Phobias Revision Part 1: Theories of Phobias Classical Conditioning Social Learning Theory Preparedness Part 2: Methodology Questionnaires Experiments using animals Part 3: Key Studies Jones (1924) – curing a boy’s phobia Bennett-Levy and Marteau (1984) – fear of animals Heinrichs et al (2005) – cultural differences in fears Part 4: Treating Phobias Flooding Systematic Desensitisation The ethics of therapies Part 5: Psychologists The job of a clinical psychologist Becoming a clinical psychologist Clinical psychology and phobias Part 1 Classical Conditioning This was proposed by Ivan Pavlov using dogs. Why was he initially investigating about the dogs? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Describe the dogs’ behaviour ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Pavlov put a tube through the dogs’ cheeks to measure something. What was it? _______________________________________________________ Pavlov rang the bell and the dog did not salivate and then he rang it and gave the dog some food in the conditioning process and he repeated this process many times. Why was the repetition necessary? ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ He then just rang the bell and provided no food. How did the dogs respond? ________________________________________________________ What had the dogs learnt? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Identify the NS, UCS, UCR, CS, and CR before, during and after conditioning. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Write a definition of classical conditioning and association below. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Generalisation is when a conditioned response is produced to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus but what does the word extinction mean? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ If a girl is playing on a beach in shallow water and she catchers her shoe in a stone and trips and cuts her knee and gets wet which makes her dad pick her up what phobia may she develop at home? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Identify the NS, UCS and UCR before conditioning in this case ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ During conditioning the water is the NS and the UCS is falling over and the UCR is fear. What would the CS and CR be after conditioning? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Watson and Rayner used classical conditioning with a little boy called Albert. Outline what they did to the child: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ How can extinction be used to help phobics? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Is extinction an easy way of getting rid of a phobia? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Phobias can actually be learned from a single event. What is the correct term for this type of learning? ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ SLT This theory involves imitating role models. Who are people most likely to copy? ________________________________________________________ What is vicarious learning? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Coombes et al (1980) let two rats drink from a spout. One had been given an injection to make it sick. Later, both rats avoided drinking from the spout. Explain these findings using the principles of SLT ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ SLT can apply to emotions and behaviours. People copy anger and sadness for example. Fear can also be learnt in this way. Mineka et al (1984) conducted a laboratory experiment using monkies. Evaluate their sample ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ These monkies had grown up in the wild and were afraid of snakes. The monkies born in captivity were not afraid of snakes. He beloved the wild ones had learnt their behaviour from adult monkies and so tested this by looking at different reactions. These reactions included to snakes (real, toys and models) and other items such as black and yellow cord and triangles. The wild born ones were afraid of snakes and the lab born ones were afraid of none of the items. The lab born ones then watched the reactions of the wild born monkies. What do you think happened to the behaviour of the lab born monkies? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Snakes are actually dangerous to monkies as they can kill them so why is this research not useful in showing that phobias can be learnt? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ When birds see a predator they give a warning call and Curio (1988) showed that SLT can explain the fact that blackbirds learn to give predator and non predator alarms. This experiment used two blackbirds – teacher and a learner – in cages so they could not see each other but could see a stuffed bird. The teacher could see a stuffed owl and the learner a honeyeater. Which one of the stuffed birds is a predator and which one is not? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Who would give and alarm call based on what they could seeteacher or learner? ________________________________________________________ Who would then imitate an alarm call even though they are in no danger? ________________________________________________________ Townend et al (2000) believe that children’s dental phobia is dependent upon their parent(s) being anxious about the dentist also. What type of phobia is this? ________________________________________________________ Leib et al (2000) looked at social phobias like being frightened of new people and found children were more likely to have a social phobia if their parents did. How could this study support both sides of the nature-nurture debate? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Preparedness This is the tendency to learn some associations more easily, quickly and permanently than others. This theory links to the idea that being fearful may be an evolutionary advantage/adaptive response. What does this mean? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ The above idea works with fear of situations/objects which are actually dangerous but often people have irrational phobias of harmless situations or objects. Seilgman (1971) believed we learn links between some things more easily than others. For example we are more likely to fear deep water than dense grass. Evolutions seems to have prepared us to learn about things that are threatening. Seilgman argued that less input is needed to learn and association to a prepared stimulus than a non prepared one. He used the example of fire and rock. Which one would evolution prepare use to develop a phobia to more easily and why? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ What other situations are dangerous for humans and so may be classed as prepared stimuli? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ People who ‘play it safe’ will be able to have more children and pass on their genes. What does ‘play it safe’ mean? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ This theory fits with the idea of ‘survival of the fittest.’ What does this mean? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Seilgman is arguing that we have evolved to be conditioned more easily to fear of some items/situations than others. Which side of the nature-nurture debate his ideas lie? ________________________________________________________ How can this theory be used to explain why some phobias seem to be more common than others? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Genes control our physical features such as eye and hair colour directly but they can also in groups shape our personality. Why does this mean that phobias from classical conditioning and SLT could technically be due to nature or nurture? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ How does Bennett-Levy and Marteau’s study support the nature side of the debate? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Slater and Shield (1969) found that MZ twins had more similar phobias than DZ twins. Which side of the debate does this support? ________________________________________________________ Part 2 Definition of Questionnaire: A set of questions that are written down and given to participants to answer either by ticking/clicking boxes of writing/typing answers. What sort of data can you get from questionnaires? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ In structured questionnaires the questions are in a fixed order and everyone answers all the questions. Why is this an advantage? ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Why is it a disadvantage? ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Participants are given standardised instructions to help them complete the questionnaire. These can be written or read out. What is the advantage of standardised instructions? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Some questions are ‘closed’ and others are ‘open-ended.’ What are the differences between them? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Why type of questions produce more in depth answers and allow people to describe their feelings, opinions or actions? ________________________________________________________ Rank-style questions require participants to say how much ‘more’ or ‘less’ things are. Write a questionnaire about phobias in this style. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Likert-type scales require participants to judge how much they agree with a statement and measure attitudes. Write a questionnaire about phobias in this style. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Strengths of questionnaires include they are standardised, allow for informed consent and the right to withdraw and can be applied to real life. Can you think of three more strengths? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Weaknesses of questionnaires include they are subject to response and social desirability biases and so often the aim needs to be hidden. Which ethical issues does this raise? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Experiments using animals In the course you have looked at six studies using animals. List them here: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ There are laws and guidelines to help researchers use animals ethically including: -minimising the amount of pain and fear caused -avoiding social isolation -using the smallest possible number of animals -using a species which will suffer the least From the studies listed above which ones do you think followed these guidelines the least and which ones followed them the most? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Using animals has several strengths including the fact they are similar to humans, simpler than humans and they can have their environments controlled. Can you think of any more strengths? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ There a problems with using animals including that they are not exactly the same as humans and so results are not completely generalisable. Can you think of any more weaknesses? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Monkeys, dogs and cats are more similar to humans than birds or fish so which studies from your list of animal studies have used the best samples? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Using animals allows the experimenter to use controls such as knowing where the participants is and controlling how much they can mover around and what they can eat. Why is this useful? ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ How can research using animals be useful to animals beyond the lab? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Give two characteristics of humans that make us very different from humans. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Part 3 Jones (1924) – curing a boy’s phobia In this unit you looked at a study by Watson and Rayner. Summarise their study here: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Jones’ study investigated whether a phobia in a little boy could be deconditioned and whether this would generalise to other objects. They used a boy called Peter who was 2 years and 10 months old at the start of the observation. Who would she have gotten consent from and why? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ She watched Peter playing with beads in his cot as an experimenter showed him a white rat; he screamed and was moved away, leaving his beads behind. When his beads when touched by the rat he protested but did not when another child touched them. The next day Peter’s reactions to different objects were observed including.... Playroom and cot White ball, rolled in Fur coat over cot Cotton balls Hat with feathers Blue wolly jumper White cloth rabbit Wooden doll Peter generalised his fear to three of these objects – which ones do you think and why? ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Peter was also shown a rabbit which he was more scared of than the rat. Why do you think he would be more scared of this animal? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ To decondition Peter he had play sessions with three other children and the rabbit. Peter was sometimes observed alone. New situations were used to get him closer to the rabbit. Give examples of three of these: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Why was it a good idea to have other non fearful children there? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Peter’s behaviout improved and worsened across the sessions. For example, he went backwards in terms of progress in session 33 when the rabbit scratched him. Six people looked at the sessions Peter had in a random order and had to put them into a tolerance series. Classical conditioning was used to help Peter and food he liked was paired with the rabbit. Peter eventually lost his phobia of the rabbit and other feared objects although he preferred the rabbit to these. What other type of learning theory could explain him losing his fear? ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Strengths of the study include the fact that observations were detailed and over a long period of time and other people were used to develop the tolerance series . Why are these strengths? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Can you think of anymore strengths? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Jones is known as ‘the mother of behaviour therapy’ –why do you think this is? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Her study has problems including that the gaps between sessions were not consistent and we do not know which technique helped Peter most. Can you think of anymore? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Bennett-Levy and Marteau (1984) – fear of animals These researchers suggest that we have evolved ways to judge which animals are dangerous. They aimed to find out whether we are more afraid of or avoid animals that move quickly, move suddenly or look very different from people. They used two questionnaires which both asked about 29 animals. The participants were told that none of the animals were dangerous. Why do you think they used two questionnaires and so many animals? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questionnaire 1 asked about fear of animals and how close the person would get to them. The fear scale went from 1 to 3 and the nearness scale 1-5. What type of questionnaire is this and what data would it produce? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Questionnaire 2 measured how the participants felt about each animal. They rated each species on a three-point scale for ugliness, sliminess, how suddenly they move and how speedy they were. What type of questionnaire is this and what data would it produce? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Thirty men and thirty four women answered questionnaire 1 and 49 different people answered questionnaire 2 (24 men and 25 women). Some participants were also interviewed. What design was used in the study? ________________________________________________________ Evaluate the sample ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ The most feared animals were rat and cockroach and the least feared were ladybird and rabbit. Animals which looked very different to humans were rated as ugly. Participates were more fearful of ugly animals. Men and women judged ugliness in similar ways as well as sliminess. Speediness and sudden movement. Women were less likely to approach many of the animals. Can you explain this gender difference? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ General findings were that people were less likely to approach ugly or slimy, speedy or suddenly moving animals and were more afraid of them also. They also thought speedy animals moved suddenly. How can these findings be explained using ‘preparedness’ theory? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ The weaknesses of the study include the fact that the questionnaires missed other factors which make people fearful which they mentioned in the interview. Can you think of any other problems? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Strengths include the fact that there was no direct contact with animals to minimise upset and using two different groups of participants avoided demand characteristics. Are there any other strengths? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Heinrichs et al (2005) – cultural differences in fears When studying culture, the researchers distinguished between individualistic and collectivist cultures. Give an example of each. ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ What are the differences between individualistic and collectivist cultures? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Heinrichs wanted to find out whether there were cultural differences between the types of fears people have. They focused on how culture affects social anxiety. Social anxiety is a fear someone has of social situations. Give three examples of why situations may cause anxiety in a person with this fear. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ The researchers looked at whether being brought up in different cultures affect social anxiety and fear of blushing. They used 909 university students studying psychology. Evaluate this sample ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ They were from right different universities in eight countries and all volunteered to participate out of interest. They were divided into two groups; collectives and individualist based on where they lived. What sort of design is this? ________________________________________________________ They were given a short description of a social situation and asked to say how they would react. One example involved offering an answer in class and those willing to put themselves forward in front of the class were rated as having low social anxiety and those who would not were said to have high social anxiety. Can you suggest another scenario the researchers may have used? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ The participants also filled in a social anxiety and blushing questionnaire to measure their individual fear of social situations and interaction with other people and their fear of embarrassment. Is this a subjective or objective measure? ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Those from collectivist cultures showed higher social anxiety and gave answers that avoided public interaction or public speaking. There were also more fearful of blushing. The most anxious were Japanese and the least anxious Germany. What can be concluded from this study? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ How can these findings be explained by social norms, customs and traditions? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Why is this study relevant to the nature-nurture debate? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Evaluate this study ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Part 4 Flooding This is an extreme therapy based on the theory of classical conditioning. It involves confronting your fear directly. Why might this therapy be considered unethical? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ What principle is classical conditioning based on? ________________________________________________________ Flooding uses this idea to get people to associate their fear with relaxation. What responses are normally associated with fear? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ How does the body show signs of being fearful? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ The aim of flooding is to substitute the anxiety with relaxation. So the client needs to identify the feared object or situation and then they can be exposed to it directly. This is a very stressful process but eventually the body calms down. The phrase ‘you cannot scream forever’ is true but what does it mean in relation to the body’s response to fear? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Joseph Wolpe (a South African psychologist) showed this therapy to be effective. He used a girl who was scared of cars and he drove her around for hours. What would her initial response be? ________________________________________________________ After a while she linked cars with relaxation and overcome her fear. However, why cannot we not generalise this effectiveness finding? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Similar case studies have been reported in the media. A man on TV was exposed to snakes whilst in a harnessed chair with his arms strapped to a tabletop. Snakes were put on his arms for over half an hour. What would his initially response have been and how would he have responded after the half an hour? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Why might this treatment be declined by many clients? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Systematic Desensitisation This is similar to flooding but it is far less stressful and also shown to be more effective at times. It involves being exposed to the feared object but in a more gradual way. Why might this treatment be preferred? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ The first stage of the therapy is where the patient identifies the feared object or situation. There are then four more stages to the therapy. Outline them below: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Write a definition of anxiety and one of hierarchy of fears. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ The ethics of therapies Of the two therapies above which one is most traumatic and why? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Which ethical guidelines does this therapy break? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Why does the other therapy give the client more control? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ What is the problem with both therapies? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Whilst the therapies may be ethically concerning, the patients are aware of the nature of the therapy they are undertaking and they are only used for the most serious of phobias. Give two more points to defend the use of these therapies. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Phobias can be distressing, but how would you define this term precisely? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ There are many phobias including zoophobia which is a fear of animals and xenophobia which is a fear of strangers. Give five more technical names for phobias and outline what each one is a phobia of. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ In flooding patients are not allowed to withdraw from the therapy because this could make their phobia worse in the long run. Why do you think this is? ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Part 5 The Job of a Clinical Psychologist Psychologists deal with a dysfunction, which means that a family, person or social structure is not working appropriately and needs help. Clinical psychologists focus on mental health issues. What sort of settings/places would they work in? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ They use various techniques including some based on Freud’s ideas. Which techniques might these be? ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ When counselling them they use a holistic view. What does this mean? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ They not only use Freudian techniques but also other forms of therapy. Suggest two alternatives they could use ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ As they work with people suffering from, mental disorders as well as those adjusting to physical illness or a learning disability what age range do you think they offer services to? Sometimes therapy is given in groups but it can also be in one-to-one sessions. Give two positives and two negatives of each option ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Clinical psychologists are required to do eleven different roles including keeping up to date on current issues. List the other ten roles they have to do: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ They have to work with people who are distressed who may display anger or be very withdrawn and resistant. To deal with such people what sort of skills would a clinical psychologist need? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ One example of situations they would help within is resolving problems such as building attachments or adult relationships. Suggest two mort client issues they may help with: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Clinical psychologists have to work in teams and so work within a community and also have to communicate with other agencies. Give three examples of other agencies they may need to contact when helping a client ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ To help with a problem there are three clear stages, the first one being making an assessment of the problem. What are the other two? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ To asses a person’s needs they need to gather evidence and can do this by listening and discussing issues with the client as well as observe behaviour and carry out psychometric tests. What are psychometric tests? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Solutions need to be put forward to help the person. There are several options. What options could they offer a person with a phobia and why are there several options available? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Working conditions can be difficult as clinical psychologists are often under-funded. How might this affect patients? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Clinical psychologists can be responsible for training others in the NHS as well as doing their own research. They may also choose to specialise in a type of care such as working with adults who have suffered head traumas. What are the benefits and problems of having such different roles within the same occupation? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ A clinical psychologist is usually a chartered psychologist so they can maintain CPD, but was is CPD? ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Becoming a Clinical Psychologist The job of a clinical psychologist is the most popular career choice for those planning on being a psychologist upon completion of a Psychology degree and most of them work for the NHS. This means they have to use a medical model to treat psychological problems. What do you think a medical model is? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Why is taking a medical model not necessarily the best option? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Some clinical psychologists work for a private practice but they must be registered with the BPS and maintain contact with them. What is the BPS? ________________________________________________________ Some clinical psychologists are self-employed or employed by other agencies such as universities. Discuss the benefits of working for the NHS, yourself, another agency or a private practice ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Clinical psychologists usually work a normal working week but can also work during the weekends and evenings. There wage can range from £30,000 to £70,000. Why do you think there is such variation in the salary? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Clinical psychologists need a degree in Psychology which is recognised by the BPS as well as relevant work experience before applying to do a doctorate course. Once they have completed the doctorate they need t secure a job as a trainee with the NHS. How long does this training process take altogether (you may need to check how long a doctorate is) ________________________________________________________ What are the benefits and problems with the training route outlined above? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Most psychologists apply for chartered status with the BPS and they need to meet the requirements of this institution to be called a ‘psychologist’ as well as having the backing of two people who are already chartered psychologists. Why do you think gaining chartered status is so rigorous? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Clinical Psychology and Phobias Flooding is one technique clinical psychologists can use to treat phobias but is not as popular as systematic desensitisation or CBT. Why do you think this is? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Medication may also be used but this is often used as a short-term measurement to help with associated anxiety. Why do you think it is not a long term option? ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Some clinicians mix systematic desensitisation and CBT and this is called exposure therapy. What are the benefits of having such a range of options? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ In systematic desensitisation the person has to imagine the fearinducing situation rather than experiencing it and at the same time they learn to relax. Eventually relaxation replaces their fear response. Why could this treatment be considered ethical? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ CBT has good results in many areas including phobias and is derived from scientific theories. It combines two approaches, what are these? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Automatic negative thoughts are identified and replaced with less negative ones. This then changes their behaviour to more positive/appropriate behaviour. Are there any problems with the technique? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Exposure therapy changes thinking patterns as well as systematically lowering the fear response to situations which induce fear. It has a 90 percent success rate in Canada and can work in even a few sessions. It is best for specific phobias, but what are these? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ It does not work so well with social phobias. What are these and why might it not work with them? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Exposure therapy has three stages. Outline them below: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ There are six important features of the therapy including having regular sessions so fear can be lowered regularly, making the client face their fear so they can be more confident about their fears and offering them skills training to handle fearful stimuli in the real world. What are the other important features? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Sometimes hypnotherapy is used. Who suggested this therapy and what does it involve doing? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Psychodynamic-based therapies look at understanding phobias but are not used very often. Why do you think this is? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________