architecture

 Talk about the jump in transistor count:
The transistor is a semiconducting device that controls voltage and current. It can also
control the direction of current. This is one of the basic components of a computer.
This semiconductor is commonly used in microchips and computers. Its primary
function is to generate binary 0’s and 1’s, and it can combine with other transistors to
form logic gates. Once the process is complete, the output signals are sent to the
processor.
o Explain what CPU transistors are.
When you go to the market to buy a laptop or a phone, the retailers will
explain the various features of those electronic devices to you. They may
have told you that it has a 14nm CPU size or a 10nm processor size. You
may have heard this from them. This is an outstanding processor; it
consumes less power, consumes less heat, the battery lasts longer, the
processing speed is greater
o Explain why transistor length matters.
CPUs are made up of billions of transistors and are housed in a
single chip. The smaller the distance between transistors in the
processor (in nm), the more transistors can fit in a given space. As a
result, the distance traveled by electrons to perform useful work is
reduced. This ultimately results in faster computing power, less
energy consumption and heat dissipation, less thermal output
around the board, and smaller die size, which ultimately reduces
costs and increases transistor density of the same size, resulting in
more cores per chip. Intel currently employs 10nm or 14nm
technology, while TSMC employs 7nm technology. These are the
processor's lithography.
o Explain how meaningful the jump from 14 nanometer to 10 nanometer is.
 Talk about support for PCIe-5:
PCIe 5.0
o Explain what is PCIe.

PCIe (peripheral component interconnect express) is an interface standard for
connecting high-speed components. And It’s the primary way that expansion
cards such as sound cards, graphics cards, and networking cards connect to your PC.
And It completely replaced AGP cause AGP was only for graphics cards while
PCIe had to be used for pretty much everything else .(with pic 1 )
Every desktop PC motherboard has a number of PCIe slots the types of PCIe
slots available in your PC will depend on the motherboard you buy.
PCIe slots come in different physical configurations: x1, x4, x8, x16, x32. The
number after the x tells you how many lanes (how data travels to and from the
PCIe card) that PCIe slot has. A PCIe x1 slot has one lane and can move data
at one bit per cycle. A PCIe x2 slot has two lanes and can move data at two
bits per cycle (and so on).
The official 5.0 standard debuted in May 2019. It bring 128 GBps of
throughput. The specification is backwards compatible with previous PCIe
generations and also includes new features, including electrical changes to
improve signal integrity and backward-compatible CEM connectors for add-in
cards. Intel was the first to embrace the PCIe 5.0 on the CPU side with
its Alder Lake platform. However, the first PCIe 5.0 devices have appeared for
enterprise customers in 2022, with consumer offerings to follow.
o
o Explain the differences between PCIe 4 and 5.
Bandwidth
Gigatransfer
Frequency
PCIe 1.0
8 GB/s
2.5 GT/s
2.5 GHz
PCIe 2.0
16 GB/s
5 GT/s
5 GHz
PCIe 3.0
32 GB/s
8 GT/s
8 GHz
PCIe 4.0
64 GB/s
16 GT/s
16 GHz
PCIe 5.0
128 GB/s
32 GT/s
32 GHz

o Explain how the new bus lanes that were added in the PCIe 5 specification
help improve connectivity and performance.
Do all the Intel Alder Lake processors support PCIe 5?
The short answer to this particular question is no. Only the 12th-gen Alder Lake desktop parts
support PCIe Gen 5. This means, all mobile chips -- including the Alder Lake H-series, P-
series, and U-series chips -- only support PCIe 4.0. According to the company, both the lack
of end-user PCIe Gen 5 products and a lack of time to qualify the faster interface were the
reasons to not add PCIe 5.0 support to the mobile chips.