Lägesrapport KCFP 2004

Yearly report
(1/7 2003-30/6 2004)
for the
Centre of competence
combustion processes
at
Lund University
Bengt Johansson
[email protected]

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................... 1
LAYOUT OF THIS REPORT................................................................................................................................... 1
BASIC FACTS: PARTICIPATING UNIVERSITY DIVISIONS AND INDUSTRY PARTNERS, STAFF, AND ECONOMIC
ACCOUNTING..................................................................................................................................................... 1
BUDGET ............................................................................................................................................................ 5
CENTRE MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 6
HCCI ENGINE RESEARCH (ATAC ENGINE)............................................................................................. 7
SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................... 7
BASIC ENGINE STUDIES ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Personnel..................................................................................................................................................... 8
Multipoint Ion Current Measurements........................................................................................................ 8
LASER DIAGNOSTICS ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Personnel................................................................................................................................................... 12
Background................................................................................................................................................ 12
High speed formaldehyde visualization..................................................................................................... 14
Optical Diagnostics of Laser-Induced and Spark Plug-Assisted HCCI Combustion ................................ 19
References.................................................................................................................................................. 31
Papers published....................................................................................................................................... 31
COMBUSTION CONTROL .................................................................................................................................. 32
Persons involved........................................................................................................................................ 32
Experimental setup.................................................................................................................................... 32
Studies performed during the year............................................................................................................. 33
Future work............................................................................................................................................... 35
CHEMICAL KINETICS MODELING ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................... 36
Personnel................................................................................................................................................... 36
Full cycle simulations with coupled kinetics ............................................................................................. 36
Modeling and investigation of exothermic centers in HCCI combustion .................................................. 36
Calculations of hydroxyl radicals and formaldehyde and comparisons to LIF-measurements................. 37
NO, NO2 and N2O in HCCI combustion................................................................................................... 37
UNORTHODOX OTTOENGINE ................................................................................................................... 42
PERSONNEL ..................................................................................................................................................... 42
BACKGROUND................................................................................................................................................. 42
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP .................................................................................................................................... 42
LOAD REGIME ................................................................................................................................................. 43
INFLUENCE OF INTAKE TEMPERATURE............................................................................................................. 45
3000rpm..................................................................................................................................................... 45
4000rpm..................................................................................................................................................... 46
CYLINDER TO CYLINDER VARIATIONS AND CYCLIC INFLUENCES ................................................................... 47
SPARK ASSISTANCE ......................................................................................................................................... 49
PAPERS............................................................................................................................................................ 51
LASER DIAGNOSTICS IN CAR ENGINE................................................................................................... 52
PISTON TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT BY USE OF THERMOGRAPHIC PHOSPHORS ........................................... 52
Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 52
Experimental.............................................................................................................................................. 52
Results........................................................................................................................................................ 54
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................. 57
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................... 57
TWO DIMENSIONAL EQUIVALENCE RATIO IMAGING IN FLAMES ....................................................................... 58
Calibration measurements......................................................................................................................... 58
Two dimensional imaging – Dual burner.................................................................................................. 59
Two dimensional imaging – Single burner................................................................................................ 60

PRACTICAL DIAGNOSTICS ........................................................................................................................ 62
ENHANCEMENT OF SPATIAL RESOLUTION WITH OBSCURATION FOR LINE-OF-SIGHT TECHNIQUE ..................... 62
Experimental setup.................................................................................................................................... 62
Two dimensional measurements................................................................................................................ 63
Point measurements................................................................................................................................... 63
Increased distance..................................................................................................................................... 64
Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................... 64
FORMALDEHYDE MEASUREMENTS .................................................................................................................. 65
Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 65
Combined formaldehyde and OH measurements....................................................................................... 65
Formaldehyde LIF spectroscopy............................................................................................................... 68
Formaldehyde measurements in a DME diffusion flame........................................................................... 70
Formaldehyde detection during the pyrolysis of wood.............................................................................. 71
List of publications .................................................................................................................................... 72
BIOLÅG............................................................................................................................................................. 73
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................................... 73
FIXED BED COMBUSTION PROCESS IN BIOMASS BOILERS............................................................................... 74
Personnel................................................................................................................................................... 74
Analysis of fixed bed boiler performance – fuel residence time ................................................................ 74
Modeling of biomass combustion in the fuel bed....................................................................................... 77
MODELING OF RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER IN FIXED BED BOILERS ................................................................. 79
Personnel................................................................................................................................................... 79
Development and validation of radiation heat transfer models................................................................. 79
INTERACTION BETWEEN THE TWO SUBPROJECTS ............................................................................................. 81
PUBLISHED RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................... 81
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................... 82
COMBUSTION IN NEW ATMOSPHERES.................................................................................................. 83
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................................... 83
BACKGROUND................................................................................................................................................. 83
PRE-COMBUSTION PROCESSES:........................................................................................................................ 83
STATUS ........................................................................................................................................................... 84
Assessment of new atmospheres ................................................................................................................ 84
Experiments in atmospheric combustor..................................................................................................... 85
Experiments in High pressure facility ....................................................................................................... 85
Interaction with other projects .................................................................................................................. 86
Description of the test facilities................................................................................................................. 86
THERMOACUSTICS ...................................................................................................................................... 89
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................................... 89
COMBUSTION INSTABILITY MODELING:........................................................................................................... 89
COMBUSTOR INSTABILITY MEASUREMENTS:................................................................................................... 91
SHEAR-LAYER INSTABILITIES:......................................................................................................................... 91

Report Year 9 Competence centre combustion processes at Lund University (1/93)
____________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
This is a report of the activities within the centre of competence combustion processes,
KCFP, at Lund Institute of Technology at Lund University for the period 1/7 2003 to 30/6
2004. This is the ninth year of the ten year period of KCFP and the first year of the final two-
year contract period.
The competence centre combustion processes is an organization funded by three equal
partners; the Swedish energy administration, STEM, Lund University, LU and industry.
Layout of this report
This report has a description of the projects running within the centre. The activities for
senior researchers are not explicitly given as they are involved in the projects with
supervision of students and development of support systems. Each project is descried in
some detail and some results from the time period are given. In summary all projects are
running well and generate much interesting and in may cases world leading results. It is in
some respect the harvesting time of the centre now after many years of basic development
and some initial struggles to find a well working concept or work between industry and
academia.
Basic facts: Participating university divisions and industry
partners, staff, and economic accounting
University divisions
The participating University Divisions, approximate number of employees, the heads
of the divisions and a very short note on the respective research field follows:
Combustion Physics - about 40 employees Head: Professor Marcus Aldén
The Combustion Physics Division develops methods for laser diagnostics in
combustion like rotation and vibration CARS, laser induced fluorescence, and
polarization spectroscopy. It also deals with spark phenomena. A sub-group
for Chemical Kinetics is headed by professor Fabian Mauss.
Fluid Mechanics - about 20 employees Head: Professor Laszlo Fuchs
The Fluid Mechanics Division research is directed towards numerical
methods for modeling laminar/turbulent compressible/incompressible
reacting/non-reacting flows. LES, Large Eddy Simulation is a specialty.
Combustion Engines - about 25 employees Head: Professor Bengt Johansson
The Combustion Engines Division performs Otto, Diesel, HCCI and Stirling
engine research. It covers in-cylinder flow, fuel distribution, combustion and
emission formation and their correlation to performance and efficiency.

Report Year 9 Competence centre combustion processes at Lund University (2/93)
____________________________________________________________________________
Thermal Power Engineering - about 20 employees Head: Professor Tord Torisson
In the Thermal Power Engineering Division new possibilities are studied for
the use of fuel energy to generate power and heat. Steam and gas turbines
play an important role, as well as low-emission combustion in furnaces, ovens
and combustors. Promising combinations of fuel cells and gas turbines are
studied.
Heat Transfer - about 20 employees Head: Professor Bengt Sundén
Heat exchanger modeling and design, especially with modified surfaces for
enhanced heat transfer
Participating industrial partners
The participating industry partners are listed below, and their areas of interest in the
Centre are indicated. In Sweden Sydkraft is the second largest electric power
company, Siemens and Volvo Aero are the two largest gas turbine manufacturers,
Volvo Powertrain and Scania the two largest heavy-duty truck engine
manufacturers, Volvo Technology is Volvo’s research company, Volvo Car is the
largest car engine manufacturer and Saab Automobile Powertrain is the other.
Caterpillar and Cummins are well-known engine manufacturers in USA, and Toyota
Motor Corporation, Nissan and Hino Motors likewise well-known engine
manufacturers in Japan.
Siemens combustion in large gas turbines for power
generation
Caterpillar Inc. ATAC engines
Cummins Inc. ATAC engine
Hino Motors, Ltd. ATAC engines in heavy-duty trucks
Nissan Motors ATAC engines
Saab Automobile Powertrain AB ATAC engines in passenger cars
SCANIA CV AB ATAC for heavy-duty trucks and buses
Sydkraft AB emissions and efficiency in thermal power
stations
Toyota Motor Corporation ATAC engines in passenger cars
Volvo Aero Corporation combustion in small gas turbines for power
generation and vehicles
Volvo Car Corporation development of laser diagnostics for passenger
car engines, ATAC engines and combustion in
Otto engines