AN INTEGRATED BLENDED LEARNING ECOSYSTEM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DESIGN SKILLS OF TEACHERS-TO-BE M. Pentucci1, C. Laici2 1 University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara (ITALY) 2 University of Macerata (ITALY) Abstract This contribution introduces a device to the learning design that appears as a learning ecosystem, characterized by the integration of methods, technologic resources of different kind used in BYOD (App Depit, YouTube, Telegram, Google Drive) mode, and mediator artefacts (the “Box” and the design table). The device was used during the laboratory called “Theories and methods for the school learning design and assessment”, Academic Year 2019-2020, at the University of Macerata, tested on the 230 students attending the Degree Course in Primary Educational Sciences, organised in 5 small groups, each one coordinated by a tutor. The device gave the pre-service training students the possibility of experimenting how the learning design can be considered as a recursive process between prediction, action, regulation and reflection [1]. The support methodology used, which made use of the different technologic resources, reflects the three phases used by Jonassen [2] of the modelling, coaching, scaffolding. They enabled an accompaniment performed according the logic of fading, so that the students became more and more autonomous and aware. The mediator artefacts that supported the students in their design path were a narrative table to tell and reflect on the designed lesson and the Box/cube as a descriptive tool metaphorizing the process of plunging and distancing towards the designed action and whose sides display the necessary elements to design and to reflect of what is designed. From a first analysis of the data one can suppose how the integrated learning ecosystem that was used, enabled the students to start the development of a reflexive attitude towards the recursive and cyclic dimension of the design. Keywords: Learning Design, Teachers' Professionalisation, Blended Learning Ecosystem, BYOD. 1 INTRODUCTION Among the competences to be implemented in the pre-service training curriculum for the teachers-tobe, the one concerning the learning design is a key-point. Perrenoud [3] began his list of skills for teaching with the need of organising the learning-teaching paths through the creation and the design of devices and didactic sequences starting from experiences and the real representations of the students. A situated design therefore necessary to orientate the student as well as to reify the teacher’s predictions, open enough to support the student even in the inevitable moments of regulation in action [4]. In the last ten years the Learning Design has shaped up as a base for teaching, with several and different goals: it proposes models to anticipate and organize the learning-teaching process, in order to support practice, to improve it in an ongoing and recursive way, drawing also from experience, that is from epistemology, borne by the practice itself. At the same time, it increases the alignment between teacher and student [5] proposing visible and shared paths, oriented for all the individuals involved in the didactic field. Finally, it urges the sharing and the cooperation, as it poses itself as a professional skill becoming heritage of the teaching community [1]. The design is therefore an answer to the complexity the teacher meets along his/her educating experience: the setting of a simplex mechanism, which could give sense to the choices and to the decisions [6] to undertake to manage the current didactic situations. Such skill has, therefore, been undertaken since the pre-service training of the teachers, activating strategies and learning environments that are useful for a double goal: proposing models and guide tools guaranteeing a suitable scaffolding when testing the practice; developing, thanks to the modelling and coaching provided by the teacher-trainer, an ongoing reflectiveness on practices, primary requirement for the professional teacher. The reflection in-action and on-action is in fact an attitude enabling to face the design expertise not only as a moment anticipating and preceding the action, but to accustom the teacher-to-be to activate a recursive cycle between designing, action and regulation useful to improve the learning process and put it more and more in the context. Proceedings of ICERI2020 Conference 9th-10th November 2020 2145 ISBN: 978-84-09-24232-0 This contribution aims at describing an experience, carried out along a laboratory of Theories and methods for the school learning design and assessment1 with 230 students attending the third year, organized in 5 small groups, each one coordinated by a tutor, during which an educational ecosystem was set up [7] putting a device at the students’ disposal for the designing, the reflection and the testing of the classroom practice. The tools used, aimed at guiding the student in an ongoing process of plunging and distancing with reference to the practice, enabled to introduce him to the acquisition of a design expertise of a reflective kind, documented by the produced artefacts and by the conversations of clarification carried out with the students. For this reason, it is possible to suppose the testing of the design tool in other contexts, in particular in the in-service training of the teachers. 1.1 Design for learning in complexity The design practice realised in school environments has along the time moved away from the classic idea of a process designing an experience able to reach fixed goals starting from the educational needs supposed according to the teacher’s experience or determined by a preventive diagnostic analysis of the context. Nowadays designing and action are strongly integrated moments [8] and the teacher who designs has basically two tasks: continuously modulating the training path that at the beginning is only structured in its founding nuclei; redefining, along the work, the educational objectives of the different phases of the path, but mainly rethinking and restructuring the mediation and the didactic mediators, useful from time to time to face the situations that come along during the action [9]. The design is therefore a reflective action that «determines learning trajectories able to go together with and to support the students’ involvement in a system of activities intentionally predisposed» [10 p. 110]. The professional reflective teacher [11] must think about and propose some paths that enable the students to face unknown situations and link both formal and informal contexts, characterized by complexity: a complexity of knowledge, built no longer uniformly and pre-determined but upgraded starting from several fragments and single experiences making it meaningful [12]; complexity of the didactic situations, where the students bring out some issues, languages, identities that are multiple and variegated; complexity of the role of the teacher, who on one side must rule and manage such complexity, and on the other make it intelligible and governable by his/her students. For this the design has, among the other objectives, the one of reducing complexity through obliging functions [13], functions that can be assumed by artefacts, tools and aggregating devices able to lead and support this process in a simplex form [14]. If designing means anticipating needs and reactions in a complex environment, gaining knowledge today means learning to make predictions towards the imagined or supposed experiences according to others similar experiences [15], therefore the teacher must favour that way of learning predisposing substitutionary mediators facilitating the device of prediction. Therefore, teaching today can be defined as science of the design [1] requiring an ongoing reflective practice and an attitude by the teacher, who, as Collins [16] underlines, when experimenting design practices faces chaotic situations, has to be flexible towards the revision of the project, has to compare with others involved in the process (students and colleagues), must proceed on hypothesis, trials and to confront with inevitable mistakes. An essential element of the current Learning Design is undoubtedly granularity. In fact, it is necessary to go on through different dimensions, macro and micro, dialoguing between them but having different logics. In fact, differently from the past, in which according to the logic of collection or the metaphor of the chain a whole of blocks tied among them built the global path, nowadays macro-designing is the sense of the path, the background that orientates ad directs, while micro-designing looks at the organisation of fragments in autonomous sessions, having their own self-conclusive meaning, but also dialoguing with the global sense of the teaching/learning process. The two levels mutually influence one another, the one modifies, amplifies and renovates the sense of the other [17]. Micro-design is the way through which the teacher organises and makes the issue and the experience brought along buy the student meaningful, predisposing tasks and activities that can involve him/her from an interpersonal, intrapersonal and cognitive point of view [18]. It is the core matter of the process today, as its micro dimension makes it flexible and suitable to contexts and situations in short times, making it sometimes simultaneous in comparison to the action. It is also a core-level professional skill: in facts it requires an ongoing functional reflection not only to build the work session, but also to re- 1 Degree course in “Primary Teacher Training” at University of Macerata (Italy), Full Professor: Pier Giuseppe Rossi. 2146 upgrade it continuously identifying and promoting the elements of effectiveness and transformation it determines along the didactic path [19], without losing sight of the global sense of the path. It is therefore necessary, in the training of teachers-to-be, to provide suitable epistemological tools both to face the above-mentioned complexity, and to arrange design reflective tools anticipating a scaffolding integrated in the device itself [20]. They represent a guide for the design, but also an artefact that stimulates the mechanism of plunging and distancing from the practice, therefore making the microteaching [21] experiences, which are habitual in the pre-service training, true laboratories for experimenting not only practices, but most of all attitudes, approaches and reflectivity in action and postaction. 1.2 The integrated blended learning ecosystem In this complex and multi-faceted scenario, recalled and required by the Learning Design, foreseeing the possibility of setting up a digital integrated ecosystem can be meaningful. It can be both container and contained and it can welcome and enable such complexity at different levels and with different tools, times, roles and resources, in a blended view. The digital educational ecosystem in fact can be considered as an adaptive socio-technical system made up of digital “species” (such as tools, services, digital resources) and by communities of social agents (such as students, teachers, technicians) mutually interacting [22, 7]. That learning environment, recalling the renowned concept of ecosystem by Bronfenbrenner [23], thanks to the possibilities opened by the digital, can even better implement some features and functionalities characterising it as ecosystem, that is to say a system that is not fixed and static, but in an ongoing evolution, dynamic and hybrid. Such digital educational ecosystem is in fact characterized by the constant interaction between the parties that create it. The fundamental functionalities are among these. They enable the bidirectional interactions between students and teachers (but also among students) that can happen either in real time or in an asynchronous way and that can make use of different tools going from formal (forum inside institutional Content Management System) to informal (social tools such as social networks or chats), but can also make use of formal learning elements, such as short videos that may need different sharing platforms (for example Google Drive, YouTube or CMS) [22] and many other mediator artefacts suitably designed to support the specific learning path. Therefore it is a flexible environment aggregating different types of tools and resources [24], either explicitly thought for the training and of an informal or generalist kind, which at the beginning weren’t thought for educational contexts, but that are intentionally bended and re-thought to answer educational and interaction needs between teacher-tutor and students. Such educational ecosystem in addition integrates what is digital in an innovative way, by widening the same idea of blended learning that is no longer seen as a simple “horizontal” blended that is as an alternation of interactions and activities that can be carried out both face-to-face and online, but it also promotes a “vertical” type of blended where the digital enters the classroom and the face-to-face educational places to open new spaces and new times (for activities, confrontations, sharing) going on also outside the space and the time of the lesson. The expansion of the concept of blended also links to the use by the students of their personal device (Smartphone, tablet, laptop) according to the BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) logic that enables not only the access in real time to the different resources put at disposal by the teacher-tutors or by the colleagues, but also the students’ active participation to the activities and to the interactions proposed and most of all it gives the possibility of working in an interactive way receiving immediate and recursive feedbacks. Those feedbacks, offered inside a digital training ecosystem, can promote dialogical attitudes and enable an alignment between the teacher’s goals and the students’ ones, an ongoing redesigning and co-designing, both of the learning ways of the student, and the didactic devices [25]. 2 2.1 METHODOLOGY The organization of the eco system in terms of digital resources and training methods In the experience of the “Theories and methods for the school learning design and assessment” an integrated digital ecosystem was set up to put at the students’ disposal a simplex educational device for the design, the reflection and the testing in a classroom practice. 2147 That ecosystem, wanted to integrate, in a meaningful and intentionally designed way, methods, digital resources of different kind used in BYOD (App Depit, YouTube, Telegram, Google Drive), and mediator artefacts (the “Box” and the design table) thought, in their constant interaction, to support and lead the design process of teachers-to-be, enabling them to experiment those mechanisms of plunging and distancing of the practice that enable that reflective attitude, which is necessary for Learning Design. In addition to mediator artefacts (that we will analyse afterwards), among the integrated digital resources we decided to use the app called Depit (open app born from a European project led by the University of Macerata)2 as a generator of Graphic Organizers shared between students and teachers, able to reify and support the didactic process in terms of organization, orientation, alignment, coherence between macro and micro designing [26]. The app enabled to visualize in the classroom the laboratory training path reified as a digital map (also containing the study materials), but, being available in the students’ personal devices too, contributed to favour the orientation and the alignment between the professor’s goals and those of the tutors and of the students. Another digital resource used was a YouTube channel collecting some short videos used as starting moments to launch the activity and that were made available even before the face-to-face meetings, to enable students to get to the classroom with questions and hints to start the discussion. The YouTube channel enabled to share some videos with the students, which represented design models of expert teachers and other students in the previous years, used in a first work phase of the laboratory. In addition, a special Google Drive space was used particularly to file and share the students’ designs along the experience. As they were always available, they were the subject of a recursive and cyclic feedback by the teacher and the tutors, but also by the colleagues. Finally, a special Telegram channel was used to enable not only the sharing of some information useful for the educational path, but also to support a constant dialogic relationship among all the participants to the laboratory. The educational device offered the students attending the Laboratory in pre-service training, the possibility of experimenting how the design has to overcome that setting that considers it as a mere linear sequence of contents to welcome and test instead the idea of designing meant as a recursive process between prediction, action, regulation and reflection [1]. Such cycle was reified through a series of design hints that enabled a recursive path of plunging and distancing as compared to the design practice, aimed at getting a reflective attitude in relation to the whole didactic cycle that the students had eventually to test in the classroom. The support methodology used inside the blended digital educational ecosystem got its inspiration from three sentences used by Jonassen [2], which could be used by the teacher and by the tutor in their relationship with the student: modelling, coaching and scaffolding. In the “modelling” phase the teacher shows how to perform a task for example, proposing himself as an example (behavioural modelling) or, in the case of cognitive modelling, he/she supplies iconic representations and cognitive artefacts [2]. In this first phase the Laboratory foresaw the use of substitutionary practices with the use of a video where the students are shown professional situations and contexts [28]. The students were therefore invited to visualize and analyse two videos of an expert teacher respectively devoted to the design of a work session and its realization in class, and then, in another meeting, a colleague student from the previous years. That analysis was supported by a discussion coordinated by the tutors through “guidance questions” (face-to-face and online through Google forms) and the group filling-in of the two mediator artefacts (box and table), not only to show how to start the design of a work session - bearing in mind the cognitive conflict, the bridge, the need of activating the students [1], but most of all, to make the difference between what is designed and performed come out, focusing therefore on the regulation in-action and how it is necessary to move between plunging and distancing, to grasp and experiment this aspect. In addition, the modelling perspective was used during the discussion for the final exam where some students agreed to work with the teacher in a plenary session, simulating the exam so that all the students could be more aware of the expectations and the objectives of the path, but also of the criteria and the assessment methods that would be used during the exam. 2 The “Depit App” can be downloaded at the following link https://infofactory.it/media/trial/files.html 2148 In the “coaching” phase the teacher accompanies the student while performing his/her activity, working with him/her, motivating him/her, analysing his/her performances, giving feedbacks, stimulating reflections of what was done, questioning the used models [2]. According to Jonassen, while modelling is focused mainly on the teacher’s performance and coaching on the student’s one, the scaffolding phase “is a more systemic approach to supporting the learner, focusing on the task, the environment, the teacher, and the learner” [2, p. 234]. In the “scaffolding” phase one favours modelling of the performed path and this phase actually appears as a reflection on-action that the student develops upon the teacher’s solicitation. In these coaching and scaffolding phases, which were particularly connected and twisted in the Laboratory, the students were committed in the designing work of a work session, supported by the two mediator artefacts: the box and the table. The created design artefacts and the audio recording of the group designing dynamics underwent a peer feedback by the colleagues and a detailed feedback by the professor and tutors. In fact, this way the students are supported when facing the production-revision iterative cycles [1]. Those phases enabled an accompanying performed according to the logic of “fading”, to make the students more and more aware and autonomous. Each student in fact at the end designed autonomously a work session to be tested in class during their apprenticeship in the following weeks. The lesson was video recorded and the design products, together with the recordings, were shared with the professor and the tutor for the discussion of the final exam. 2.2 The mediator artefacts The activated pivotal device in the training process is made up of two artefacts, thought and built to support the plunging and the distancing in comparison to the design practice on one side, to implement the student’s reflexivity on the other. The first artefact was defined as BOX (Fig.1) as it is a true box with the shape of a cube, metaphor of the process the student has to activate when he/she goes towards the design of the work session: entering the situation (in the box, Fig. 3), plunging therefore in the prediction of the action or better in the simulated and anticipated action; going out from the situation (out from the box, Fig.2), distancing from what he/she created, linking it strongly to the context, to analyse it and to reconsider it in a critical way. Figure 1. The box/cube and the “reflexive” external perspective 2149 Figure 2. The development of the box/cube in its “reflexive” external perspective Figure 3. The development of the box/cube in its inner “generative” perspective The inner (Fig.3) and external sides of the box (Fig.2) represent elements that were necessary for the design process, considered according to two perspectives: the internal is the design perspective, of the teacher designer thinking about the path and giving it a shape, the external one is the reflective attitude, of the teacher who rethinks what he/she has already designed and questions its effectiveness. 2150 When plunging the work session has to be linked to the cognitive conflict [1] meant as the gap between a mis-knowledge due to direct experience and the savoir savant, an incomplete knowledge, which does not satisfy and leaves doubts. It raises motivation, activates the student and reconnects the topics faced to the learners’ experiences, in terms of the de-structuration, confirmation, reorganisation, completing, supporting the conceptual change and generating learning. At the same time the bridging elements [1] have to be looked for, that is to say the previous knowledge and the experiences leading the student to recognise new concepts following the similarity with what he/she already knows, putting them within the proximal development zone. The elements linked to the context, either formal or institutional, must not be left out, as well as the connection to the skills and the objectives of the guidelines by the National Ministry and with the assessment process of the school one belongs to, both local and situated, the restrictions of any kind which have an impact on the didactics and therefore on its sustainability. In the distancing moment the teacher reflects on what he/she designed and evaluates, considering his/her professional expertise, from the situated experience, of the predictions he/she can make, basically two features that have a strong impact on the potential outcome of the work session: external and internal coherence and balance. By internal coherence we mean the alignment between the goals, the proposed activities, the mediators used and the foreseen assessment, while external coherence concerns the correct positioning of the session compared to the general curriculum, the dialogue that starts between the meaning of every single lesson and the global sense of the path. The balance is a perspective linked to the time-space of the arranged device: the different phases must be balanced, the mediators comply with a correct alternation between colds and warms [28], so that to enable the students both to activate and to conceptualise and reorganise. The situation of balance can be appreciated through the second design artefact, parallel to the box, that is to say the table. If the box has the function of fixing in a descriptive way, like in a map, the fundamental aspects supporting the design of the lesson, the table has a narrative function, as it develops as a design pattern helping the student in training to understand the lesson in diversified work phases, able to intercept the different aspects that the teaching/learning process should foresee. In fact, it is an opening phase, where starting from the conflict one tries to activate the student recovering previous experiences and clarifying the path to follow. A phase of activity where through the right cycle of use of mediators one enters the renovation process of the implied knowledge. A restitution and metacognition phase, supporting the students to retrace what they have realised and to understand their own learning mechanisms, to self-evaluate, to explicit the meaning of the work carried out. In addition, the column of narration is sided by a column devoted to reflection, divided in the same steps, which the students in training fill in after having realised the action in their classroom. They can then retrace what they have done, also taking advantage of the hints collected along the lesson (either audio or video recordings) and reflect on their actions trying to make the meanings of what they have done emerge, the alignments and the dis-alignments between the designed and the action, of becoming aware of one’s attitudes and the possible corrections one could have brought. The Box and the table are non-consecutive tools in the design action: they interact and are used in a recursive way, helping the student to take over the continuous process of plunging and distancing required to the reflexive professional. 3 RESULTS The students of the laboratory realised a teaching experience in the class hosting them for their apprenticeship, an experience contextualised within the process of creating, designing, of the action, reflection, self-assessment aimed at the awareness of the designing expertise that were put into place. The first results that can be observed in the involved group are related to some aspects, drawn from the analysis of different tracks: the students’ designs and the answers to a questionnaire. The first analysis was led by examining the designs handed in by the students through the table and discussing the designs with them to have them explicit the relationship between designing, action and reflection they had possibly been able to start. The guided reflection enabled a series of interesting passages to come to light, as they were focused on the becoming aware of the difference between designed and operated. The students became aware, by retracing their practice, that the prediction of the action and the supposed work sequence are, when they are in situation, inside a flux of action which not always enables to put them into place as they had been originally designed. The anticipation of the action by the beginners is in fact inevitably limited, since 2151 their ability to adapt is not developed. This, according to Schön [11], is not only the capacity to adapt to the context and to the problems coming to light from time to time, but to activate forms of practical rationality enabling to react to the situation in an enactive way [27], activating all the inventory of professional knowledge to make strategic choices based on precise didactic logics. The students become aware of the primary characteristic of the didactic action, that they learnt theoretically and that they experiment now in practice, that is to say of being co-action [29] and, therefore, inter-action, with the pupils, with the cultural object, with the learning environment. Some students, for example, linger on having underestimated some activities apparently taken for granted when designing, such as the dictation, and of not having adjusted them on the real skills of the children involved: «This phase was the most difficult for me because it seems easy, but dictating a text to children is very complex» (M.S., design dated on 22/01/2020). «This part required more time than I expected because children are very slow when writing, it took about 30 minutes» (G.S., design dated on 31/01/2020). Others faced some difficulties in the strategies linked to proxemics and the spatial set up of the device: «A problem that came to the surface: there were too many children in each group. Not everyone was in front of the scale model, someone was behind it, someone on the left others on the right. Every child when called to place the item had to stand up and go in front of the model. This made all the other objects of the model fall down and the children were worried when putting them back» (C.T., design dated on 22/01/2020). A further reflection that came out in about one third of the analysed designs concerns the difficulty in using a language that was suitable and clear for the children. The students noticed that the use of a linguistic register the class could comprehend was not foreseen in the duties fixed for the design. «I thought that it would have been easy for the kids to grasp the meaning of the questions. I found it difficult to use a simple language, I wrote the sentences on the board to help them» (V.D., design dated on 22/01/2020). The students, in the discussions, highlighted how a lesson, even if designed in details, cannot be completely foreseen; it requires a constant attention to the hints coming from the context and the ongoing re-organisation, determined by the adjustment in-action. The adjustment acts as the tensive force of didactics mediation [30], giving shape and meaningfulness to the continuous and combined transformation of actors and environments along the activity. This provides an interesting feedback also for the re-designing of the laboratorial path and the educational ecosystem of the next years: the modelling phase has to be implemented and it is necessary to offer some moments of compared analysis of designs and related lessons that are realised to let one grasp the regulations moments that the expert teacher has to realize. A second type of analysis of the experience was possible thanks to a questionnaire administered to one of the groups of the laboratory, the one constantly followed by the Researchers. The questionnaire for its short and immediate administration (at the end of the meeting), partly recalled the One Minute Paper technique [31]. We tried to understand the usefulness of the Box as a tool to support the design and its function in leading the student along the necessary process of plunging and distancing, but most of all to highlight the difficulties met, so as to be able to renovate the artefact and to make it more effective for a future use. For this reason, the students said that in the generative dimension (inner side of the Box) the biggest problem was the determination of the cognitive conflict. This, on one side, is due to a partial knowledge of the class, and on the other to the need of making the students work on an attitude observing the dynamics in the class having as its goal the one of determining challenging situations, meaningful questions, needs that were not completely made explicit. In this case as well it was a precious feedback that can improve the apprenticeship design of the Faculty, in particular the one related to the second year, devoted to observation. In the reflective dimension of the Box (external side) instead, the difficulty was highlighted in the coherence. The students, following the experience realised in class, wondered in particular how it is possible to keep the aspects linked to the inner coherence if they had to modify the designed action due to something unexpected and to some changes to be made along the action. It is once again the topic of adjustment: a complex topic as it refers to the context of the decision, which is possible when the specialisation in one’s profession enables the choice among the different information available coherent for the action [6]. This is a controversial issue, difficult to explicit in didactic terms as the expert teacher is often linked to strategies of acknowledgement of situations, arising from the knowledge of the practice, that is to say from the series of knowledge and reactions even not perfectly conscious, rooted both in one’s work and personal experience, and in the community culture. 2152 4 CONCLUSIONS The described laboratorial experience and in particular the devices used to activate reflective attitudes between designing and action, open a wider research perspective and the possibility of use in different situations. The educational integrated digital ecosystem will be repeated with the necessary revisions appeared from the analysis of this first testing, in the laboratories planned for the course of the following Academic Year. The Box and the table have proved to be useful support tools also for other educational backgrounds: they will be tested on one side as artefacts for the educational design for some situations outside the school curriculum, in degree courses for educators and trainers. On the other side they can be used inside the in-service teachers’ training, focused on the implementation of the design skills and on the development and the strengthening of the reflective attitude. In particular the box could be developed in its 3D digital version, so as to make it a digital artefact able to simulate and therefore incorporate [12] the plunging and distancing process. On the whole we can suppose how the used integrated learning ecosystem enabled the students to start the development of a reflective attitude towards the recursive and cyclic dimension of the design. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper stems from the collaborative work of the authors. In particular Maila Pentucci is the author of paragraphs 1; 1.1; 2.2; 3. Chiara Laici is the author of paragraphs 1.2; 2.1; 4. Abstract and references have been written collaboratively. REFERENCES [1] D. Laurillard, Teaching as a design science. Building Pedagogical Patterns for Learning and Technology. London: Routledge, 2012. [2] D. Jonassen, “Designing constructivist learning environments” in Instructional-design theories and models: A new paradigm of instructional theory (C. Reigeluth ed.), pp. 215-239, University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 1999. [3] Ph. Perrenoud, Dix nouvelles compétences pour enseigner. Invitation au voyage. Paris: ESF, 1999. [4] C. Laici, M. Pentucci, L. Giannandrea, P.G. 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