 1pOJ.\OM cBapimaroT 113,IJ;eJrne 113 Me)J.M, npnMenaeMoii n mi.n.c
11po1~aTa TOnl!~HHOH 6onee 2 MM.
( '11ap1Cy BblTI0ffiISIIOT IIOCTOIDIHbIM TOKOM o6pa·moii nonnpIIOCTil
11p11 oG1ncM no,n;orpeBe i-13.n;emiii "lJ..O 300-400°C. CThIKOBbie coeJJ,111w1111>1 11rn-1 TOJIUlHHe MeTaJIJia 11.0 4 MM CBap1mmoT 6e3 pa3,n;eJIKH
11poM01\. flpn TOJIID;IUie MeTa.JIJia OT 5 )l,O 12 MM npn.MeH.SJIOT
V nl1p:rmy10 pa3.n.en«y KpOMOIC c yr.ITorvt pac1cpbITHSI urna 60- 70° .
• ).11c1npo.n.L1 «l<OMCOMOJICJ.I,-100» npnMCIUilOT Jl..iUI CBapKH Me)JJf,
'•o /(l"fl'>lcaU(CH ne 60.11ee 0,01 ~1~ Kncnopo.na, u ,IJ;JJ~ cnap1m 1'v1e.n;u
I 'y'nmH
I"/• l'nlmMLI py•moii JzyrOBOU CE:apr<H MC;l.U
yrOJIM!MM
H
rpmfntTOBL!M
3JEi:KTpO.D.3Mll
In ·111111111 l
•I• I 11 'I 'Ill,
:\<IM
.
.'
Io
~
I l>
15
,lJ,HaJ..-leTp :.'UICK'!pO,llOB, MM
yrO.'lbllhIX
rpa~HITOC-LJX
15 .
18
13
15
20
25
)J.!iaMeTp npuca.D;O'IHblX Ilp)'"TKOD,
M~·I
2-3
5-7
7-8
Be!!u•11m::i
TOXtt, A
200--'300
300-450
450-600
189
co cuulbIO. CnapKy Dhrrron1-I.Suar KopoTKOH .zzyroii nocro}lHHhIM
TOKOM 06paT11oii nonRp:nocTH. 3s1eKl}JO,DJ:.I MH-5 npnMeH.HI-OT .n;1u1
CBapKH rpy6oupouo~on H3 Me,D.HO-IIM.Ke11enoro cmnrna M!-DK5-l
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llnumm cnapKa. CBapKa nrn:poKo npHMcHaeTc.si npu coe.n1me"''" l'"lcp>KHCH apMaTypLI )l(eJie3o6eTOHHbIX KOlICTpyKl.UIM, )KeJie3lll1110p(l)Klll>IX peJibCOB HT • .n;. Ee BbIIIOJIHfilOT 0}1.HHM HJIH HCCKOJlb-
11 llMH ')JJCl<l'PO.D.a.MH.
203
"Lla1o;e Bcero npBMe1-uuoT 3neKTpO.QbI YOHM-13/55Y .n
YOHl1-13/85Y npH noBI>IIIIeHnoii BeJJM'UIHe ToKa, •no q6ecnctinBaeT pa3orpen cnapHBaeMbIX 3JieMeHTOB. )l.illl C03JJ;aHHSI 60JlhillOU
BaHHhI )KH.D.Koro Mera.nJ1a. BaHH)' )J(H,IJ.Koro MeTarrna y;:i;ep:>K1mruor
cneu;n:an1>11oii cpopMoii. CeapKy Ha"lnnra10T B HIDKHeu •JaCTU 4JopMLI
B 3a3ope MC)K,IJ.y TOpU,aMll crep:>KHett, nepe.nBHraSI 3JleKI"pO~ B,[1.0Jlh
3TOTO 3a3opa.
B nponecce CBapKH 1-mnnanJHIMhIH MeTrurn nee BpeMSI ;:i;on)Kett HaXOJ... HT.hC51 B )KHJJ;KOM COCTO.SIIIHH, fl03TOMY '.)JICKTpOfl.bl CJie;:i;yeT MeugTh KaK MOX\HO 6bicTpee. Kor~ ypoBclfT> )Klf,UKoro
MeTaJIJia 6yJJ;CT HaXO.lJ:HThCH BbUIIe cepe,ruIHbl CC"(.ICHMSI CTep>KHeii,
TeII.JIOBOe .n:eiiCTBHC .nyr:n )'M"eHbIUaIOT, )].JUI tiero ee HanpaBJHllOT
B cpe,n:1no10 "tJaCTh BaHHbI. ~JUI nOJIYLICHIDi npO"tfHOfO CBapHoro
urna ero BbiilOJnuuoT c ycirrenueM; ypoBeHh nrna ,IJ.OJI»eeH 6b1Th
Dblllle IlOBepXHOC1.}l CTCJ»KHCH.
B KOH~e nponecca cBapKn ;:i;nSI ycrcopeuWI OXJiruK.n;e1rn:.H aanHhI nepttOJ.(Jlll{eCKH npephIBR10T ,IJ.)TY. )J;JIH 3KOHOMIHI MeraJIJia
npHMCHJUOT pa31£MHbIC $opMbI. 113rOTOBJieIIUble 113 MC,ll;M HJIU
KepaMUKJI.
CeapKa TpexlfJa311oii ~yl'oit Cyw;ttocTb cuoco6a cocTOHT B crre.nyio~eM: B ,nep)J(aTCJlb, IfMCK>IIVrii ,IJ.Ba TOKOilO.QBO.D,a, 3aKpenJU1JOT 3JieKTPO.D., npeJJ;CTaBJJSllOllU1H co6oii ,[(Ba 3JieKTpO,I1.HbIX CTCp)l(H}I B o6ru;eM CJIOe IlOKpbITHH MJII1 ,[(Ba o6hPUibIX 3JlCKTpO,I1.HhIX
CTep)KHSl c Katiec-rBeHHblM IlOKpbITHeAL l.fope3 TOIWilpODO,lJ;hl B
,n.ep)i(areJie K 3Jie1opo,I1.HbIM crepJKHj{M noJJ;Bo.n;.si:T Jl,Be clla3hI cnapot.u-ioii u,entt. TpeT.bIO clla3y noJI,BO.IJ.SIT Henocpe,ncTBenHo K ,ne-
TaJn1. Bo npervu1 cnap1n1 .nyra ropHT MCJK.D.Y l-(ByM5I 3JieKTpo,naMH H MeJK.n;y Ka»e,UbW 3JleKTpOJJ;OM II 113,IJ.eJIReM.
CnapKy TpexcllaJHoii ,n.yrou np1L'\1e~J1JOT npu H3rOTOBJieHHM
KOHC'rpyKU,Irli, Tpe6yIOII.l;IIX 3Ua t.111TCJlbHOrO o6J>eMa HannaBJieunoro
MeTanna, npn HannaBKC TBep,ub1x cnnaBon, Hcnpanne1un1 JJ;e<peKTOB
B CTaJlhHOM J1i1.Tbe, rrpH cBapKe COC,LJ;HHeHiril, Tpe6y10UJ,MX n1y6oxoro npormaBJieHMSI, H npH cnapKc BaHtthIM cnoco6oM CTaJihHoii apMa TYPhI .nnaMeTPOM 60- 120 MM.
CyI.QHOCTh cnoco6a 3aKrnoqaeTc.H n T0;\.1, ~no 3JJeKrpo..u; ue
3aKpCIUIHCTC.H B .n:epjKaTene, a np1rnap1maeTCSI K ueMy TOpl.lOM,
qTO II03BOJIHCT HCilOJib30BaTb BCCb MCTaJIJI ero CTep1KlUI. IlpHMeHCHHe :;noro cnoco6a cnapKn no3BOJ1}ICT necKOJlLKO yMem.. u111Th
llHCJIO nepepbIBOB Ha CMCHY 3JieKTpO,nOB ll Ha 10-15/~ COKpaTJITb
paCXO,LJ;bl CBapo"(.IHhlX MaTepHa.JIOB.
I>e:iorapKoBaB cuapKa. Her.r.ocTaTKOM 3Toro cnoco6a cBapKH .srnn.st:eTCSI IIeICOTOpoe yxy.n;meHHC ycJJOBHH Malllniy.iIHpOBaIUUI 3JieKTpot{OM :w rreperpes 3JICKTpo.uo.n;ep)iWTeJIJI.
Bonpocbl
,n;n51
caMonponepKH
l. KaKHe DhICoKonpo:w3BO,IJ.HTenhHhie erroco6br py'ittoif csapKH
cymecTBy10T?
204
2. B qcM cyn.u1ocrh nOBbllllCHHH npo1nno,nHTCJihH0cTn cBapKII
ny11KOM ~ncKTpo.noB H HaKJIOHHbll'vl 3JICKTpO,noM'?
.
3. KaKonw oco6eHHOCTH Tpex<fla3noii cnapxu, ee npe11Mymecrna n ue~1ocrancu?
rnABA XVII
060PYAOBA~SVIE '1 TEXHOilOr!l!fl
no.nYABTOMATL14ECKOM CBAPKLll noA ~nl-OCOM
§ 71. TEXHOflOf"rtlil nonYABTOMATH"IECKOH CBAPK"1
no.Q «Pnt-0coM
c y ll~ H 0 c T b
II 0 JI y a B T 0 M a T H 1.J e c K 0 ii
cBap KH
110,D.;
3aKn!o 1raeTC)I B CJie.ny10ru;cM: no Mepe nepcMcru;enm1
npy'my10 ,ncp:.aca-reJrn nonyanToMaTa H3 ycranonJ1enno1i ua neM
nopomcu D 30HY CBapKn no.naeTCH 4mI<>C, KOTOpbIH 3aKp:bmaeT
llOHCj)XHOCTb ll3,~e.rnm n: 3neKTpO)..(Hy10 (cBapo1n1y10) npoBOJIOKY
na HJ.TCOTC 40-50 MM. ).:(yra, no36y;.KJ!,aeMan Mejlc,IJ.y coap1:mae-
clu11ocoM
1\ta.rl\1 HOJi~CJUieM 1 I-I 3.TieKTpO,D.HOH npODOJ10ICOtt 2, ropHT 110.n:
l".JIOCM 1[u11oca 3 (pFIC. 94). Ilpu 3TCl\,f npOHCXO,D.HT llJiaBJieirn:e
tepoMoK cnap1maervmro H3)J.e1um, ::>JJer-n-po.71,HOH npononcKH u <}lJuoca. 3aTDCp/J;CBllIHM MCTaJlJI naHHbl 06_pa3yeT JllOil 4, KOTOpbIH
IHH(f)i111laCTC5I 06pa3y10u~eiic.H B npou.ecce CBapKU urnaicO:BOH KOplWM
.~ • .11c1Ko yJJ,rurneMoil rroCJic ocTLIB<:n1v!..SI. HepacrmaBHBlll1:-llicH cl_)JI1oc
co611paIOT noCJie CBapKH II UCTIOJ1b3)'I-OT BTOpvPIHO.
CnapKy no)], qm1-0coM narro.11H5IIOT nepeMe1urLuv1 u IJOCTOSUI..
111.lf\1 TOKOM.
1'11 c i'ilJIJI CEapHoro urna, BbIIIOJUJeHHOI'O IlO,D. ¢1noco1vr, COCTOHT
11pm.u.·p110 H3 1'3 pacr.uianJ1e11noro npnca~o'·moro MeTarma H 213
111~111'11J1;tnJ1c11noro ocno.nnoro MenUIJia.
O 111omcuHe ncca pacrmaBJieHHoro c}mroca K nccy pacrrnaBneu""' •.) 11pucaJ(O'IIIOro Menuum COCTaBJISICT up116Jiff.HlTeJ1bHO l : l.
1
)JJl't\'·q10J,nau npoBc.TJoKa. fipu nonyaBTOMan111ecKoM: cBapKe
II• '.'l 1!1.'llOC~)M 3JieKTpO,[(Ha.si nponOJIOI\a 5IDJHICTC.sI O/!;IUIM 113 oc- .
11011111.rx. '>.nCMCHTOB, onpe.n;eJlJllOIQHX Ka11CCTDO cuapnoro COC,D.HHC·
&111!1, )~.JUI cnapICH no~ ¢n10coM I1pI1..\-iClUiIOT TpH IlUJI:a npoBoJh•l· 11 ~ yr.11cpo;~ncry10, JJernpoBaHHY!O u BhICOKonernpoBaHH)'IO.
I I 1111cpxuoCTb
nocrarurneMoii
11pu110.llOKU ,D.O.TDKU 6LITb 1.JHCTOir,
1,11;,.ru..:<1ii, Gc·1 0Ka1m.uLI, p:;KaB ..uunli
.. MllCJl;l. llpOBOJIOKa fiOCTaBJ1Htt1 ,! II II MOTKaX, JUI60 B CITCI~U11.111• Ill •Ix lla TYIIIKaX.
KailCJJ.h!ii MOTOK J.(O;l)KeH 6bITh
11t p1· 1m ::t I{
1'111
Mjlfl{OH
npoBOJIO-
J·1. C'xc!\m CDUfKH no.n <I>moCOM
1
205
JCOH
B
Tpex
HJIH
'lleTbipex
MeCTax, pamtoMepHo paCIIOJIO)KeHllblX no oKpyJKnocTH MOTKa. K MOTKJ np1ucperr1u11-0t 6Hp1cy,
Ha KOTopoii yKa3LIBaIOT na:H:.\,fCilOBaHHC HJll{ TOBapHbIH 3HaK npeJ.(npH~ITH.H-IIOCTaBIUHKa, uatIMeIIODaHHC npoBOnOKH, MapKy crann
(npoBOJIOKH), .n;HaMeTp npOBOJIOKR n HOMep CTaHJJ;apra, IIO KOTOpoMy cratt,napTH3HpyeTcJI npono110Ka. KmKJ()'lO napTmo npononoI<H conpOBOJKf.laIOT cepTHq:n1I<aTOM, D KOTOpOM yKa3bIBaIOT naIIMeHOB3HHe npe.unplHITIUI-IIOCJannvnm, H311MeHOBaHHe npOBO.ITOKH,
MapKy CTaJHI (npOBOJIOKH), HOMep ruiaDICH, ,UHaMeTp npOBOJtOKM,
XMMIP-ICCKJ.fii COCTaB CTaJUI, pe3yJibTaThl IiCilhITaHHH, Macey
BOJIOKM n HoMep cran.uapTa
(rocra).
npo-
§ 72. CBAPO"IHAH JJ.YrA noA <l'Ilt-OCOM
Cnapo"IHaH {.(yra Bo16)')K,IJ,aeTcSI Me:tK,IJ,y ronoii: 3JieKrpo,nHoi1
npono110Koii no.n crroeM cI>myt1cro c]mroca n CBapRBaeMh™ MeTa.n:noM. Qocne B036)')1CJJ;eIIIDI .nyr11 3a cqeT BbICOICOii ec TeMnepaTyp:bI B03HHKaeT <l_JJIIOCOBbllf ny3brpb, KOTOpbm 06pa3yeTCH
napa.'1n 11 raJa~rH, n1>menmoll.UrM11cg B croJJ6e B nponecce ropeeirn .uyn1. TaKI-~M o6pa30M, noCJie no:J6)')K.QeH1ur cBapo'lJHaH .uyra
ropHr B cl)mocoBoM ny3bipe. B c}).ruoconoM nyJbipe napaMH H
raJaMH co3.n.acTcH ,n;asJJeHue nop.si,ro:ca 0,5-0,9 Kila. }J,aBJieHHe
C'fOJI6a .nyrH, T330B H napoB MeTaJIJia, HaXO,UHU~HXCH B ny3blpc,
cnoco6cTByeT BhlTCCHeHHIO )KH,[{KOro MeTaJIJia H3-IIOA OClIOBainrn:
cmtpo 1rnoii .uyra, B pe3ynbTaTe 'l!ero .nyra 3arny6naeTcH B ocHOBHOH MeTrum.
cf>JIIOCOBbIB 11)'3hipb rrpeeynpe)K.n:aeT IlOTepH MeTaJIJTa Ha yrap
H pa36pbI3nrnaHHC. IloBhIUiem-re BeJI111 mnh1 cnapo"lnmro TOKa YBeJIH1IHBaeT rJiy6nny npormaB.rrettuSI n K09<flcpm. ore1rr HanJraBKH, a
cne.uoaaTeJibHO, ynenH 1nmacTcn KOJJH""'leCTBO pacnnaBJieHHoro 3neKTpo,n:Horo MeTaJIJia. CTa6HJJhHOCTh ropeHIDI .uyru no,n: quuocoM
3aBMCHT OT COOTHOlliCHJUI MmK.rzy KOJU-IqecTBOM pacm1aBJUICl\-!Oro
3.TieKTpo,nHoro MeT&1:JJa H KOJIH1ICCTBOM noCTyrraeMoro B CBapOL-IHYIO ,IJ,yry 3JieKTpo,unoro MC"""i'anna. flpu y'Be1n1'(1emu1 cKopocnt
nepe,n,InDKe1-nrn CBapO'IllOH .n;yru no.n: q>JUOCOM }'MeHblliaIOTCSI rJJy6n:na npormaBJICHH5I, llIMp:HHa H BbICOTa IIIBa, 'lJTO o6'hSICHSieTC5I
Yl-.-fellhlliCHHCM KOJJWICCTDa TenJia .nyrw, BBOMHMOTO Ha e,UIUUIIzy
npoT.IDKeHHOCTH cnapHoro lllBa. Benn OC1 aBHTb nocTO.»HI-IblM.a
CKOpOCTb CBaprcH, BCJil1 11MHY CBapOtIHOro TOKa, TO npH yneJJWICHHH uanpS"Dr<enIDI na cBapo 11uoii ,rzyre, rop.s:cu~e:H no.n: 4>n1ocoM,
Y13eJI11qnsaeTCH .lVHiHa .uyrn, 1.fTO npHBO)JJIT l( ee IlO)lBli}KHOCTII.
Caapo11Hasr .uyra no.n; <pJIIOCOM MO)J(eT npoTeKaTh KaK np11 ncnonh'.30Ba1n1n nepeMennoro ToKa, raK 11 nocT05JHHoro. B CBOJO
oqepc)lb cnapotJHa.SI .uyra IlOCTOSIHIIOro TOICa MO~CT 6bITb np.SIMOH
1m11 o6paTHOH no1rn:pnocTH. Crroii nepacm1anJ1eHHoro qmroca MCwaeT ra30BOMY rry3bipIO pa3opnaThC.si. Kor.na cnoii c}mroca npopbIDaeTc~ M Hapy>Ky BblXO,UHT ra3, TO 3TO y1m3hJDaeT Ha HC,n:oCTaTOK cpnmca. Hprr CBapKe .uyro:H, rop~rn;eii no.n: cpnrocoM, npHMensuoT 66.;Thlll)TIO IlROTHOCTb TOI<a, 'LieM npB py1rnoii ,n:yrOBOH
206
CBapKe WTytIHLIMH 3JieKTpo.n;aMH. 3TO ofr.MICIUICTCH TeM, 'lJTO B
nepBOM cn:rrae paCCTO.SIHHC OT TOICOIIO,ll.BO,lJ;.SUI{ero MYHAWTyKa
JlO CBapo 11110H. 1-{yrH lie npenbilllaeT 60-100 MM. Ilo3TOMY l\·ICHblllC Tep.sieTcR Terrna 3a c 11eT 1nnyqe1nrn, a .n;yra no.IJ. <}>.1uocoM
JIBJIHeTC.H 6oJiee cocpeAOT0 1-ICHHblM HCTOLIHHKOM, 1ICM OTKphITa.JI
JJ.yra. B TO )Ke BpeMH TeMncpaTypa Ayronoro npoMe)l(yTinl npaKTWieCKH ue )'BCJJM 1nmaeTC.sr H3-3a 6onLilIHX 3aTpaT .:n1epnur Ha
llJlaBJieHHe H 11crrapenlle MCTan.rra H cpn1-0ca. IlpH yBeJI.HLICHHH
J{C:lBJieHIIH B ra30BOI'vl rry3Lipe '.la c 11eT ,n;aBnCHM.sI CJIO.H 4)Jil-Oca
U~3pacraeT lI IlJ!OTHOCTb TOKa. ,nanne1n1e ra30B H3MeH.sieTC.sI 0011111
nponopQllOHaJibHO CBapo 1n10My
TOKy.
§ 73. METAJiJiYPr!AH CBAPKVI nOA CJ>Ill-OCOM
<l>JJIOCbI ,D;JJR aBTOMaT.Wiec1<oi1 H rronyanTOMaTJrlJeCKOH cnapKH
110 crroco6y npOH3BO,UCTBa pa3~CJUIIOTC.R ua nnanJJeHbie u HCITJLaBJJCllMC (KepaMH.1rccKtte). II JI a B JI e H 1>1 e
<)>JI IO c I>I - 3To 11cKyccTnc11110 npnroTOBJieHHL!e C.HJ111KaThl CJIO)KI-IOfO COCTaDa c ~o6aB­
Koii <l>TopttCTbIX COJieii, CIJ.TiaBJieHHble B 3jICKTPH'tfeCKllX IIRH IlJiaMCllHbIX ne11ax ll H3MeJJb1:1eHHbIC IIOCJie CilJiaBJICHIUI B KpynKy )J.O
onpCJ(CJlCHHOH rpattyJJ.sIIJJiH. TipH CBapKC .rrcrnpoBaHilblX CTaJieii:
llJ>HMCIHllOT C~JllOChI, ue C0).1,Cp)l(au:cHe I<pcMHC3CMa H nocrpoeHllJ.IC n OCHOBHOM na cfnopHCTbIX COJI.RX (CaF2, NaF 11 J.lp.)
c J(o6an.rre1ureM npotIHhIX oK11cnoB (Cao, MgO, A1 20 3). Ke paM II 'I cc K He (~ n IO c bl - MexaHWICCKaH C.IvICCb noporuKoo6pa3HhIX
l(llMllOllCHTOB, CBH3aHHblX MC)K.UY co6oii: pacTnopoM I1JIU cneKallllCM 11 pa3,npo6nCHHaSI B DH,ne KpyrIKH .n:o orrpe.n;eJiennoll: rpa11 yJUJI (H II.
I lp11 IIOJiyaDTOMaTIPieCKOH M aBTOMaTJI1IeCKOH
CBapKe craneli
B 3011e .n.yroBoro pa3pSIJ.la
11.lllUIJllUI KIICJIOPOAa. M Cl30Ta B03_rzyxa, XHf\·1H'ICCKH B03,n;eifcruyroT c )IUl~KJ.fM MeTaJIJIOM, a TaIOKC JienrpyioT CBapoq:ayio DaH11y. 'lanurrHhie CBOHCTBa c]mwca 3aBHC.HT OT ero tpH3H'llCCKOfO
l'Ul' romurn ( creKJioB11.n;irh1H: HJIH neM30BHJ.lHblH) H rpa1zynsinuw. B
1.rnm.·11MOCTli OT XMMH 11ecKoro COCTaBa q)jHOCa H csapo 1HIOH BaHHhI
•111111 >C JUI6o BCTynaeT B XMMH'-leCKOe D3aUMOAeHCTDUC c )l(M)J." II M MCT<UIJIOM, JIH.60 OCTaCTCH uaCCHBHblM.
(I) JI IO c bl cun11Ka.Thl B CBoeM COCTaBe 1L\·1eIOT ,ll.Ba Tmia
Ul~m.·.11on: OCIIOBHbie H ICHCjiOTHbIC, Il03TOMY }[QC.HT OCHOBHOH
11 lllt 1\llCJIOTHbllf xapaKTep.
Onu.1n11ble c}>1nocb1 o6hrt.mo npHMewnoTCH rrp11 cnap.Ke nernpo11a11111.1x cra.neH:, Kor.ua Kpel\u1enoccraHOBHTenLHbIM npou:ccc OTp11Ha ll'JJM-10 DJIH5JeT Ha <}JopMHpOBaHne CBapHoro mna.
I lp11 cnapKe no~ <}>JIIOCOM HMCCTCH Tptt c}>a31>1: lliJiaKoBa.SI
(.1l11111 H'onast), ra3ona11 H MeTaJIJIH1recKaH. Me)l(ey 3'Tlll\:UI cpaJaMH n
111w·crc r·openm1 CBapoqHo:ii ;:zyru no,n; cpiuocoM nponcxoAj!T
, 11 '~ u·11110-nocCTaHOD1ITeJibIIhie peaI<IJ.I1H.
JI ua11Gonee ropir11eii qaCTH cnapo11HOH BaHH.bI ua rpaHHI(e
1f1111nl·i.1 3au.unumoT )l(J.f)J.Kiill MeTann
Ct I'
1tt
207
pa-3.uena Me)J(J.{y MCT3JIJIII'l1CCKQM 11 lli.:""raKOBOU lJ>a'.la?>.·UI npoTexaeT .
+ 2Fc, = 2(Fe0} + [Si].
KpyrJihie cKo6Ku () o6o3Ha'IaIOT, qTo coe.ru1Henne naxo,IJ;HTCj{
pcaKUH5I (Si02)
B BH.Ue unraKa, a 1ma,u,paTHhie (] - ::>JieMeHT pacrnopeu n pacnnanne1nroM MeTaJJJIC cnapO'UIOH BaHHhl.
3Ta pcaKU,H.n upoTerrneT B TOM cny11ae, CCJlll KOHU:eHTpal{MH
KpeMHeKHCJIOThl BO cllJUOce 6y.ucT BbICOKOii npli llll3ICOH KOHI.(eirrpa3aKHClf )KCJIC3a (FeO) n aeM, Ii HH3Koii KOHQCHTpa~HH
1.llUI
xpei'l.,IJIH.ff n cnapo'lm:oli nattHe. 3aKHCh )KeJie3a, o6pa3yIOII.(a.Hc.ff no
npune.n.eunoii peaKUHU, npe11MymecTBeHHo nepexo,[(HT D m.TraI\ H
~mCTl.f'l.IHO B MenUIJJ, CJ!C)J;OBaTCJILHO MeTaJIJI runa o6orarn.aeTCR
O.UHOBpeMeHHO KpeMHHeM II KHCJ10p0.D;OM (3aKUCblO :H<e.ae3a). ·Dpu
3TOM c.rie.uyeT OTl\·iCTHTb, ~no IIOBbllllCJ-me KHCJIOTHOCTH c}mIOca
MO)KeT np1-mecTH K BblCOKOMY CO,.'J;ep)KaHmo B CBapo 11noil BaHHe
KpCMHHSI, KOTOphIH BOCCTauoBHJIC5I lf3 qmmca. IlplIDe)],eIHrnH pcaKlf.IUI lIMeeT QtJeJ[b Ba)l(HOe 3IIatfeHHe B 1CX CJiy•msix, KOr)J;a npo113BO.UHTC.R: cBapKa HH3KOynrepo.uHcnrx ICHnm1\HX cra.rreii. HaJIWiHC
KpeMIII1JI B :>KM.D;KOM MCTfu1Jie, DOCCTaHOBJICHHOro 113 quuoca, ne
Mence 0,2
rio3BOJIJICT JUfKBH)J;HpOBaTh 11 no,u:aBHTh pa3Bl1THC
H Kpl1CTaJIJIM3YJOuteiic.H 1..mcn-r CBapO"IHOii D3HHLI peaKIJ.IfH o6pa30BaIUrn:
H nony 1U1Th TIJIOTHhiii IUOB.
0TpMIJ,aTeJihHOH CTOponoif peaKQl!H .SlB.iU!CTC1I 3acopeHMe CBapnoro llIBa CHlllil<aTHhIMH BKJII01ieHUID.fM.
HanH?fHe BbICOKoii KOJII\eHTpaqttH 3aKucu MapraHu.a (MnO).
BO q>JIJOCe II HI13KOH KOHl(eIITpau;nn 3aKHCH )KCJJe3a B HCM,
na rpaH11Qe Me)K.n:y MCTaJrn 1;1qecKoii H rnna Konoii cpa3aMu npt-,..
TeKaeT
peaKI.(IUI
DOCCTaHOBJlCHH.ff
( OKl1CJie1nrn)
MapraIU.\,:'l
%,
co
(MnO) + 1-'ell\ = (FcO) +[Mn].
BoccTaHoBJICHmo 1v1aprmn~a cnoco6cTByeT B~,1c0Kn.s1 Ko1-m;ettTpaMnO BO <jlJIIOCe, IIOBl>IIUeHHe OCHOBHOCTH . <lmzoca H: fII13-
l.lH»
Koe CO)J.Cp)KaHUC OKHCJIOB )l(CJ1C3a no (~Juoce, cne,(\OBaTCJihHO,
npH MaJihIX KOHl~CH.Tpau,H.sIX MnO BO qmiocc npo:ucxo,n;HT OKMCJICHIIe MapraHQa, a npH ,IJ;OCTaT0 11HO BltlCOKOH KOJll{CHTpaQHH cro
noccrauonneHnc. BoccrauoBncn:ue Mapraau.a H3 rfunoca co,1J;ciic-rnyCT
IlOBhllllCIIMlO I\OHl{eHTpau.HH 3aKUCH )Ke.nc:m B CHCTeMe MCTa.JIJI IlIJiaK lf, CJie,UonareJibHO, IICKOTOpOMY OKIICJlCH!110 )!CU.UKOfO l\,ofeTanJia B 30He IUlaBJieHM5!.
Pa3BHTmo 1cpeMHe- 11 Maprattl(eBonoccranonnTCJlLHhrx peaKQHii
crroco6CTnyeT TOT cpn1-0c, KOTOpblM .srBJI.HCTCSI XMMHtJCCKH aKTl-IDIlbil\.-[ K pacrrnasneHHoMy Meran11y cBapoqnoli BmnihI. B ::>TOM
CJIY'lJae npOHCXO.D;lIT OKMCJien11e ynrepo;:.\a, np;i KOTOpOM cne.n;yeT
yqHTLIBaTh. ~Ba o6CTOSITCflbCTBa:
l) OKHCJieHHe yrnepo.u.a, npOHCXO.UHI.QCC B, BhlCOKOTeMncpaTypHOH tJaCTM cnapo 1.inoi1 naHHhI, upHBO}J.MT K pac1<nCJ1eHmo :>KimKoro MeTaJIJia;
2) 0K11c11e1n1e yr.f'!epoll:a, conep1ua10mcccsr B Kpucras1n1ny1cu.:elic.R qacTH cBapoqi10.M BaHHbI, cnoco6cTBycT o6,P<'l30naHru-O nop n
MCT&'lJIC uma.
l{CJiblO noranJeJHrn o6pa30BaHUSI penrcr~HH OKHCJ1CUIUI yr.ne-
c
208
PO/(a D KpMCTaJIJill3yior~cik.SI 'IaCTH CBapotIHOll BillJHbI, HC06xo~HMO
n ucii HMCTh onpc.n;eJieHHOC Co)J.ep:>KaH11e KpeMHMJi (He IUDKe
0, l 1X,), Il03BOJIHIOllteC JlOJIYtIHT.b DJIOTilhlH lllOD.
B cBapo'IHLIX cp;uocax coJJ;ep)KHTC.sI ner<oTopoe KOJ1llqecrno
( J(O 0, 15 /J cepbI, KOTOpa.sI .SlDJISieTC.sI O)'.(HOH H3 uan6onee Bpe'A11 lol X npliMeceii n Me-rarrne nma. Cepa, B 3anucnMOCTH OT ye,,. )lllfH, nepeXO)J.HT li3 (~JIIOca B MCTaJIJl, IUIH Hao6opoT. Ena1 011p1UITH1>1e yc;10DiUi nepcxo,o:a cepbl n MeTarIJI nma (cnapo1iHYIO
ua1111y) 6brnaroT Tor.ua, KorJJ;a oHa Haxo,DJITCR no c]>moce B BH,l.(e
t'YJIMl>M,Ua )l(CJ1e3a - FeS, KOTOphlli xopowo pacTnopRCTC.ff B JKMJ(hOM :>1ccne3e. Bo ¢n1ocax, nMe101uwx n.1>1c0Koe co,uep~'Kauue Map1 a11na, cepa 61>maeT cB.~I3aHa B cyJIM}mn; MapraHila (MnS), K01 o pa H nnoxo , paCTBOpHeTcn n )KC.JJ:eJe. B cBapo'-n1oii BaHHe D03~ u 11K11h1 cJ1e.ny1-0UJ,He XHM11L1ecKHC pcaICUJUI (MnS)
Fe;1, = [FeSl
I Mnj, (MnS) [FeO] [FeS] [MnO]. IlpcspamettHe MnS B
I l':) B cnapOllHOll na1me npOHCXO,O:HT Tor.n:a, KOr,i::i;a C03)J.aHhl
CJ!(IJ<.:JnJTCJlbHbie ycJIOBH.SI 11 naJUPIHC MaJIOH KOHQe1rrpa1un1 Map1 :1111~a n MeTanne. TopMo:>KCHHIO npor.wcca npespall(emrn MnS H
h·S c11nco6crnyeT BLICOKaj{ JC011uc11Tpar.v1H Maprmn~a n MeTaJIJie 11
I
+
=
+
+
+
MapraHI(a (11n0) B umaKe.
( 'y.11h<ln,r,u :>Ke11e3a FeS RBnneTc.sr Bpe,uttoli npuMecbro B Me11111J1c 11ma. B nepnon; KpHCTaJIJIH3aJ~Hn cy11b(J.n1)J. >Ke11e3a o6pa3y1; 1uu.:11
MC)K,UeH)J.pHTIIhIX npocTpaHCTBax nerKCilJiaBKYJO 3BTCKTHICY
I 0'l·S· Fe (TcMnepaTypa 11J1aBJieHHH 0Ko110 94ff'C), cnoco6cTBYJO•Hym o6pa3oBanmo rop.atittx Tpe~HH.
B 11ponecce cBapKu no.u BhICOKoMapraHQOBHCT.hIMR cl>JnocaMH
,. I
II
MCTaJlJUitICCI<YIO nanny. 3TOT
11p1>1\l'CC npoHCXO,DJIT TCM nonnee, L!CM BhllliC KHCJIOTHOCTb <}puo-
1J1rn'.1l1op
nepCXO)J,HT li3
( 'u;{cpi1mH11e
' .1.
<1>n1:0ca
B
<~oc¢opa a Menuu1e
mna CHIDicaeT ero y,uap-
"Y''' llH'llCOCTu.
I laxo)(SII.I.\<UICH
na nonepXHOCTH CBapuBaeMbIX I<pOMOK p)l(aBnop B
•11111a llJIH 01<annna CJIY:>ICllT npHtIHHOH B03HHKHOBeHIDI
""' ';111.11c CBapHoro uraa.
§ 14. TEXHHKA no.nYABTOMATPA4ECKOPA CBAPKl4
rlOA <1>111-0COM
I lpu llOJiyaDTOMaTHllCCKOH cnapKe IlO,Q <l)Jil-OCOM (pnc. 95)
• '';1p11•1mui npoBonol\a Manoro ,nHarvteTpa M3 KacceTI>I 1 no cne111111111.uoMy rH6ICOMY rn11anry 2 rrepe.QBHraeTC.H IlO,.QaIO~HM Me'""" 111,10M 3 K .QepJKaTeJno 4, H3 KoToporo oHa nocrynaeT
cnapKH. CBapotm1>1ii TOK rro.1::i:i~o,!l.HTC}! 1c ,o:ep)l(aTCJn-0 qcpe3
lllJIUI·ff 2. <DJH-OC B 30HY CBapKH IIO)J,aCTC.ff JIM.60 nH.eBl'llol I ll'll'l'ldi c:1tGlThIM no3.uyxoM no rnmurry, n1160 3a c 11er co6cr1111111111 n uc:ca H3 Bop0Hln1 ,ucp:>KaTe~1si 4.
I\ 11po1~ccce cnapKu .cnapI..I.I.111< ncpeMeruaeT .nep)I(aTenb rronyaa1 t •.\I.I I" npytmym n,uoJib JIHHHII nrna. llonyaBTOMaTJPieCKOH CBap11
11111y
111lird1H
1
'111 11 l I(~ <l)JUOCOM MO)KllO BJ::olflOJIH.SI'fb
I ··
l 11111"1 I llii (pHC.
pa3Jlll'IHhie TIIIlbI CBapHbIX
96).
209
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2
P.uc. 95. CxeMa nocra no11yaBT0ManP1ec1mii cnapKM no.n; <jinrocoM:
1 - KacceTa no.naiomero Mexam-IJMa, 2 - rn6KHii w.Tianr .n.ru1 nona1rn '.'l"!CKTpo.irnoii
npoBOJIOl<H H 3J!CICTpHtJeCKoro TOKa, 3 - po.-rnfKH IlO}tclIOLI\ero MeXaHH3Ma, 4 .a:ep)KaTeJlb, 5 - IlO.D,a!OllUtii MCXaHII3:M, 6 - annapaTHhIH SIUlHJC c 3JICicrpoo6opy.uoB8HHeM nonyaBTOMaTa,
7 - cnapo~mUIH TpaHC-<~OPl\·1~\TOP
Ilpll noJiyaDTOMaTHtlecKoii CBapKe .IT.JUI nonyi-reHHH KatJCCTBeHHbIX CBapIIbIX II.IBOB IIpMM:eH.ffiOT qmwc 6onee M~JJKOM rpaHyIDII(HH, l.Jel'vl IIpH aBTOMaTJrl.JeCKOH CBapKe ITO~ cpmoCOM.
IlonyaBTOMaTU'IeCKyro CBapKy no.u <J?n10COM BhinOJIHSlf()T no
pY1ffiOH no~Ba pKe, Ha cra.nhaoii u MC,aHoli noJJ.Kna.n.Kax, Ha cpn10coBoJ.i no~yr...uKe u Ha nccy.
IlonyaBTOMaTif'ICCK)'l-0 cnapKy no pytIHOii IIO,n,BapKe IIpHM:eH.n-
IOT n Tex
Kor.ua no.nyanTol\mTw1ec1can no.unap1<a HeB03MO)l(Ha, Hanp&vICp, npH CBapKe KOJlbll,eBLIX lllBOB llJIJUlli,llpH1.JCCKJI.X 113,D.CJIHM He6oJIJ:.liJOrO .ll,Ha:J\1eTpa.
MeJ_.(HYJO y,n.ruureMyio rro)U(JiaJJ.KY (pHc. 97, a) npmvteHmoT npH
CBapKe TOHI<HX JlHCTOB, npu 3TOM Tpe6yerc.si )];OC'TaTOl.JHO T011Han c6opKa H 1-Ia,Jle:>KHOe npu:)J(aTI,Ie KpOMOK K Me.D,HOH no~1ma.n.Ke no BceM: WJHHe lliBa (MaKCrnvt:aJibHhlH 3a30p 0,25-0,5 MM).
a)
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fi)
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Puc. 96. CxcMa nonyanT0MaTw1ecKoii cBapKM no.A <I>mocoM:
a - CTbJKOBbIX IIJDOB, 6 - B llOJIO)Kemm «B ~10)J;QliKy», e - TanpOBblX llIBOB, 2 11aXJ1eCTHbJX lilDOB
210
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Puc. 97. Cxe:rvm no:iyaBTOI\,.fanPICCKOH CBapKH rro,n: rpmocoM:
a-
na MC,[{llOll 11J1H CTaJlbIIOH no,nKJia.QKC, 6 - npH COC,'l,ltIICIIllH <CB 33MOK»,
fl -
Ha lpJIIOCOI>Oii no;i:ymKe; 1 - pe3JUIOBblH umanr, 2 - <l)J]IOC, 3 - U3~
,D;C-'UIC
)lm• llOJIYtICHIUI Banmca B 30He I\OpIUI ill Ba B Me,UIIOH IlO,D.I<Jia,l:(1~· · )(CJJalOT IcaHaBKy, UHor.ua ee 3acbma1-0T qmIOCOM.
(. ntJII>IIYIO OCTaIOIIlYIOC»" JTO)J;KJia,llKY (CM. puc. 97' a) np11Melf HIOT 11pH cnapKe TOHKHX JIHCTOB, npHtJCM .uonycKaCTC.H 60JihllIOH
·1;nop MC:»CJlY CTbIKyeMbIMH 3JJCMeHTaMM, 1.JCM npH cnapKe ua Me,l:(111 di
110/.(IOJa,UKe, a 3a30pb1 Me)JC)zy IlO,UKJJaJJ;KOH H Il3,UeJIHCM
;1ct1D1(llhl 6b1Tb
tte
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1 MM. Pa3uona;1.11ocT1>IO cnapKH Ha
nluHl{CNCJI CTa.JibHOH TIO,IJ.KJJaJJ;Ke SIDJUieTCH cnapKa B 33MOK
( pltt.:. 97. 6), KOTopaR npm.-ieI-rn:eTCH npll HaJIO>Ke1rn:n KOJILI.J,eDblX
llllll)ll lltl TOJICTOCTCHHhIX IJ;I-lJUIHJJ;pax Manora ,UHaM.eTpa.
11 p11 11c11011&3onaHHn <}l1uoconoii no.n;yllIKil (pHc. 97, e) Tpe6yeTCH
l\lr111.111:ur ToqnocTu c6op1nr, qeM npa cnapI<e na Me,n..noii no)l,11 IJ!l)U\(."; xopounre pe3)'JlhTaTbl IlOJl)flI.aIOTC.H ImK IIpH 0)1,HOilpOl'.\l.llllUli cnapKe c ITOJIHhIM npoBapoM nceii TOJilll,llHbl JIHCTa~
loll\ II ll(UI no,n.sapKe c o6paTHOH CTOpOIILI .D.DYCTOpOHIIero CTblCJ\
uma.
111111111 u
) ~JI JI llOJlyaBTOMaTU"tleCICOll cnap1c11 no.u
¢111ocoM npnMCH'1IOT• 11 111111ya11ToMaTbI Illll-5, II,lJJIIM-500 11 JI.p.
B o n p o c hi A .11 .H c a M o n p o n e p K Ii
l(:urnc TIIIIhT npOBOJIOKH npIDvlClUIIOT ,UJUI CBapKn?
,, • f (a IC · ICJrncc:minn~upyroT cnapotiffhie <)>JJJOChI?
'· 1(01,l{a npM CMpKe npHl\fCHHlOT J(HCJibie H OCHOBHbie <}l.111-0ChI?
rnABA XVIII
CBAPKA noPOWKOBOPA nPOBOJlOKOali
§ 75. 06ll(VIE CBEAEHMll
I l11pcHJllCODaH npOBOJIOICa Il3rOTaBJIUBaCTCSI MeTO~OM rrpo¢un1I11111111111rn
11.1111 BOJIQllCHIUI 113 cnUJbHOM JJeHThI XOJIO.D;HOro
npo-
•. , '"
111111 CUO}XPmBalUUI CTaJihHa.H JieHTa 3anOJIH51CTC5f CMCChlO
11111111111111h1l\pa 'JllhIX MaTep.HaJIOB, KOTOpbie SIBJISIIOTCSI paCKHCJDUO-
""'' au. 11111;11<nn6pa:ly1omHMH, ra3006pa3YJOllUThnr, 11erHpy1om;11Mu
"• 1·1• 1 11 1111 mpy1ol.l.l}IMH cocrannmomHMH npH ropeHHM cBapoY:iioll.
211
,IOTil. Ilopollll\OBaH npoBOJIOKa MOIKCT I<JiaccncpMUHpOBa ThC.sJ no
CJICeyl-Oll.\lll\:I npR3HaKa.i.'\-f:
no xapaICTepy 3all.lMThl (6e3 3aUUITbl JI c 3aI.IJ;I1TOH yrJieKUCJlhIM
ra3oM);
no rrorrepeqnoMy ceqc1n1ro ;
no tta1na~1enmo (JI.JUI cBapKli HJIH narrnanKI1);
,..
no cocTaBy nopouncooopa3Horo cep.ue~nIHKa;
B 3anMCllMOCTH OT MapKM CBapHBaeMoro MeTaJina;
no TCXHOJIOruqeCKliM: oco6eHHOCTJIM ,zvrn: CBapini D pa3JUPIHhlX
npocTpaHCTBCHHblX IlOJIO)KelilU'IX.
IlopomKonaH nposonoKa B npou,ecce cnapicn ,noJnKua e6ecnclflIDaT.b JIC!'K0C B036yJJC.1WU:He ll cra6HJihI-IOC ropenue CBap01iHOH
.nyrn, a ...Ta101<e caH11TapHo-rnruenM~1ec1rn:c
ycnomu!. CBap1ca nov
,.,
poUIKOBOll npOBO.iIOKOll ,UOJDKlia ooecne•nmaTb BhlCOK)'I-0 upoi-uJlO)J;HTellbllOCTh npon;ecca H Heo6XO)J;MMLie MexaHJiqeCKHe CBOMCTBa
MeTaJIJia CBapaoro nrna. OcnoBULIM npHCl\.rymcCTBOM nopoum:onoit:
IIpOBOJIOKH .HBJUICTC'1 B03MOJKHOCTh BhIIIOJJHeHIUI KOpOTI<IiX JlIBOB,
1ITO Hco6xo.n,11Mo npu: Db1110J1HeH1n1 MOHTaiKHhIX pa6oT. K noponrKOBbll\·f rrpOBOJIOKaM, npMMClUICMhIM np1-1 cnapRe 6e3 3all1JIThI
ra3a, o-rHoc.HTc.s:c nn-AHI, nrr-AH2, nn-AH3, nn-AI-!7, TaK)Ke
IIIT-2,[(CK, 3IlC-15/2, a c 3allU1TOH yrJICKHCJIOTO ra3a - nn-AH4,
Illl-AH8.
IJa3Ha~IeHHIO IIOpOIIIKOBI>Ie IlpOBOJIOKH Moryr 6b1Tb H3TOJlhKO AJHI CBapKH llJII1 TOJl.bKO ):(JI.H 1-mnnaBKJf.
Ilepe'lJHCJICHHbIC BbllllC npOBOJlOKH npllMCHSIIOTC_jl ;IJ,JUI CBap1u!.
IlopornKOBhie npOBOJIOKII ,nn.fl HannanKn: D CBOeM COCTaBe
IIM'eioT J1ernpy1m1.J,11e 3JJeMeHThI, c6ecrreq1-ma10m11c Hco6xo~H.\1hie
Ilo
rOTOBJiellbl
CBOMCTBa nan1mBJJCHHoro cJJo.s:r.
Ilo COCTaDy IlOpOUIIC006pa3HOrO cep,ne~IHHXU nopOlllKOBbie npoBOJIOKH MoryT 6I:.ITh c.i1e.zi;y1om.ux THnon: pyTHJIOilhie (KMCJG>re),
I<ap6011aTHo-<lm1oopHTHhie H pyTru1-Kap6onaTHO(~JnoopHTHbie.
Ilo CBap,I-maeMOMY MeTaJIJI)' · IIOpOIIIKOBhIC npOB0.1lOKH npe.u.Ha3Ha~I8.lOTCII ):(JI.SI CBapKH yrJiepO,[(UCThIX n
lllI3KOJICrupoBaHHbIX
cra.n:eii, a Ta.IOKe qyryHa.
ffo TeXHOJJOrlil.feCKHM OCOOCHHOCT5IM IIOpOlliKOBI.Ie IlpOBO.lJOKH
B 1-IaCTo.amee BpeMH MO)lCHO pa3JJ,eJIIffh WUI cnapKH D HlDKHCM IIOJIO:m:eHlfH II ,nJJH cnapKH B Hl1>KHCM H nepTHKaJII..IIOrvt
TIO.TIO:>K:eHH9.X. IlopOUI:KOBbie IlpOBOJ10KI1 ,nn.SI cnapKH BO BCCX
npocTpaHCTBeHHbIX IlOJlO:IKeI-UUIX liaXO~HTC.n B CTa)J;Hll pa3pa6oTKH.
Ilpn CBapI<e nopOilllCOBOH npOBOJIOKOM nplTh1CIUII-OT pa3JIWIULie .[(BlDICeHlffi 3JieKTpO,ZJ.a •. CThIKOBbIC lllBhl Mory-r BbIIlOJll-I.aTbC.ff yrJIOM Ha3a)J;,, Bnepe):( HJIH B03Bpan10-nocTyIIaTCJib1lb!!VI ,lJ;J3H'1<'.CHHeM JJiexnpo.n.a. IlpH cnyt1aiiH1>1x o6pbmax .nyrn HJIH napymeHHII rro.n.a~n1 IIpOBOJlOKH CBapollHYIO 11.yry neo6xo)~HMO B036y>K,a;aTb Ha pacCTOfillHH 10-15 MM OT MeCTa o6pr)ma H noc:!e
3a:»nrratt11si nepeHecn1 ee ua He3annaB11enubtii KpaTep. TanpoBbie
IJ1BhI BhIIlOJIHfilOT IICTJieo6pa3HbIM II D03DpaTHO··llOCTyrraTCJI.bHhllvl
,P.,ffmI<eHHeM ropeJIKH.
·212
§ 76. CBAPO~HblE ABTOMATbl "' nonYABTOMATbl
Cnapo'IHbre asToMaTbr .~.ru1 BhIDOJIHCHIDI lllBOB nopowKosoii
llpODOJIOKOH no.npa3JJ;eJUllOTC.SI .i:orn: CBapKH B ffil)!(HeM IIOJIOJKCIUIM y111mepca.TibHbrli cBapo'IHE>IH TpaKTOp TC-42, ,D.JHI cBapxn ropH1011TaJihHhIX llIBOB Ha BepTHI<aJII>Holi 11nocKOCTH - arrrrapaT A-1325
II JlJISI CBapKH c npHH)'ll;HTeJibHl>W c}>0pM1:1poBaHUCM - anrrapaT
Awl 150Y.
l(JUI CBapKli nopOlliKOBOH npOBOJIOKOH B
3aBOJJ;CKliX, a TaKJil1 l~ n MOHTa>KIIhlX YCJIOBHSIX B HHCTHTyTe .JJieK'rpocoapKH HM.
I". 0. IlaToHa pa3pa6oTaH 6e3peJihCOBbIH annapaT A-llSOY.
' • I ( l 1' annapaT npe.nHa3HaqcH ,llJISI CBapKM nepnIKaJlbilblX lllDOB
1 • 11
HY.UHTeJioH.bllvI c}>opMnpoaaHHeM.
) ~JUI IIOJiyaBTOMaTHqecICOM CBapKH rropoll!KOBOH npOBOJIOKOll
llllllMCIUICTC.s! pa3JilftIHOe MHO)J(eCTBO HOJiyaBTOMaTOB, ICOTppbie
f\HlAl\110 I<JiaCCHC~lfl~HponaTb ITO CJieJzyIOU\HM npU3HaI<aM:
110 ymmepcallbHOCTH (AJISI CBapKH IIO,ll cl>JUOCOM MJIH B cpe,ne
VI 11(.'IClolCJIOro ra3a);
110 11pS1MOMy Ha3Hff'ICHIUO (TOJibKO ):(Jljf CBapKH nopOIIIKOBOM
I ljll lltOJIOKOll);
rm
110
n1apK11
cnapHBaeMOMY
MeTa.JIJIY
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CBapICH
qyryHa
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cran11);
110 KOJIH'iCCTBy 3.TICKrpO,llOB.
lllmt11ronbrn nonyaBTOMaT A-1072M npe.nHa3Ha'ICH .rvrn: JlYr&'" ''' l'OilpKH H 3anapKH .uectieKTOB qyrYffHOro JIMTb.sI. IllnaHTODblH
'" 111ya1n0MaT A-1072C. ~JIH ,z:zyrosoii cBapKH H 3aBapmr 'lfyrya11111 n .rmThH TpeMH 3JieKTpo,naMH. IIInaHroBhIH rroJiyaBTOMaT A-1197
" lll IUICl'!MOCTH OT HCIIOJIIle1nrn npc,r:i;Ha3I-Iat.ICH )lJJSI CBapKH B yr' II" Id ll' JI OM ra3e, IIO,ll cimrocoM H nopollIKOBOH npOBOJlOKOH. 3TOT
11111111 p;t r l\·10)KeT 6bITh crau.HonapHhIM: H nepeHocHhll\.1:. IIInanroBhlli
111111yanT0MaT Tlffia A·765 npe.uHa311a 11eu ,n)rn cnapKH rropoIIIKOBoii
11p1HlOJIOKOH H B 3all(IITHOH cpe.ue yn1eKHCJJoro rd3a.
I
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1 u u •M yucJ1wnmaeT npoH3llO,lllITCJibHOCTh cnapKH 11 ynylrnmer
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II l ,, Ill lllllOCTb llIBOB K nopHCTOCTU, OHa pacIIIHpSl'eT ,l.:(llal!a30H
, •. 11111•111x 11anpID1Ce1rnii Ii TOKOB. Ilp.a'1CHCHUe nopolllKOBOH npoh•, .,, ,,, II c .n.ononHHTeilbHOH 3am;HTOH yrJieKHCJThIM ra30M Il03BOll llt' I
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pa3pH.n nponcxo,z:i:HT rnaBHhIM o6pa3oM 3a c1.1eT TepMo:J:i:einpoHHoii l\.1HCCUH 611aro.nap11 BbICOICOH TeMnepa zype nnaBnemrn II OTHOCl:ITeJihHO HM3KOH TeilJIOilpOBO)lHOCTii BOJibcppaMa, 'ITO o6ycnOBJIIIBaeT neo.~HHaKOBhie yc110B1-rn ropemu1 ,nyrn npH npSIMoii H o6paTHOH no1rnpuocrn. IlpH o6paTnoii: no.TrnpHocTH (H3~enae 11Bn11erca
KaTO.[(OM - MHHyc) uanp.HiICCHHe npH B036yxc;a;eHirn ,nyrn ~OJl:>KHO
218
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co3,naer noCT0'1HHoe MarHM"(Hoe none B cep,nc':lrun:e Tpanc4mpMaTopa H .npoccen.si, qTo np.HBO~HT K )'MellbIUemuo l\lOU~HOCTH
cuapotinofi: )J.yru H ee YC'TOH'tmBocTH. IlollDJieHIIe n r\enu noCTO.smno:H cocTaBJiffiOill;CH TOKa IIC o6ecneqMBaeT IIOpMa.JihHOrO
UC}~CIIH.SI npon:ecca CBap1m H oco6c11110 npH CBapI<e aJIIOMMHHCBhIX
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IC(10MOK n cpop?\·IBPOBaHMIO mna.
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Tll 1( KaK B 3TOM CJI"jlJae npOHCXO~HT pa3pyrue1m:e OKHCHOll H
rnnpHJlHO.ii nneHOK.
llpH
o6paTHOH IlOJI.HpHOCTH np:m...reHHIOT Hli3KHe fIJlOTHOCTII
101\il, a npaKTIPICCKH TaKaH .nyra He npHMeHSlCTC.sI. IlpH npRMOH
IU>.llHJJIIOCTII Tenna BbI~ensieTCH MeHbllle Ha ::>neKTpO~e, TaK I<aK
n ·o 311a lfHTCJJhHa.H lJaCTh pacxo,zzyeTc.SI Ha nnanneHne cna.pu:saer..1010 MCTa.JIJia.
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1lpu JJ.YtOBOM cnapKe nnaB~HMCSI 3JieKTpO,UOM B cpe~e
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1wpl· 11oca MeTaJJJm '(1epe3 .nyronofi: npoMelK)'TOK, a TaIOKe OT
II lil 11 IVIO/WHCTBHH ra30DOrO IlOTOim H lJaCTIIU: MCTaJIJia, nepecelu, ll >I 1~11 X 11yr0Boii npo:MeJKyTOK, c BaI:lllOH paCl1JiaBneHHOf0 Me-
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u.11111c r
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II h:llll'Jlh MeTaJIJia, ECJJe,UCTBHe t1ero CTOJI6 ,nyrH norpy)lcaeTCSI
11 rn·11on1101':i MeTaJIJI, yacnHl:IHBmI r.rry6HHy nporr.1.mnneHnR. IloToK
111 "1n 11 napoB MeTanna, uanpaB;rn:eMhiii or 3.TieKTpo)l,a B csaP• 11111 y w naHHY, co3,n;aeTCR 6naro ,II,ap.a cxrn::rviarolll;eMy JJ;eiicTmuo
••wk 1poMarnHTilhIX cnn. CHJia B03.rteiicTmu1 cnapolrnoii ,nyrrr Ha
11111111y pacnnanneHHoro MCTaJIJia xapaKTepH3yeTC51 ee ,n:anncnueM,
.... 111poc 6y,neT TCM 60JILllle, qeM KOHU:eHTPHPOBaHHee IlOTOK
''' ''' 11 r\'1cTanna. K0Hu;e1npau1rn noToI<a MeTarrna ynem1'tmBaeTcs
., \'l\fflll.SllCllHCM pa3Mepa KaneJih, KOTOpbIR onpe.n,eJI.sieTC.H COCTa11• 1'·1
McTanJia, 3aI.QHTIIOro ra3a, a TaK)l(e uanpaBnenneM u
1
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219
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pe3yJihTa Te
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CTO.il6 KOTOpoii COCTOHT M3 DH'jTpeHne:H H BHelllHeH 30llbl.
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Bo mzyTpe1n1eii 3011e npoHCXOJJJ1T nepenoc MeTarrna, H ec
aTMOC<}lepa 3anonHeHa cn11n1ui;:HMHC.R napaMI1 MeTaJIJia. BHellIH.H.H
30Ha mvreeT Menee HpKHH CBeT 11 npe~craBnReT co6oil: noHn3ttponaHHhI.H ra3.
MeTaJu1ypnm cuapKH o 3al.QHTHLIX ra3aX
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npaKTH..IeCKH He B3aHMOJ:(eHCTBYIOT c pacnnaDJieHHhlM MCTaJIJIOM
cnapo 1n-1o:ii naHHhI.
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AKnIBHbie ra3LI no CBOeMJ XHMUt.IeCKOMJ' D3aHMo,neifCTBmo
c paCDJiaBJieHHblM MeTaJIJIOM CBapOlffiOH DUIIHbl MoryT 6bITh
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c Me)J.hlO IDHG:!KHX XHl\.UI'leCKHX cOe):'(HHeHHll. AKTHBHLie ra3bl H
rrpo,nyx-r.01 nx pacna.n:a n npo~ecce .o.yroBoro pa3p.H;:i:a, T. e. BO
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6bIBaJOT npe)J;HblMH npMMeC51.MH.
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cpe.ne HHepTIIbIX ra30ll pacIUianJieHHb!H MCTaJIJI cnapO"tlHOH BaHHhI
1!130.JJHpOBaH OT B03,l:(CHCTBIUI KHCJIOpo.na I{ a30Ta D03.rcyxa; .II03TOMY MeTanJ1yprHl.JCCKHe npoueccbI Moryr npo11cxo):'(HTh Me>KlJY
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CBapOt.IHOH na.HHbl.
220
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TO npH HamPUUI .D;OCTaTO~H.Ol'O
oGpa30BhIBaThCR HepaCTBOpl.Uvta.H
IC] + [O] = COT..
KOJilttieCTBa
B MeTanne
yrncpo.n:a 6y,lleT
OICHCb yrnepo.il,a
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oGpa30BhIBaThCH nopbI.
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ICllCJIOpO,UOM,' H3XO.D:.mI.U1MC$1 B nuepTHOM ra3e, n BH,llC cno6o.T.(~
1roro KHCnopo.ri;a n napoB BOJ.(bl. Ilo3TOMy .UJUI uo.n;anneHIUI
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M)J11t 1 lCCTBO pac1<11cnnreJ1e:H, pcaJ(UH.~ 06pa3onmnrn OKMCH yrnepo.ua
uo;~:rn.1rneTCH. TaKHl\·1 o6pa30M, npH cnapI\e n 3au.i:.11:TI!hrx ra3ax
)I.JUI 1IO.D;aBJICIUrn: o6pa30BaHIUI OKHCH yrnepo,na, CilOC06HOM 06pn ·mnhmaTb nophr n CBapHOM ume H ycTpaHeHHst a30TMpona1111,1 cnap!ioro mna, aeo6xo.n:nMo n CBapot.IHYJO Baney BBec111
') lll'MCllTLI-paCKIICJIHTenu.
I Jpn cnapKe n 3aII.{IITnoii cpeJJ.e yrJICI(HCJ1cro ra3a nocne.n1111 ii. 3aU\HII~an pacnnaDJICUHbIH MCTaJIJl cnapO'lfllOH BaHHbl OT
u1l' 'lll[>O/(a H a3oTa B03JzyXa, caM n CBOIO ot.1ep~.n;b, pa3nara}iCh
n Jl}'l'OUOM pa3pH)J.C,
5IBJUICTC~
OKHCJIHTCJleM MeTaJIJia
+
C0 2 +Fe~= [PeO] +CO,
I :1··
1:co -
3aKHCb )KeJie3a, paCTBOp.a101.ua11cS1 n )l'{CJIC3C.
Ta 1rnl\1 o6pa3oM, :KaK H npM cnapKc B · 3amunroii cpc/1.c
""' p 1111,1" ra:mn, B 3TOM cny mc 06pa3yeTc.H OKIICb yrncpo.ri;a,
I 11•11 ·'JI n npou:ccce KpHCTaJIJI113aU,i1H MeT2..JJJia cnapo JHOll BaHHM
1
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I '' I I ' '/
. 221
§ 79. CBAPKA B YrIIEKMCnOM rA3E
CoaeTCICHMH 11ccJ1e.uoBarenHMH K. B. Jho6ancKMM H H. f\1. HoDO)l(lIJIOBblM B uaqanc 50-x ro.uon 6hIJI pa3pa6oTan cnoco6 cnapKH B 3aUJ;I-ITHOH cpe.ue yrneICHCJIOro ra3a, KOTOpbIH B HaCTOmI{ee
DpeMJI HallleJI II1MpOKOe npHMCHCHHC BO Bcex CTpanax 'Mllpa.
CyrUHOCTb npor\ecca cnapKn n yrneKHCJIOM ra3e 3a1cJ11otJaercH
B cne.nyromeM. Tiocrynmomnii B 3on:y cnapKH yrneKHC.Jlhifi ra3
3am1n.1~acT ce OT Bpe,.i:i;uoro BJIIUIHIHI aTMOC{~Cpbl B03.rzyxa. Ilp111.1eM npH BbICOKOH TCMIIepa-rype CBap01:IlIOH .uyrn . yr JieJGICJlhlH
ra3 1faCTll1·1110 ,UMCC0l.\HllpyeTC'1 Ha OKHC:b yrnepo,rm H Kllcnopo.u
2C0 2 F: 2CO 0 2.
B pe3ynLTaTe B 30He .nyrn 06pa3yeTc» cMeCb H3 Tpex pa3·
JIHtJHhIX ra30B: yr neK1:1cnoro ra3a, O:KHCH yrnepo,na H KHcnopo,na.
Bcne~cTntte Toro, qTo TeMncparypa .uyrH He Be3,ne o,nHHaKoBa, ueo,nHHaKon II cocTaB ra3oaoif cMecn B 30He .zzyrH. B ueHrpaJib·
HOH 11acTH, r,ne TCMrreparypa .ll)'TH DhlCOKaSI, yrJieKHCJII>Iii ra3
.ri;11cco~i-mpyeT notJTH nonnocTbIO. B o6nacTH, npnnera1omeii K
CBapotJHOH Bann:e, ICOJUPICCTBO yrJJCKHCJTOfO ra3a npco6na.uaeT
Ha.n; CYMMapHbIM ICOJilflJeCTBOM KHCJmpo.ua H OKUCH yn1cpo,na.
Bee TPH KoMnoHeHTa ra3onoii cMec11 3amm..1.:i;m-0T MeTanJI OT
B03,UeHCTB.HH B03.nyxa, B TO )Ke npeM.st OKHCJlfilOT ero KaK npH
ncpexo.ue Kancnh :3JICKTP<?.UHOH npOBOJTOICli B CBapo1.niyro BaHHY'
TaK Il Ha IlOBCpXHOCTil.
+
Fe + C02 ~ FeO + CO; Mn + C0 2 µ MnO + CO;
Si + 2C02 ~ Si02 + 2CO; 2C + 2C0 2 ~ 2CO + 2CO;
2Fc + 0 2 ~ 2Fe0; 2Mn + 0 2 ~ 2Mn0;
Si + 0 2 +± Si0 2 ; 2C + 202 +± 2C02 .
Ilop.H,llOK II llHTeHCHDHOCTb
OKIICJICIUISI
:3JICMeHTOB 3aBHCITT
OT HX XJ.Il\ifI.IqecKoro cpO.UCTlk'l K KMCJIOpo.ny. BHa 1iaJie OKHCJI.HCTCSI
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3JICMeHTLI. OKHCJieHHe Maprattua TaK)l(e npo11cxoJJJIT 3Hat.nrreJihHO
llHTeHCHBHee, lJeM 0Kn:CJie1u1e )l(CJ1e3a H yrnepo.na. Cne.nona TenhHO, HeHTpamnonaTh OKifCJlHTeTibHblli IlOTeIIl..~HaJI yn1eKHCJioro ra3a
MO)l(HO BBe,nentteM B np11ca,no1.1uy10 upOBOJIOKY l136bIT0 1IHOrO
KpeMHIUI JI Maprann;a. B 3TO!\·t cnyL£ae norarna10Tc~ pea1<u1111
OlnICJICHHSI )KCJie3a u 06pa3omtHHJI OKHCH yrJtepo.na, HO coxpaIUIIOTCH 3al1(HTHhIC 4>YIIKl(Hli yrneKHCJloro ra3a B OTllOIIIeHHH
aTMOCcl>epbl B03.nyxa.
KaqecTno HannanneHHoro MeTanna 3aBHCHT oT npouenTHoro
co.nepX<aHMH KpeMHIISI :n Maprru1n;a B cnapOtlllOH npODOJIOKe (npH
ycJIOBHH HaJIHlfnSI Heo6xo,[l0Moro KOJllfliecTna yrncICHcJioro ra3a).
Xopou~ee Ka qccrno HarrnaBJJCHHoro MeTaJIJia npu csapKe yrnepo,ruICThIX craneM: rapaHn1pyCTcH Tor,na, 1<0r,na n cocraBe npo-
·Mn
nonoxH cooTHomem-re Mn K Si cocTamIT ~ = 1,5-;- 2.
06pa3oDaBIJJHeCSI OKHCJibl KpeMHlHJ H l\.mpraHI~a ne pacrsopBIOTC.SI B iKHrocoM MCTaJIJie, a BC'rynaroT BO B3aHMO,Zl;CHCTBne
222
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n m1.ue llJJiaKa BCililbIBaeT Ha IlOBCpXHOCTb CDqpOtII-fOH naHHbI.
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JIH6o 3JICKTpO,llaMH THTia 342 HJllI 342A, ntt6o nonyaBTOMa'UJllCCKOH CDapKOH D yrneKHCJlOM ni3e. IlpnxnaTKY ,lleTaJICH H3
J1cn1ponaHHMX CTaneu BblflOJJIUUOT '.)Jieinpo.naMH COOTBeTCTByromc1'0 Ha3Ha l[CHIUJ.
OonepXHOCTh CBapIIBaCMLIX KpOMOI< nepe,n; npHXBaTICOH H
cnapKoH T.ill;aTe111>HO 3a-1n1ma10T OT rp.SI3H, p:>KaBlUHlliI, .rviacna,
Ol\a.JilllILI H IIIJiaI<a. . np.H C60pKe BbJ,llep)KllB3IOT O,llHIIaKOBble
·1~nophl,
KOTOpbie B CTbIKOBMX coe,llHHCHIUIX HC .Lt;OJDKIILI npe111.1111aTh 1,5 MM. CMcmenHe cnap1maeMbJX KpOMOK OTHOCHTC.'IbllU )lpyr .n;pyra He }lOJDKHO npCBbIUJaTb 1 MM JlJUI TOJlll.1;HH
4 - 10 MM M I 0
TOJlllJ,HHhI .n;n11 Tom~HII 6once I 0 l\·1M.
CxcMa o6mcro 1m;..r,a cna}JOlIHoro nocTa noKa3ana na puc. 99.
CnapKy B yn1cKHcnoM raJe BhrnoJIHSIIOT no ncex upocTpaHcrncm11>1x noJIO)lcc1nrnx; nepnmanhHh1e H n0To.no1111ble umhr Bl>I110.1111 moT Ha ManhIX TOKaX H npoBOJIOKOM Hc60JlblllOro ,UHaMeTpa.
1lapaMeTpaMH pe)KHMa cnapKH B yrneKHCJ10M ra3e SIBJlSIIOTC.ff
1"l.J( 11 no1rnpHocT.b To Ka, .rmaMeTp 3JieKTponnoii: npoBoJioKH,
l'l".1111 'llllla CBapO"UIOI'O TOI<a, HarrpH)J(CHHC )lyn1~ pacxon yrne1\llL'.,IOJ'O raJa, BblJlCT "
HaKJIOH 3Jieinpo.nnoi1 npOBOJIOKH no
'JI llOlllCHHIO K CBap1maeMOMY 113,lleniuo.
I lp11 CBapKe npHMeU.HIOT IlOCTO~HHbIH TOIC o6paTIIOH nonsip-
%
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II o II o >C\ C 111 IJ:I.
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11p11 IIOUhlllJeHMH ,llaBJICHIUI npenpmuaeTC.SI B )l(HJJ,ICOCTb;
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Ill nl1A3MEHHOl1 CBAPKH
§ 81. MMnYnbCHO-AYrOBAfl CBf"'lPKA
Cym;HOCTh HMnynhCHo-,nyroBOH CBapKI.f COCTOI1T B TOM, •ITO
CBap_oqHbllI TOK B 30HY )lyrn no.naeTCH Kpa TKOBpeMeJHlhJMH
JIMnynr,caMH. 3roT cnoco6 cnapKn: MO)KeT np11rv1er.rnThCR npa ncnoJihJOBamrn KaK nnasmu;crocSI, TaK 11 Hen.11am1merocH 3."leinpo~i:i:a.
Op11Meuenne HMnyJihCOB TOKa npu .uyronou cnapxe ~acT
c.ne~1zymi.Qne
npeHMymccTna:
I<a"ieCTBeHHOe ¢opMHpOBaHHC CBapHoro uma npn CBapKe Ha
necy H yMeH.bllICHMe OllaCHOCTII o6pa30BaIUUI npO)KOroB;
,.,
CTaOHJlbHbIM ncpeHOC MCTaJIJia rrpH cnapKe 11JiaDmI.VIMCn :::rn:eKT-
po,noM.
Jl,."IH llMTIYJlbCHO-JJYrOBOH CBaprrn. nyJlbCHp)'IOU~HM TOKOM npHMCIU:UOTCH
cnc1.urn.JILHhie
11cro11HHKH
rruraHMSI
(BCBY-3 l S,
BCBY-630 H. T. n;.) c perym1pyeMoi1 Bcnu~mHoil MMIIYJJhca 11
nay3hl CBapO"JllOro TOKa no aMIJJlliTY.Ue M npeMeHH.
;J:n.a nonyqeHH.a ynpaBJixerv10ro rrcper-.mca MCTanna npHMeH ReTC.H ~OUOJlHilTCJl.hHhIH HMIIynhCHbIH renepa rop, COCTO mn:n::ii,
KaIC npaBHJJO, H3 yupaBJJ.HeMoro BbUlp.sIMHTeJI.H H KOH,QeHca..-opa.
06bI•JHo 1'1HCJIO nMTiyJILCOB, nocTyna1om11x Ha CBapO'lH)'l-0
.nyry, paBHO qacToTe IlHTaEOI.Qeii CCTH (50 I'Il) IUUI D,TJ,Boe 60.7Ib-
rne (100 ru).
11crroJ!L30BaHHe MMU)'JILCOB TOKa 6bmaeT BeCb:rvm 3<}lcpeKTHBHhJ:M:
npH cBapKe 1u1amuu11:MC$1 3JJCI<lpo.n;oM. HMnyJihChI TOKa, nocbL"Iae-
230
Ml.I~
Ko11,u,eHcaTopoM Ha CBapotrnyro .uyry,
ynopH;ll,O'mBa10-r nepe-
uuc MCTaJIJia B )J.yrc. HanpHMep, yneJITPiCIUie TOKa B H\\,1flYJihCe
pa3a
ycMJIJUI,
yBC.iilfllHBaeT
II
,,
11
I<> pa3.
B pe3yJILTaTe no~qn
BO~eiicrByIO~He
Ha
MeTa.lJI
TOKa Kann.sr )KI1)J.KOro l'vie1a II.Ila OTphl.BaeTC.SI OT ::>JieK'I'pO.Qa M ICalC 6LI' CTpCMMTCJlbHO
IJL' 1 llT nnepe.n; no uanpaDJieHMlO I< OCH 3JICKTPO.lla, BCJie.D.CTBHe
'ICI ,, ynop».n;oqIIBaCTC» nepeHOC MeTaJIJia B CBapo1.1HOH .nyrc,
y 11y•11mlCTCS1 <J?opMHponaHHe urna, Bo3pacTaeT T ny61n1a nporIJurn-1
111·1urn OCIIOBHOrO MeTaJIJia H yny1u1rn10TCSI yc.rromrn CBapKH B
uqn lllCaJlbllOM ll IlOTO.l'JOlJHOM IlOJIO)J(CIJJUIX.
I lpUMCHeim:c HMnyJibCHo-.nyroBOH CBapKll oco6eHHO Ba)!(lIO
11p11 11<.lJIO){(eHMif KOpHCBOf'O CJIOH, TilK KaK B 3TOM cnyr-me
'ti l<.'CI 1c 1rnBaCTC.R CTa6HJibHhiif nposap csapMBael'vlliIX KpO:MOK 6e3
1lj H lJl(CffOB.
HM nyJI1>cuo-,nyrosy10
MMTIYJI.bca
csapI<Y
3Q>cpeKTHBHO
licnoJih3yioT npn
Tpy6onpono.n;on OTBeTCTDCHHoro Ha3Ha1IeH~ISI. flpnMe-.
lll'JlltC ~Jroro BlJ.lla C13apKH Il03BOJl~leT IJOJIY'-IaTh CBapHhlC lllllhl,
11Mc1n!l{HC 100%-HhIW nponap B Kopue nrna H xopou10 C(}:iopM•1ponam1h1ti o6paTHblH BaJllfK. flo11yt1eH11c xopowo cc}>opMHpo11;u111oro 06paTHoro BaJIIU<a BeCbMa Ba)KHO )lJUI rpy6onpOBO.llOB,
1\1( llll il)ICC
'"'YI pCllHHH noBepXHOCTb ICOTOpbIX JJ:OJDKHa 6:LITh ncer,Aa lllfCTo.H.
I la rnPmc xopou1ero o6parnoro san11Ka .HBJijfeTcn noKa3aTeJ1cM
111.rnmoii npOtfHOCTlf CBapnoro
COC.llHHeHIHI.
§ 82. nnA3MEHHAl1 CBAPKA
11 pe>K.n;e Bccro
CJie,n.yeT cKa3aT.b, '-lTO o IlJ1a3MC, KaK o
.,,. r U<.'fHOM cocTo.s.mnu Bern:ecrBa, Y'"ICHbIC qn13llKM cra_.-10 yno1vn111a 11. cpaBHJ.neJihHO He.llaBHO. Bcer.lla cinirr~JIOCh, 'ITO nem.ecTno
Tpex COCTOHIUISIX: )Kli,~KOM, TBep,TJ,Oi.\:I "
IlO.SIBMJIOCh 'leTBepToe, TaK Ha.3hlBaCMOe
1101urmponaHHOe COCTOMHHe eem;eCTBa, HCl3DaHHOC ·nJia3MOH. l311ep111.ie rcpMMH nJia3Ma 6brn IlBC:-,D.CH B 1923 ro,uy aMepnKaHCKMM!.f
y·u·111t1MH 11. JieHrMiopoM H JI. TottKCOM. K11HeTmrn m1a3MhI
1\11 t)f\CT uaxo,D.HThCH B
I :nno6ptl3HOM. 3aTCM
1a""'~ paccMal-pi:manacb B 1936 r. B pa6oTax coBeTCKoro ytieJl. ,ll,. JlaH,n;ay.
B mtcTof'.tJUee BpcMsr BbI.lleJieH oco6h1H BM.ll cBapKH - n.i"u.nJ\.·ten11.1 u cm.tpKa, KOTOptul nap.st.UY c o6~HMH npH3HaKaMM m ...1eeT
11111 o
1'\'lll('l'lUCHHblC OTJm 1 nrn OT ,uyrono.W CB~!pKH.
B llJia3MeHHOH csapKe OCHC!HlbiM HCT0 1 IHHKOM 3HCpnu1 J.V!51
11,11 pcua MeTa."l.'Ia CjIY>KUT 11.'Hl'.3!\la - HOHH3HpOBClHIJhltt H HarpeTbitt
I 11 t,
ra30M )J,JUI o6pa30BaIUH1
CTJIH3Mbl
CJl)':Jmrr
aprOH HJUf
11• 1111ii. muunou.u1ecH TaK)l(e H 3auu1THbTMH raJaMH.
l lp11 llJia3MCiIHOll CBapKe, Kai\ H npH f1Jla3MCHHO-)J.y-ronoi1
11n lit', llMClOTC~I LI,Be CXei\·!bl 110_11y!.1emrn ,ll,)TOBOH nj1a3Mbl: 11p8-
l\h •I 0 II KOCBCHlIOI'O .llCMCTBIUf. llpH [(!Ia3MeHHOH CTpye np~n-.10ro
ljl
lll'I UIJ}I
CB<lpirnael\."IOC
lB,.'J,CJIJ1e
BKJlIQllCHO
B
CBapotmyK)
lI,C"llb
231
B
c1xyqae aKTHBHI>Ie nsrTHa pacnonararoTcJI 1m
BOn.MppaMOBOM 3JlelCTpo.ne H H3JlCJUllI. Tipu IlJn.t3MCHHOM CTpye
KocaeHHoro .uclicnmn aKTHBHhie n11THa .zzyrn pacnonara10TcS1 na
DOJibcppaMOBOM ::>JieKTpO)'.Xe H Ha conne nna3MOT'pOHa.
fln t'UHHC Jzynl MOXCCT BbIIlOJIIUITbC.SI nepeMeflHblM H nO·
CTO.SlHllJ:ioJM TOKOM npJJMOH IIOJUlpHOCTII, a ee B036y»e.uenne ocymecTBnSleTCSI ocmrn:nnTopoM. )1.1rn n1rra.HH'1 nna3Moo6pa3y1Qu.tefi
JzyfH np:u1...1eHS11-0T HCTO'IHHKH fJHTaHlUI c pa60 1rn:M Hanpn)KeHHeM
JJ.O 120 B H BbIIJJe. nna3MOo6pa3yJOll1,eH .o;yroii MO)KHO npaKTH"ICCI<M CBap1maTb Bee MeTaJJJlbl KaK B HIDKHeM, TaK H B BepTH·
Jta)JbHOM OOJIO)Kemuvc.
IlnaJMeHHaSI csapKa no cpasneHHI-O c .o.yrosoii HMeeT cnenyiomHe npeMM}'mecTBa:
6onee BblCOKaR: npoHJBO,zutTCJILHOCTb H nponJiaBJI'1IOU~a11 cno.nyrH.
3TOM
1
C06HOCTh;
MaJia'1 'IYBCTBHTenbHOCTb K KOJJe6aHJHIM ,nJrnHLI .o.yrH;
D03MOJKHOCTb y.naneHHSI. BOJJb<ppaMOBblX BK.i1lOlfCIIHH H3 pacnmwneHHOTO MCTaJina CBapO'IHOH BaHHbl.
CKOC I<pOMOK BLIIlOJIHJllOT npu
To;nnuae MeTru:Ina 6onee 15 MM, nonytiaa B npo1~ecce csapKH
nposap cneum}}H':lecKoii <l>opMbI. HanpHMep, npH nna3MeHHoii
,[(JISI
IlJJa3MCHHOH
CBapI<H
CTanu OX18HIOT npH TOJilUHHe
OT 5 .z.o 10 MM CHna csapo11uoro TOKa
ceapKe
cnapHDaeMbIX JIHCTOB
AOJl>KHa 6b1Tb 280380 A, HanpJI>KCHHe 30 B, a cKopocTL csapKH uaxo.ri;nTca B
npe.nenax 14-15 M/'1.
B HaCTOHwee epeMJI B HHCTH1)'Te 3JieK'rpocsapKH HM.
E. 0. IlaToHa pa3pa6oTaH cnoco6 MHKpo1ma3MeHHoii csapKH,
a TaJOice co3.naua annapaTypa ~JJJI 3Toro cnoco6a Ha nocTOJIHHOM TOKe 0,5-10 A. 3TOT cnoco6 npHMCHJIIOT ,l'{nJI CBap1m
113~enu"M 113 Hep>Kane1omeu cranM, Me.UH, n1TaHa, HHKeIDI, a.nroMHHlUJ, KOBapa, cepe6pa H .z.a)KC 30J.l0Ta T01II.UHHOH 0,2- 0,6 MM.
McrctiHHK n1-naH1rn H ropenKa o6ecnctnmaroT o6pa3oBaHue
nna3Mhl B BH~e «urn1>1», 1:1To no3DOJI.ReT nony'laTL Y3KHe cBapHue lllBbl npH MaJIOR 30lle TepMHtfCCKOro BJIH.SHH.11. 1"1aJiaSI 30na TepMH'ICCKOro BJIHJIHirn 3Halll'lTeJibHO CHH)lCaeT o6pa30"SaHHe
JJ.ecpopM<rl~MH caap:usaeHoro iv::: nucrn.
IlJia3M006p~ny~vU.:l·lH ra30M: CRy'/'~ilT aprOI-1, a
3aU~HTHbIM -
re.:1H.f!, yrneKHC.rihifi ra·~ HJIM pa3Hbie c1..,1ccn ra30B, n
TOM 1IHCJJe H c nri.r;;opo:~oM. Hpu mcmctJeHn!1 n~TotJmn~a IIH-
apron,
Ta.I·urn Me)K.n:y n0"1~¢p~lMCI::::.rM :;;_:ie1npo.~CM H MC..U.Hbfai CCHJ!C~.I
B lia"'IaJ1e Ja:>KHraeTc.a .z:r;e}KypEa~ Ma:maMa~i:Iic:JI R;.Ta, a 3~TCM
11pu llO~Be~eHIUf ropcJJK!.f K csapHBa~MOMY H3~eJJ.HlO B03HmcaeT
MHKponJiaJMa. CTa6HJibHOe H ycTOH'IHBOe ropeHHe MHKp0IlJia3Mbl
Ha TOKax ~o 10 A D03BOJ1Sle"f ee paCT.HfHBaTb Ha .u.muzy .no
8 MM, 11TO ~aeT B03MO)l(HOCTh aBTOMaTH3HpOB3Tb H MexaHH3HponaTL npouecc c BBe)lCHHCM D 30HY nJJa31'dbl npHCa)lO'IHOI'O
MeTaJina. Ilpll MHhpOnna3MeHllOH CBapKe BhlCOKOe I<alJeC"rBO CBapHOro llJEa MoryT o6ecnetJHBaTb .nruKe CBapmHKII HeBLICOKOH KBaJIH$HKRUHH.
232
rnABA XXI
OC06EHHOCTH CBAPl\111 HEKOTOPblX BH.QOB
KOHCTPYKL-'MH
§ 83. CBAPKA TPY6
Ofiume cee.z.elDla. Ilpn coopyxceHHH tpy6onpoao.n;oo cnapHble
CThIKH TPY6 MoryT 6LITL noeopoTMbIMU, neno.sopoTHbIMU 11
ropH30HraJJbHbIMH (pee. I 06}.
Ilepe.n; c6opKOH H CBapKOH 'Ipy61>1 npoBep.Hl-OT Ha COOTBeTCTBHe Tpe60B3HHJIM npoeteTa, no KOTOpOMY coopy)l(aeTCJI 'Ipy6onposo.n, H TCXHHlfeCKHM ycnoBHJIM. 0CHODHblMH Tpe6oBaHIUIMH
npoeICTa, a TalOl(e TeXHH11ecirnx ycnoBHH .HBJUIJ-OTCSI: HaJUl"Uie
cepTu<f>n1caTa Ha TPY6L1; OTCYTCTBHe JnnnncHo~TH tpy6; OTcyTCTBHe pa3HOCTeneHHOCTH 'Ipy6; COOTBCTCTBHe XHMH'ICCKOTO coCTaBa H MeXaHH'ICCKHX CBOHCTB MCTaJI:na 'Ipy61>1 1'pe6oBaHHSIM,
yKa3aH.HLIM B TCXff.HtICCKHX ycnOBHJIX WIH
rOCTax.
IlpH DOWOTOBICe CThllCOB tpy6 no.z. CBapICy npoBepSll-OT nepne:u.rnncynSipHOCTh nnocI<OCTH pe3a Tpy6t>1 K ee ocH, yr on pacICpL1nu1 WBa H BCJJH1fiiHY npHl)'IlJICHHSI. YroJJ paCICpblTH.H wea
.Z.OJl)ICCH COCTaBJUl'fb 60-70°, a semtlJHHa DpHTyrmeHHJI 2-2,5 MM
(pHC.
107).
<l>acKH
CHHMalOT
c
Topnon
1PY6
MCXa.HH\!CCKHM
pe3KOH nmt .npyrnMH cnoco6aMH, 06ecne"IHBa10uu-1MH Tpe6yeMyro ¢opM)', pa1Mep1>1 H Ka"lecno 06pa6a-
crroco6oM, ra3oBoii
TLIBaeMD1x KpOMOJC.
Pa3i10CTCHHOC'fb TOJlll{HH CTeHOK CBapHBaeMbIX Tpy6 H CMC·
meHHe HX KpOMOK HC )lOJl>KHbl npeBLilllaTb 10% TOJIWHHbl CTCll1\H. HO 6LITL He 6onee 3 MM. IlpH CThlKOBKe Tpy6 ,[(O.ff>KCH
HoHet( c6apNu
a)
6)
~}
PHc. 106. CBapH1>1e CTbIKH Tpy6:
a - DOBOpOTHblil, 6 - HCfiOBOpOTHbiii, 6 - ropH30.::ffa.1bHLIH
~233
PHc. 107. Ilo.nroTOBKa KpOMOK Tpy6 non CBapxy
60-70°
npn TOJllUHHe CTeHOK
8- 12 MM
P11c. 108. CxcMa caap1m CTLnca Tpy6b1:
a - nepnoro cnoJI, 6 - BToporo cnoSI
a)
06ccne1:111BaThCJI paBHOMepHhlH 3a3op Me'1i:Jzy coe.o;HHSleMblMH KpOMKaMH CThIKyeMhlX 3JieMeHTCB, paBHbIH 2- 3 MM.
Ilepe.n c6opKo:H 1<poM1Cu CTb11<yeMbIX 1py6, a TaioKe npuneraromHe K HHM BHyTpeHHHe H Hapy:>ICHble noBepXHOCTH Ha
,llJl:HHe 15 - 20 MM O'IHll(aJOT OT Macna, Ol<aJIHHhl, pX<aB"IlJHbl
H rp113H.
IlpHXBaTIGI, SIB.mnomHecs COCTaBHOH qacnro CBapHOfO llIBa,
BbIIlOJllHllOT Te )Ke CBapll(HKH, ICOTOpbie 6y.nyT ceapHBUTh CThIKlf,
c npHMeHeHHCM TeX :IKC 3JICI<1"pO.D;OB.
IlpH CBapKe Tpy6 ,nMaz~teTpOM JlO 300 MM IlpHXBaTKa BbITIOJIHJleTCSI paBHOMepHO no oxpyJKHOCTll B 4 Mecrax WBOM
BblCOTOH 3-4 MM H AJIHHOH 50 MM Ka)K,D;a.H. IlpH caapKe
Tpy6 .o;HaMe'lpOM 6oJiee 300 MM npHxBaTKH pacnoJiararoT paeHOMepno no BCeii OKPY)KllOCTlf CTbII<a 11epe1 KaJK,lU>Ie 250- 300 MM.
IlpH MOHTaJKe Tpy6onpOBO,UOB Heo6xo,D;IIMO CTpeMHTbC.H K
TOMy, qTo6hI no B03MO)KHOCTH 6oJILWe CTLllCOB caapHBaJIOCb
B noeopoTHOM noJIO)l(eHHH. Tpy61>1, TO~HHa cTemrn: Korop1>1x
COCTaBJIJleT 12 MM, CBapHBalOT B "I'pH CJIOH. nepsLtii CJIOU
C03.!(aeT MCCTHhIH nponap B KOpHe IIIBa H Ha'-'e:>KHOe CIUiaBJieHHe
I<:pOMOK. ~JUI 3TOro ueo6XO)U-IMO, 'IT06b! HaJTJiaBJieHHblH MeTaJJn
o6pa30BaJI BH}'TplI Tpy6I>I YJKHH lIHTOllHbIB namiK BbICOTOH
l -1,5 MM, paBHOMepao pacnpe.ne1unom:rrnc.R no nceii oKpy:>Kuocm. ,!(ns nonyqenusr npoBapa 6e3 cocyJieK H rpaTa .D;DtDKCHHe
3..'ICKlpO.D;a .D;OJI)!(HO 6LITb B03Bparno-rrocryrraTeJ!bHbIM c Herrpo.10JDKHTeJihHOM 3a.o;ep}KKOH 3JieKrpo.o;a Ha CBapO'lHOii BaHHe, ne3Ha"IBTeJihHbIM nonepe'tfH.hIM KOJie6a1n1eM Me)l(.uy KpOMKa!'.,-IH ll
o6pa3oBaHHeM ne6oJILilloro oTBepcnI.H B eepmnae yr na cKoca
KpOMOK. 0TBepcnrn IlOJiytiaeTCR B pcJyJILTaTe nponJiaB.n:CHH.H
ot:HOBHoro MeranJra .uyro.M:. Pa3Mep ero He .rr.0:1)1(eH npeBbllilaTb
2 MM 60110!..lle ycTaHOBJleHHoro 3a3opa Me)l(LJJ" Tpy6aMn.
Csapl:'.a nonopo-r;u,,rx cn.H=~n.. ncpBbll:f GIOH BbICOTOM 3- 4 i\lM
ceap1::IBaror ::JJ1c.r.::1~0J1.2L\iU ,T·rn~,rctpoM 2-3-4 MM. BTopon c:1oli
234
I
7
~~s
Pj1c. 109. CxeMa caapKn CTbIKa Tpy61:.1 no nTopoMy MCTo.uy
mnr ·1i.1BJH1e·1 c~ 3]IeKTpo,naMH 60.ru,mero .ru·rnrvzeTpl H npu nonLIme1n10M
TOKC.
nepDb!e
j!Eil
C~10~
.!'.-;Qjl<JIO
DLlflOJYHHTb
O,'J;1UiM
n1 cnc.1y1omax cnoco6on:
1. CThIK Aensn- Ha 1-1cTu1pc rracrKa. Bna trnJie CBap1rnm-0T
Y"IaCTKII 1-2, nocne qero Tpy6y noBop:.PummoT Ha 180) H
Jamlp11smoT ytmcnm: 3 u 4 (pHc. 108). 3aTel.1 ipy6y noaopai.urnaior eme Ha
90~
n
cBapHBa10T
Y"IaCTKM
5
11
6,
3aTeM
IlOBOpatHIBaJOT -rpy6y Ha 180° H CBapHBal-OT YlJaCTl\H 7 H 8.
2. C·rb!K ;tC.TJSJT Ha tJeTb1pe ytmCTKa. BualHUJC CBap~rnatoT
nosopatnrnaroT Tpy6y ua 90° H ceapI-rna10T yLJaCTIUI 3 H 4 {pHC. 109). Iloc:1e CBapKU nepBOfO
c.noH lpy6y noeopaturna10T na 90° n cBapnea10T Y"IaCTICH 5
n 6, :mTeM n0Bopatmna10T TPY6Y Ha 90:i Ii CBapfrna10T yqacTKH
7 11 8.
y 1rncTKH 1 11 2, 3aTcM
3. CrhIK
.ueJISIT Ha HecRonbKO Y'IaCTicoB (rrpu cBapKe Tpy6
1u1~tMe1poM 6onee 500 l\'IM). CsapKy BeJl.)'T o6pa THo-cryneH'-IaTbIM
cnoco6oM oT~c~1bHhIMM Y"IaCTKaMn (pnc. 110). i(JIHHa KaiK.noro
(J - 8) COCTaBnjJCT 150- 300 MM H 3aBMCHT OT
JJJiaMeTpa Tpy6hI.
Tpenlii c.rroli so Bcex paccMoTpeHHhIX Bhu11e cnoco6ax
yqacrKa
WBG
HaK;la;lbD3aiOT B O,UHOM HanpaBJICHHll npH BpameHHH -rpy6hT.
Ha T-py6ax .n;uaMeipoM 11.0 200 MM M01Kno He .nenHTb CThIK
PMc. 110. CxeMa cBapKH CThllca
Tpy6 6oJii,moro .nnaMeTpa:
a - nepeoro cnoS1, 6 - BToporo c11011
PHc. 111. CxeMa caapKH CTbIKa
-rpy6 Ma..~oro nHaMeTpa
Honpo811eH(je
C~Qf)J(U
HanpuDneHue
no6qpoma mpy51J1
235
Pi1c. 112. Cxe~rn H~.:m>KC.iil1jf c.1ocn np.u
l;l.3af,l\C iiCHOBOpOTIIb!X en IKOB Tpy6 ;:maMi!TpOM lJ.0 400 MM (ll.H4lpaMH IIOlm3aHd
noC.'1C.llOBaTc;1hHOCTb CDapK.H yqacnmB no
CjJ0;11M, cTpe1rnaMR - HanpaenenHc csapKH)
ua y\nCTKH H caapusaTh cro cnnoUJHbIM nmoM c noaopoTOM
·rpy61>1 B npouecce CBapKH {pHC. 111 ). BTopoii 11 Tpenill CJIOH
BhmonH$iJOTCSI aaanornqno nepBOMY, HO B nponrnonoJIO)KHblX
uanpanne1urnx. Bo Bcex CJI)''qaSIX neo6xo;n1~10 Ka:>K,nbrli noc~rze,nyro·
WMH CJIOH nepeKpbIBaTb npe)lbI.Zzyll.U·IM Ha 10- 15 MM.
Ceap"'a ueaoBopolllb!X CThm:oe. HenoBopoTHhie CThIKH TPY6
npn TO.Jlll(HHe CTeHOK llO 12 MM CBapHBalOTCSI B lpH CJIOR.
BhlcoTa Ka)l(.noro cno'1 He JlOJiiKHa npeBLilllaTh 4 MM, a w11pH11a Bamuca .non'>KHa 61>Iih paaHo.fi JlBYM·TpeM JllHlMe'fpaM 3JieKTpo,ua.
CTuIKH Tpy6 .uaaMeTpOM 6onee 300 MM cBapuBalOTCJI 06pa THo-c-ryneHlJa Th1M cnoco6oM. ,nnuHa Ka:m.uoro yqacTKa .n:on)l(Ha
6LITb 150-300 MM, nopg,noK HX HaJJO)KeHHJI noKaJaH Ha pHC. 112.
IlepBbIH CJ!OH 06pa3yeTC'1 npu nocrynaTeJlbHO-B03DpaTHOM
.nnmKeHliH 3JleKTPO.LI.a c Ja.n:epiKKOii .nyrH Ha CBapotIHOH BaHHe.
Be _1M'IHHa TOKa ycTaHan111rnaeTC'1 n 140- 170 A, 'ITO no3BOJISleT
nponnaBJISlTb KpOMI<H CTbIKa c o6pa30BaHUeM Y3KOrO HHTOtIIIOro
BaJIHKa BbICOTOH 1- 1,5 l\·1M Ha cro BHyTpeHneli CTopoue. IlpH
3TOM ua csapnsaeM1>Ie KpOMKH ue .non){(llbI rrorra.n;aT1> xpyrw..h1e
6pbl3fH pacnnaDJieHHOfO MeTa...'lna H CBapKa .UOJDKHa 6bITL BbllIOJIHeHa 6e'3. npo:moroa. ,l(Jrn 3Toro Jl'Jf'Y Heo6xo.D.HMO Jlep~an,
KOpOTl\Oll, a OlpLIBa11 OT Ba.HHLI, y.ua.JUIT.D ce He 6onee 1ieM Ha
1-2 MM. IlepeKpbITUe Ha'lana Ii KOHUa CMC)KHOrO CJIOJI ,UOJDKHO
COCTaBJUiTb 20-25 MM.
Pe:>I\HM .r.vrn cBapirn BToporo CJIOR TOT :>Ke, tfTO H .UJJJI
CBapKH rrepnoro CJIO)I. 3JICKlpO.U npH CBapKe BTOporo CJIOJI
.llOJl:>KCB HMeTb norrepetIHble KO..'Ie6aHH)I OT 1cpaSI 0,lUIOH l\l'OMKH
K Kparo JlPyrOH KpOMKH.
·.
IlpH CBapKe nosepXHOCib ICa~oro CJI051 M0'1<eT 6bITb BOfHyTOH (pHC. 113, a) HnH CJierKa BLmyKJIOH (pHC. 113, 6). qpe3MepHaff BbmyKJIOCfb WBa oco6eHHO npH IlOTOJ1011HOH CBapKe (pHc.
113, 6) MO>KeT 6blTb IlpH'iliHOll HenpoBapa.
~JISI o6nerqeumr ua6mo.n:eHHR 3a 30HOH cBap1m B HarrpasneHHH Be)leHWI nocne.uuero CJIOJJ, npCllilOCJie)UIHH CJIOH HaKJia~bIBalOT
B 0611acTH KpOMOK TaK, qTo6hl ero DOBepXHOCTh 6bIJia Ha
1- 1,5 MM HIDKe CBapHBaeMhlX ICpOMOK (pHC. 114). IlocJie,UIUtii
CJIOH BbIIlOJIHSllOT c ycuJieHHeM 2- 3 MM H llrn:pHHOR Ha
2- 3 MM 6on1>U1eii, 'feM WHpHHa pa3,ne11KH KpOMOK. Oa ,uoJDKeH
HMeTb nnaBHblH nepexo.u OT HarutaBJieHHoro MeTaJIJia K OCHOBHOMY.
236
~~
5)
~
ncc11eo1111u C/!JU
.:._ ,. ...ff(I~- ..
Q)
6)
Pttc. 113. IloBcpXHOCTh xopHeaoro rusa:
a - BornyTm1, 6 - cncnm Dl:dnyKJirur, e - emu.-
PHc. 114. CxeMa 3anoJIHCH1Ul
pa3J?.CnKH J(poMOK
no Bnmyicna.R (CTpeJJKaMH yKa3aHb1 B03MO::.t<.Hble
Mecn Henponapa)
CnapKa ropH301ffa.JlLHLIX CTLIKOB. IlpH c6opKe ropn30HTan&H.urx
CTblKOB Ypy6 HeT Heo6XOJ.U{MOCTH nonHOCThlO CHHMaTb ICpOMl\H
HUX<Heii Tpy6bl, ,uoc-raTO"illO JiHWb paCI<pLITh ce Ha yron 10-15°,
'ITO y11y111.11aeT npouecc csapl\H 6e3 H3MeHeHHH ee Ka'1eCTBa
(pHC. 115, a). IlpH c6opKe HeOTBeTCTBeHHblX 'Ipy6o:npOBO,llOB Ha
HH>Kl!CH lpy6e ¢acKa COBCCM He CHHMaeTCJI (puc. 115, 6).
JlyttlllHM MCTO,!tOM CBapKH ropH30HTa.ribHblX CThllCOB .SIBJ1_JICTCS
caapxa OT)le.'lbHblMH BaJIMKaMH He60111>IU0ro ce'tfeHHSI. IlepBLIH
BanHK Ha1<.na1-cr,maroT B Bepnnu1e nIBa (puc. 115, B), ::>JieKTpo.uaMH
.UHaMe'IpOM 4 MM (npu TOICe 160-190 A) npH B03Bpa-rHonocrynaTeJibHOM JJ;BM>KeHHH 3JICKTpO~a c 06}!JaTeJibHblM 06pa30..
BaHHCM Ha BHyTpeHHCH CTOpoHe CTbIKa Y3KOro HHTOlfiloro BaIDfKa BblCOTOH 1-1,5 MM. Tiocne nepBoro BaJrnKa (CJIOSI) 3a ..
1ll:llUaroT ero nonepxHoCTL. BTopou sannK uaxJia.zu,ma10T TaK,
"lT05hI OH nepeicpllIBa.i'l nepEblH npH B03BpaTHO-nocrynaTeJibHOM
.n;B:H)KeHHH 3neK'IpO)la H ero ue60JI1>lIIOM 1mne6airnH OT 1<paS1
HU)J(Heii KpOl'vlKH JJ.O KpaJI nepxHeli KpOMKH. CaapKa BLIDOJIHjJCTC.H
B TOM >Ke mmpaBJieliHH, i110 H c:eapKa nep1mro CJIOff (naJiuKa).
3aTeM TOI< ysemttIHBaroT .no 250-300 A H cBapHBa10T TpCTHH
1-1,5
6)
Pttc. 115. CxeMa pa3.n;erurn 11:poMoK ropnJoHTaiJb·
HLIX CTLIKOB OTBeTCTBCHIU1lX
(a)
H HeOTBeTCTBen-
HbIX ( 6) Tpy6onpoBOJJ;OB H iiX CBaprm ( 6)' ~<lipaMH yica3aH nopJl,llOK HRJ!O)!CelUUJ CJIOeB
237
BaJI:HK 3ne1rrpo.naMH ,ll.HaMCTpOM
5 MM,
'ITO Il0Bbllllae1' IIpoH3IlO,!lUTeJil>HOCTb cBapKH. Tpendi BannK 11aKna.nbIBa10T B npoTHBonoJIO)KHOM HanpaBJielnllf, 11eM CBap1rnanCS1 ncpBblll lllOB.
OH .noniKeH nepexpb1BaTb 70% mlipHHbl BToporo BaJIHKa. tieTsepT1>Iii Ba.JlllK yKJ1a.nLmaIOT e TOM *e nanpaeneaHM, HO pacnonara10T B yrJ1y6nemm: Me:>1<:,1lY 'IpeThHM Ba.JTHKOM H sepxneli
Jq)OMKOJ:i.
npH CBi:lpKe CThIKa TPY6LI 6onee tieM B TpH CJlOSJ, Ha1JHRa.SI c TpeThero CJIOSI, Ka/IC,ll.bIH IlOCJIC):{YIOl.l.{HH BbIDOJIHSieTCJI B
nponrnononoJKHOM HanpaBnem1H, 11eM npeJU>IJlYIURH. Tpy61,,1
,ll.HaMerpoM .no 200 MM cnap11B310T cnJIOlllHbIMH lllBaMH, a
· )l.HaMerpoM 6011ce 200 MM - o6parno-CTynewiaTbIM MeTo.noM.
§ 84. CBAPKA COCY.QOB H PE3EPBYAPOB
K cocy.naM OTUOCJITCSI napoBbie KOTJihI, UHCTepH1>1 ,ll.Jrn cHH)KeHHbtX ra30B, XHMHtieCICaSI annapaT)'pa H T. JJ.., n KOTOpbIX
pa60...1ee ~anneHHe npeei,1maeT aTMocc}>epHoe Ha 0, 7 rcrc/cM2 H
B.bIWe.
Cocy..Q o6bI1IHO COCTOHT H3 o6etiaeK, c¢epH11eCKHX ,ll.Hlll.Q H
naTpy6KOB (pHc. 116).
xapn1 H3 mtCTOB, KOTOpbie cBap1maroT
Me)K.zzy oo6oi.f. 3aTeM cBapeHH.Lie Kapn1 H3rH6a10-r no pa.n;uycy
B BaJibl(aX ,ll.JISI noJiy'ICHH.sI 3aroTOBKH o6eLiaHKH. IloTOM CBapHBalOT npO.D.OJibHhlH llIOB c nocne.uyiomeii npaBKOH ( o6KaTKOH)
ceapeHaoli 06e~1ai1KH na Ba..TJbl.(ax.
Csape11Hb1e H OTBa.rr1>noea11HD1e o6etJaHKH co6Hpa10T Me)K)zy
co6oli, c narpy6ICaMH .M c¢epu'ieCKHMM .l.(HHll.'laMH. KoJILl.(eex,1e
BHatJaJie co6RparoT
ruBbl ceap1rna10T yqacncaMH 06paTHo-cry11e11tian1M cnoco6oM.
Ilarpy6Kn: npirnapunaroT JIH6o B o.naoM nanpaencHHM, ecJIH
I
J
Pac. 116. Y3:ThI cocy.n.a:
J - c¢ctmtJCCJ::Oe ~l!Hll!C, 2 - Ooeqajh:a. 3 aaTpyGoi<.; I - ICO.'Ihl.lf;IIOH WOB, // - npG.!40.JU,UblH lllOB
Pnc. 117. Bepnma.rrhmrii peJepByap:
l - ,r:umute, 2 - J>or,nyc, 3 - J(pon:u1, 4 - rnaxrn:rn .:lCCTHIIQa
238
~HaMCTp naT'py61m He 6onee
200
MM, JIH6o o6paTHo-crynen-
'JanrM cnoco6oM, ec1u1 ,n:HaMcTp mnpy61ca 6onec 200-300 MM.
Caapc1111b1e cocy .LJ.bI o6.n3'1 Tcni,uo
upoxo,[{srr cncuMa.iThHhifi
KOlllpOJlb HU npOtillOCTb u IlJ,OTIIOCTb cnapUbIX coe1nmeur~ti.
Pe3epnyapLI, .RBJl.SllOlllHeCH JrnCTOBLIMH KOHcTpyKu1rnrvm, no
c}>opMC 6bIDaIOT l..J,MJIHH.np11t1CCKMMH 11 wapOBblMH (ccpcpI·flleCKI1MH).
QHJJHH.UpH11cc1m.c pe3epnyaphI no,.1pa3.n.eJI$JIOTCH
na nepn1KMhHblC
H i-opu3oHTaJibHLie. Texu0Jmnu1 c6opK11 n CBapKn rcptt30HTaJihIIbIX
pe3epayapon
aHaJIOrHtIHa
c6opKH
TCXIIOJIOfIUI
H
CBapKH
cocy.tlOB.
pc3cpnynp (pHC. 117) COCTOHT 113 .ilHlIUJ.a,
Kopnyca, .KpOBJilf, IIIaXTHOH J1CClllHl..J,bl H )lpyr11x MCTaJIJIHllecKHX
KOHCYp}'KQifii. TIO COBpeMCHHOH TeXHOJIOr11H )llllHl~e H KOp1tyc
eepnu.:anbHoro pe3epayapa cnap1·ma10T aBTOMa TJP·ICCKOH cnap1~oti
na 3ano.ne, a 3aTeM caepThIBaI-OT B pynoH H ornpan.:uIIoT na
MecTo MOirranca. KpoBJUO Tmrnce u:>rOTOB.runo-r uo y3;iaM ua
3aBOAC II OTnpaBnSII-OT ua MeCTO MOUTmKa OT.LJ.CJibllbl!\UI Y3JiaM11
BcpTHKaJibHbIU
(~HTaMli).
IlpH :MOHTmrce pe3epByapoB pytJHOH cnapKOH BblllOJ1HSJIOT KOJib~eBOH lllOB, coe.n.mrn1ou.mii 1mpnyc pe3epByapa c .nmnr..{eM, 3.lMbncaroruuii rnoB 1mpnyca
pa60TM. l<OJ,hl.{eBo'H WOB
pe3epByapa
Dhln0.11HalOT
H .ilpyrue
csapotn-tbie
o6prt THO-CT)'neHlJa TblM
cnoco6oM, a 3aMLIKam~HH lllOB - CH113y BBepx yllacrKa~n. Ct~e­
pHtieCKHe pe3epByaphI coGupaioT H3 OT/..{eJibHbIX 3J,eMeHTOB (JieIICCTKOD), H3rOTOBJICHliLIX MCTO~Ol\.·1 X0.:10.LlHOM HJUl ropSJtleH WTaMIlOBKH, MCTO.LJ.OM B3pbIBa IUUI BaJibl{OBl\H.
, CBapKy nenecTKOB BhIIlOJ,HHIOT B cncum.UlhHbIX .r..mu1mynsiTopax py'lliOH HJIH aBTOMUTH 1ICCKOii CBapKOH.
§ 85. CDAPKA PEWETQ..fATblX KOHCTPYKL.tViVi
K pelllePm TblM KOHCTpYI<UIUIM OTHOCSITC.SI c]>epMbl, cpaxeepKII,
MatfThl, pa3J,HtIHble onopbl H T. .n. 01-rn lI3rOTaBJU1BalOTC5.l H3
npocplUlbHoro MeTa.11na (.nsyTaspoB1>1x 6aJioK, yroJIKa, m·ICTa, lpy6,
waennepa H T • .n.). B pelllcP.mToii KOHCTpYKUIUi BHaimJie csap1rna10T BCe KOpOTICHe WBhI,
coe.n.HHmomHe Me:>K.ny co6oli O.LJ.HOTIIIlHbie 3JieMeHThl, npHMCH.SUI 06parno-cryneH 1IaTblH MeTO.ll;. 3aTeM BbIIlOJIHJUOT caapKy .naHHbIX ,lJ,JIIIHHbIX IUBOB TaIOKe 06pa THO-cryneH'Ia TbIM cnoco6oM, co6J110~a.R onpe.neneHuyro 011epe.n.HOCTh HaJIO)l(CHlUI WBOB.
B o n p o c 1>1 ~ JJ "· c a M o n p o B e p K H
I. KaK KnaccmpHUHpy10TC.s:i cBapHhie KOHC"fP)'KI(IlH?
2. KaKHe 6hIBaIOT CThIIGI Tpy6 no - pacnono:>KeHUI-O n npocrpaHCTBe?
3. B lieM 3aKnrotiaeTCH pa3m1trne MeTOJlOB HaJIO)KeHHSJ lllBOB
npH
CBapKe
IlOBOpOTHOrO,
ttenoBopOTHoro
H
ropli30HTaJlbH0[0
CTblKOB?
239
rnABA XXll
.QECS>EKTbl H KOHTPOJ1b CBAPHblX COEAHHEHMM
§ 86. AE4>EKTbl CBAPHblX IUBOB
Knaccu«}l11Ka1t1m .nctJ>c1,ToB. .[(e<I>eJ~TaMM cDapHMX coeJ(HHCHHii
npiiHj!TO uaJLIDa'lb OTKnone1mn OT HOpM, npCl-lYCMOTpeHHbIX
rOCfaMH, TeXUH'·IeCKUMM yc.10DmIMil ll tlepTe)J(aMH npoe.KTOB.
B 3THX nopMax upe.nycMaTpu:BalOTC'~: reoMeTpHt1ec1'n:e pa3Mep.bl
CBapHblX WBOB (BLI~OTa H unrpl!Ha), cn.nomHOCTh, repMCTHliHOCTh,
npOtJHOCTb, nnacTIFIHOCTb, XMMIJllCCKHH COCTaB 11 CTPYK'I)'pULie
coc·! ~\B.Jrn10m11e Me1 aJJJ1a waa.
,L~eq;eKThJ ceapHhlX llIBOB H c.:ic,n.1meHa!1: BecbMa pa3noo6pa3HbI.
Mo)KHO BhIJ(enHTb CJieJlYl-OlllHe OCHOBHbTC rpynm;1 .ae<l)ef\TOB:
o6pa3ylOIQHeC» B pe3yJ1hTUTe HapyurcHlU! TeXHOJIOrllH c6opKn
( CMemeHHe CBapHBaeMbIX lq)O:MOK, ocei1 Tpy6, HeCOOTneTCTB:Ue
3a3opa Me)KJlY CBapHDUCMbiMJI ~eTaJUIMU H .np.);
HMeBWHCCJI B MeT'c:lJIJIC cnapnnaeMDIX .n;eTa.neii (rpel!_\lUlbI, pacCJIOCJUHi, 3aKaThl H IlJleHbI), Ha cnapttBaeMI>IX !o.-pOMKaX HJJH
D6JIHJH urna; 3TH ,D.ec)>eKTbl Mory-r B03~eHCTBOBaTb Ha cl>oPMH-
poBaHIIe nJBa;
Bbl3bIBaeMLie rJJIOXOii CBap11BaeMOCTblO OCllOBHoro MeTanJJa
(CICJIOHHOCTL IC o6pa30BaHHJO XOJIO,D;HbIX H ropSI"IHX Tpemua B
OCHOBHOM coe)UIHCHHll);
06pa3yromnec.R B pe3yJI:oTaTe HCCOOTBCTCTBH51 XHMHt1ec1<oro
COCTaBa H 1'CXHOJIOrtl'-ICCKHX CBOiiCTB npHcaJJ.Ollffl>tX MaTepnanon;
06pa3yroII.u1ec.ff H3-3a Hapywe111rn TexHonorH'!ecKoro npo1.4ecca
CBapYJI unH TepMii'ieCKOH o6pa60TKH (HeCOOTBeTCTBHe CTpy1nypHbIK cocrae;u11-0mux, no.npe31>1, nopr,1, uenp0Bap1:>1, npo*orH, wnaKOBLie BKJJIO'iCHIU1, ocna6JICHIILIC WBLI);
B03HHKalOll.lHe BO npewi cnap:KH
HJIH npH OXJia)K)leHHll
KOHCTpYKUHH H3-3a HeCOOTBCTCTBIDI 3a)KHMHbIX npHcnoco6ncruiw,
KOHJJ.YKTOpOB H npoqeii OCHaCTKH;
o6pa3yromuecB npH 3KCn'nyaTaJUHI ICOHCTpYIClUdt
xapaKTepy 3aneraHH.SI .ne<I>eKTbl n cnapHbJX coc~nne1rnmc
MO)!(HO pa3)leJJHTb Ha BHClllHHe II BHyTpexume.
BHeWHHe .ne<J>eKThI - 3To HeCOOTBeTCTBHe re0Me'Tpnt1ec1mx pa3rv1epoB lllBa (u3nHmHee H.ilH HeJ(OCTaTO'lHOe YCHJlCHlUI, HepaBHOMepHOCTb lllHpHHbl wea), HepaBHOMepHaB qewyli'tfaTOCTb, He3an.'1aB...'leHHble ICpaTepbI, iJO.llpe3bl, nopbl, WJiaICOBLie BKJlIO'ieHIUI
" TpeIUHHbl, BLIXO;:vnnHe Ha TIOBepXHOCTb.
BizylpeHHHe .o;e~eKTbl - JTO Henpoaaphl MC)l(JJY c:BapMBaeMhir....rn
KpOMKaMH .nenUieH, HenpouapbI B Kopue msa, c~noKeHhI, nepe:>Kor
f\·ieTaJJJJa, BffYYpCHHHe T})Cll{HHhl, ra30Bbie nopbl H WJiaKOBMC
BKJU0 1reHHSJ, He BbJXO)lJlll.Ufe Ha IlOBepxHOCTh, CfPYKTYPHLIC coCTaBJISUOlllHe, HeCOOTBeTCTBne MaTep1mJJOB CBapMBaeMhlX H3,llCJIHH.
BeJlll'IHHe ,ne$eKTbl IlOJlp03.UeJISUOT Ha MaKpOCKOnn 11eCKMe1
KOTOpLre xopomo BM.QHhI aesoopy;KeHHblM r JJa3oM 1um paccMaT-
no
no
240
118. )J:ec~eICTht caapHbIX coe,n;nucHn\i (cTpe'1I<aJ1.rn yKaJaH
,llec~eh.r)
p1ma10TCJI no.n nynoH: c yBe.nHtICHHCM jj,0 10-20 pa3, H
M!·IXpo-
PHc.
ynennqeuneM OT 50 .no 1500 pal.
Ma.:pocKomRec1~11e n Mt1Kpoc11:on1r1cc1<.:Ke .QecJteKTLI n np111B1111>1
HX 06paloBaH1m. HeyJlOBJJeTBOpHTeJJLHoe cpoprvnrpoBaHHe maa xapaKTepH3YCTCH i..-pyITHofi qemylitJaTOCTblO, HepaBHOMepHOH lIIHpHHOH 11 BbICOToii urna, Hannt1HeM HamTuIBOB H npo)Koros, a
Tal\)KC HC3aBapeH!lbIX KpaTepon.
Il 0 ~ p e 3 bi - 3TO yrJI)'6.'1eHI~51 (KaHaBKII) B MeCTC nepeXo~a
ocHonttoro M.eTanna K Menurn:y cnapttoro ~ nrna (pHc. 118, a).
Ilo.upe3hl - onacm1e .lle<PeKTbI, KOTopbie MOI 'YT np1:1aecn1 I\: BLICKOilHtieCKHe, paccMaTpHBaeMhIC no.n 'M.lH.-pOCKOilOM c
xoey HJ crpoa CBapHoe H3,nenne.
Ilo.npe3bI YClJ'aHaJOTCH HanJJaDKOU TOHKHX (H1rroqm,1x) llIDOn
3JJeKTPO.D.aMH MaJlbIX ,[(HaMe-rpoD.
fl p O jl( 0 r H (puc. 118, 6) o6pa3ylOTCJI B pe3yJibTaTe 60JiblUOH
BeJlHtfiIHbl CBapO'lfHOfO TOI<a, li3··3a MaJIOro npHTynJieHHSI I\l)OMOK
csap1rnaeMoro 1'13.L(emrn, 60JI1>moro 3a3opa Me4(..uy cBap1maeMbIMH
KpO~f!CaMlf, a TaIOKC npn HepaBHOMepHoii CKOpOCTll CBapICH.
IlpO)KOfH .KBJHllOTCJI He~onyCTiiMhlMlf .ne<Pe1<Tal\.m H Il~AJie>l<aT
HCnpaBJICHHlO.
- H e n p o B a p bl -
3TO HCCfIJiaBJICHne Me~.zxy OTJlCnhHhlMH BaJIHI<aMH, OCHOBHl>IM H HaruJaDJiellHhll\l MCTaJIJIOM It He3ano.aHeHHe
MeTaJJJJOM pac11emoro ce1.femu1 nma (pHc. 118, e). Ilpn V-o6pa.3Hoii
pa3,lleJJKe l"JlOMOK MoryT 61>1Tb Henpoeapbl B ICOpHe CTbIKOBLIX
wsoB, a npu X-o6pa3HOii pa.3,nemte - s -uenTpe WBa. HenposapLI MoryT 6hlTL TaIOKe B CTLIICOBLIX H yrJIOBblX WBax HMoryT CTaTh npnqHHOH pa3pyweHWI KOHCTp~U B pe3ynLTaTe
OOBhllllCHHblX KO.IIUeHrpaUHii HaDpIDKeHHi H YMeHbweHIDI IlJIOll.(a):(H nonepe11Horo ce11eHHR MeTaJJJia UIBa.
T p e m M H I>I (pnc. 118, z) $1B.JUIIOTC.sI Han6onee onaCHLIMH JJ..e<}>eKTaMH. Bo3HHKHOBen11e TPemnu CB513aEo c XHMH'':lecKHM coC'l'aBOM OCHOBHOro H 1ta1u1aBJieHHOrO MCTaJUia, a TaIOKe co
cKopocTu1-0 ox.,'la)l(.ZleHnj{ caapuoro coel-{HHeHlui H c )KeC'fKOCTblO
csap1maeMoro KoHzypa.
241
Tpcm1u1b1, 0Gpa300am1111ec.K B npouecce ceap'KH, Ha3bIBaioTcn
ropsilfIIMH, a nOCJIC OXJia){()l,eIUUI MeTanna - xonO,lUlLIMH.
TpeutHHbI cHH>Ka10T cran·1 11ecK}'10, ,n1111aMM 11ec1<y10 u B116pan110IJHy10 npo 1moc-rb KOHCTpYKUHH. B pe3yn1:>TaTe ,n11HaMi;111ec1rnx ua~
rpy30K TpelI.(HH:&I 6bICTpO pa3DJ-113al-OTCjf (yBCJIHlfl.JDaIOTCn B pa3Mepe) H up11Bo,z:v1T K pa3pyLUeHnro KOHCJPYKi•.tlM. Ha o6pa3oBaHHC
TpemnH BJJIUICT TeMrrcpaTypa OKpyJKa!OID,eH cpe,nbl (tJCM HH)Ke
TCMnepazypa 01'.-pyJKmow;eii cpCJJ:bI, TCM 60JThlUC nepo~TIIOCTb
o6pa30D3Hli.SJ Tpert.ttIH). IlpH CBapI<C Hll3Koyrnepo,nncTbIX CTanei'i
Tpellll1Hhl BCTpe'IaIOTC.ff pe..':(KO.
f a 3 0 n bl e n 0 p bl (pHC. 118, o) o6pa3ylOTCSI B llIBe BCJlel(CTBHC nepeHaCbIIll.C!UUI pacrumBJieHHOro MCTaJJJia cnapo~JHOH bi:lll-
JlbI ra3aMII. Ilopbl MOfYT 6bJTb BH)'TpCIUUlMM, He BbIXO)l,1UUHMU
Ha nonepXHOCTb cnapnoro lllBa, 11 Hapy>Ktli>IMH, BhIXO)l,IDI.J;HMII
Ha noBepxHOCTb nma. 0Hu MoryT 6b1T1> o,nHHotJHbIMH, rpynnon:o1Mu m160 pacnonaraTbCSI 11.errot.1Koil.
Tioas:1eHIIC nop B coapHOM li3,UeJlliM CHIUI<aeT .l'lfCXaIIHtieCI\lie
CDOMCTDa HannaBj'ieHnoro MeTaJIJia (y.napHyro B.fl3KOCTh, yroJI 3aru6a, npe.uen npoqnocTu) u 1rnpywaeT rcpMeTHt.1HocTb 113,a,c.rzu.H.
H e M e T a 11 n n 11 e c JC :.-1 e B Kn ro 11 e H H fl npe..!{cTaDJJ.HIOT co6oii
3arp.si3Henue MCTamta. 3To 1mme ncero wm1Kn, ne ycrresrnne
BCilJILITh Ha nonepXHOCTh MCTaJIJJa B npouccce KpHCTa.JIJIIBa1.U'IH. HcMcTaJI.,,1uirecitl1e mmro11e1urn yMeHbWaJOT pa6oiree celfeHHe
wna H npHDO.D,BT IC IlOIIH)KeHHIO npO'IHOCTH ceapHoro COC,!l,HHCHIUI.
011cpe.n11oc·11> ~OHTpOnR. l.J T06hl o6ecne'lHTh BblCOKOe Ka tJeCTDO
H HU)l,C:>KHOCTb ceapHblX coe,ZI.IIHeHnii, HeoGxo.n.HMO DblilOJIHHTb
npe.nnapHTeJibHbllf KOHl"pOJib, noonepaunOHHbIU KOIITpOJlb, KOHTpOJib rOTOBbIX ceapHbIX coe,nI-rHeHnit
Ilp:u npe.naapnTeJihHOM KOHTpone cJic,zzyer nponepi-nb:
CBapOlfHI:>Ie MaTepHanbI (3IlCI<TpO,nhI, caapo'l!HYIO npOBOJlOKy,
'1,>JIIOCbl u ra3bI) H MaTep11aJI ,n.rrn .ne~eKTOCKO[lMM;
cBapo'lltoe 06opy.n.0Bm·n1e, c6opoirno-cnapotIHbie npucnoco6neHmt, KOHlpOJ1hHO-H3MepMTeJibHbie npH60pbI, HIIC"fPYMCHT, annapazypy H npH60pbI .unsi np0Be)l,e1urn ~ecpeKTOCKOflMH.
06.HJaTeJibHO J.{OJJa<Ha 61>1.Tb nponep~Ha I<Ba.illl¢11Kal\ttj{ CBapIUHKOD,
KOHTj)OJiepos-.ne¢eKTOCKOnHCTOB
nXHH'IeCKlfX pa60THHKOB, 38HHMaIOlll.HXC.Sl
IUiiKeHcpno-
H
nonpocaMH
KOHTpOIDI
csapHbIX WBOB.
n 0 0 n e p a ll ll 0 H }I bl H K 0 H T p 0 JI b BKJU0 meT:
1
KOHl'pOJib no,nrOTOBKM )l,eTaneil no.n ceapKy' pe)l(lL\.iOB cnapKH
H npaBH..i"lhHOCTH nano'..>l<eHHSI nrnon;
,,,.
KOHTpOnh B npouecce CBapKH 3a COCTOjlllliCM ooopy.noBaHllil,
3a KalJ:eCTBOM H COOTBeTcm11eM npHcaJ.{OliHbIX MaTepnanoB H
J<:OH'IpOJihHO-H3MepnTeJibHbIX npnoopoB.
K 0 H T p 0 n b r 0 T 0 B bl x c B a p H bl x c 0 e ~ H H e H H. i1 B bl·
TI 0 J1 H .SI 10 T n 0 c JI e B hi II 0 JI He H H H TepMHlieCKOH o6pa60TICH
(eCIDI OHa npe,uycMOTpeHa Tpe6oBaHHHMU TCXHOJIOnf 1IeCKoro rrpouccca).
242
§ 87. cnOC06bl KOHTPOn.R CBAPO"IHblX MATEPMAl108
Ill CBAPHblX COEAIAHEHlllail
flpH BbIOOJIHeHHH CBap0 1IHl>IX pa6oT npHMeHJIJOT pa3JIH 11Hbie
cnoco6bl KOHTpOIDI CBapo tJ:HblX Ma TepHaJIOB H CBapHblX coe.rutHCHHii. 3TH cnoco6bl .a.eJJHTC!l Ha JJ:BC rpynnhl:
pa3pyma10mue (KorAa CBapHOC coe,UHHCHHe npHXOAHTC$1 pa3-
PYlliaTb);
Hepa3pywaiomue (Kor.[(a
csapHoe
coc,nHHeHHe
He
BbIBO,[(HTCSI
HJ C-rpOR).
B OCHOBHOM:
npaKTHKe CTapalOTC.R npHMCHSITb uepa3pymamiuHe cnoco6LI KOHTpOJUI, 0,!(Ha!\O neKOTOpyIO tfaCTb csapHblX coe,[(HHeHHii ~e.riecoo6pa3Ho no.QeepraTh pa3pyu1euiu-0 ,[(JISI
no11y11eIDrn 6onee llaAe)l\:lIOH H AOCTOBepuo:H . HH<l>OpMaI.{VIH 0
CBOiiC.1 sax BbIIlOJIHeHH'bIX COC}lHHeHHif.
B11ewHH1t OCMOTp II lRMCp paJMepon WBOB. 3TOT DHA KOIITIJOJUI HBJIV.eTCSI ueo6xo;:utMbIM H uan6onee pacnpocrpaneHHbIM npn
CBapKe. BueruHHH OCf\IOTP MO)KeT 6b1Th BbIIlOJIHeH HesoopyiKCHHbIM rnaJOM H c IlOMOlllblO yne.m-t 11HTCJlbHOfO CTCKJia. Ticpe.n
BHeWIUtM OCMO'IpOM CBapHble WBbl ,[(On>KHbl 6bITh TmaTeJibHO
0 1IlllUCHbl OT WJiaKa, a ecnH neo6XO,D.HMO, TO H npoTpasneHLI.
OcMaTPHBaTh ,neTa1u1 cne.nyer 1mK nocne npHXBaTOK, TaK H
nocJ1e HaJio:>KeHHR Kam,!:(oro Banmm. Pa3MepbI LUBOD 3aMcpH1-0·r
CllCUliaJibHblMH ruaG.TJOHaMH H H3MCp1-iTeJibllblMH npu6opaMH uenocpe,UCTBeHHO nocne cnapKH.
IlpH CBapKe IlJIOXO CBapHBaIOIUHXCH CTa.JlCH peKOMCHA)'CTCH
nonTopuo
Ha
ocMaTpi.rnaTL
cBapm,1e
UIBbI.
BuernHMM
ocMo-rpoM
fihUIBJI£10T lf3JJOM HJIH HenepneH)lllK}'JHlpHOCTI> oceii COCAHHeHHhIX
3JieMCHTOB, CMeiue1u1e KpOMOK COeJJ:BWICJl.1l>IX 3JleMelITOB, HecoOTBeTCTBHe pa3MepoB H ct>opMbl llIBOB (no BblCOTe, KaTel)' H
umpuue ll1Ba, IIO paBHOMepHOCTH ycH.TieHIDI, 11emyii1Ia TOCTH H
T. n.), 1'pem1uu,1 BCeX BH.UOB H HanpaBJieHHH, HaruILIBLI, no,npe3bl,
npO:lKOfH, He3aBapeHHbie KpaTepLI, HenpoBapLI, nopHCTOCTh "
~pyrue ~e<ileKTbl, OiCyTCTBHC IIJiaBHbIX nepeXOAOB OT 0,[(HOro
cel.JeHHSI IC ~yroM)'' H.eCOOTBCTCTBHe o6IQJiX reoMCl'pHlJeCKHX
pa3MepOB CBapHoro y3Jia (1n.nenrui) -rpe60BaJUHIM qepTC)l{eii H
TCXHHlJeCKI·!X ycnosm1, O'TCYTCTBHe K.TieHM CBapmHKOB Hffil HeCOOTBeTCTB:Me l\_neiiMCHH.SI ycTaHOBJieHHbIM lpC60BaHU.SIM.
OcMal]JHBaTb Heo6xo;1;n.zv10 Bee 6e3 HCKmot1eH1U1 cBapHLie
COe}J.HHelHUJ. BneWHHH CCMOTp H H3Mepe1n1e CBapHbIX COC,UH- •
He1u1li ocymecTBJifilOT B yc.HoB1rnx .nocraTo"ll1oii oceemenaoCTI1
o6'bCKTa KOH"rpOJij{,
l\i1exaillflfecKlle 11cOLITau1m.
CBOHCTB O.rJ.HOBpeMeHHO c
J1.1u1.
onpe~eneHHSI MexaHHtrecl\"lIX
1n.nenHeM Ha TeX ACe TCXHOJIOrH11eCK.HX
peJKHMax CBap11BalOT 113 TOTO )Ke MeTanna npo6Hhle n.naCTIHibI
Hllil orpe3KH Tpy6, H3 KOTOpbIX J{3fOTaBJUIBalOT o6pa3Ubl Jl.IDI
HC:JbITanuii (11aor.ua o6pa3I.U>I Bb1pe3aior Henocpc.ncrneHHO HJ
II'.3J.I.c.mu1). Pa3MCpb1 H cpopMbI o6pa3~0B, HJrOTODIDieMhIX JUUi
243
.!5
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6
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D=2S
r=S
PHc.
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119. 06pa3UhI J:lJHI MCilbJTaHIDi Mexaaw1ecimx CBOJ1CTn:
Han.!TaBnCHHOTO
MCTa.Tt.18 1
6 - cearHoro
COCJ-'HHCHHJl 1
6 -
Ha
H3nt6,
Z-
Ha
y.napny10 BR3a..OCTL
MeXaHHtfCCKBX HCilbITaHHJl, pernaMeHmpoBaHbl rOCf 6996-66
(pHC. 119).
,nJu1 nponepKH Mexanu 11ecmx cnoiicn li3 HaWiaBJie11Horo HJill
OCHOBHoro· MCTaJina MJrOTaBJJIIBalOT Kpyr JlhlH o6pa3eI( (puc.
119,a), KOTOpl>IH HCilbITLmaroT Ha CTaTH"JecKoe (KpaTKonpeMeHHOe) paCTJDICeHHe Ha pa3pbIDHOH MalllJi.He. 0}lHOBpeMeHHO onpe}leJUIIOT OTHOCHTenLuoe y.z:umaeune (B npoueuTax OT nepBoHa~mnLrioii .n.rnufbr o6pa.Jua).
AHa.JiorHtiHo npoBOJUIT Mexaiutt1ecxHe ncn1>rra1nrn cscilicrn
cnapuoro coe)lHHeHIDI M3 npo6Hoii nnacrnHh1 nnH Tpy6b1 ua
DJIOCICOM o6pa:nle (p.HC. 119' 6).
TinaC'fH"IHOCTh MeTaJIJia mBa onpe.ne1rn:eTCj1 HCrllirramreM cBap.
HOro coe)UlHeHMSI Ha CTaTHtJeCKHH .H3rH6 (3arH6) Ha pa3pbIBHbIX
Marmumx H.:&H no~ cnenmtJILHbIM npeccoM (pMc. 119, 6). IIeM
6oJILme yron 3an·r6a et, Te~f Bb1111e n.rr~~n11nrocr1>. lv.iaxca-
Ma.JlbHhlM yron 3aru6a, palnILIH 180°, xapaKTep113yeT xopornyro
06pa3eI( 3af MOaeTCJI .no o6pU30BaHIDI
nnaCTHlJHOCTh MeTaJI.JJa.
Tpe~HH:Ol.
Mcn1:rrailHe CBapHoro coe.a;HHeHIDI Ha yJlapHDIH pa.3phIB (y}lapHylO BJl3KOCTb) IIpOBOJlffT Ha cnen;HaJibHblX MailIHHax (Ma.Hl'JIBKOBl>IX Konpax).
3TOH I(e.rm H3rOTaBJiliBaroTCH cnelUfaJibHLie
ICBa.npaTH.ble o6pa~U:.{bl c Ha;npe3()M co CTOpOHbl paCKpbITIUI IIIBa
Aru1
(pHC.
119, z).
CBapHoe coe~HHeeue HCilbIThIBalOT
Ha 3aKa.mmaroru:uxcg crru1.szx.
244
Ha
TBep.nocTb o6bilfilO
IVlerarr..1orpa«J>n 11ec~He 11cc.:1c.uonatnL'll csapnL1x coe.n1111enHii. Ocnoa11oii 3a.u;a tze.M MCTa.nnorpal}>w1ecKoro aHa.rrnJa s1BngcTc» HC·
CJlC,lJ.ODaHIIC CTpyKrypLI II .necpCKTOB (nopOKOB) OCUOBHOfO H
Hanpan.ilcHuoro Me1a.1i.1a csapttoro coc,unHeHn.SJ. MeTannorpa<}Jn1fecKne I1CCJIC.!10mnurn Bi:.:no~mmT D ce6H MaKpOCT]))'l<'TJ'PHbIH H
?vrHKpoc-rpyK1 ~· pnMii MeTO.:lbI nccne.nonaHl1H MCTanJtOB.
Il p M M a 1' p 0 C T p y K Ty p H 0 M M e T 0 .ll e H'lY'JaIOTCSI Mal~·
pomnm}>bt 11 n:s.10~1b1 Mc·ra.rma. MaKpoWJIHcl> - 3TO 3mn;mcposaHHbIB o6pU3CU l\teTanna, npoTpaiuteHHLIB 25~,~·HhtM BOAHhlM paCTBOpoM a3onmi1 l\;rcnon1. lli.;LtH})bI Bbtpc:;a1-0T 113 cnapHoro UJBa
HJlH npo6ubIX nnacn111. lvlaI<poc-rpy1rrypy pacc?vltl1J>Imaior Henoopy:>KCHIIbIM rJia301'1 nHGo c no.Mo1u.1:iw .'l)'IIb!. Hccr.c.a;onaa.m~
HJJIOMa n03BOJUICT D!>!HBJUITh T~H~He .uc<J?c:KTLli .1mK 6e.nbJe lISITH:l.
(qJJIOi\em.1). 113-101\i .RBJIJieTr.SI O~HI!M H'.3 . JIY'!llJHX MeTO,D,OB Dbl·
.SIBJieHlUI 3TOrO ,U.C~>erna. no H3JlOMY MOiKHO cy,UIITh 11 0 TOM,
r,ue npo113011Ero· pa3pyweI-mc MeT::.:rrn. - no 3epffY HRH no rpam1uaM 3epeu.
n pH MU .K p 0 CT p y I\ Ty pH 0 M Me T 0 .!{ e (MMKpOaHa.'lH3)
HCC:ic,nyeTC.R CTpyKrypa H nopoKU MeTarIJm c IlOMOIUbl-0 l\ll1KpOCKOna, T. e. npH 6once tieM 50- 100-KpaTilOM YBC.1Ul'1C!HHH. IloBepXHOCTh w:mcpa -ri.uan'.ilbHO no.;1npyc-rc~ 11 npoTpannnnaeTc.R.
IlOMOll.lblO r-.micpOMCCJle)lOBaHIUI MO~llO ycTaHOBUTI> l\a'iCCTDO
c
Mcranna, B TOM tUIC.J1e o6napy/iGiTb nepeJKor MeTa.rrna, Ha11u 11ue
O!\IICJlOB no rp::mnuaM Jepen, 3acopCHHOCTb HeMeTanJIHlJCCKHMH
DK.'110tICHII$!MJ! (OKCH.l{aMH, cyJ1b«pM~aMH), nemiq}IH)' 3epeu MeTaJUia,
II3MCIICHHe cocra1rn MeTaJIJJU npH CBapKe, MHKpOCKOilH 1IeCKUe
Tpemnur,1, P.Opbt 11 HCKOIOpbtC .upyrMe )lecpeKTbI CTf>YKTjpM.
KoppolHOJl!rore 11cnL1Tamm cnapHLIX coe.zi;HHc:mrli. Koppo3ue1'l
l!a3LrnaeTcH pa3py1ue1rne M~TaJI.110~, CTUianou H nx cnapn1>IX
coe.n,HHe1mii BCJIC;lCT.UHe BOJ/~CHCTB!UI Ha I!UX OKpy~Ka10mei1 cpe,nbI.
Cy1i.(CC rBy1.:.T ,nBa nu.n.a Koppo31m: XHMl!'lrec1~aS1 H ::>J1e1npoxaMHqec1-.:aSI.
X II M u q c c K n R K o p p o J H .st npe.nCTaBJISieT coGou npoteecc
Herrocpe)lCTBCHHoro B3aMMO,UeMCTBHJI Me)l(,ey MeTa..'IJIOM 11 cpe,noii
( cyxHe raJLI, :>Kl1:.1l.KIIe ue:me1npoJIHTbI - 6eH3mI, Mac110, cMo.na
II .np.). 3 JI e K T p 0 x H M H 'I e c K a jf K 0 pp 0 3 H JI npOHCXO.l{HT
npH .neliCTDHJil Ha MCTilJUlbl >KU.l{KUX 3JieKlpOJIHTOB (BOJJ;HLIX
pacTBOpoe COJieif, KHCiIOT, meJI0 11ei'i), a TaIC:>Ke DJia)KHOro B03.z:tYxa, T. c. npoBO.llHHKOB 3JieK11n111ecTaa - pacrnopon, co~epJKall.(HX
llOHbY.
§ 88. fl>lll3112'4ECK"1E METO~bl KOHTPOnfi CBAPHblX WBOB
Pa.mram10HnaB ,nei}le1~roc1,;:om1R - peHlTeuo- 11 raMl\fa-rpa<J>et:ecKHii MCTO~ ICOHTpOJIH. PeHrreuo- H raM!Vla-rpacp101 - 3TO MCTOJJ;
no.rryqeHHJl Ha peHTrCHOBCKOH rureHI<e HJIH 3Kpatte Jf306pruKeHHH
npe.nMeTa (H3,ne_'Ilrn), npocne 1urnaeMoro peHrre11oncKHM HJIH raMMa-H3JIYlfCHHeM. OH oe;uoBaH Ha cnoco6HoCT11 penrrenoncKoro
If raMMa-HJny11emu1 npoxo.Z:UITh t1epe3 Henpo3paquh1e npe~MeThI,
245
B TOM 1m:cne 11epe3 MCnUIJibl, H
,uciiCTBOBa Th na peHTreHOBCKytO
WICHI<)' H m."I<OTOpbi:e XHMJPJeCI<IIe 3neMeHTbl, 611aro~2p$l lJCM)'
nocne.nHne qJJ1yopecnupy10T (coenncJI).
Ilpn 3TOM 1-tecpeKTbI, BCTpeqaromnecn npu cnapKe B Tene
Jl3~eJUUl H lJall.J,e scero HMCIOll.lHC xap~lKTep ITyCTOT (HenpoBapoB, lpCll.lltH, pa.KOBHH, nop H Tc .n.), Ha peHlTCHODC.I\OH IlJlCHICC
(Ha
peHTreHorpaMMax) RMeJOT
BII,n nSITCH
(paKOBIHlbI,
nopbI)
Ji.IIH no.r1oc (Hcnponapos).
Ka1< npasHno, npocBe'mBatoT 3-15% o6meii .n.n1u1M cBapnoro
urna. y oco6o OTBeTCTBeHHbIX KOHCTpYKJ.J.HH npocBe'nmaIOT nee
lIJB'bf.
PeurrcuoncKtte anrrapaThI, npnMe1-rneML1c !1.JISJ. KOHTpO.iHJ U3,ncJnI:H, COCTOSIT HJ peH·rreHOBCl\Olf Tpy6Ku, l1CTO'llUIKa IlHTaIUUI
H nyJihTa ynpanneuasi. B 1rn.11zcTBe HCTO'IHHKa nMTaH1u1 npuMCHmo'f IlOBbill.IalOll.lJili TpaHccpopMa mp, BO BTOpll'·IHYIO Ueill>
KOToporo B!LJIIOlJafOT KeHOTpOllbl ,nJISI BbIIIpSIM.'IC.'HlHI aHO,UHOfO
TO.Ka H BhICOKOBOjJhTIIhie I<uB~eacaT0pLI, TIO'.JBOJUIIOlllHe y.n.aoHTu
lfnH YTPOHTb Hanp.srnceHHe BTOpli"IHOtt oGMOTKH Tpan:ccpopMa TOpa.
CxeMa npocne'mBaH1u1 pe11TreHOBCK1111...1
113.ny11c1-meM
Ji3~e1nrn
IlOI<r.3aHa Ha p:GC. 120.
B 3aEHCHMOCTH OT pe:>KnMa npocBe 111mamrn: (npH TOJillU.YHC
MeTaJIJia JJ,O 50 MM), KallCCTBa nneHIGI }[ npaBHJibHOCTII )J,aJib}!eiirneii ee o6pa60TKH y.D,aeTCSI BhUIBHTh .rtecllCKfh[ pa3vtepOM
1- 3% OT TO~MHbl KOHTpO.!IHpyeMbIX .ueTan:eii.
B aacTo~m-tee npeMg uurpoKoe npnMeHeHHe murum peHTfCHOB-
CI<He annapaTbI PYn-120-5-1, PYfl-200-5, PYfl-400-5, M11pa-2,[(
11 M11pa-3L( H Jlp.
raMMa-H3JI)' 1ICHHe o6paJyeTCSI D pe3yJibTaTe BHy-rpiiaTOMHOI'O
pacna.D,a pa~ucaKTHBHbIX nen~~CTB. B Ka 11ecTBe HCTOlfHHimn raMMaHJ.,"JYlICH1rn npHMeH.HlOT C.J!e.n)'lOIIl'HC pa,nHOaKTUBHbie BeUleCTBa:
T)'nirii-170, npHJ'-.I{ii-192, ue311ii-l37, Ko6a.,'1bT-60 ~P.SI npocae'rrrnaHHH
MCTaJIJia TOJirll;iiHOi: 1 - 60 MM.
I
PHc.
120. CxeMa rrpocBe•mea-
IIHj)
peHTieHOBCKHM lf3~"IY1leHMCM 1n;:i;e.111u1:
I - pcmTcuoecKaJJ
Tpy6i.:a,
2-
cpyTn9.p co CBIUH.{CB~l:'I.;: 3KpaHOM,
3 - Il'.10~3C'lHBaC:.\iOC ll3i!CJIHC, 4 -
.Ae¢ern, 5 - 1mcceTa, 6 - 3Kpau,
7-
246
pe!un.:Hun~1cn:.1Ca
Puc. 121. YCTanosKa JI.JI~ npol\·tbllU;1eHHOfO
npOC!JCllMB<lHJUI
113nc.1ttii raMMa-1nnp1e1meM:
I - UJTa1 •rn,
2 - pa:ruaw10HHa.R
rO.lIOBKa
(11a60'L1Ha :KOllTCHHep),
3 - MexamnM nepcMell.leHIJJI HCTO'IHHKa H3ny•1e1i1Ui
,_
,l:(eHCTByg Ha nneHicy TaK >Ke, KaK M
peHTfCHOBCKOe, <t>uxcupyeT Ha Heil .neclleI<:ThI CBapKH. qyBCTBHTe.:1braMMa-H3Jiytieime,
HOCTh raMMa-KOHTpOJISI HH)Ke 'IYDCTBHTeJibHOCTH peHTreHOBCKHX
CHHMKOB; HanpnMep, Ha raMMa-CHHMKax npH npocne1n1BaHHH
CTaJIH TO.Jill{HHOM 10-15 MM K06aJibTOM-60 BbUIBJimoTC.SI .n;ecpeKTbl
rny6HHOH 0,5-0,7 MM, ror.na KaK Ha pe:nrreHOBCKHX CIDIMKax
BH)lHbI )lecpeKTbl rny6UHOH 0,1-0,2 MM.
qyBCTBHTeJibHOCT.b raMMa-CHHMICOB, no.nyqeHJILIX npH l10MOI.QH
pa.unoaKTHBHbIX MJOTonoB - ry m·ui-170, HpH.n;HSl-192 H J(pyrex,
npH6JIH:>KaeTC.R K 'IYBCTBHTe.1Il>HOCTH peurreHODCKHX.
raMMa-H3JIYlleHHe Bpe,lUIO )lJJSI 3,nOpOBMI qeJlOBeKa, Il03TOM)'
aMny Jlbl c paJUIOaKTHBHbIM BelUCCTBOM noMemaroT B cnel{MaJibHble anrrapaTu - raMMa-yCTaHOBKH, lIMCIOll.Ule ,lU!CTaHnHOHHOe
ynpaB11em1e (pHc. 121 ).
CxeMa naHopaMHoro npocBe1nmaH1H1 CBapHbIX CThIKOB Tpy6onpoBOJlOB c IlOMOI.UblO raMMa-HCTO~IHHKa IIOKa3aHa Ha puc. 122.
. 5
Puc. 122. CxeMa nanapaMllm'O npocnet11rna- •
mrn CBapo•IHbIX CT!.IKOB Tpy6onpOBO.D;OB c
pacnOJIOlKCHUeM pa.n.H08!\THBHOIO JICTO'!IUiKa
MJ.11yqeH1111
e u,eHTpe TPYfo~1:
a - HCTO'l{IlAIK HJiI}''leHlrn, 6 - pe1nrcl!Ol:icKag lL'H'.:H-
Ka
CsapHbIH won npH paJIIU\UHOHHOH ,nec}>eKTocxonHH 6paKyeTcH,
ecnH Ha peHTreI·IOBCKOM HJIH raMMa-CHHMI<e 06uapy)i1CHbl CJlC.IzylOlllHe .ne<f>eICTLI:
wnaKOB:bie BKJiro'leHHJI HJIH paKOBHHhl no rpynne A (OT,Ile:11>Hb1e .ne<}lcKTbl) :n B (ckonneHHe .necpeKTOB) pa3MepoM no BbICOTe
lUBa 6onee 10% TOMUHHbl CTeHKH, ecm-1 OHa He npeBbIWaeT
20 MM, a TaJOKe 6onee 3 MM npH TOJlll{HHe CTeHKH 6onee
20 MM;
mnaKOB1>1e B1<:moqe1nu1, pacnono>KeHHLie ueno'il(OH HJIH cnnoruHOH rutHHeii s.nonb msa (rpynna Ii), np:H cyMMapaoli 11x
,C(nHHC, npeBDIWaIOll.\CH 200 MM Ha 1 M WBa;
nopLI, pacnono>KeHHLie B BH,C(e CITJIOWHOH ceTKH;
CKODJieHHe Ha OT,nenbHhIX yliaCTI<ax WBa CBbJWe nRTH nop
ua 1 cM2 nnoma.nH nrna.
.
,lleq>eI<TbI pacnpe,ne;unoT no rpynnaM A, 6, B no cne.nyI-OIUHM npH3iiaKaM:
A - OT.D:eJJbHhle .ne4>eKTbI, KOTop1>1e no cr;oeMy pacnono>KeHHJO
He 06pa3y10T ueno 1UCH HJIH CKOl1.7lemu1;
Ji - nenO'llCa .necjleKTOB, pacnOJIO)l(eHifolX I-Ia O,ll.HOH JIHHHH
B KOJiffqCCTBe 6onee TpeX c paCCTOHUHeM MC>KJIY HHMH, paBHbIM TpeXKpa THOM BeJIHtnrne .nc¢elCTOB H MeHee;
B - CKOIDJeH:ne .ne<f>eKTOB B o,nHOM Mecre c pacnono>KeHneM
HX B KOJIH'leCTBe 6onee TpeX c paCCTO.sIHIIeM Me>K.ny HHMH,
paBHLIM TpexJCpaTHOE nenuq.HHe .ne¢eKTOD M. l'v1eaee.
YnLTp&lBfKOBOH MeTo~ KOHlpORB. 3TOT MCTO,n OCHOD8H Ha
cnoco6HOCTH BblCOKOlfaCTOTHbIX Kone6mrn:i
'laCTOTOH OKOJIO
20000
npOHHKaTh B MeTaJIJI H OTpa>KaThcg OT IlOBCpXHOCTII
.ne¢eKTOB (OT BCTpeTHBIIIHXCSI npellilTCTnMH). 0Tpa>KeHHbie YJibTpa3BYKOBble KOJie6a11HSI HMeJOT TY )ICC CKOpOCTb, 'ITO H np.sIMbie
rn
ICOne6aHIUI. 3To CBOHCTBO HMeeT OCHOBHOe 3Ha'IeHlie B ynLTPa3BYlCOBOM .rteci>CKTOCKOilHH.
Y3KHe nanpasne1m1>1e nyqKn ynL-rpa:rnyKOB1>rx Kone6aHHH .rt.TUI
ueneu .nc«l>eKTOCKOilHH no.rry"lalOT npH IlOMOW:H IIbeJ03neKTpH~1ecKUX IIJiaCTHH ICBapua HJIH mTaHaTa 6apUSI (n.be3o,naTlJHKa).
3TH ICpHCTaJIJibl, n0Meme11n1>re B 3JICKTpH'leCKOM none, ,nalOT
o6paTIIhIB IlhC30JJieKTplilJecKRH ~eKT' T. e. npeo6pa3y10T 3JieKTpHt!OCime K0.11e6aHHR n MexaIDI'lecru1e. TaKMM o6pa3oM, nbe301:pl!c:2;:_'lhI no.1 .neffoTBIIeM nepCMCHHoro TOKa BbICOKOH tiaCTOT.bI
(0,8- 2,5 l\.Jru) CTaHOBSITCj} HCTO'IIDIKOM yn1>1pa3BYKOBbIX KOJie6mudi n CG~,QalOT HanpaBJI~HHhlH ny"iOK }JihTpa3BYKOBL~X BO.'lH
B KOHTpo.ni1pyeM)'IO ,neTaJib.
0TpaJIC.CHHLIC yJILTpa3BYKOBl>Ie I<OJie6aH~Ui ynaBJIHBalOTCJI HCKaTCJieM (mynoM) H 3aTeM npeo6pa3y10Tcn D 3JieKTPHT·ICCKHC HMnyJlLChl. Otpa)l(eHHLie 3JICKlpHqeCKHe KOJie6aHMSI 11epe3 ycwuncnb
no.naiOTC.SI Ha OC~UJIJlOr:pa<f> H Bbl3hlBalOT OTKJIOHeH11e ny11a 1.m
3RpaHe "3.'IelC'IpOHHOH lpy6ICH. Ilo BHJIY OTK.'IOHeHIUI CY.D;.ffT 0
xapaKTepe .ue<}>eKTa.
·
.
CxeMa ynLTpa3ByI<oBoro MeTo.n.a KOHlpOJl.H caa.pHhIX coe.ruu1eH1ru
noKa3aHa ua pHc.
248
123.
123. y .1b Tpa.3BYlCOBOH
CBapHLIX coe.a;HHemiii:
a - cxeMa, 6 - o6mu.ii BHJl .ne<l>enocxona, e - cHrnam.1 ea ::ncpa11e ocuH1morpa4>a
(cncea - won 6e1 JlecpeKra, cnpaea - c TpeW.HHOii " HcnpoeapoM); 1 - ncnLJT)'CMMii oGpa3CU, 2 - npHeMHHIC, j - renepaTOp, 4 - YCHJJHTC.ilt., 5 - Ba'l8JibHblii liMnynoc, 6 - cHrna.1 OT Ae<lieKTa, 7 - JIO:ifCHLIH cnruaJr, 8 - rcttepaTop pa3aepu11,
PHC.
MCTOJJ;
J\OHTpOrut
9 - H3JIY'IBTenL
CoBpeMeHHhle ynhTpa3BYKOBble .necl>eKTOCKonLI pa6oTaIOT no
cxeMe HMnyJILCHoro li3JIY'ICHll.Sf, T. e. }'JlbTpa3BYKOBLie KOJie6aHHH
OT IILC30I<pHCTaJIJia IlOChIJial-OTC.ff He HenpepbIBHO, a HMilYJihCaMH;
BO BpeM.H nay3 OTJ>aiICeHHLie KOJie6aHWI IlOCT}'IlaIOT Ha TOT
:>Ke IILe3oKpHCTaJIJI, 'ITO o6ecne1n1BaeT BblCOK}'IO 'IHCT01)' npHCMa
OTpaJl<eHHbIX BOJIH.
Ilbe301<p11.CTa.nJ1 y.TthTpa3ByKOBoro .ne<PexTocxona noMemaeTcg
B cneuHaJII>HhlH npH3MaTH'lecKHil lfJIH IlJIOC!(JIB myrr. IloBcpXHOCTb, no I<OTOpoii nepeMemaeTCR myn, ,Z:.(OJI:>KHa 6bITb 3a 'Uili~C­
na .no MeTaJIJIHtiecKoro 6necKa. Jl:Jijl 06ecneqe1nu1 Heo6xo,nHMO-
ro a1<ycru ..1ecKoro ICOHTa1na Me:>K.ay mynoM H xorrrpoJIHpyeMbnv1
H3J{eJIHeM HaHOCHTCSI CJIOH MHHepaJibHOro Macna.
IlpoMhilllJieHHOCThlO BLinycF.aroTC.R. ynLTpa3ByKon1>1e .necpe1CToCKOilbI Y)J,M-3, Y,[.(-553M, .D:YK-13HM H .up. llyscTBHTeJ1bHOCTh
,ne<J>e1cToc1<onoB o6ecnetnrnaeT BbffiBJieHMe .n:c¢eKTOB nnoruatu>Io
2 MM2 H 6onee. IlpH yn1>Tpa:rny1<0BoM MeTo.ne Tpyii:Ho onpe~~.::;n"h xap~KT~P n;ecpe11:Ta. I·fa.r'!6onee 3~r!JexT1rnuo 1coHipo.r11> BhInoJI£ir-~-rc::1. HpL TuJ.t:i!.Mli~ l\:~Ta.17 ."I~ 60J!te 15 MM: npH TOJlliU·IHe
r.:e-raJIJ!a 4-15 MM KOHTpOJib 3T!1M MeTO,Z:.(OM Il03MQJI.(eII, HO
Tpe6yeT BCChMa Bb!COICOH I\BaJIH<l>HKal{'Al! .ue¢eKTOCKOilMCTa . (onepa Topa).
MarHHTBLUi MeTo.Q ..z:.et}>eKTOCKomur. CBap110.H llIOB CTaJI1>Horo
IUIH qyryHHoro H3.0:eJUUI HOKphIBalOT CMeCLIO H3 Macna H
MarHHTHoro )l(eJie3Horo nopomICa (pa3Mep 1:1acTHQ 5-10 MKM).
J.13.uenne HaMarHH1.JliBaroT nponycKaH.MeM TOKa qepe3 o6MOTKy,
cocro~y10 H3 HeCKOJlhKHX BIITKOB, HaMOTaHHhIX BOiqJyr H3):{C.fiUJI.
Ilo)l .UCHCTBHCM MarI-IHTHoro non.SI, 06TeKa10.mero ~e¢eKT, 1.1aCTHllbl )KeJie3Horo noporu1ea ryme pacnonararoTc.H aoK})vr .ne$eKTOB
249
3TIIM Me'fO)J;OM BbUffiJUUOTCH nosepXHOCTHLie .necpeKn4· r ny6HHOH
.no 5- 6 MM. Pa3pemaromcrn cnoco6uocTh nopomKbBoif .a:e<j>e1cTocKOITHH BeCbMa HM3Ka$1 no cpaBHCHHIO c .upyrHMH MeTO,l.l;aMH
KOHTpOJUI, Il03TOMy OHa 3<j><l>eKTHBHa B OCHCBHOM ,ll.illl I<CHTpOJHI rnanKnx, lffiCThIX, 6necrm~HX noBepXHoCTeii. MarHHTHbIM
MCTO)J;OM MO:>KHO npoaep»Tb I<atfCCTBO JJ.eTaneft, H3fOTOBJieHHblX
•
TOJlbKO HJ <}>eppoMarnHTHbIX MeTaJIJIOB.
ManuITorpaclJliPi~l\:HH l\.feTO,ll KOH1pOJIR.
3T0M MeTo.ne,
pa3pa60TaHHOM B uaweli c-rpaue, peJynbTaThI 3anMch1BruoTcSI na
MarHHTHYl-0 JICH"fY. CymuocTb 31'0f0 MeTO)J;a KOHTpOJISI COCTOHT
B ua.MarirnllI-IBaHHH caapnoro coe.a:1meHm1 H c}nn<cauHn MarHHTuoro noTOKa Ha <j>epporv1arHHTHy10 neuzy. JleaTa HUICJTaJ.r,r,rnacTcR
Ha KOHTpOmq>yeMoe H'.3)J;CJIHe, KOTopoe HaMarHM'IHBaeTCR HMll)'JibCHbIM no11eM. MarH11rnoe none, np11 HaJIHlJ.IDI .a:ecI>eKTOB, pacnpe.n:enseTCH no nosepXHOCTH .n;eTaJIH no-pa3HOMY, " COOTBCTCTBeli.HO <l>eppoMarHHTHble 'iaCTHL(bl Ha JieHTe HaMarHHT.HTCJI B
pa3JilftIHOH CTeneHM. 3areM cJ>eppoMarHHTHaSI nenTa CHHMaeTcn
•
c KOHT'1'0JllfpyeMoro lilJJ:eJTI.UI H ce «npOTSII'HBaI-OT» qepe3 BOCnpOH3BO,lJ;mI.J;ee yc-rpOBCTBO (pnc. 124), COCTOmQee H3 MexaHH3.Ma
npoTsnKKH 11 ocru1nnorpacpa c ycHJmTeneM 3ne1npHqecKHX HM-
nrH
nynbcon.
UJo6 5e3
derpeKmo6
/10
([;(8
3
6
9
lilnaH06tJ1e
u 2a3o!Jb1e
D1mHJ11eHt,1R
a)
5)
PH:c. 124. MarmtTorpa<~w-rccKnii r-.·1e-ro.LJ; lmHTpom1 csapHux coe~H:Hc1mii:
a - Bocnpo.wme,":.emte ~ri.::m-:;n na Jr::paHe ,gc!f>eICTOcKonat 6 - xapa1..'Tep JtMllYJibCOB
na 3Kpa!IC ('>C'!lU.'!:!crpa~m; 1 - K3Ct'CTa c $eppoM3rHilTHOU IUiCHKOii:, 2 - ¢cppoMar mn-aajl,_n:H:.~um. 3 - rcm~p:nop .rvrn c111pamu1 :Janncu, 4 - «CTHpaKlma~> ro;;osKa,
5 - «Dnci1pmn:io;.:.m~1a~m ro.rouKa, 6 - ycu.rnrTe.il&, 7 - ocrn1.:1J!orp1.Hp, 8 - naMno'IKa,
CHf:?UJiJl'.l~l'T'~'h~m~HT 0
F:~,4onycT}~!-l<.)~1 ~8¢eKTe B KOnTpunnpycr.~OM: CBapHOM COC.!(11-
l!(!lrrn, 9 - '3Kpau ocu;.1:1.1orpa1p~ JO - WO.ti 6eJ Ae<(te1na
250
Pe3ynLTaT1>1 ManrnTorpacf>H~1ecxoro KOI-npon.R paccM:arpHsa10T
Ha 3KpaHe 9 OCilHJ1JlOrpaq1a 7, Ha KOTOpOM np11 HaJllflIHH
.a;e<}>eKTOB B l\OI-t'rponnpyeMOM H3JJ;eJIMH B03HHKalOT DCHJI~CKH (ncpTHKaJJ'blILie HMfiYJJLCbl). flo BCJlH"IHHC II cf>opMe OTIOIOHCHHH
nyqa ua 3KpaHe ocnruu1orpacfla cy,r.vn o nenH~uHc 11 xapaK repe
,neq>eKTa cnapnoro coe,r.UiHCHH.H.
MarHHTorpacpHLJCCKHH MCTO)l npHMCIUie1 CH ATUI l<OHTpo.mr
CBapIIbIX COC,llHHeHIIH TOJ1UU1HOH He 60.nee 12 MM. 3THM MC,..
...
TO)l:OM MO)KHO BbISIBJUlTb MaI<pOTpeIUHHbI, Heupoaapbl rJIYOHHOH
4- 5% CT 10.Jll.I.l;IIHbl KOl-11p0.1JHpyeMoro Menuv1a, runJKOBHe
Bi(JiiOtieHHfi Ji Ta30Dhle nopLI.
MarHHTorpacpntiecKml MeToJJ; Tpe6yeT m.~1c0Koi1: 1<Ban11clnrnau1u1
oneparopa_
PeHrreno-Te.11eu11JemrnL1ii KOUTpOJib. Cy11u-10CTb cnoco6a JCOH1pom1 3aKJUOtiaeTC.sI B TOM, 'LJTO JJ;ec}>CICT cnapnoro llIBa li306pa:»\aCTCS: B MOMCHT npOCBC'UIBUHIUI Ha TeneBH3UOHHOM 3I<paHe.
CxeMa peurreuo-TeneBHJMOHHOH ycTaHOBI<H no:Ka3aHa Ha pHc.
125. Cnapuoe coe.u1rneHHe 2 npocBe 11HBaeTCSI c noMOIUbIO penTreHOBCKOro am1apaTa J. PeHTreHODCKoe 113ny11eID1e npoxo)lHT lJepe3
3JICKTpOHHO-OIITffliCCKHH npeo6pa30BaTCJ!b 3, COCTOmI~Mll 113 Baeyy~mpoBaHHOH Tpy6KH, BHYTPH KOTOpoii co CTOpOHb!, c6pmueuH0tt IC HCTQlII-IHI\Y l13JI)'~IeH1:Hl (peHTreHOBC;(o:,1y annapary) H npoCBelfHBaeMOMY 11'.>)leJllUO, yKpennen TOHKiIM an10MHIDieB~Iif 3I\paH,
IlOKpbIThIH cpnyopccuHpyroruHM CJ!OCM. Ha STOT cnoa HaHeceH
CBeT0'I)'DCTBHTCJlbHbIH CJ10H - <i>OTOKUTO.n ('raKo~i :r.ce, 1~air.. B OQhJlIUbIX TCJICBM3HOHHhJX Tpy6Kax).
.upyroa CTOpOHbI 3JieKTpOHHOOTITUqecKHH npeo5pa3oBaTeJJb nMe~T JJ;ImcpparMY 11 yc11.mrna10-
c
3KpaH. C TaKoro npeo6pa3osare.mi t.Iepe1 rrepexo,n;Hy10
onTHliY 4 cnraanbl rroczyna10T Ha ncpe,u;amutyro TC.7ieKaMepy
mui1
5
1-1
Ha
Tenemnop
7.
TaKoli
MCTO.U
pe3KO yBeJ1HtIHTb np011'.jB0)lUTeJihHOCTb
3TOM MO)l(HQ ne
KOHlpOJJSI
no3nongeT
1py,n;a oncpaTopa. TipM
m.tOJUO,!T.a Tb BHy-rpCHHee
cocT0$1HHe rrpocsetnmaeMoro u3,uen1rn, HO u cpoTorp~cpnpoBa Th
ero npn: n0Mo11u1 ¢oro- ruu1 KUHoarmapaTa_ YnpaancH11e Tar<ofl
ycTaHOBKOH ocymeCTBJI51eTcn c nyJibTa ynpaEJ!CHHJI 6.
TO.lJbI\O
BlnyanbHO
5
f
Puc. 125. CxeMa pcnrrci-:o-Te!ICBM3MOHHOH ycTaHoBr\ll
I
2/8
t::======:;-;:==':!i»
fi~7
251
i(ourpo.:u, nJiomocTH coeiumcunii. CnapHMe IllBLI HCnb1TLIBa10-r
ua repMeTJitlHOCTL (HenpOUH~aeMOCTb) 1ccpocunoM, CACaTbL.\.t B03,nyX0i"rl (m1eBMaT11Kofi), IIBKYYM-annaparoM, rrpH 110Mo11u1 aMMtmKa,
rem.ICBbHA 11 rarrnoH..'J.HblM Te'Jel1CI\UieJ1JIMH II rn.npaBflH'llCCKUM
,D,an11enHeM.
11 c n LI ... a II He
Ke p 0 c H II 0 M npnMeHHl-OT .[I.JUI cocy.noa,
pa6onuoum.x GeJ BHylpeHHero JJ:~rnnemrn, H I\a'K npe.nnapH:TenbHMii MeTO.rt I\OI·rrponSI ,llJISI cocy~oB, pa6o-raIOU.ULX no.n; ,D.i.ll3JICHIICM.
Kepocnn o6na.uaer BL1coxo:H 1<anHJlJ1j!J)IIOCThlO. Ha 3TOii cro
cnoco6:roc !U ocuonaHa MeTo.zuma KOHTpOJlJ! nnoTHOCTH cBapHbIX
UIBOO. CB<:LpHbie l.UBbl jlOJI:>KHLI 6LiTb nua TeJibJIO Olfifll(CHbI OT
illJmKu, rp,g:..;n " oc!\mrpe111:i1. ,nclJ.)eKT'bl, BLUIBJICHHbie DHelllHUM
OCMO"lVOi\t, /~0fl)K~!bl 6IJITh ycrpaHCHLI .no lia'Ia~1a KOHTpOJUJ.
)J,.;'l}i DhUiBJ1CHIU1 .n;erl>CICTOB (nenJIOTHOCTeli) MC10.!J.O~i r:e;;>OCHHOBOii npo61>1 O.L\HY CTopoay ceapHoro coe.um1eumt 0Kpawrrna10T
?ytCJJOM, pa3ne,ueHHbIM D DO,!(:.!. IloCJie B:DICbIXaHlUl MCJla BTOpyro
KcpocnnoM. KepocnH, npo1mr.aa qepeJ ,necpCKThI B ceapuoM wee, ocraB.TI$IeT
Ha Me.nosoH Kpacice '5rnpH1>Ie TCMHbiC nsnua, xapa1\Tepu3yro~ne J!arrtI'IHe H pacnonoJKeHHe .ne<PexToB. 06ttapy)J(e!m.b1e .neqteKT.bl Bbipy6aroT H ::>anapHDa1or BHOBb. K01rrpo~1b ICepOCMUOM np:uMeHSieTCH npH nOJ10/KHTCJihHOH TeMnepa rype (Bblllle 0°C). CBa pHbie !llBh! JlC_Tlj!(HbI BbI)lep'1<:nnaTbCSI 110.ll !<epOCUHOM 12 r H 60J1ee.
B a Ky y M: - Me To .u o M nponepstroT cBap11b1e llIBbI, KOTopL!e
cTopoHy
cnapnoro
mea
o6HJihHO
cMa'l{JfBaIOT
HeDC3MC':>!<:no HCnbITa'"ib KepOCHHOM, BOJ.ayXOM HJIH. so.noii I[
,UOCT}'Il K KOTOpblM B03MO:>KeH TOJlbKO e OAHOH CTOpOHhI, Ha-
npnMep cm1pub1e
.upyrHX eMKOCTCH.
WBbl .n.HMl.ll pe3epByapoB,
B ICOMruJCKT ycTaHOBICH .QJUl
l!lBOB
BaKyyM-MeTO,UOM
BXOJlHT
KOHTpOJISI
cne,rzyromee
ra3ronL.nepon H
caapm~rx
o6opy .L'(OB~HHe: Ba-
nnoTnocTu
K)'YM-Hacoc, BaKyyM:-1caMepa c Bah)'YM-Mf'TpOM H nueBMaTIPieCKlili
lllJJaHT.
ru.upa.BJllNCCKHC
HCilLIT8RHR. Tipe 3TOM crroco6e KOHTpOJUI
ceapHoe H3,UCJIHe (cocy.n) 3anoJIH.910T BOJlOif. 3aTeM HaCOCOM
HJJH rM..!l.paBnH'leCKHM npeccoM COJAatoT 'AaBneHHe, npeBililllaromee
pa60 11ce B 1,25 pa3a H 6onee.
Cnoco6 rH,.UpaBJIH'ICCKoro 11caLITaH1u, epeM.SI BLI,D;ep~xH, BenH'IHHa ,ll.aBJieHIDI H J.'(OnyCTin·!aJI yre'!Ka ycraHaBJIHBalOTC.Sl TeXHH'IeCKMMli yCJIOBWIMH Ha KOHrpOJIHpyeMbIH ofrLe.I<T. ru.upaDJIHtJeCKHe
UCilbITaHH.SI BbIIlO.JIR.mOT npn npoBepxe np011HOCTII H IlJIOTHOCTII
napoBl:dX H BO.ll.SIHLIX KOTJIOB, 'Ipy6onpoBO.L'(OB H cocy.ZJ;OB, pa-
6oraromux noA )laBnelllfeM.
MCllh!Tan11e caraTLB1 BOlJlYXOM (nHea:rvmT1-.rt1ecxoe 11cnLrraune).
3ro HCTI1>1TaH1ie npnMeH»eTCJI )1.JISI IIpOBepKH cocyJJ;OB H lpy6onpOBO,UOB Ha repMeTMlffiOCTh, KaK npaBHJlO, TOJlbKO npM pa6o'le~f
)laBJieHHH H3,neJIIDI. 11.JIOTHOCTh CBapHbIX COe)lHHCHHH nponep.HIDT
Mhi..lhllhIM pacTsopoM HJlli norpy>KeHHeM cocy.L'(a B no.ny. B MecTax
nponycKa ra3a no.smmnoTC.ff ny3hipM.
0 r JI A B JI E H I-~ E
C-rp.
BBe]leHue
3
s
r JI a Ba I. KpaTKMe CJJC)l.ellllH 0 C:e.apKe R peltre MeTMJIOD •
§ l. HcTopm1 pa3BHTIDI csapm . • .
. • . • .
§ 2. KnaccH«I:>mcauHH csap1n1 MeTruIJIOB • • • • • •
§ 3. CsapusaeMOCTb MCTaJJnoe • • • • • • . • • • •
§ 4. KnacCH«l:>HKaQm1 TepMu11ecKoii pe31'.'11 MeTannos H cnnasoe
5
6
11
12
13
r n a B a IJ CBapHllle coe.naneBHSI II ll.IBbl • • • • • • • . • • • • • •
§ 5. Knaccmpmcaum1 cBapHhLX coe~lHHeHnii H WBOB • . • • •
§ 6. YcnoBHbie H306pru1<eHID1 H 0Go3aaqeJ11u1 IUBOB csapHLIX
coe,ZUIHCHHH
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
:
•
•
•
13
19
•
20
§ 7. Ilomrr11e o pac11eTe llIBOB Ha npo'IHOCTh • . • • .
r JI a Ba III. 06opy~oBaRHe AIUI pyqnoii JlYroBQii ceap1m n o6c.rzyHC.Hea1D1e ero •
• •
• • • • •
• •
• •
20
•
§ 8. BHJU>I 3JICKTJ'OcnapoqnhIX noCTos • • . • . • . • .
§ 9. KnaccH¢mcaJ.(HH HCToq1mxon nHTa.HIUI ceapo'IHOH .nyH1
§ 10. YCTpoikTBO H o6CJiy:>JmBaHne csapoqnr,1x Tf.::.:~ccpopMaTOpOB •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
.
•
•
.
•
.
•
•
20
23
24
•
§ 11. YCTpoiicTBO H 06c.ny:1msaHue caapo11n:wx npeo6pa3o:aaTe-
30
J1eif H Bhinp.SIMHTCJlCH • • • • • . • • • • • • ,
§ 12. 11HctpyMCHT, np1mamie"'HOCTII H cncuo~e:>tC]la 3JICKlpOceapmH"Ka • • • . . . • • • • •
. • • •
33
r JI a Ba IV. 3neh'Tp().Qb1' ~51 JIJlrmmli rnapKH • •
§ 13. 06U\HC CDC,Llesru; • •
§ 14. KJiaccHqnrn:auv.H 3.neKTPO.rtoB
~ 15. CBoikrBa 3.T!eIC-rpo,noB
.
.
•
•
•
•
37
37
39
42
•
§ 16. 3neKlpO,W,I c 1n:CJlbIM IlOKpI..IT!lC:vJ •
• • •
§ 17. 3JieKTp0.l!,bI c rn:HOBHbtM nm:r:hITHeM • • • • • • •
§ 18. 3neKTpO.l.lDI c pyTu:.rroI!i:i!M nm\.-p!:>ITIJCM • • • •
§ 19. 3.i.Ier:JPO.l.lhI c nc:rnrcno3R!:.IM noxpbITI-Ie:,r .
§ 20. 3Jie!i:Tp0.l{bl c !l.Oi<phITHHMII CMCl!!3HHOro BH}l'l • • • .
§ 21. 3JICiCTpO,UT:.I µ;.."BI cnapKH Y!'JICj>OJl.HCT.hlX H HiT.HCO.Tll.':apo~~.ilHLIX
I\O.OC1 pyrm;!!O:nw1x
cra,1e.ii
.
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
§ 22. 3~;;:KTpO;.~bl ,rr_:;:i. cnaptrn: T~EJ!O_}'CTOli'li~A?b~X cr-am:i,i . . .
§ 23. 3.rrCK'IpO.ilbI ~Jig CU..'lpI<:n .KOpiJC3aOl!HOCTO!ir..::v.x> n::apOCT;)ii_l<llX H )Kaporpo'IfihIX crane.ii 11 crmaBoE .
§ 24. 3neKTJ'O,Llbl .D;JUI CDapKH ir;ryHa • • .
§ 25. 3JieKTpO,llbl rom CBapKH UBCTH!:!X MeTaJinOB •
r JI a Ba V. Texmma p)~-1eoii .uyro:eoii caapKH .
•
•
.
•
.
§ 26. Ilo.uroTOBKa no.sepXHOCTli MeTaJL1a IlO,ll cnapKy R 1"pe6osanmr IC c6opKe Mtna1m1Nec1mx .n:cnU1eii nepeJ~ ceapKOH·
§ 27. Pe)KHMbI PY'llIOM Jzyrmmii ceapxu MeT3JlJ1H ieCKH:O..&H 311cKTP oJ!.ff!\1JJ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
44
45
45
.~fj
L..7
43
1;8
49
51
52
53
53
1
55
253
§ 28. TexHmca py 1moii .nyroeo}i cn<1p1m MCTaJrnJ.PiCCJCHMH 3neKTpoJlaMn B llHACHeM noJIO:lKCfUUI .
•
.
.
.
•
59
•
§ 29. TexHHKa py1111oii .zzyrosoii cnapKH MCTannw1ec1mM11 3ncIClpO,lla~m B rop1130HTaJihHOM, nepn1KanLHOM H fl01'0nO'iHOM
nono>KeHJUlX • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • •
66
68
§ 30. TexnnKa PY'lHOii .nyroBoH cBap1m yroJibIILIM 3ncKrpo.noM
r .'l ll Ba VI. CeapO'illaH JIJ'r3 H cc c~oiicma
§ 31. 3JICKTpH'1CCKHC CBOHCTBa .nyn1 • •
§ 32. CnapO'iHLiC CBOHCTBa JlYfH • • •
r nae a VII. Me-raJJnypnt'leCKue upoueccL1 np11 cnnpKe • •
70
70
73
86
86
86
§ 33. Knaccm~nKaUll.Sl MeTaJIJIOB • • • • • • •
§ 34. Oco6cHnoCTH MeTaJinypnrn CBapKH • • • • •
• •
§ 35. BJanMo.ueucTBHe pacruraBJiemroro MCTanna c raJaMH,
cepoii u cpoccpopoM
•
•
•
•
•
•
87
91
93
§ 36_ MeTan.rzypnur py 1HoH JlYrOBoii cnap1m •
§ 37. MeTannoee,11.eHHe cnap1m • • . • •
. • .
§ 38. l\faKpO· H MHKpOCTp}'KTypa l\·ICT3J"UIOD H ceapllhlX
1
C~Ill!CHUll •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
,
CO·
91
•
r .'!J a B a VIII. )J:c4>opM3QHH H uanpmKe.mm npH conpKc . .
•
99
§ 39. 06utnc CBCACHIUI • • • • • • • - • " • • • •
§ 40. TI.plfllllHbl B03HHKHOBCHllJI Hanpsi:,.;cm1ii H ,ll.C~>OpMiJUHH
§ 41. ,l.{e¢opMallHH H HanpH;Kemu1 npn cnapKe CTblKOBbIX
H TaBpOBblX coc.nHHCHMH • • • • • • • • • • • •
§ '·!2. l\1cTOlJ,bI 6opb6hl co cnap01iH!>I!.lH .ne1~opM:i1.tn.RMH n na·
99
102
npmKCHIISIMH •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
.
•
•
§ 43. ,[{ecpop'.'.1amm H HanpIDKemu1 npH cnapKe crarreii, i.ryryaa
II UBCTHblX MeTaJIJIOB •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
106
108
r n a Da IX. Annaparypa B TCXUO ..'IOrtlH .zzyroBoii pC3h'11 •
§ 44. JJ:yroBaSI peJl\a 3neK'IpOttaM11 •
§ 45. KHcnopo.rmo·.nyroBaR pC3Ka
§ 46. BoJJzyWHO·.Uyroea11 pe3Ka . .
§ 47. IlJia.3MeHHO-JlYl'OBrul pe3Ka •
§ 48. .l(yroea.s pe3Ka no.n so,noii •
105
109
•
109
.-111
H3
115
. . . . . .
·-117
r .fl a n a x. OcuoeJUde TpeOOBSHHSI, npe}l'LRB.'UICMLle K HCTO'lllHKnM • •.
mrr&HWI
Clmpo'IHOH ].()TH •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•- •
•
• ' ,• - 118
§ 49. BHelllH.Rj} xapaKrep11cT11Ka nCTolfIDiKOB mnaHnH • • • ~· ~ l l 8
§ 50. 0nIOCHTe!lbH3.R npo,ZtO.:"l>KtlTeJibIIOCTh pa60Tbl (nP) H OT- ?~
HOCBTenbHaJt npo~O.'Jjf\J{TeJILHOCTh BKJTI0 ICHIUI (IlB) B npe·
phIBHClOM pe:>KnMe cnapO'IHOH .nyru . . • • •
120
1
r .'I a D a XL Hcro•umRR mrraHl!H cnapo"IHoii .zzy.-11 nepeMeHHoro
TOR3 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
§ 51. OJ.1.HOnocTOBhie cnapo 1 1H1>1e TpaHctj)UpMaTopbI . • • •
§ 52. J\..1uo;onocTOBbte u cne1..tnanM11:>1e cnapo'IHbie TpaHc¢op·
M8TOpbl .
.
.
.
.
.
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
121
121
133
§ 53. napanneilbHOC ilK}ll0 1CHHe O!lHOCp33IihlX CBapO'IIIhIX rpaH1
ccl)Op~ia ropon •
•
.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
.
•
§ 54. Ocun..'IJHiTOpbt H u:-.my.nL>cttbIC B036y.nn rc.Hn nyru •
§ 5~. 06c;!y;KHB<Ume CBap0 1IliblX TpnHCCllOp'.'.-taTOpon • •
254
•
•
.
•
136
136
141
r n a B a XII. McTo•nnsKu mrranHR ceapo'luoii JIYnl nocToJUIHoro
TOl~a
.
•
.
.
.
.
•
•
.
§ 56. Cnapo'l.Hble B:bmpa~nne.'ln . . . . . . .
§ 57. MuoronocToBhIC cnapo1111h1e BblnpHMHTe.m1 • • • • •
§ 58. TpaH3HCTopu1>1c ncT0 1mmm ImTaHirn . . . . . . .
§ 59. O;:u1onocroeLic 11 MnoronocTonr.Jc ncro,umKn mnamu1
§ 60. CsapO'IHblC nrperaTbI c ,T.lnnraTen»MH suy-rpeuncro cropa1111.a •
e
e
e
e
•
•
e
e
•
•
I
•
•
•
•
e
•
§ 61. napannenbHOe1:nm1011cauc cmtpo rnh1x rcnc.paTopoe. • •
§ 62. 06c..'IyArnnam1c cn~1po 1mL1x npco6pa3onaTem.:ii • • • •
r J1 a Ba XIII. CeapKn yrm~pO)J.l!CTh!X n .r.crnpOB3HllhlX CTaJJCH
1
1yry11a,
1
l\leTr..1.rron
llBCTilblX
nannaeKa 1~cp,ro,Jx CllJlauos .
r JI a Ba xv. Tcx1m1(a 6cJonaCMOCTH II nponmono;1mp11i>te Mepo•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
.
•
•
164
167
169
170
cnmmrm,
11
•
§ 65. Ceapt\a 11yryHa • . • • . •
§ 66. CeapKa UBCTHLIX MCTaJ1:ioe .
§ 67. HannaBI<a TBep.ULIX c1111anon
npHHTIHI •
150
152
170
173
§ 63. TexnoJioru~ cnap1m yr.1Icpo.n,ncTb!X cnrneii .
§ 64. Texuunonrn cnap1m ncrnpoBJHHLlX cTaJici.f
r JI a Ba XIV. CoapKa
142
142
148
•
•
§ 68. Tcxmnca 6e3onacuocn1 ua Tcpp1nop11n npeitnpmITIDl
§ 69. Texmum 6e3oIIacnocnt n cnapO'lHbIX ucxax npe.llnpn.srrnii H Ha CTpoii!~ax • • . • • • • • • • • • •
182
182
188
194
198
198
198
r JI a B a XVI. BLICOKODpOHJnomrre.TJbllbIC cncco6hl PY'DIOU .zcyronoii
caa.p~u
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
202
§ 70. CaapKa rryiixoM 3ne1npoiJ.OB, c n1y60KHM uponapoM,
11a1mOHHLIM ll .1lCiKa'1m..1 3.lJCKTpOJI:OM, ::mc1opo.uaM:n 6om,nmx JJ,naMeTpoB, eanHas:r cBapxn u csapKa Tpcxc~a311oii
Aj'roW . . . . . . . . . . ~
r JI a B a XVI!. 06opy~onmmc II TeXHOJIOrUH 110,,"JyaBTOl\laTU'lecKoil
cnap1m no.zt l}>.:uo~olt . • • • . • . . . • • • •
,
§ 71. TexHononrn noJiyanT0Ma11it1ec1eo:ll cnapKli no,n cI>moco~t
§ 72. CBapoquaJJ ,nyra no;1 ~)JuocoM . • . • . • • •
§ 73. MeTa.n.nyprIDI ceapKH TIO!l <}>mocoM • . • • •
§ 74. TexHnKa no:1yaBTOManP1ccKoii ceapKu no.n <!JmocoM •
r JI a Ba XVIII. Caapxa DOpOUl.KOBOii DpOBO!lormii . .
§ 75. 06utHe . cse.ne11un . . • . . . . . . . . •
• • • • •
§ 76. Cnapo•1m,1e anToMaTh! 11 nonya1n0Man.1
§ 77. MenlJrnyprIDI csapKH nopo11I1COBoii npoBOjJ01m11 • •
r J1 a B a XIX. 06opy~0Ban11c H Texll'ononm JlYl"OBOU CD~j)Kll B 33UlUTHLIX ra1ax •
205
205
206
207
209
211
211
213
213
216
216
•
§ 78. 06~ue cBe.n.emrn . • . .
§ 79. CnapKa D yrne1rnc110M r•ne .
§ 80. CBapEa B 1rnepTllhIX raJax H
•
330T.!
•
•
•
t
•
r JI a Ba XX. TexBOJlonm 1mmym.ceo-~yroBOH II DJ183Memroii ceapRB
§ 81. MMnym.c110-;zyronan cs.apKa
§ 82. Ilna3MeHHas ceapKa • • • .
202
•
.
•
•
•
•
•
..
• •
•
.
• •
•
222
226
230
230
231
255
,1a B a XXI. Oco6ev~m~TH cuap1m 11c1:0:0Topw.."' BHAOB KOHCYpyIC·
u.nil . •
233
§ 83. CeapKa Tpy6 .
• •
§ 84. CnapKa cocy .noB 11 pc3epeynpoa •
§ 85. Caap1rn peweritaTbIX I\'.OHCTPYKUHH •
.
. 233
• 238
•
JI a B a XXII. ).J;C4fleKTLt H KOH rpo.'IL rnapm.1x coeAtmemdi .
§ 86. JJ;eq>CKThl caapHLLX WEOB •
•
§ 87. Cnoco6LI Ko;upom1 cnapO'IllhlX MaTepHaJJOB H ceapHLIX
coe.n.srncm:il .
§ 88. $HJJi'!CCKl!C MCTO)J,hl
. . •
I<OHtpOml
ceapnux
.
WBOB
• .
•
239
240
240
243
245
BHT AJIHA flOPfl»lf PLEBHtl 4»01\llf HLL"X
AHATO~!JHA IlABJlOBJlq JIKOBJIEB
PYl.JHAH wroBAJI CBAPKA
Pe.llanop H.
A. UsenoBa
XyJIO)f(CCTSCHHblit pe,D;aKTop B. n. Cnnposa
TexHH'iCCKHii pe.llaKTop T. A. Homucoea
Koppe!tTop B. A. Opnoea
11.6 Ni 2817
113,11. N? M-155. C.na.Ho s ua6op 23.10.80. Ilo.ItTincruio JC ne11am 18.04.81. T-06564.
<l>opMaT 84 X 1081/32· JiyM. TIID. ]-& 2 rapHHTypa T8HMC, fle'laTh BLICOKaJI.
06oeM 13,44 yen. 11. JI. 13,44 ycJJ. 1tp.-on. 15,41 y'l.-H3,ll. JI. Tnpaa: 150000 3.D.
3a1t. Ni 1586; l..(eua 50 Kon.
113,naTenLCTBO «BYCIJJaH UIICO.na»
MocKBa,K-51. Hermmnag yn., 29/14
Opneaa 01en16pi.ci:oii PeBomouHu, opJieHa TpyJloBoro Kpa.cuoro 3aaMeHH Jlemmrpa,ncxoe npOH3BO)lCTBCllHO-TCXHll'iCCltoC 061.C.[ll{Bemse «fle11aTBLIH )J;sop»
l!i\tCHll A. M. ropbKOr 0 Co!03:JOnnrpaq>npoMa npH rocy,napcrneHBOM KOl\DITere
CCCP no ACJ1al'vi mitaTeru.cTB, qonurpaqmH H KHH::.KIIOii ToproBJIH. 197136,
Jicmmrpa.n, fl-136, lIICanOBCKHll np., 15.