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ω 0 2 1 0 ;J 0 0 1 ; !" - # $ G ! "" 0 #! 1 '() & * ' , 6;9 0 " = '# $ 1 / H " = 0 () * + = 4 % = % = % 9− β ⋅% , % % ⋅ / # $ '# $ , # ; $ # ;B$ , 9 # ;B$ #9 − β ⋅ % $ / / β# $ #9 − β ⋅ % $ + β ⋅ % 9 = #9 − β ⋅ % $ #9 − β ⋅ % $ 1 " 0 ;A $ -% . /-0/1β %2 = = 6; $= "* ; H ' ( ) 0 0 #I 1 04 , # ;9$ * 0 M 0 " 5 () %( ) = ( ) 9 − β ( ) ⋅ %( ) & & H A +( 01 * 0 0 & 0 ( )= @ # $ β# $ $ %% 1 H " / 0 1 * , % % = #9 − β ⋅ % $ # ; $ # ; $ " / 1 0 4 00 '' H "" C " C ; / 0 = " " 1 ;A " " " = " - ) H " " 1 ; & ! "" J 5 " = J " * * 0 " * " = 0 % " #! $ %% H & '() & * 5&5 3 1" 8 := H 4 " 1 +( ' , " " 0 * 1 & 9; # & ) 41 4 " ; '# $β# $ 1 "* $; " π @ "" 3 , %# $ ⋅ β # $ ≥ 9 θ% + θ β = @ 0 0 1 OβO∠θβ ; D O'O∠θ' 9N P= H 0 * # ;.$ π " # ;G$ 0 '# $ H " 0 = 0 ; A 4 " = 1 9N " 1 1 0 = H Q R = H + " 01 9N H " 1 0 = H 0 1 ; " 01 00 = H 3 H " " " = / H " = ' += 4 " 0 * * / ; " 1 H & H H " 1 ; 1 / 0 & = H * ; ; ' 01 + * ; " 6;B ; "( * ) - 1 4 H 0 H 2 6; 4 01 - 1 = " 0 0 ; " = H = H " 0 " 1 6;9 M = BG " S = H H 4 1 H = " * 1 1 4 " ! 9N P " ; 0 0 " L# $ 1 " "" / "" = 1 ;A 0 $ N ! "" H" H = +( 0 " , # ; $ " & H 2 1 0 " 0 * ; 0 H " & 0 H = 0 @ 0= 4 " T9 T # ;N$ , " ! 56 5/ 7 $; = 59 + 5 9 ≈− 9− "5 " 57 9 1 "" 01 6;B # ;N$ 9 / = # T! " 1 / " " 0 0 / 1 4 " #<$ 0 < 0 " β0 2 " = " ; 3 ; ; U ; ' " 01 = H 6; " "" / " " + 4 " " 0 ) - / / + " & I 0 * 0 / " " # ; " ; H" ' , 9 9 + 4 ω − '+ ω * * $ * = & 0 0 K 9 π√ ; A " 3 " 5 M '() & * " 1 " * ; ; & 9 / / $ %% T 5 " #! M ' $ ; " ; ! "" #! $ %% 3 & '() & * +( & ' , " M , 9 5= 9 & 9 = = 9 8 +# $+ ' = 9 9 + ' + 0 H 4 # ; $ 9 " ? # ; $, ω = 9 ' ω = 9 9 9= @ ω ' # ;9 $ # ;99$ =ω ' ω 0 = < " 0 < ; H "" # ;9 $ 5 0 3 ; A 0 0 , 9 & = ⋅' D 0 0 " / = V1 00 + # ;9B$ ω 9 0 H +ω 3 1 "" # ; $ & # ;9 $ ; M = M H ; # "$ H " "" 1 3 " # 1 / $ 3 / / H 01 ; A - 1 ; A 3 0 & * 1 " " / = * 1 / ; ;B / ; ; 1 MI & * ; " / ;J " & 5 * " = 1 1 " 0 1 5 3 / H "" " 6;.; - 9 ! "" )" " ( #! $ %% ( & '() & * : ) )* ; 2 <=>$ 1 H = #O' 1OW' $ C H 1" = H " 0 " 1 * 2 3 ;A 3 O' OK' ; X H * = @ Y1ZY K ; A = 1 * "" 1 H " 0 1 / J H& H " & H & 1 ; ) / 0 * " = # & / "") 6;.$= 0 , ? = −? # ;9.$ 01 4 1 / H" 9/ 6;G * & 00 ) 0 # ;9 $ ; ') ) ' = −' MI " ' , 1 & H * = 2 " 4 +( H / 97 ; 3 ; ) **) @( - ; ) $ 9 9 ! "" 1 #! & = $ %% & '() & * 00 +( " / 4 1 9N P= & 0 " "" 4 * 4 0 * "" 4 " 4 ' , " 4 ; * 0 = * 1 # $ " ;! * * " 0 " " # 2 0 & $; 00 * = 00 / 2 @ " 1 * " 4 / " "" / * 1 * H " " ; U " 5 MI= " "" ; A 1 " / " " ; 1 H " " "" 1 * 5 , " @ 91( # -+$ = = ∂ ∂ 3A 0 = 9− ( " +[ # ;9G$ & # = U $= & # " " = " $; U ; ; ; ! "" A " = #! " ! = / = * 1 / ; B " H * , / 0 " ' +; " 0 1 $ / ' #I 1 A )" ; / 3 " 6; $ ) ( - # ( $ 9 ! ( * H " "" " = 0 / * * / , * 1 $ %% & '() & * 0 " / 0 #! " 0 2 ; 1 1 * ; * 0 / H = 0 " +( ' , H& 9 '()= H ; 5 9 '()= 4 * < Q / R #\ 9.$ 1 # & G 6$; A 0 " * = ; / * / * * & 0 H = " ; 0 " $ # <* 0 F ! $; H " * ; / Φ " = H H @ ωB # ;9 $ (& ' + Φ ) / H 3 = ω ( 0 * 04 , "" ) + &− = 1 ω ( 9 * + ; 2 " / ;; # ;9N$ 1 / * !# 00 ; 6= ) 0 * 0 * H / ! H ; U $ 1 8G:; %& / H! H / / * ;J H / 1 4 1 = H" H / / " 9; 6; 1 9 / / 4 = &' H "" / 1 , @ * ; / # ;9 $ = 1 1 0 / 1 * 4 # & 0 * / / / / 00 " 3 1 " / ;A 0 " H 0 " "" ;A " / = H" 1 / / ; - 9 B ! ;B;9 "" #! $ %% & '() & * +( ' , 1 1 0 " ( H" 0 #I 1 6 ( H" / 7 / ( 6;N$ 0 " 0 ] 0 1 0 " , / 0 ; = H )" 4 '( H 0; A * = @ H" 9+ " * / H" **) / 0 41 ; ( <C> <D>$ ∼/- H "= H 9 '( = # ;9 $ " * /- 1 ; 0 7 ' H )1 , 9 ω = # ; $ 9 3 9 - + 9 ! "" #! $ %% H '() & * +( ' , / / "* H 0 / 0 " * ;B; 0 1 ; U # "* " $ / 0 " " 0 ;A H" = 5 ; 0 1 01 97 & 1 H / 1 * " 0 / 1 / ; 00 H = H 0 0 @ ** A 6; # $ " 9/ = 8 :89 :; U 00 " " " 1 0 1 97 @ & " & / 9/ ; 6 1 #' +$; A 0 = # $:= H " " 3; " / & 4 " **) 0 = 0 * @ & 1 / 9/ 80 1 6; * = &3A 4* = = 1 / ; 9/ = 0 9 π√ " = 0; 1 0 " / = & 1 01 97 ; 1 " 1 & /899: 89 :; 01 6; # $; 3 00 4 ; / " ; " & " 6; # $; @ = & ) $ 1 / "" " / 1" 1 &M = 01 6; #*$ 97 / 9/ = * 01 4 9/ 4 0 ; = / / * ; - 9 . ! "" ' $ #! ! $ %% !! / ;0 ' , 00 " 1 ; ;9 +( " " " 00 4 1 +I * ; * U "" = # " 4 0 '() & * ( ") U 1 & = " $& / " * = 4= " 1 S 0; " * " * " " ; ; 0 1 0 " " / " 1 / " * = " / " ; 01 +I " 6;9 *B; )" + ") " * )+ 1 0 * & 1 # 0 " * " " " @ @ $ " " " / MI & 0 *B " * & 1 " $ * ;0 ; U "* 1 " & * " "* 4 / 4 " 5 89 := ( 2" 5 89.: * MI; 0 1 - * +I; " * = * / * 1 1 ; ^ " 2 9 G ! A 1 " "" " ; "" , #! * @ 02 1 '() & * (ω = # $⋅ ' , H " " + φ # $) = ωB " 4" +( 4 " 3 4 H H " * * # ; 9$ φ# $ 1 ; = 0 " "" 0 " " / φ= A & = & / $ %% = " 0 = 0 ;U , π ⋅ * # $⋅ / * # ; " $ = ∆0# $= 0 , ∆* # $ = A 0 # ; B$ π * φ# $= ∆0# $ " " 9 ∆φ # $ " * 0 * ∆φ#0$= * , * ∆* U "3" = " 1_ & " 3 * #I 1 #∆0$ 0 ∆0 #0$ # ; *$ = 4 * " 00 &" 1 1 * / * 0 = " U & 0 / * = / * 00 ∆φ # " 1 ; / " " "" 0 * U " 0 0 #*$= * ⋅ * #0$= $ * # #0$ $; 0 " * ∆φ#0$ & = 5 ; S ; 0 * =& & 659 $; A = `{∆0 } = 9 ⋅ 1 A 0 * 1 * & 9() A , * 0 + ∆0 & 0 # ; .$ `a∆0b " # + ()$ 9 # 1 0 0 & $; cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 9 ` U; +; / - / * ; 9 ! A "" #! H" / 4 " MI; 01 6;99 # $ / / MI " 1 0 1 ; "" #! $ * * " 4 ! #I 1 6;99 # $$; 1 * 1 " 1 ; 00 " ; " )" ( ( @ ) $ %% ( 0 2E ( ( ( 6 01 & '() & * +( * 5 ' , / H 1 1 #*$ 1 1 * ;D 1 4 " ! ; d" 1 ") ) ( + 06 2 </C>$ ( ) 0@2E - = d " $ # / e / 1 " 1 " 1 * e 89G: = / I * 1 ") ; ) ) ( F 0 2$ / ) 9 N ! ; ; * * "" #! $ %% & " +( ' , 0 "" " 3 = '() & * "" = 1 1 & "" 01 ( ∆φ# $ + 0" #0" $ * 1 + & * * " * 0 "" 0 * = 4 " / , " " "" " ∆φ#0$ 0 " 0 $ 0 / 0 6;9 ; = & & #0" $; * 0 # *" $ ⋅ 3 0 * = # ; G$ * " 0 , " = " # ; $ , # *" $ = - " ⋅ 9 3 # ; N$ 9 ! U 1 " "" = * $ %% & 4 " " * * " #! '() & * +( ' , "" A" A; D , 1( 9 # * $ ⋅ 3) = 9 1 " =9 1 " # ; $ * * " #0W9%()$= 3 * * * * * 90 ; #0 1 / 0 " ) ; ;B ;A * " A "( " 6;9B$ & B= ( @ ( / "" $ " = ;D " * ; 00 U 5 0 * = / " * " * 0 " = " " ( 2" = " 0 *B; - 99 ! G$G$H$/ "" ! #! $ %% & U; + ; U " & / " / "" " " @ ωf 00 ∆* * 3 , ⋅5 = ' "" = = =& # ;B $ $; = π = A # ;B9$ 9A ( ) / # $; 1 * `(ω∆ ) = 9 ;B 0 ;D " & 0 * * < , 4 H / * ω 9ω ∆ 0 " "" * * " #T$= * # " / / " * ;D 0 01 5 + 2& " ω 9ω∆ 1 " < 4 " " 0 ; U = `#ωf $ , 6;9 ; # ;B $ 0 & M ? = @ = H 1" 3 1 4 " 1 " 1 ;B 4 90 * * ; 1 "" " = / * " * 0 ; A * 90 " ; B 1" * * / & ! 1 # H" = * * " ∆* " " " 4* " " H ; 4" 0 " A * * 5 @ ' , * $= / 1 " = / " +( 1 & 9 G. 0 " 00 '() & * 0 5 * " - 0 = 89N:= 0 0 , * 0 " 0 = / 999 ! "" #! (ω∆ ) = 9 " " ω∆ = I F 1 $ %% ⋅ 9+ & '() & * ω 9ω ∆ +( ⋅ 9+ ω∆ ' , 9 *B # ;BB$ ω∆ " 9 *B 00 4" / 6;9 $; M 1 9 0 0 07F 2; M 1 1 ; / " I; = ω <; D 0 = M 1 ; I 0 * " 0 #I 1 * / M 5 * M 1 H B 0 "" & Q0 " ;D + ω∆ 9 *B * 90 & 4 " + () /B H / " / 0 9 & / B + * R ω∆ B / 9- * ( " 0 ; @ " 5 " 1" 3 * 0 * 1 ; 0 < 0 * " ;D 0 = 0 1 0 " 00 D " / / 1 / * " "" " * " " "" 0 / " "" = ;D * " $ * 1" & 0 * , " = H " ( " " 40 * " +I " * * " 2 9 0; " " ; 5 & = 4 = / * = " 0 " = / " ; * ; - 99 ! G$G$H$7 ! "" * " " 5 = * " * #I 1 " ; & " / 6;9. # $$ 0 3 4 " 2 " ; " 4" " ∆& "" , ∆& = @ ∆+ 1 2 D " "( , U '() & * +( = ( 2" " & $ 0 * " " H " / 6 # ;A # " ; * * " $ %% ' , I 4" 00 / 89.:; / #! ')( 02 4 "" H" 1 * = H " / 1" ∆+ # ;B $ " "" = 1 ; E ) + & ; " H 1 $ " " " * / ) ! " 0 2 : " "( E : J 0@2 "( $ 5& " * " 00 * " " - 2 & " ; 1 H θ 99B ! #I 1 1 / 6;9. #*$$; * " " " Γ#4$= 3 4 " " / "" / 2 #! $ %% & ∆θ / = ( 2" " / I " '() & * +( ' , " ; "" ; A " ( 2" 5 " " " F 0 ; X ; * " = * / " ; * * * * " " / 0 / τ= # I$= ; I " " " I 0 / "" Γ(ω τ ) = " ∞ + I ( ⋅ ω τ +φ , ) # ;B.$ =9 @ 00 φ = " φ & " 3 / = H 0 ; D 0 2 4 0 #ω $= H I ; 1 1 H # ;BG$ " " 4" = A " 0 = ; D " 1 = * , = "" " H ; / & = 4 * 0 I (; ) # ;B $ 4 K ω ⋅ τ; U S = 1 1 P * " "" , ∆& ∆+ = Γ(ω τ ) &" 4 +" 4 0 #$ & * 0 00 #ω∆$= "" , ( )= @ 0 ω0 Γ(; ) = − " K / 0 τ; H I " 4" " 4" #6" 4$ & / × " 4; "" H " " 4 * H ;A = " "" 89.: , " 6 ; 1 ∆θ = Γ(ω τ ) @ Γ#4$ H" " (( ⋅ ω + ω∆ )⋅ "* ) " ω∆ WW ω ; 01 6;9G # $ H I #I 1 6;9G #*$$ / - # ;BN$ 0 = " " * * 99 ! "" θ( )= #! 9 +" 4 "" 1 θ( )≈ −∞ $ %% (τ ) * F '() & * ∞ =9 −∞ (τ ) +( ( ' , ω τ) τ & H 4 (ω∆ ) + " 4ω ∆ 0 ω2 4 ) !" E( J ) (() ) F @ 0@2E * F , @ 0 ∆* 2 , @ ( @ ) E+ ) "" ,F0 2 ( ( 1 </=></K>$ @ ) : $ 0 2 ) ( 0 2 ( "( ) τ+ & - # ;B $ H 4 , # ; $ $ , FEΓ0 ω2E ** ) E0 2 " + ,F + 99. ! "" / " "* #! $ %% θ# $ " & '() & * * 8I 1 θ * " 4" ; * 1 ω0 ; & gω∆= @ θ# $ " ; 6;9G # $:; 3 ; A "" 3 ' , * 0 / +( 0 0 " 2 / " "" * 3 #A%$ 8I 1 6;9G # $:= ∆* 8I 1 6;9G # $:; / " / , ∞ (ω ∆ ) = 9 3 ⋅ 1 ∆* =9 ⋅ 1 * ( ( 2" / 1 = # ; 9$ + " 4ω ∆ H / * 90 , ⋅Γ" ∆* `(ω∆ ) = 9 ⋅ 1 +" 4ω∆ @Γ" / " Γ" 00 " H " "" * * " ; * 0 ; / 0 6 89 :; * / " 90 0 0 ω ∆ =9 @Γ" " * " 0 90 " 2 & "" , 90 4 " *B / ⋅ = ω ∆ =9 * ⋅ " * 0 90 " " - # ; B$ 00 ; &, =Γ 0 0 / 0 " Γ" " * 0 9 0B = ω ∆ =9 4 41 " * ⋅ ω ∆ =9 ∆* `(ω ∆ ) = 9 ⋅ 1 ⋅ N+ " 4 ω ∆ ω ∆ ! $ H I; 0 " # ; Γ Γ" # ; " * / U 90 0 B $ H I; ; ; 99G ! "" #! Γ ( 2" 5 3 00 " / " * " " / G$G$H$H ') ") * 00 " I " " 00 " * B 9 0 $; H * " / = / " 41 +I * ; * " H 4 # " =90 " 3 ( 2" / / 0 ; " " 3 H 6 = 9 0; 1 " ; & 1 1 ; 0 * ( 2" ; H 3 1 "" 1 / " ! " " ' , / 4 " 0 I +( " * = = '() & * " * " H " 2 ;41 & " " " = / $ %% " * 6 * 0 00 " 2 " ; U " " = " 1 00 ; ; 1 00 " / 4 & # I$ * I; U 0 / 0 " / * * * 4 1 " * ; " 8 = 1 0 " "" * 0 " = 0 / ;! :, {∆ω} = 9 LMNO NB= F ; "" 9 9 9 9 = + + 9 9' ( 9 ' 9' @ ; H I 0 ; " " 5 6= * H" * 0 " 0 * = 0 * J / * # ; .$ ⋅ [9 + F ]⋅ 1 ⋅ω * 4 ω ∆ω # ; G$ 9 & - 0 00 00 LMNO = 99 ! "" #! H " $ %% & '() & * 00 # & 9 ; .$; 9' = 9' " "* " < / + 0 / " / ω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µ" +( * 1 4 1 00 & " = " 00 ' , " 4" " H 1 / / + %! = . E" & * # 0 " = * / 3 " C / ≥ 1 1 " " H * 0 ; " A '() & * " ;A &0 1 ; 00 * & " 0 1 " / +6 D! K B;B6 ^ 0 " 0 * * ; 1 D K ; 49 ;N µ"h 6 0 * *" 4 1 " 9 '(); +(= 1 " / " ; µ" & 9;G µ" 2 &G 1 " = @ 0 * * " ;U " - A * (I 4 1 1 " ;N µ" & B µ"= / 2 =. " * " 1 * A * 99 ! 0 "" " #! = 0 ! = 8 # 1 : 8 B:; 1 $ " " = & / 0 " " 1 "" / '() & * +( ' , " " & 3 " = 0 " = / , MI # / 0 = " 1 00 & 1 1 / H $ %% U $; 1 / "" ;9G$; U 1 " # " " = ; H 4 0 0 / H & 1 1 0 ; 0 * / " ; 0 H " 0 " 1" = 1" 1 " * ; "* 1 * -* K - Z9= @ "* 1 H " ; "* 1 H " = * / 0 * *" ; ; / " 1 " 00 1 " " * ; * = +( -- B 9 N= " 1 " = B * ; 1 " K ; µ" 1 " " A K A K 9 ;N µ"; 01 6;9 ; 1 3I - % P 7H7 /7D$ 9 ! "" 01 #! $ %% & '() & * 6;9N = 9 N; -- B * +( ' , (I= * " % 0 0 70 VBC=0 V 60 f T (GHz) 50 40 30 20 10 0 1,0E-04 1,0E-03 1,0E-02 1,0E-01 Courant de Collecteur, IC (A) * " ) * ( 7H7 /7D.B$G;/7$DQ"R :& A./&$ 4 0 * 0 " * " * 0 #+I$ "" " " * 9 59N 9 59 9 5 9 5 9 9 5 9 5 B # 0 +( " +9 = 9 9 B 9 9 . ; 1 " $ K #9 µ = + = 9 59N 9 59 9 5 9 5 9 9 5 9 5 B 9 5 9 9 e * 0 " / + S IC S IB " d0 = SIBIC* [A²/Hz] SIB , SIC [A²/Hz] " 6;9 = / " " 3 / +I 0 * " " " ; B= " " / = & 00 $ K #. µ = 9 " $ # 9 * / 01 & " U " $; B 9 0= * + :; i8 6 D K 96 9 . Fréquence [Hz] Fréquence [Hz] $ *$ ) ( @ @ E( 3I 7H7 /7DE( /B" 2 0 37E 72 . 0/BBQ E7B" 2$ @ ( - * )+ 2 ( 3 @2 3 S 0 3/E /2 . 0=BQ E 9 9 ! 0 ' "" " & " * * #! 0 " 0 1 & 0 & '() & * 1 " 0 0 A 4 H * " 1" / * +I & 0 " " "* 0 / H " $ 0 0 = %% " " ' , 0 " 56= , 0 " +( & " 8 .:; ;.; " H $ %% 0 1 " . / 4 " 4 ; " 0 1 "" * , ω =9 ; H ! & / B " 00 & 1 4 =" & 00 1 H 4 & 00 / = / 8 G: 4 4 / ; " = 01 / ; 6; ; )" ) ) $ '() 9N.E" × 3 D E"; " 1 U 0 / & & = " 1 ! 0 ; '(); / & * " / * & - 9 ! "" " 0 #! = 4" H 0 " & 0 $ %% & '() & * / 99; / " H # " / " '()$; " +( ' , ; "" 0 < * 99 / ; = " / ; "! j 1 M # ($ 1 9 9 #k"$ #k"$ #E"$ / M/ </ 2 # I$ #Ω$ ;9. I 9; G 99 ; B G;G. < ;.;B M 1" 01 1 & 0 6; 9 00 " ! " ! '() ; )" ) - + 6 $ 9 B ! @ 4 " 0 ! "" & '() & * +( ' , * / = "3" * * ; / ; 9/ Q ∆ ∆ $ %% ( 9/ 1 #! 9 97 0 " R 9/ Q 9/ l " R ! = 0 97 Q* R; J * 97= "7 = 97 1 " 7; / Q " R= 1 " 97 97 , 7 ∆ = 1 H! 00 0 1 " ( ∆ 6 9 9 9+ H! / 56 # ; ) ∆ " / K5 6 ∆ 6 7; $ H" " , 56 / * 1 &9 = ∆ =− 6 ∆ & # ;N$; "" * "9 ' + = " ( ) + " ⋅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mA Régime fortement -98 non linéaire Régime non linéaire L (1MHz) en dBc/Hz -100 Régime linéaire -102 -104 -106 -108 -110 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 * (( '.D$K" $ n $3 ( E: :/ IT ( ( 6 - ( ) 9 . ! - * 1 "" #! / " $ %% 1 1 / " " H = 0 " ; D * / 0 * & ; " ; - C / ; . / " ; " * * & H = / +I & " + V & 9 ? 6 9; BB\9 @ / K 96= K ; GP; E( "! " = 1 ; 99 ; 1 U 01 0 // $ = 2 4 0 " ? = * " 4 " 0 1 #( ' , 1 ; 0 * / +( W W9 ; * * % U '() & * * * " # W $ 1" 1" " 1 " " 2 00 * 0 K ; . I K ; I; A 7 / " ! * 00 ; " " / 1 ; U * 3 1 Q! R 6; " 9 ;. '()= 1 * & , = = 0 = " "" " = #( $ $; - 9 G ! 3 & "" #! + 4 " ! " $ %% & +( ' , + " 0 1 1 2 4 " 0 1 ! '() & * " " ; " , 5 1 #. Ω$ 0 * 0 ( 5 ^ 0 5 " 1 1 ^ " / 1 0 * " = 1 "" " " 0 " 0 M ; ; ! = & 1 0 00 U " 4 " d " e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Ω$ 6 59 .; N ;. A !J # +"$ ) $ ++ 9. $ " 6 9 ;G #6$ " 0 " ;) 9 ; B #%()$ & 9 %() # + ()$ " " ( * " K 5.6$ + 1 ;B + 0 ' , & / * +( . ;G; J * U 0 MI 0 A 3 00 " " " " 1 " 4 1 4 * / ; H H " 8 : " " 1 " = 0 " " 4" " " " 1 1 " 0 ; ! & '() & 01 6; N; " . Ω; D 0 = " 4 " / " " " 4" # = / = 4 * 8 :; 00 " ! 0 * 01 H = " " 00 " ;4 " 2 H " " 4 1 " & 1 5&5 / 5&5/ H 0 M 0 MI * " / * & 1 " " / 4 0 , 1 " ; 8 N:; D 0 = 40 Q@ R / 0 1 / @ / 9; G ( 4 0 0 B 4 N = H 5&5 = F / d E"h 1 / 0 " 0 $ " e " 1 " 1 & "* " 6; - ; 1 ; 9 ! "" 6 #! $ %% & '() & * +( ' , :7B%IT$ ( ( :7B%IT* @ + )$ 6 1 01 / 4 6;B MI & " 6;B9 " / @ 1 5 " " 00 • • • • • & 6 & ' F 0 M! B. ; " " " ! ; , +" @ $ 4 !J !J A U ;! ! " ? 0 ; 0 7B%IT$ '() " ; (; " / ! @ / " 'F 1 ( 0 #6 $ , ;.6 00 #6A! $ , ;.6 1 " #6+JI$ , ;.6 #6 J-D$ , 5.6 #6'-U$ , 6 - 9B ! • • #! $ %% & '() & * 00 * 8 # +( A! ' , $ , N;NN" ,. Ω " U 1 / "" 1 H " / 4 H " * ! / U 6 = 6A! = 6+JI ; D 6 = 6A! = 6+JI ; 1 6 "" "" " $; D @ %% " =+ %! ' , ; .E" ; ; J * ;B "m / = / " % GG. ; J #* 01 6;B 1 & 0 +"; * " # 00 "" " 1 Z 1 " $; ')( 0 " * 2 J-D + H 0 J-D; ; ! 1 6 * 0 " 6 $ = ! / * " - '() / / 0 " / = . "m= " ;. 6 # " 1 0 ! = & 1 & ; NB. '() . %()$; / " " 59 +" & 0 " $ " 1 #0 * )+ * & " #I 1 / 4 6;BB$; ! 9B9 ! = "" 4 " ; 0 = #! / $ %% & '() & * +( * ' , 59 G + () & 9 %() 0 Mesures Simulation -20 L (dBc/Hz) -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 3 10 4 5 10 6 10 10 Fréquence (Hz) 3 01 6;B 0 " ? N %() = * ( / 6 " ) 6 / ; 0 " / " " $ = " * N %(); J " ; * 20,65 20,6 Bande passante = 282,35 MHz f osc (GHz) 20,55 20,5 20,45 20,4 20,35 20,3 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 VTUNE (V) 3 ( 6 - U& A "( B H &$ 9B ! D 0 = "" 01 0 #! 6;B. " $ %% / =6 & '() & * +( / ; & ; 6; "= ' , 0 20,55 20,5 f osc (GHz) 20,45 20,4 Pushing = 55,1 MHz/0,1V 20,35 20,3 20,25 20,2 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 VALIM (V) & * )+ / A / / * 1 * " * " " = + () & 9 %() 00 / / * 9 0$= $ "" . "m; +" & "* * " ; # +" " / ; ;9 * * U / 1 % 0 # = " " * * = 0 0 * ;D $ / 1 " / 4 +( * 1 * * +I 4 & . '()= / / " $ / 3 / = 1 4 * / B +" # * " * " H! *2 %! G' # / 8B : ! 0 =B. E" " ' " 1 / ; * " ; * " * + 59 * + > ; * 0 $ 1 " / / / 4 * ; 59 G " & 0 ! - = 8B : 8B9:; +( 4 / 0 9BB ! " "" #! KB4 ; E"4G E"= 01 6;B # $= ! 4 = / D ;A 00 $ %% +( ' , 01 6;BG; / 1 + %! * MI * * 1 / NBn; # $ " 0 " 2 9 C2 0 +( -- B 9 N= * / 1 * #0 1 '() & * / * * & " & * * +I * =1_ & * ; " ( 00 1" "* 6;B #*$$; 7 $7 % % M , = . Contribution des autres sources 7% Contribution de la paire différentielle 83% Contribution du miroir de courant M , M 9;.B 1 ^ ; G M , , M AU , A , 00 N =G , B;G $ @ ( 6 V% % $ ; ; @ 3F :=%IT 6 H! , " = MI 8B :; X 0 " / 0 I1 = % (* " ** +9 ∗ 1 " 0* ** 2 * 0 ( )− ( ∗ 1 * " o 9"m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Ωp p $; * ; '() / " 0 " " 00 )" ! ; 1 " 6 **) ) 44 ( ( @ "" <D>$ + ; 6 !! : ! 9 ; ) **) !! 6 ++ 9 : % !! 4 601 7. 2 ;2 * 6< 1 7 (2 ;/=-2) * . <1 6* 1 7 % !+ 62 ! 7 ; * 1 "( " 0 ( " 00 ( # / ( " ! & ; A / 3 " " * & 00 / 7 ! ++ ; G 9. 9B 59 G 5 G;. ;. ;. & 9;9 6 *+7 - ) $ * 6* 7 ;99 B ;9 59 N; ;. ; 9BG ! > + #! ! ?+ 6 *7 : ++ 9# "" & '() & * +( G;GBB ;B. 9 ;. 59 69&< 7 B;. 59 59 . 0 0 " ; - 0 " ; I!% 59 59 . / " ; % 1 # 2 ;J * ;. / 0 ' " "; / ! [36] Cet OCT [8] [37] [38] [7] [39] [40] [41] [8] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] 20 " / 59 1 00 $ "" 0 " " "* ! 4 / " 1 6 1 ) "5 $ Puissance de consommation [mW] Bande d'accord [MHz] Puissance de sortie [dBm] FOM [dBc/Hz] 24 3900 -17,6 -167 SiGe Technologie 20,4 55 / 100 -106 22,5 280 -10 -179 SiGe:C 21,5 24,9 25 26 28,9 40,3 43 43 47 60 77 77,3 98 114,9 70 / 90 47 / 47 / 50 / 75 85 / 128 120 / 70 / 75 70 / 90 70 / 75 120 / 140 150 / 180 175 / 265 206 / 197 200/ 200 -113 -93 -101 -97 -84 -99 -107 -107 -103 -87 -94 -97 -85 - 130 22 90 75 129 363 280 130 280 74 353 ~20 60 84 1000 1270 1200 3900 4100 5000 10900 2150 3700 9800 4300 6700 3200 10000 -6 -39 4,2 -2 -14,7 -11 3,5 -17 2,6 -7 14 -18,5 -6 -12 -178 -167 -169 -166 -152 -166 -175 -178 -172 -164 -166 -181 -167 - SiGe SiGe SiGe SiGe SiGe SiGe SiGe SiGe SiGe SiGe:C SiGe SiGe SiGe SiGe:C " 0 '() " + Bruit de fT /fmax phase à 1 [GHz] MHz [dBc/Hz] 70 / 90 -95 fosc [GHz] & " 00 " * " Réf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m ! 9B ! M 0 89: "" #! ** 6! - 'D J ;A; 7B %IT HB %IT "( DD !- U; +; . = ; B 5BB = 9 GG; 8B: [ !+ %IT ; *F @ ( ; 1 1 ; % o / 1 8.: A MTD- +; 9 NB; * 8G: ( 7 3( B; J (( U1 8N: 8 : 0 + ! %; DUM 6 I " 7D1%IT $ DDD [ ; 7/$=-GH1%IT $ DDD [ 0 5 1F + $ - o r V, !40 ; ; 6DMU DM [; 3I % * ( ; ( " := %IT$ I I , .; A & 6 * =1D ; .BB5 .B = m q = E W[ m q = 6 = 6 ; BN= - ; 9= [ ' ' ! ! ;= AMJTT! ';= 6' & 6 ' 3 G; D H G; 9B DDD U "* G= ; BB.5BBN; (DM% - ; % " D B "* " I3 D 1 B; DD !- U; +; "( " T @" 1; 6 1 ** @ - ( [ 6 % / * " *@ 1 ( "= MI = > & 6 ; A =9 % N; PF " 0 +0 #) = 9N59 " U; U; ** $ D 0 * 'F 6 ( J / =I ; DDD= $[ 3 =e 6 ; B = - ; N= 899: 89 : A ; A;= % M (D - U;= !AD -U %; ; F " % 1I3 & 6 * 7B%IT HB%IT $ DDD M I 1 " A = = 9 B59 G; UD ID! !;= % '' ! '; %;= 7D--DUr %; A; 3* $ =6 ;9 =- ;.# $ B.5 .N; 89B: 6 5 89 : 89 : "$ ;= N= 9 0 % 1I3 & 6 * " "= ; $ MI 6 6 5 ;= - o r V= 9 N ; 6! - 'D 1 ' , 1 'MD+D-D ; 3 ( 6 ; +- 5 95N. 8 : +( (( 8 : ; '() & * * " *" *@ 1 ( !- (;= 'D6!M' - ;= (( $ DDD ; & 1 ; 8 : $ %% * :@ .; 1 ( = A * & 6 % J / $ A ( 6 " = 9 59B "$ A 0 ; 1 0 9 ! "" DDD= / ; . = 89.: 89G: ( [%M DDD [ ;= 89N: J DM ; * + * 9. = 9 GG; : 8 9: 8 : 8 B: 8 : 5BB = I / DD ; (; DD ;= D M D ; * + Dr DM 8 .: 8 G: 8 : 8 N: 9 ; " ( ; " D 4 U / MD' %; ; # 9$= ; 9N 959N =9 * @( ^ G#.$, @ 0 5 P $ DDD [ 0 5 ; * 1 5 =/ ; = 1 @ * ; 99= U 1( 1 0 = % 1F + o / % I3 " m 1 "* "" % 6 ; .N.5.NN= @ "( ; .; B$H=1 = 6 ; 9.= - ; " * + 9 B59 $ "( * $ ; 5 D M / o=; . ; 91* U -D ( %;= !-' [; M;= $ DDD M I ; ( [%M = DD 6 $ DDD [ I / 9 N; % 5 UD M - DM N; " " * 0 DDD= / ; . = ; 9BG5 1 T $ DDD ; & 6* o / 9 N; * /$D %IT 1 " * 'F (( = 6 ; . = -P99= - / "* ; =I / $A ; % $ DDD % .; ' , $ 59 A M= 9 %; 6 1 $ DDD ; +( $ DDD [ ( ; % DDD * ( ;9 ;6 ( ; B GsBBG= % UD %JDM +;= !( -;= & 6$ A 1 DDD ! =% ; +MJ D '() & * 6 G; $A M - - 7Y [;= !J !J Q" 3 6 =I / & 9 GG; *( ; BB95B B= % ; (;= ( [ % M = / ; B.= -' [; F 1 *1 $ %% = / ; BB= M T 6 +; = / ; B9= M T 6 +; 'F 8 ;B 0 89 : 89 : #! ; (; 0 ;= Dr DM %; = ; B 5B 9= I / 1 " " ;= [ 9 * = 6 ; BB= - ; B$7=X" 9; - 6 /C %IT& 6$ + * N= ; 9 ; = A ; 9 U1 59 = 0 9 9 ! 8 : 8B : 8B9: 8B : 6! - 'D 3( 77%IT' M !J (( "" $ %% ;A;= % M (D - U;= " $A 1 0 DU%= ;B & '() & * J [; A : = - " 7; ; ' , 1 % % * 5B9 = 9 N; @( * )+ " @ =1 : )) 4 ) ) $ % $ B; ( HD1%IT % 6 $ DDD %'m G; * ; % +( ; ) ( = - / "* M(D -ID UDM -; ;= ; B N5 =9 J (U #! % - % I3 = 6 ; o / ( ; .= " = 1@ $ DDD 9= ; N.N5 NG.; 8BB: 8B : 8B.: m! I' -' m; % m 'D% & 6 ; '; -UD- %;= [!& A " //C%IT A ; " ; 1 H$=1" E7$=1%IT 5 $ DDD [; !- I; 6 90I ; (1 $ A = 9G -I ' 6DD- M (;= 6 - UDM (D [UD- D; %IT * % $ DDD D B 5B. ; 8B : T( - [;5(; ;= UJ & 6$ DDD [ G 5 G ; 8B : 7J(-DM DDD U1 = ( + 7 : 8 9: ; 6 5 $ /$7 " EH$V1%IT = 9 N; /-F / /K17H %IT 5 0 9; I - 1& 6 = ( "* CB B= ; DM [; ;= 7!M-D' r 7; ; 7=1%IT " 0 5 = 6 ; B = - ; 99= - / "* (;= (D -M ( m; % 1 * = "* ;= +! 7 [;= M = 6 ; BN= - ; 9= [ 8 ' = BB= * 8BG: 8BN: % P 3 .$ . 5 G9; 1N# ( % % & 6 1 3 7B %IT$ MI ; 9 " 9; T+DM'DM '; ; 7D1%IT " % @( $ DDD [ / B= ; 9B.59B ; ( DIIDM U; 7;= 7JU TJ ; * " * GB %IT GH %IT6 1CVD ( 6 ; BN= ; 99B t99BN= [ B; (;= MD - (;5%; " E* 5 = / ; BN= = 1 ( "T " " $ DDD [; 1 & 6 % @( ( ; =0 / B= - 0 ( 5 ( & 6 5 = ( ; DDD [ 0 ; 9N 59 9; 9 ! 8 : 8 B: 8 : "" #! $ %% & (;= MD - (;5%;= 7MD D-7 %A M; * @ % @( ( " = 6 ; 9 = - ; B= " m -7 DM m; DDD ; 5 . t ..; (;= MD - (;5%;= " B; ; VB %IT $ U 1; (;= MD - (;5%;= J !MA ; ( @ ** * CC1%IT " %IT$ DDD [ 0 5 ; 8 G: ADM-U m;= 7- AA (;= JI -'DM 7; KD %IT % @( $ DDD [ 9 = * = ; 9 B59 ; : ' , ( o / m B$7= Q" % P 3 ; A = I / % & 6 ( ( DD %ITE ;= 6 ; B = - ; 9N= ; 9B G59B = 8 .: 8 +( ; GC %IT & 6 $ DDD % = ; 5N9; CV %IT 0; # (mDMU %; $D ; '() & * ; F 6 $ B= ; @ % & 6 ( " (( = 6 ; B = - ; 9 = ; 9G. 59G.N= ! ;& 1 0 m -7 DM m;= +!M-'M +DM [;= (D -D% -- +; 1@ $ D M 5 A 5 0 = = ; 9B959B ; - * "* * /BB * ( =/ ;B = ; 5 1 1 0 @ B /BB %IT D 9 B