Contents Biography Preface ix xi 5. 6. Section 1 Agroecology and the Role of Trees Definition of Agroforestry Revisited The Role of Trees in Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropics 5 Section 3 Importance of Tree Products 7. 7 Trees: A Keystone Role in Agroecosystem Function: An Update 8. 19 Leakey, R.R.B. Agroforestry and the Mitigation of Land Degradation in the Humid and Sub-Humid Tropics of Africa Cooper, P.J.M., Leakey, R.R.B., Rao, M.R. and Reynolds, L. (1996). Experimental Agriculture, 32: 235 290. 71 Evidence that Subsistence Farmers have Domesticated Indigenous Fruits (Dacryodes edulis and Irvingia gabonensis) in Cameroon and Nigeria 87 Leakey, R.R.B., Tchoundjeu, Z., Smith, R.I., Munro, R.C., Fondoun, J-.M., Kengue, J., Anegbeh, P.O., Atangana, A.R., Waruhiu, A.N., Asaah, E., Usoro, C. and Ukafor, V. (2004). Agroforestry Systems, 60: 101 111. Section 2 Agroforestry Practices and Systems 4. Potential for Novel Food Products From Agroforestry Trees Leakey, R.R.B. (1999). Food Chemistry, 64: 1 14. Leakey, R.R.B. (2014). Annual Review of Phytopathology 52: 113 133. 3. Trees: Delivering Enhanced Crop Production and Income: An Update 65 Leakey, R.R.B. Leakey, R.R.B. (1996). Agroforestry Today, 8(1), 5 7. 2. 57 Leakey, R.R.B. and Simons, A.J. (1998). Agroforestry Systems, 38: 165 176. Part I The Basics 1. The Domestication and Commercialization of Indigenous Trees in Agroforestry for the Alleviation of Poverty 9. 23 Non-Timber Forest Products Misnomer? A 97 Leakey, R.R.B. (2012). Guest Editorial. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 24: 145 146. v vi Contents 10. Trees: An Important Source of Food and Non-Food Products for Farmers: An Update Part III Research Methods 99 Section 5 Strategy and Techniques Leakey, R.R.B. Section 5.1 Strategy Part II Genetic Selection for Added-Value and New Opportunities 16. Towards a Domestication Strategy for Indigenous Fruit Trees in the Tropics 165 Section 4 Tree Domestication 11. Domestication of Forest Trees: A Process to Secure the Productivity and Future Diversity of Tropical Ecosystems 105 Leakey, R.R.B., Last, F.T. and Longman, K.A. (1982). Commonwealth Forestry Review, 61: 33 42. 12. Tree Domestication in Tropical Agroforestry 111 13. Agroforestry Tree Products (AFTPs): Targeting Poverty Reduction and Enhanced Livelihoods 123 Leakey, R.R.B., Tchoundjeu, Z., Schreckenberg, K., Shackleton, S. and Shackleton, C. (2005). International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 3: 1 23. 14. Tree Domestication in Agroforestry: Progress in the Second Decade (2003 2012) 139 Leakey, R.R.B., Weber, J.C., Page, T., Cornelius, J.P., Akinnifesi, F.K., Roshetko, J.M., Tchoundjeu, Z. and Jamnadass, R. (2012). In: Nair, P.K., and Garrity, D. (Eds.), Agroforestry The Future of Global Land Use, 145 173, Springer, USA. Leakey, R.R.B. Leakey, R.R.B. and Akinnifesi, F.K. 2008. In: Akinnifesi, F.K., Leakey, R.R.B., Ajayi, O.C., Sileshi, G., Tchoundjeu, Z., Matakala, P., and Kwesiga, F. (Eds.), Indigenous Fruit Trees in the Tropics: Domestication, Utilization and Commercialization, 28 49, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Section 5.2 Techniques: Vegetative Propagation Simons, A.J. and Leakey, R.R.B. (2004). Agroforestry Systems 61: 167 181. 15. Trees: Capturing Useful Traits in Elite Cultivars: An Update 163 177 17. Low-Technology Techniques for the Vegetative Propagation of Tropical Trees 179 Leakey, R.R.B., Mesén, J.F., Tchoundjeu, Z., Longman, K.A., Dick, J. McP., Newton, A.C., Matin, A., Grace, J., Munro, R.C. and Muthoka, P.N. (1990). Commonwealth Forestry Review 69: 247 257. 18. Stockplant Factors Affecting Root Initiation in Cuttings of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum., an Indigenous Hardwood of West Africa 187 Leakey, R.R.B. (1983). Journal of Horticultural Science, 58: 277 290. 19. The Rooting Ability of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. Cuttings: The Interactions Between Stockplant Irradiance, Light Quality and Nutrients 199 155 Leakey, R.R.B. and Storeton-West, R., (1992). Forest Ecology and Management. 49, 133 150. Contents 20. Plant Cloning: Macro-Propagation 211 Leakey, R.R.B. (2014). In: van Alfen, N. et al., (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, Vol. 4, 349 359, Elsevier, San Diego, USA. Section 5.3 Techniques: Genetic Characterization 225 Leakey, R.R.B., Fondoun, J-.M., Atangana, A. and Tchoundjeu, Z. (2000). Agroforestry Systems, 50, 47 58. 22. Domestication Potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 1. Phenotypic Variation in Fruit Traits 235 23. Domestication Potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 2. Phenotypic Variation in Nut and Kernel Traits 245 Leakey, R.R.B., Pate, K. and Lombard, C. (2005). Agroforestry Systems, 64: 37 49. 24. Domestication Potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 3. Multiple Trait Selection 257 Leakey, R.R.B. (2005). Agroforestry Systems, 64: 51 59. Leakey, R.R.B. and Page, T. (2006). Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 16: 5 16. Part IV Towards Delivery Section 6 A Bottom-Up Approach Section 6.1 Participatory Tree Domestication 285 27. The Participatory Domestication of West African Indigenous Fruits 287 Leakey, R.R.B., Schreckenberg, K. and Tchoundjeu, Z. (2003). International Forestry Review, 5: 338 347. 28. Agroforestry—Participatory Domestication of Trees Leakey, R.R.B., Shackleton, S. and du Plessis, P. (2005). Agroforestry Systems, 64: 25 35. 25. The “Ideotype Concept” and its Application to the Selection of “AFTP” Cultivars 273 Leakey, R.R.B. 21. Quantitative Descriptors of Variation in the Fruits and Seeds of Irvingia gabonensis 227 Section 5.4 Techniques: Ideotypes 26. Trees: Skills and Understanding Essential for Domestication: An Update vii 265 267 297 Leakey, R.R.B. (2014). In: van Alfen, N. et al., (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, Vol. 1, 253 269, Elsevier, San Diego, USA. Section 6.2 Intellectual Property Rights 315 29. Protecting the Rights of Farmers and Communities While Securing Long Term Market Access for Producers of Non-timber Forest Products: Experience in Southern Africa 317 Lombard, C. and Leakey, R.R.B. (2010). Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 19: 235 249. Section 6.3 Commercialization of Agroforestry Tree Products 325 30. The Role of Tree Domestication in Value Chain Development 327 Leakey, R.R.B. and van Damme, P. (2014). Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 23: 116 126. viii Contents Section 6.4 Development and Impact 333 31. Underutilised Species as the Backbone of Multifunctional Agriculture—The Next Wave of Crop Domestication 335 Leakey, R.R.B. and Asaah, E.K. (2013). Acta Horticulturae 979: 293 310. 32. Trees: Ensuring That Farmers Benefit From Domestication: An Update 36. The Intensification of Agroforestry by Tree Domestication for Enhanced Social and Economic Impact 375 Leakey, R.R.B. (2012). CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 7: No: 035, 1 3. 345 Leakey, R.R.B. Section 7 Agroforestry: A Delivery Mechanism for Multifunctional Agriculture 33. Trees, Soils and Food Security Section 8 Sustainable Intensification of Tropical Agriculture 37. Twelve Principles for Better Food and More Food From Mature Perennial Agroecosystems Leakey, R.R.B. (2014). In: Proceedings of Perennial Crops for Food Security FAO Workshop, p. 282 306, 28 30 August 2013, Rome, Italy. 351 Sanchez, P.A., Buresh, R.J., and Leakey, R.R.B. (1997). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B, 352, 949 961. 377 38. Trees: Delivering Productive and Sustainable Farming Systems: An Update 389 Leakey, R.R.B. 34. Addressing the Causes of Land Degradation, Food/Nutritional Insecurity and Poverty: A New Approach to Agricultural Intensification in the Tropics and Sub-Tropics 363 Leakey, R.R.B. (2013). In: Hoffman, U. (Ed.), Wake Up Before It Is Too Late: Make Agriculture Truly Sustainable Now for Food Security in a Changing Climate, UNCTAD Trade and Environment Review 2013, 192 198, UN Publications, Geneva, Switzerland. 35. Trees: A Call to Policy Makers to Meet Farmers’ Needs by Combining Environmental Services With Marketable Products: An Update 369 Leakey, R.R.B. Section 9 Integrating Rural Development to Deliver Multifunctional Agriculture 39. Toward Multifunctional Agriculture An African Initiative 395 Leakey, R.R.B. and Prabhu, R. 40. Trees: Meeting the Social, Economic and Environmental Needs of Poor Farmers—Scoring Sustainable Development Goals: An Update 417 Leakey, R.R.B. References 421 Index 459