CHAPTER 5 PROBLEM (5.1) A hollow steel shaft of outer radius c is fixed at one end and subjected to a torque T at the other end , as shown in Fig. P5.1. If the shearing stress is not to exceed all , what is the required inner radius b ? Given: c = 30 mm , T = 2 kN m, all = 80 MPa SOLUTION all c b . 2 Tc (c 4 b 4 ) or 80(106 ) 2(2 103 )(0.03) [(0.03)4 b4 ] or 80(106 )[0.81(106 ) b4 ] 38.197 Solving, b 0.024 m 24 mm ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM(5.2) A solid shaft of diameter d = 2 in. is to be replaced by a hollow circular tube of the same material, resisting the same maximum shear stress and the same torque T (Fig. P5.2). Determine the outer diameter D of the tube if its wall thickness is t = D/25. SOLUTION t Di d=2in. D max D 25 T ( d 2) T ( D 2) 4 d 32 ( D 4 Di4 ) 32 or 23 4 ) ] 25 (2)3 D3 (0.2836) D 3.046 in. d 3 D 3 [1 ( 5-1 23 25 D ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM(5.3) A solid shaft of diameter d and a hollow shaft of outer diameter D and thickness t = D/4 are to transmit the same torsional loading at the same maximum shear stress (Fig. P5.2). Compare the weights of these two shafts of equal length. SOLUTION Di d max D 2 D 16T T ( D 2) 16T 3 1 d ( D 4 Di4 ) D 3 (1 ) 32 16 or 15 d 3 D3 ( ), 16 D 1.0217d Ratio of weight: D 2 ( D 2) 2 0.75(1.0217d ) 2 0.783 d2 d2 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.4) The circular shaft is subjected to the torques shown in Fig. P5.4. What is the largest shearing stress in the member and where does it occur? SOLUTION Apply the method of sections between the change of load points: TEF 50 N m TDE 30 N m TCD TBC 120 N m TAB 80 N m We have J h 2 [(0.025)4 (0.015)4 ] 0.534 106 m4 Thus, max Tc J : 2T 2(80) 3.26 MPa 3 c (0.025)3 2(120) 120(0.025) 4.89 MPa, CD 5.62 MPa 3 (0.025) 0.534 106 AB BC 5-2 DE 30(0.025) 1.40 MPa, 0.534 106 EF 50(0.025) 2.34 MPa 0.534 106 CD max 5.62 MPa So, ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.5) Four pulleys, attached to a solid stepped shaft, transmit the torques shown in Fig. P5.5. Calculate the maximum shear stress for each segment of the shaft. SOLUTION Apply the method of sections between the change of load points: TCD 1 kN m TBC 2.5 kN m TAB 2.5 kN m Therefore, max 2T c 3 : 2(2.5 103 ) 58.9 MPa (0.03)3 2(2.5 103 ) BC 101.9 MPa (0.025)3 2(1103 ) CD 79.6 MPa (0.02)3 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.6) Redo Prob. 5.5, with a hole of 20-mm diameter drilled axially through the shaft AB to form a tube. SOLUTION We have, applying the method of sections: TCD 1 kN m TBC 2.5 kN m TAB 2.5 kN m Hence, max 2Tc (c 4 b 4 ) gives, 2(2.5 103 )(0.03) 59.7 MPa [(0.03)4 (0.01)4 ] 2(2.5 103 )(0.025) 104.5 MPa [(0.025)4 (0.01)4 ] 2(1103 )(0.02) 84.9 MPa [(0.02)4 (0.01)4 ] AB BC CD 5-3 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM(5.7) A stepped shaft ABC is fixed at the left end and carries the torques TB and TC at sections B and C as illustrated in Fig. P5.7. Calculate the maximum shearing stress in the shaft. Given: d1 = 2 in., d2 = 1 ¾ in., TB = 30 kip in., TC = 12 kip in. SOLUTION TBC 12 kip in. TAB 18 kip in. Thus, max 2T c 3 gives 2(18 103 ) AB 11.46 ksi (1)3 2(12 103 ) BC 11.4 ksi (7 8)3 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.8) A stepped shaft ABC with fixed end at A is subjected to the torques TB and TC at sections B and C (Fig. P5.7). Determine the maximum shearing stress in the shaft. Given: d1 = 60 mm, d2 = 50 mm, TC = 3 kN m, TB = 2 kN m SOLUTION TBC 3 kN m TAB 1 kN m Then, max 2T c yields 3 2(3 103 ) 122.2 MPa (0.025)3 2(1103 ) 23.6 MPa (0.03)3 BC AB ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.9) Determine the values of the torques TB and TC applied at sections B and C so that each segment of the shaft shown in Fig. P5.7 is stressed to a permissible shear strength of all . Given: d1 = 2 3/8 in., d2 = 2 in., all = 14 ksi SOLUTION max 2T , c3 T max c3 2 Thus, 14(103 ) (1)3 21.99 kip in. 2 14(103 ) (19 16)3 TBA TB TC 36.83 kip in. 2 TC TBC 5-4 or TB 21.99 36.83 58.82 kip in. ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.10) The torques TB and TC are applied at sections B and C of the stepped shaft shown in Fig. P5.7. Determine: (a) The maximum permissible value of the torque Tall , if the allowable tensile stress in part BC is all . (b) The allowable compressive stress in part BC. Given: d1 = 100 mm, d2 = 50 mm, TB = 12 kN m, all = 140 MPa SOLUTION The polar moment of inertias are J AB (100) 4 9.817(106 ) mm 4 32 J BC (50) 4 0.614(106 ) mm 4 32 In tension and compression (Figs. 5.8 and 5.10): Tc max max J (a) We have all TBC CBC T (0.025) ; 140(106 ) C J BC 0.614(10 6 ) TC TBC 3.438 kN m or (b) TAB TB TC 12 3.438 8.562 kN m TAB c AB 8.562(103 )(0.05) J AB 9.817(106 ) 43.61 MPa all ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.11) A solid axle of diameter d is made of cast iron having an ultimate strength of in tension u , ultimate strength in compression u ’ , and ultimate strength in shear u . Calculate the largest torque that may be applied to the axle. Given: d = 50 mm, u = 170 MPa, u ’ = 650 MPa, u = 240 MPa SOLUTION Formula (5.14a): at 45o max 170 MPa at 135o min 650 MPa 5-5 The critical criterion is thus Tc 170 MPa J gives 170(106 ) (0.025)3 4.17 kN m Tmax 2 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.12) A hollow shaft is made by rolling a plate of thickness t into a cylindrical shape and welding the edges along the helical seams oriented at an angle to the axis of the member (Fig. P5.12). If the permissible tensile and shear stresses in the weld are all and all , respectively, what is the maximum torque that can be applied to the shaft? = 60o, all = 100 MPa, Given: D = 120 mm, t = 5 mm, all = 55 MPa SOLUTION 60 90 150o J [(0.06) 4 (0.055) 4 ] 5.984 10 6 m 4 2 From Eq. (5.14a) at 150o : x ' sin 300o 0.866 Tc T (0.06) 100 106 0.866 0.866 J 5.984 106 T 11.52 kN m or Similarly, Eq. (5.14b): x ' y ' cos300o 0.5 gives T (0.06) 55 106 0.5 , T 10.97 kN m 5.986 106 Thus, Tall 10.97 kN m ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.13) Redo Prob. 5.12, assuming that the helical seam is oriented at an angle = 40 o to the axis of the member (Fig. P5.12). SOLUTION From solution of Prob. 5.12: J 5.984 106 m4 5-6 From Equations (5.14) at 40 90 130o , x ' sin 260o 0.985 Tc T (0.06) 100 (106 ) 0.985 0.985 J 5.984 106 or T 10.13 kN m and x ' y ' cos 260o 0.174 55 106 0.174 T (0.06) , 5.984 106 T 31.52 kN m Thus, Tall 10.13 kN m ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.14) A solid steel bar having the shear modulus of elasticity G and diameter d is subjected to a torque T. Determine the maximum shear strain in the member. Given: d = 2 in., T = 20 kip in., G = 12 x 106 psi SOLUTION 2T 2(20 103 ) 12.73 ksi c3 (1)3 12.73(103 ) max max 1060 G 12(106 ) ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.15) A tube of outer diameter D and inner diameter d experiences a torque at its max ends T, as shown in Fig. P5.15. At this loading, from measurement of a strain gage positioned at an angle it is calculated that shear strain =1155 . Determine the shear modulus of elasticity G of the material. Given: D = 100 mm , d = 80 mm, T = 10 kN m, = 60o SOLUTION J [(0.05) 4 (0.04) 4 ] 5.796 106 m 4 2 Equations (5.14b) with 30o gives max cos(60o ) 0.5 max Thus, 0.5Tc G J (1155 106 ) 0.5(10 103 )(0.05) 37.3 GPa 5.796 106 (1155 106 ) 5-7 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.16) Rework Prob. 5.15 for the case in which a strain gage positioned at an angle = 25° (Fig. P5.15). SOLUTION From solution of Prob. 5.15: J 5.796 106 m4 Equations (5.14b) with 65o : max cos(130o ) 0.643 max Therefore, G 0.643Tc (0.643)(10 103 )(0.05) J (1155 106 ) (5.796 106 )(1155 106 ) 48 GPa ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.17) An electric motor at A exerts a torque of TA on part AB of the shaft ABCD of the assembly shown in Fig. P5.17. Torques TB , TC , and TD transmitted through a gears B and C, and pulley D, respectively. Calculate the maximum shear stresses in the parts AB, BC, and CD of the shaft. Given: dAB = 2 in., dBC = 1½ in., dCD = 1½ in., TA = 25 kip in., TB = 12 kip in. TC = 8 kip in., Assumptions: TD = 5 kip in. The entire shaft is solid. Friction in the bearings may be neglected. SOLUTION For a circular shaft : max Tc J 2T c 3 . 1 d AB 1 in. 2 2(25 103 ) 15.92 ksi (1)3 Shaft AB: TAB 25 kip in. c AB AB Shaft BC: 2TAB c 3AB 1 d BC 7 8 in. 2 2(13 103 ) 12.35 ksi (7 8)3 TBC 13 kip in. cBC BC 2TBC 3 cBC 5-8 1 d CD 3 4 in. 2 2T 2(5 103 ) CD CD 7.54 ksi 3 cCD (3 4)3 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.18) An electric motor A exerts a torque TA on the assembly shown in Fig. P5.17. Shaft CD: TCD 5 kip in. cCD The shaft is made of steel having an allowable shear stress all . Determine the required diameters dAB , dBC , and dCD for each part of the shaft. Given: TA = 3 kN m, TB = 1.4 kN m, TC = 1.0 kN m, TD = 0. 6 kN m, all = 80 MPa SOLUTION For a circular shaft 16T d 3 or d 3 16T . We have all 80 MPa Shaft AB: TA 3 kN m d AB 16(3 103 ) 0.0576 m 57.6 mm (80 106 ) 3 Shaft BC: TBC 1.6 kN m d BC 3 16(1.6 103 ) 0.0467 m 46.7 mm (80 106 ) Shaft CD: TCD 0.6 kN m dCD 16(0.6 103 ) 0.0337 m 33.7 mm (80 106 ) 3 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.19) Solve Prob. 5.18 for the case in which shaft ABCD (shown in Fig. P5.17) is hollow with outer diameter d and inner diameter d/2 throughout its entire length. SOLUTION T (d 2) 16Td (16) 4 4 d 4 [d ( ) ] [15d ] 32 2 6 3 T 14.726(10 )d all 80 106 or Shaft AB: TA 3 kN m d AB 3 3(103 ) 0.0588 m 58.8 mm 14.726(106 ) 5-9 (1) Shaft BC: TBC 1.6 kN m d BC 3 1.6(103 ) 0.0477 m 47.7 mm 14.726(106 ) Shaft CD: TCD 0.6 kN m dCD 3 0.6(103 ) 0.0344 m 34.4 mm 14.726(106 ) ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (*5.20) The two intersecting shafts are connected by bevel (or conical) gears as shown in Fig. P5.20. Calculate the maximum permissible torque TA that can be applied to shafts A. Given: = 71o , dA = 15 mm, dB = 20 mm Assumption: The gears are made of heat-treated steel for which the allowable shear stress is all = 120 MPa *SOLUTION Shaft A : all 120 MPa cA 1 d A 7.5 mm 2 J A all 3 c A all (7.5 103 )3 (120 106 ) cA 2 2 79.52 N m TA rA Shaft B : all 120 MPa rB cB 1 d B 10 mm 2 J B all 3 cB all (10 103 )3 (120 106 ) cB 2 2 188.5 N m r 1 TA A TB TB rB tan TB Statics : 1 (188.5) 64.91 N m o tan 71 Permissible value of TA is the smaller of the three: (TA ) all 64.91 N m 5-10 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.21) Consider the aluminum shaft AF having shear modulus of elasticity G loaded by the torques applied at the sections B, D, E, and F as illustrated in Fig. P5.21. Determine: (a) The angle of twist at C (b) The angle of twist at F. Given: a = 100 mm, G = 28 GPa SOLUTION We have: Jh [(0.025) 4 (0.015) 4 ] 534 10 9 m 4 2 Applying method of sections, as needed: TEF 70 N m TDE 30 N m TBC TCD 150 N m TAB 100 N m (a) C (TL GJ ) gives: C 0.1 (28 10 ) 9 2 (100 150) (0.025) 4 0.291103 rad 0.017o (b) F C CF result in 0.1 (150 30 70) (28 10 )(534 109 ) rad 0.089o F 0.291103 1.562 103 9 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.22) Pulleys A, B, C, and D are attached to a solid steel shaft with shear modulus of elasticity G and transmit the torques as illustrated in Fig. P5.22. Determine: (a) The relative angle of twist in degrees between pulleys A and D. (b) The relative angle of twist in degrees between pulleys A and C. Given: L 1 = 0.5 m, L 2 = 1.5 m, G = 80 GPa, L 3 =1 m SOLUTION Apply the method of sections: TCD 1.5 kN m TAB 3 kN m TBC 3.5 kN m (a) AD (TL GJ ) gives 5-11 AD 103 (80 109 ) [ 3(0.5) 3.5(1.5) 3(1) ] 4 4 (0.035) (0.03) (0.025) 4 2 1 (1.000 6.48 7.68) 0.105 rad 6o 40 (b) AC 1 (1.000 6.48) 0.044 rad 2.5o 40 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.23) A brass rod AB is bonded to an aluminum rod BC as shown in Fig. 5.23. What is the angle of twist at C? The shear moduli of elasticity for brass and aluminum are Gb and Ga , respectively. Given: Tb = 2Tc = 40 kip-in., d 1 = 2d 2 = 4 in., L 1 = 2L 2 = 16 in., Gb = 6 x 10 6 psi, Ga = 4 x 10 6 psi SOLUTION We have TBC 20 kips in. Then C (TL GJ ) yields 20(103 ) 16 1 2 ] (8 ) 3 4 100 3 (2) 2 2 23.34 103 rad 1.34o C [ 8 TAB 20 kips in. 4 (4 106 ) (1) ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.24) Determine the torques TA , TB, and TC of the aluminum shaft having shear modulus of elasticity G = 28 GPa in equiibrium, as shown in Fig. P5.24. The maximum shear stress in segment AB is 80 MPa, and the rotation is 0.02 rad clockwise as viewed at A with respect to C. SOLUTION T 0 : TB TA TC We have TBA TA So, (1) TBC TA TB TC TC 2TA 2T ; 80(106 ) 3 c (0.05)3 TA 15.71 kN m or Therefore, AD (TL GJ ) : max AB 5-12 (15.71)2 TC (1.5) ] 4 4 (0.05) (0.0375) 9 (80 10 ) 2 4 87.965(10 ) 502.72(104 ) 75.85(104 )TC 0.02 103 [ or TC 5.47 kN m Equation (1) results in then TB 15.71 5.47 21.18 kN m ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.25) Redo Prob. 5.24, given that the relative angle of twist between A and C is zero. SOLUTION From solution of Prob. 5.24: TBA TA 15.72 kN m TBC TC Thus, (TL GJ ) gives 103 (15.71)2 TC (1.5) ] 4 4 (0.05) (0.0375) 9 (28 10 ) 2 TC 6.63 kN m 502.72 75.85TC , 0 Then, [ TB TA TC 15.71 6.63 22.34 kN m ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.26) The solid aluminum rod AB is bonded to the solid bronze rod BC to form a stepped composite shaft that supports the torques T 1 and T 2 acting as shown in Fig. P5.26. Determine the permissible value of the torque T all , if the angle of twist at the free end is not to exceed 3.5 o . Given: Aluminum rod AB: d 1 = 60 mm, L 1 = 0.4 m, G a = 28 GPa, T 1 = T, ( a )all = 205 MPa, ( a ) all = 110 MPa Bronze rod BC : d 2 = 75 mm, L 2 = 0.6 m, G b = 41 GPa, ( b )all = 260 MPa, ( b ) all = 140 MPa T 2 = 3T SOLUTION TBC 4T We have TAB T J AB (60) 4 1.272(106 ) mm 4 J BC (75) 4 3.106(106 ) mm4 32 32 Therefore ( ) J 110(106 )(1.272)(106 ) T a all AB 4.664 kN m c AB 0.03 5-13 T ( b )all J BC 140(106 )(3.106)(106 ) 11.596 kN m cBC 0.0375 Hence TAB L1 TBC L2 Ga J AB Gb J BC T (0.4) 4T (0.6) (3.5) 9 6 9 6 28(10 )(1.272)(10 ) 41(10 )(3.106)(10 ) 180 AC AB BC Solving, T 2.047 kN m 4.664 kN m Tall 2.047 kN m ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.27) Three pulleys are attached to a solid stepped shaft with shear modulus of elasticity G and transmit the torques as illustrated in Fig. P5.27. Determine: (a) The maximum shear stress max in the shaft. (b) The angle of twist (c) The angle of twist BC BD between B and C. between B and D. Given: d 1 = 1¼ in., d 2 = 1 in., L 1 = 20 in., L 2 = 25 in., TD = 3.5 kip in. TB = 4.5 kip in., TC = 8 kip in., G = 4.1 x 10 6 psi SOLUTION TBC 4.5 kip in. TCD 3.5 kip in. 16TAB 16(4.5 103 ) 11.73 ksi 3 d AB (1.25)3 17.82 ksi (a) AB max (b) Shaft BC J BC TBC d4 (1.25) 4 0.24 in.4 32 32 4.5 kip in. LBC 20 in. So BC (c) Shaft CD J CD TCD TBC LBC 4.5(103 )(20) 0.09146 rad 5.2o GJ BC 4.1(106 )(0.24) d 24 (1.0) 4 0.098 in.4 32 32 3.5 kip in. 5-14 LCD 25 in. CD TCD LCD 3.5(103 )(25) 0.21777 rad 12.5o 6 GJ CD 4.1(10 )(0.098) Hence BD BC CD 0.09146 0.21777 0.12631 7.24o ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.28) A solid steel shaft of diameter d and shear modulus of elasticity G is subjected to end torques T that produce an angle of twist per unit length of L . Determine: (a) The maximum tensile stress. (b) The magnitude of the applied torque. Given: d = 1 in., L = 0.02 rad/ft, G = 12 x 10 6 psi SOLUTION max G max Gc(d dx) 12 106 (0.5)(0.02 12) 10 ksi (a) Equation (5.14a): max max 10 ksi (b) T max J c 10 103 ( )(0.5)3 1963 lb in. 2 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (*5.29) A disk is attached to a 1½ in.-diameter, 20-in.-long steel shaft with shear modulus of elasticity G = 12 x 10 6 psi, as shown in Fig. P5.29. In order to achieve a desired natural frequency of torsional vibration, the stiffness of the system is specified so that the disk will rotate 2° under a torque of T = 10 kip in. How deep (x) must a 1-in.-diameter hole be drilled to meet this requirement? *SOLUTION (TL GJ ) 2 T (20 x) Tx 180 GJ s GJ h 90 20 x x ] 4 4 4 (12 106 ) (0.75) (0.75) (0.5) 2 10(103 ) [ 65.7974 3.1641(20 x) 3.9385 x or x 3.348 in. 5-15 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.30) A steel rod of diameter d and shear modulus of elasticity G is rotated at a constant speed in a hole which imposes a frictional torque of 10 N m/m of contact length (Fig. P5.30). Determine: (a) The maximum contact length L if the shearing stress in the shaft is not to exceed 120 MPa. (b) The relative angle of twist between A and B. Given: d = 5 mm, G = 80 GPa SOLUTION (a) Tx 10 x 16T 16(10 x) max 3 ; 120(106 ) d (0.005)3 x 0.295 m 295 mm L (b) AB L 0 (10 x)dx 10 GJ 80 109 ( )(0.0025) 4 2 x2 2.0372 2 88.64 10 L 0 xdx L 1.0186(0.295) 2 0 3 rad 5.08o ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (*5.31) A tapered round aluminum bar with shear modulus of elasticity G and length L is subjected to end torques T, as shown in Fig. P5.31. Determine the angle of twist . Given: d a = 25 mm, d b = 75 mm, L = 2 m, T = 80 N m, G = 28 GPa *SOLUTION 75 mm x O r 80 N m d=1 m B A 2m From geometry: d d 2 , d 1 m 25 75 r 0.0125 , r 0.0125 x x 1 r4 Jx 38.35 109 x 4 2 Thus, 5-16 80 N m 3 3 Tdx 80 dx 3 x 74.5 10 GJ x 28(38.35) x 4 3 1 1 24.834 103 ( 1) 27 3 23.914 10 rad 1.37o ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.32) If the top of a 200-mm-diameter steel well drill pipe having shear modulus of elasticity G = 80 GPa rotates through 90° at a depth of 400 m, calculate the maximum shearing stress in the twisted pipe. SOLUTION 90o 2 rad . TL GJ max Tc J (1,2) Divide Eq.(2) by Eq. (1): max cG cG , max L L Substitute the given data 0.1(80 109 ) max 31.4 MPa 400(2) ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.33) What is the magnitude of the largest allowable torque that a solid steel shaft (G = 11.5 x 106 psi) 6 ft long and 2 in. in diameter can transmit if the maximum shear stress and the total angle of twist are limited to 14 ksi and 0.05 rad, respectively? SOLUTION J 2 (1) 4 1.571 in.4 From TL GJ , we obtain GJ 0.05(11.5 106 )(1.571) L 6 12 12.55 kip in. T We have max 2T c3 from which 5-17 T max ( c3 ) 2 14 103 ( )(1)3 21.99 kip in. 2 Therefore, Tall 12.55 kip in. ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.34) The circular shaft of diameter d and length L shown in Fig. P5.34 is acted upon by a distributed torque of intensity t(x) which varies linearly from zero at the free end to a maximum value of to at the fixed end. Determine: (a) An expression for the total angle of twist A of the free end of the shaft in terms of t0, d, L , and shear modulus of elasticity G. (b) The value of A in degrees for t0 = 500 N m/m, G = 28 GPa, L = 2 m, and d = 50 mm. SOLUTION x t ( x ) t0 L x2 Tx t ( x)dx t0 0 2L Tx dx t 0 GJ 2 LGJ 2 16t0 L 3 d 4G (a) (b) x L 0 x 2 dx t0 L2 6GJ 16(500)(22 ) 19.402 103 rad 1.11o 4 9 3 (0.05) (28 10 ) ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.35) Redo Prob. 5.34, with the intensity per unit length of distributed torque held constant: t(x) = t0 =200 N m/m. SOLUTION Tx dx (t x)dx t0 L2 0 GJ GJ 2GJ 2 16t L 04 d G (a) (b) 16(200)(22 ) 23.28 103 rad 1.33o 4 9 (0.05) (28 10 ) 5-18 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.36) As illustrated in Fig. P5.36, two steel shafts with shear modulus of elasticity G are connected by gears and subjected to a torque T. Determine: (a) The angle of rotation in degrees at D. (b) The maximum shearing stress in each shaft. Given: d1 = 40 mm, d2 = 30 mm, T = 400 N m, G = 80 GPa, rB = 150 mm, rC = 100 mm L1 = 1 m, L2 = 1.5 m, SOLUTION F C 100 mm 150 mm B F TCD T F (0.1) 400 N m F 4 kN TAB 4 103 (0.15) 600 N m 1.5T TL 600(1) 0.0299 rad GJ 80 109 ( )(0.02) 4 2 400(1.5) CD 0.0943 rad 9 4 80 10 ( )(0.015) 2 D CD 1.5AB 0.392 rad 7.97 o (a) AB 2TAB 2(600) 47.8 MPa 3 c (0.02)3 2T 2(400) CD3 75.5 MPa c (0.015)3 (b) AB CD ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.37) Calculate the torque T required to produce an angle of twist of 2o at D of the gear-and-shaft system shown in Fig. P5.36. The shaft is made of bronze having shear modulus of elasticity G. Given: d1 = 60 mm, d2 = 50 mm, G = 40 GPa, L1 = 2 m, L2 = 2.5 m, rB = 180 mm rC = 120 mm SOLUTION From solution of Prob. 5.36: D CD 1.5 AB , TCD T , 5-19 TAB 1.5T Substitute the given data into the above: 2 T 2.5 2 [ 1.5 ] 4 180 (40 109 ) (0.025) (0.03) 4 2 21.9324 T (0.0640 0.0370) T 217.2 N m ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (*5.38) Determine the maximum torque T that may be applied to the composite shaft in Fig. P5.38 if the allowable shear stresses are ( s ) all in the steel core and ( b ) all in the brass tube and if the angle of twist at the free end is not to exceed 3°. Given: c = 50 mm, b = 30 mm, L= 2m Brass : ( b ) all = 60 MPa, G a = 40 GPa ( s ) all = 80 MPa, Steel : G s = 80 GPa *SOLUTION Jb Js 2 2 (0.054 0.034 ) 8.545 106 m 4 (0.03) 4 1.272 106 m 4 Substitute the given data into Eq. (5.23): 3 T (2) 2T 180 (40 8,545) (80 1, 272) 443,560 T 11.62 kN m Introduce the given values into Eq. (5.22): (0.05 40 109 )T 60 106 , T 13.31 kN m 443,560 and (0.03 80 109 )T 80 106 , T 14.79 kN m 443,560 Thus, Tall 11.62 kN m ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.39) Consider the composite shaft in Fig. P5.38 with shear modulus of elasticities G s = 80 GPa and G b = 40 GPa. If the brass tube carries 1.2 times as much torque as does the steel core, determine the ratio of the external to the internal diameter of the tube. SOLUTION We have 5-20 TL TL GJ s GJ b substituting the given data TL (1.2T ) L (80 109 ) b 4 (40 109 ) (c 4 b 4 ) 2 2 or 2.4b 4 c 4 b 4 or c 1.358 b ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.40) A solid steel shaft is fixed at its ends A and B, as illustrated in Fig. P5.40. Determine the value of the permissible torque T applied at section C if the allowable shear stress is all = 12 ksi. SOLUTION TA 4 in. A 7.5 ft 3 in. T C B TB 4.5 ft Apply Eqs.(5.20): T 0.655T , 7.5 4 1 (0.75) 4.5 16T d 3 : TA Using all 0.655T d a3 all TB T TA 0.345T (4)3 (12 103 ) 16 16 T 230 kip in. Similarly, d 3 (3)3 (12 103 ) 0.345T a all 16 16 T 184 kip in. Thus, Tall 184 kip in. ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.41) The round shaft AB in Fig. P5.40 is fixed to rigid walls at both ends and subjected at section C to a torque T. Segment AC is made of aluminum with shear modulus of elasticity G a and segment CB is made of brass having shear modulus of elasticity G a . Calculate the maximum shear stress in each part. Given: T = 100 kip in., G a = 4 x 10 6 psi, G b = 6 x 10 6 psi 5-21 SOLUTION Statics TA TB 100 kip in. Geometry & deformations TA a (100 TB )b Ga J a Gb J b Introducing the given number values TA (7.5) (100 TA )(4.5) (4 106 ) (4) 4 (6 106 ) (3) 4 32 32 25600 256TA 202.6TA or TA 55.8 kip in. TB 100 55.8 44.2 kip in. Hence, 16T 16(55.8 103 ) 4.44 ksi ( max )a ( 3 ) a d (4)3 ( max )b ( 16T 16(44.2 103 ) 8.34 ksi ) d3 b (3)3 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.42) Redo Prob. 5.41, given that shaft AB is made of bronze, for which shear modulus of elasticity G = 6 x 10 6 psi. SOLUTION Using Eqs. (5.20): T 100 TA 65.5 kip in. 7.5 a Jb 4 1 (0.75) 1 4.5 b Ja TB 100 65.5 34.5 kip in. Thus, 16(65.5 103 ) 5.21 ksi (4)3 16(34.5 103 ) ( max )b 6.51 ksi (3)3 ( max )a 5-22 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (*5.43) A solid round shaft with fixed ends is subjected to torques as shown in Fig. (a) (b) (c) P5.43. Determine the reactions in terms of the applied torques (T D, T C ) and dimensions (a, b,c, L ) . A ssuming that T C > T D , sketch the variation of torque along the length of the bar. Calculate the maximum shear stress in the shaft, if d = 75 mm, a = 300 mm, b = 200 mm, c = 100 mm, and T C = 2T D = 6 kN m. *SOLUTION (a)Equations (5.21) bT aT TA TB L L are expressed for this problem: T (b c) TD c TC (b c) TD c TA C L L L TC a TD (a b) TC a TD (a b) TB L L L TC (b) (1) (2) TD TA TB A C a T D b B c TAC TA -TBD -TB x -TCD (c) Introducing the given values: 6(0.3) 3(0.1) TA 2.5 kN m 0.6 6(0.3) 3(0.5) TB 0.5 kN m 0.6 We have TAC 2.5 kN m TCD 3.5 kN m Thus, 16(3.5 103 ) max 42.27 MPa (0.075)3 TBD 0.5 kN m ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.44) Resolve Prob. 5.43, given that the torque TD acts in the opposite direction to that shown in Fig. P5.43. 5-23 SOLUTION (a) In Eqs. (1) and (2) of the solution of Prob. 5.43, replace TD by TD : T (b c) TD c TA C L TC a TD (a b) TB L (b) T TAC TA D A C B -TB -TCD x -TBD (c) Introduce the given data: 6(0.3) 3(0.1) TA 3.5 kN m TAC 0.6 6(0.3) 3(0.5) TB 5.5 kN m TBD 0.6 TCD 2.5 kN m 16(5.5 103 ) 66.43 MPa (0.075)3 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.45) The motor seen in Fig. P5.45 produces T A = 1200 lb in. of torque and is required to deliver T D = 900 lb in. of torque to a gear at D; the relative angle of twist of the shaft Therefore, max AD is 0.8 o . The shaft is made of steel with a shear modulus of elasticity G. Determine the frictional torques T B and T C at bearings B and C. Given: d = 1¼ in., L 1 = L 2 = L 3 = 1 ft, G = 11.4 x 10 6 psi. SOLUTION 5 ( ) 4 239.68 103 in.4 2 8 Statics TB TC 1200 900 300 lb in. Geometry & deformations 0.8 AB BC CD 180 or 1200 L1 (1200 TB ) L2 900aL3 13.963 103 GJ GJ GJ 3 3 11.4(239.68)10 3300 TB 13.963 10 12 J 5-24 (1) from which TB 121 lb in. Equation (1): TC 179 lb in. ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.46) A solid circular shaft (Fig. P5.46) with fixed ends is subjected to a uniformly distributed torque of intensity t(x) = t 0 N m/m. Determine: (a) The reactions at the walls. (b) The maximum shear stress in the shaft. Given: d = 30 mm, L = 4 m, t 0 = 60 kN m/m SOLUTION t0 TA TB A B L T TA x -TB Assume TA as redundant. x Tx TA t0 dx TA t0 x 0 (a) Deformation Tx dx TA GJ GJ TA L t0 L2 GJ 2GJ A L 0 dx t0 GJ L 0 xdx 1 TA t0 L 2 1 TB t0 L Statics: TA TB t0 L, 2 Geometry: A 0, 2T 2(60 4 2) 22.64 MPa c3 (0.015)3 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.47) Resolve Prob. 5.46, given that the intensity of the torque varies linearly, t(x) = (x / L ) t 0 N m/m, along the length of the shaft. (b) max SOLUTION Assume TA as redundant. 5-25 x x 1 Tx TA ( t0 )dx TA t0 x 2 0 L 2L (a) Deformation L Tx dx TA L t T L t L2 0 x 2 dx A 0 GJ GJ GJL 0 GJ 6GJ 1 TA t0 L Geometry: A 0, 6 1 1 TB t0 L Statics: TA TB t0 L, 2 3 A 2T 2(60 4 3) 15.1 MPa c3 (0.015)3 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.48) Two transmission shafts-one a hollow tube with an outer diameter of 100 (b) max mm and an inner diameter of 60 mm, the other solid with a diameter of 100 mm are each to transmit 200 kW. If both operate at f = 6 Hz, compute the highest shearing stresses in each. SOLUTION T 159 P 159(200) 5.3 kN m f 6 Jh 32 Thus, [(0.1) 4 (0.06) 4 ] 8.54 106 m 4 h Tc 5.3 103 (0.05) 31.03 MPa Jh 8.54 106 16T 16(5.3 103 ) 27 MPa d3 (0.1)3 h s 1.15 h 1.15 s ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.49) Design a solid aluminum shaft to transmit 300 hp at a speed of n = 1500 rpm, if the maximum shearing stress in the shaft is limited to max = 12 ksi. Assume a factor of safety ns = 1.5. s SOLUTION 63, 000 P 63, 000(300) 12.6 kip in. N 1500 J T J d3 12.6 103 ; c all c 16 12 103 1.5 d 2 in. or T 5-26 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.50) Redo Prob. 5.49, with the additional requirement that the angle of twist in a 6-ft length of the aluminum shaft having shear modulus of elasticity G = 4 x 10 6 psi is not to exceed 3 o . SOLUTION 3 (180 ) 52.36 103 rad . From solution of Prob. 5.49: T 12.6 kip in. c 4 TL 12.6 103 (6 12) Then J 2 G (52.36 103 )(4 106 ) or c 1.289 in. d 2.578 in. This is larger than 2 in., found in solution of Prob. 5.49. Thus, use: 37 d 2 in. 64 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.51) The compound shaft, shown in Fig. P5.51, is attached to rigid supports at A and C. Segment AB is of aluminum and segment BC is of steel. Calculate the diameters da and ds at which each material will simultaneously be stressed to its limit. Given: Aluminum : Ga = 28 GPa, ( a ) all = 40 MPa Steel : Gs = 80 GPa, ( s ) all = 100 MPa SOLUTION T TL L , J c GJ cG Geometry & deformations: a s or (40 106 )2 (100 106 )3 da ds (28 109 ) (80 109 ) 2 2 42d a 32d s , d s 1.3125d a Statics d 3 T Ta Ts ( d 3 )a ( )s 16 16 Substitute the given values: (40 106 ) d a3 (100 106 ) (1.3125d a )3 10 103 16 16 1 785.4da3 4439.4da3 d a 0.0576 m 57.6 mm, d s 75.6 mm 5-27 Use d a 58 mm d s 76 mm ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.52) The shaft shown in Fig. 5.22 of Section 5.8 is to transmit 400 kW at f = 15 Hz without exceeding a yield shear stress of 250 MPa or a twisting through more than 3 o in a length of L. The shaft is made of steel with shear modulus of elasticity G. Using a factor of safety of ns , calculate the diameter of the shaft. Given: G = 80 GPa, L = 2 m, ns = 1.4 Assumption: Friction at the bearings is neglected. SOLUTION 159(400) 4.24 kN m 15 Using Eq. (5.27), we find that the shaft size needed to satisfy the stress specification is 3 4240(1.4) c 24.7 103 m 24.7 mm , c 2 250(106 ) T The size of the shaft required to fulfill the distortion specification is obtained from Eq. (5.28): all T 3o ( 180o ) (4240)2 ; L GJ 2 (80 109 ) c 4 or c 33.7 103 m 33.7 mm Thus the minimum allowable diameter of the shaft must be d 67.4 mm ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (*5.53) A high-speed turbine rotates at about f = 100 Hz and drives, by means of a helical gearset, a 250-kW generator at 12.5 Hz, as schematically shown in Fig. P5.53. The main shaft AB and drive shaft CD are made of steel having the allowable shear strength all and shear modulus of elasticity G. Determine the diameters dAB and dCD for both shafts. Requirement: The angle of twist in a length L of the drive shaft is limited to Given: L = 0.6 m, all = 120 MPa, G = 80 GPa, all all . = 3o Assumptions: The friction at bearings is omitted. Moderate shock occurs on the turbine-generator set and will be disregarded. *SOLUTION Main Shaft AB. Using Eq.(5.25): 159 P 159(250) TAB 397.5 N m f 100 Equation(5.27) is then 5-28 2 c 3AB TAB all 397.5 120(106 ) or cAB 0.0128 m 12.8 mm , d AB 25.6 mm Drive Shaft CD. Applying Eq.(5.25): 159 P 159(250) TCD 3.18 kN m f 12.5 Equation (5.27) gives T 3 3,180 cBC BC , cCD 0.0256 m 2 all 120(106 ) So dCD 2cCD 51.2 mm From Eq.(5.28) all TBC 3( 180o ) (3,180)2 ; 4 L GJ 0.6 (80 109 )( cCB ) or cCB 0.0232 m and dCB 2cCB 46.4 mm Use dCD 51.2 mm ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.54) An outboard motor delivers 8 hp at 5000 rpm to the drive shaft of length L (Fig. P5.54). The shaft is made of brass with modulus of elasticity G and an allowable shear stress all . Determine: (a) The required diameter d of the shaft. (b) The angle of twist of the shaft. Given: L = 0.5 m, G = 39 GPa, all = 70 MPa SOLUTION Equation (5.25) gives 9550 P 9550(8 0.7457) T 20.49 N m n 5000 (a) Equation (5.7) with c d 2 and J d 4 32 : 16T 16T ; d3 3 d all Substitute the data 16(20.49) d3 0.0114 m 11.4 mm (70 106 ) all (b) By Eq.(5.15): 5-29 TL 32TL GJ Gd 4 32(20.49)(0.5) 0.1584 rad 9.08o (39 109 )(0.0114)4 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (*5.55) The electric motor exerts a torque T on the shaft ABCD at a constant speed and the pulleys at B and D transmit torques TB and TD , respectively , as shown in Fig. P5.55. The angle of twist betwee A and E is limited to all = 2o. The shaft is made of steel having shear modulus of elasticity G and allowable shear stress all . Calculate the minimum required diameter d of the shaft. L1 = 0.3 m, L2 = 0.6 m, L 3 = 0.2 m, T = 1.2 kN m, G = 79 GPa, all = 80 MPa Given: TB = 500 N m, *SOLUTION Torques are T TAB 1.2 kN m TBD 700 N m Strength requirement, Using Eq.(5.27): J c 4 all c all T 2T Solving, 2T 2(1.2 103 ) c3 all (80 106 ) or c 0.0212 m 21.2 mm TDE 0 Deformation requirement. We have AE 2o 0.0349 rad Hence, ED 0 TBD L2 (700)(0.6) 420 GJ GJ GJ TBA L1 1, 200(0.3) 360 GJ GJ GJ DB BA Then EA ED DB BA 780 2(780) GJ Gc 4 or 2(780) 2(780) 4 GEA (79 109 )(0.0349) 0.0206 m 20.6 mm Use larger value of diameter: d 2c 2(21.2) 42.4 mm c 4 5-30 TD = 700 N m ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.56) The electric motor delivers, through a solid shaft AE having a diameter d , 4 hp to the gear B and 3 hp to the gear D at a speed of n (Fig.P5.55). Calculate: (a) The maximum shear stress in segment AB of the shaft. (b) The maximum shear stress in segment BD of the shaft. Given: d = ¾ in., n = 1500 rpm Assumption: Friction at bearings C and E is neglected. SOLUTION (a) Torques are 63000 PB 63000(4) 168 lb in. n 1500 63000 PD 63000(3) TD 126 lb in. n 1500 Condition of torque equilibrium gives TBA TB TD 294 lb in. TB TDB TD 126 lb in. So ( max ) AB 16TAB 16(294) 3.55 ksi d 3 (3 4)3 16TBD 16(126) 1.521 ksi d 3 (3 4)3 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.57) Reconsider the motor, gears, and shaft assembly illustrated in Fig. P5.55, where (b) ( max ) BD a solid shaft AE transfers 5 kW to gear B and 3.5 kW to gear D at a speed of 2200 rpm. The shaft is made of B steel bar with a diameter d, allowable shear strength all and shear modulus of elasticity G. Determine: (a) The minimum required diameter dmin . (b) The angle of twist between the two gears, Given: G = 79 GPa, Assumption: all = 50 MPa, BD . L2 = 0.4 m Friction at bearings C and E is disregarded. SOLUTION (a) Torques are 9550 PB 9550(5) 21.71 N m n 2200 9550 PD 9550(3.5) TD 15.19 N m n 2200 By torque equilibrium condition: TBA TB TD 36.9 N m TDB TD 15.19 N m TB Inasmuch as TBA TDB , design is on the basis of TBA . 5-31 Using the torque on formula, we obtain 16TAB 16(36.9) d min 3 3 all (50 106 ) 0.01554 m 15.54 mm TDB L2 32 L2TDB GJ G d 4 32(0.4)(15.19) 0.01343 rad 0.77o 9 4 (79 10 )( )(0.01554) ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (*5.58) Figure P5.58 schematically illustrates an all-wheel-drive concept using two (b) DB differentials, one for the front axle and another for the rear axle. The reardrive shaft is made of steel tube with outer diameter D and allowable shear strength all , and transmits 250 hp at 1000 rpm to the rear differential. Determine the maximum permissible inner diameter d of the rear driveshaft. Given: D = 3 in., all = 8 ksi. *SOLUTION 63000hp 63000(250) 15.75 kip in. n 1000 T ( D 2) 16TD all 4 4 (D4 d 4 ) (D d ) 32 Solving, 16TD d 4 D4 T allow Introducing the given data 16(15.75)(3) 2.67 in. d 4 (3)4 (8) ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.59) Determine the required diameter d1, for the segment AB of the shaft shown in Fig. P5.59, if the permissible shear stress is all = 50 MPa and the total angle of twist between A and C is not to exceed AC = 0.02 rad. Given: G = 40 GPa, TB = 2.5 kN m, TC = 0.5 kN m , L1 = 3 m, L2 = 1 m, SOLUTION 2.5 kN m 2 kN m 30 mm d1 C B A 3m 1m 5-32 0.5 kN m d2 = 30 mm. Apply the method of sections: TAB 2 kN m TBC 0.5 kN m Then, J d13 T 2 103 c 16 all 50 106 d1 0.05884 m 58.84 mm Also, (TL GJ ) : or 103 0.5(1) 2(3) 0.02 [ 4 ] 4 (0.04) d1 9 (40 10 ) 32 6 78539.82 195312.5 4 d1 Solving d1 84.66 103 m 84.66 mm We therefore use d1 85 mm ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.60) Redo Prob. 5.59 for the case in which the torque applied at B is TB = 3 kN m. SOLUTION 40 mm 3 kN m 2.5 kN m d1 C B A 3m 1m Apply the method of sections: TAB 2.5 kN m TBC 0.5 kN m We have J d13 T 2.5 103 c 16 all 50 106 d1 63.38 103 m 63.38 mm Also, 0.5 kN m (TL GJ ) : or 5-33 103 0.5(1) 2.5(3) ] 4 4 (0.04) d 9 1 (40 10 ) 32 7.5 78539.82 195,312.5 4 d1 0.02 [ Solving d1 89.52 103 m 89.52 mm Use d1 90 mm ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.61) The motor shown in Fig. P5.61 delivers 95 hp at 600 rpm. Gears B and C transmit 55 hp and 40 hp, respectively, to operating machine tools. The shaft is made of steel having allowable shear stress all = 10 ksi and shear modulus of elasticity G = 11.5 x 10 6 psi. Determine: (a) The required diameter of segments AB and BC of the shaft. (b) The corresponding angle of twist in degrees between the ends A and C of the shaft. SOLUTION 63, 000hp 63, 000(95) 9975 lb in. N 600 63, 000(40) 4200 lb in. 600 TAB TBC 16T 16T ; d3 3 d all 16(9975) , d AB 1.719 in. (10 103 ) 16(4200) , d BC 2.139 in. (10 103 ) (a) all 3 d AB 3 d BC T L T L TL 1 [ AB 4 AB BC 4 BC ] GJ G ( 32) d AB d BC 32(12) 9975(6) 4200(9) [ ] 6 (11.5 10 ) (1.719) 4 (2.139) 4 10.629 106 (6854.261 1805.718) (b) AC 92.047 103 rad 5.27o ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.62) Determine the maximum power in kilowatts that may be transmitted across the steel shaft in Fig. P5.62 at a speed n, if the shearing stress is not to exceed corresponding total angle of twist AD between ends A and D? 5-34 all . What is the Given: a = 3 m, d = 50 mm, Assumption: n = 600 rpm, G = 80 GPa, all = 56 MPa Friction at bearings B and C is neglected. SOLUTION all d 3 16T , T d3 16 6 3 (56 10 ) (0.05) T 1373.8 N 16 From Eq. (5.25): Tf 1373.8(600 60) P 86.4 kW 159 159 Also, TL 1373.8(3 3 3) AD GJ (80 109 ) (0.025) 4 2 3 251.88 10 rad 14.43o all ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.63) Calculate the diameter d1 of shaft AB in Fig. P5.63 if the maximum shearing stress in each shaft is not to exceed max with a safety factor of ns. Given: d2 = 60 mm, rB = 150 mm, rC = 100 mm, max = 90 MPa, ns = 1.5 SOLUTION 90 60 MPa 1.5 ( d 23 ) (60 106 ) (0.06)3 all 2.53 kN m 16 16 all TCD F 0.1 m C TCD 2.53 103 25.3 kN 0.1 0.1 Thus, 0.3 TAB 25.3( ) 3.795 kN m 2 FC From all 16T d13 : d13 16(3.795 103 ) , (60 106 ) d1 68.55 103 m Use d1 69 mm 5-35 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.64) A stepped shaft of diameters D and d is subjected to torque T (see Fig. P5.64). The shaft has a fillet of radius r. Calculate: (a) The maximum shear stress in the shaft for r = 2 mm. (b) The maximum shear stress in the shaft for r = 6 mm. Given: D = 80 mm, d = 60 mm, T = 1.2 kN m SOLUTION (a) D 80 1.33 d 60 r 2 0.033 d 60 Figure 5.24: K 1.82 . 2T 2(1.2 103 ) nom 3 28.31 MPa c (0.03)3 max 1.82(28.31) 51.52 MPa (b) r 6 D 0.1, 1.33; K 1.4 d 60 d max 1.4(28.21) 39.63 MPa (Fig. 5.24) ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.65) A stepped shaft consisting of solid circular parts with diameters D and d transmits 100 kW (Fig. P5.64). The two parts are joined with a fillet of radius r. If the shaft is made of brass with allowable shear strength all , what is the required speed n ? Given: D = 60 mm, d = 50 mm, r = 10 mm, all = 40 MPa SOLUTION r 10 D 60 0.2 1.25; K 1.2 (from Fig. 5.24) d 50 d 50 For smaller part of the shaft, c d 2 25 mm : 16T 16T max all K ( 3 ) ; 40(106 ) 1.2[ ], T 818 N m d (0.05)3 Equation (5.25) is then 159 P 159(100) T ; 818 , f 19.4 Hz f f Thus n 60 f 60(19.4) 1164 rpm ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.66) A stepped steel shaft is to transmit 200 hp from an engine to a generator at a speed of 150 rpm. If the allowable shearing stress is 14 ksi, determine the required fillet radius r at the juncture of the 4-in.-diameter part with the 5-in. diameter part of the shaft. 5-36 SOLUTION T all 63, 000 P 63, 000(200) 84 kip in. N 150 16T (14 103 ) (4)3 K ; K 2.094 d3 16(84 103 ) and D 5 1.25 d 4 r Refer to Fig. 5.24: 0.025 . d Thus, r 0.025(4) 0.10 in. ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.67) Given the maximum allowable shearing stress in a stepped shaft (Fig. 5.64) of 8 ksi, calculate the maximum power in horsepower (hp) that may be transmitted at 240 rpm. Given: D = 4 in., d = 2 in., r = 3/16 in. SOLUTION r 3 16 D 4 0.094 2 d 2 d 2 From Fig. 5.24: K 1.47 . We have d3 16T all K 3 , T all d 16 K 3 3 (8 10 ) (2) T 8549 lb in. 16(1.47) TN 8549(240) P 32.57 hp 63, 000 63, 000 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (*5.68) The circular shaft shown in Fig. P5.68 is subjected to torques at C and D. Shear module of elasticity of the brass and steel are G b = 40 GPa and G s = 80 GPa, respectively. Based on a stress concentration factor of K = 1.5 at the step C in the shaft, determine: (a) The angle of twist D at D. (b) The maximum shearing stress in the shaft. *SOLUTION Apply the method of sections: TCD 200 N m TAB TBC 300 N m 5-37 (a) D (TL GJ ) gives 200(0.4) 300(0.1) 300(0.5) ] 4 4 4 4 (109 ) 80(0.02) 40(0.025) 40[(0.025) (0.015) ] 2 (3.98 1.22 7.03)103 4.27 103 rad 0.245o D 1 [ 2T c3 2(200) 15.92 MPa (0.02)3 ( CD )max 1.5(15.92) 23.88 MPa (b) ( CD ) nom We also have Tc 300(0.025) J [(0.025) 4 (0.015) 4 ] 2 14.05 MPa ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.69) Consider the stepped shaft with the shear modulus of elasticity G and loaded as ( AB ) max shown in Fig. P5.69. Assuming that the applied torque produces a 1 o rotation of the free end A and a stress concentration factor at the step of K = 1.2, determine the maximum shearing stress at section B of the shaft. Given: d 2 = 2d 1 = 3 in., L = 2L 1 = 7.2 ft, T B = -3T A , G = 4 x 10 6 psi SOLUTION 1.5 in. TA 3TA 3 in. A B 3.6 ft C 2TA 7.2 ft Apply the method of sections: TBC 2TA TAB TA Using (TL GJ ) : TA (12) 1 3.6 2(7.2) [ ] 4 180 (4 106 ) (0.75) (1.5) 4 2 3 9.1386 10 TA (11.3778 2.8444) TA 1.071 kip in. Thus, 2TA 2(1.071) 1.616 ksi c3 (0.75)3 ( max ) B 1.2(1.616) 1.939 ksi ( nom ) B 5-38 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.70) A circular shaft consisting of diameters D and d with a groove of radius r is subjected to a torque T, as shown in Fig. P5.70. Determine: (a) The minimum yield strength in shear y required for the shaft material. (b) The power that can be transmitted by the shaft at a speed of n = 800 rpm. Given: D = 40 mm, d = 35 mm, r = 2 mm, T = 60 N m SOLUTION (a) We have D 40 r 2 1.14 0.057 d 35 d 35 Hence, by Fig. 5.25, K 1.6 . We have J (d ) 4 (35) 4 147.3(103 ) mm 4 32 32 So Tc 60(0.02) y K 1.6[ ] 13.04 MPa J 147.3(109 ) (b) From Eq.(5.25), Tn 60(800) P 5.03 kW 9550 9500 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.71) The grooved shaft of diameters D and d illusrated in Fig. P5.70 is made of heat treated steel with allowable shear stress all . Determine the maximum torque and corresponding horsepower that can be transmitted by the shaft at a speed of f = 20 Hz. all = 40 ksi Given: D = 1 ¼ in., d = 5/8 in., r = 1/8 in., SOLUTION We have 1 D 1 4 r 18 0.2 d 58 d 58 From Fig. 5.25 , K 1.31 Tc 16T max all K ; 40(103 ) 1.31[ ] J (5 8)3 or T 1.464 kip in. Using Eq.(5.26): 1050 P 1050 P T ; 1, 464 f 20 Solving P 27.9 hp 5-39 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.72) The circular shaft consisting of diameters D and d carries a torque T, as shown in Fig. P5.70. The shaft is made of steel having allowable shear strength all . What is the radius r of the smallest size groove that can be used to transmit the torque? Given: D = 75 mm, d = 30 mm, T = 180 N m, all = 50 MPa SOLUTION We have 16T ; d3 K 1.47. max all K Solving 50(106 ) K 16(180) (0.03)3 Hence, for D 75 2.5, K 1.47 d 30 Fig. 5.25 gives r 0.12, r 3.6 mm d Comment: Note, as a check that, ( D d ) 2 22.5 mm 3.6 mm ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.73) A circular elastoplastic shaft of shear yield strength y , shear modulus of elasticity G, diameter d, and length L is twisted until the maximum shearing strain is 9000 (Fig. P5.73). Calculate: (a) The magnitude of the corresponding angle of twist (b) The value of the applied torque T. Given: d = 60 mm, L = 0.5 m, G = 70 GPa, y = 180 MPa SOLUTION max L 9000 106 (0.5) 0.15 rad c 0.03 y 180 106 y 2600 9000 G 70 109 and shaft is yielded. (a) From similar triangles: 0 30 2600 9000 or 0 8.67 mm 9000 2600 60 mm 20 5-40 (b) Elastic core. Use Eq.(5.32a): 03 T1 y (0.00867)3 (180 106 ) 184 N m 2 2 Outer part. Use Eq.(5.32b): 2 3 2 T2 (c 03 ) y (0.033 0.008673 )(180 106 ) 3 3 9.93 kN m Thus, T T1 T2 10.114 kN m Alternatively, use of Eq.(5.33) together with Eq.(5.31) yield the same result. ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.74) A circular shaft of diameter d and length L is subjected to a torque T, as shown in Fig. P5.73. The shaft is made of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy (see Table D.4), which is assumed to be elastoplastic. Determine: (a) The radius of the elastic core 0 . (b) The angle of twist . Given: d = 2 in., L = 3.6 ft, T = 40 kip in. SOLUTION G 3.8 106 psi, y 20 ksi (Table B.4) (a) For partially plastic shaft, using Eq.(5.33): 3T 6T ( 0 )3 4 4 3 c Ty c y Substituting the given values 6(40 103 ) ( 0 )3 4 0.180 1 (1)3 (20 103 ) 0 0.565 in. (b) y 0 L y G , y L G 0 20 10 (3.6 12) 0.4024 rad 23.06o 6 3.8 10 (0.565) 3 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (*5.75) A 2-m-long circular shaft of 40-mm diameter is twisted such that only a 10-mmdiameter elastic core remains, as illustrated in Fig. P5.75. Upon removal of the load, calculate: (a) The residual shear stresses. (b) The residual angle of twist. Assumption: The shaft is made of an elastoplastic material for which y = 140 MPa and G = 80 GPa. 5-41 *SOLUTION (a) Stress distribution for given condition is shown in Fig. a. 140 MPa 40 mm T 93.5 MPa T=0 10 mm = + 46.2 MPa T 186.2 MPa res=26.77o =40.11o ’=13.34o (b) Elastic-rebound stresses (a) Elastic-plastic stresses (c) Residual stresses 4 c3 1 yp [1 ( 0 )3 ] 3 2 4 c 3 2 (0.02) 5 T (140 106 )[1 0.25( )3 ] 2.34 kN m 3 20 Unloading of T causes elastic stresses (Fig. b): Tc 2T 2(2.34 103 ) ' 3 186.2 MPa J c (0.02)3 Residual stresses are sketched in Fig. (c). Use Eq.(5.33): T (b) y 0 L y G , y L G 0 140 106 2 0.7 rad 40.11o 9 80 10 0.005 Rebound rotation: TL 2.34 103 (2) ' 13.34o JG (0.02) 4 (80 109 ) 2 Thus, res 40.11 13.34 26.77o ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.76) A hollow shaft has an outside radius c and an inner radius b and is made of an elastoplastic material (Fig. P5.76). (a) Show that the yield torque and ultimate torque of the shaft are, respectively, 5-42 Ty yJ c y c (Jo Ji ) (P5.76a) and J J 2 4 Tu y (c 3 b3 ) y ( o i ) 3 3 c b (P5.76b) The polar moment of inertia of the shaft is J =(c 4 - b4 )/2 = J o - Ji. (b) What is the ratio of Tu to Ty , for the case in which c = 2b? SOLUTION yp (a) yp c b Onset of yield y J y ( 2)(c 4 b 4 ) Ty c c 4 4 y (c b ) Q.E.D. 2c Fully plastic deformation. Use Eq. (5.32b): c 2 Tu 2 y 2 d y (c 3 b3 ) b 3 (b) For b c 2 : c4 15 ) y c3 2c 16 32 3 2 c 7 Tu y (c 3 ) y c 3 3 8 12 Ty y (c 4 Thus, Tu Ty 56 45, Tu 1.244Ty 5-43 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (*5.77) A hollow circular steel tube with the shear modulus of elasticity G and yield stress in shear y is subjected to a slowly increasing torque T at its ends. The tube has a length L, an outside diameter 2c, and an inside diameter 2b, as shown in Fig.P5.76. Calculate: (a) The yield torque Ty and the yield angle of twist y . (b) The ultimate torque Tu and the ultimate angle of twist and (b) Plot a graph of T versus . u . Using the results obtained in parts (a) (c) The residual stresses res and the residual rotation res , when the shaft is unloaded. y = 160 MPa Given: D = 80 mm, d = 60 mm, L = 2 m, G = 80 MPa, *SOLUTION J (c 4 b 4 ) (0.044 0.034 ) 2 2 6 2.7489 10 m4 yJ 160 106 (2.7489 106 ) 11 kN m c 0.04 L L 160 106 (2) y y y c Gc 80 109 (0.04) 0.1 rad 5.73o (a) Ty (b) Using Eq. (5.32b): 2 2 Tu y (c 3 b 3 ) (160 106 )(0.043 0.033 ) 3 3 12.4 kN m At onset of yield at r = b, the deformation is plastic: L 160 106 (2) u y bG 0.03(80 109 ) 0.1333 rad 7.64o The T diagram is as shown below. T Tu Ty y u 5-44 Tu 12.4 103 (0.04) 180.4 MPa J 2.7489 106 b 30 min max (180.4) 135.3 MPa c 40 TL 12.4 103 (2) ' u JG 2.7489 106 (80 109 ) 0.1128 rad 6.46o (c) max res 7.64o 6.46o 1.18o 160 MPa 24.7 MPa Tu T=0 b = + c 20.4 MPa Tu 135.5 MPa u=7.46o 180.4 MPa res=1.18o ’=6.46o Plastic stresses Rebound stresses Residual stresses ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.78) A hollow circular shaft of outer radius c , inner radius b, and length L is made of an aluminum alloy 2014-T6 that is taken to be elastoplastic having a yield strength in shear y and shear modulus of elasticity G, and carries a torque T (Fig. P5.76). Determine: (a) The yield torque Ty of the shaft. (b) The ultimate torque Tu of the shaft (c) The ultimate angle of twist u and residual angle of twist res when the shaft is unloaded. Given: b = 1¼ in., c = 2 in., L = 5 ft , G = 4.1 x 106 psi SOLUTION We have J (a) y Ty c J 2 (c 4 b 4 ) ; 32 2 (24 1.54 ) 17.18 in.4 Ty (2) 17.18 or Ty 274.9 kip in. 5-45 y = 32 ksi (from Table B.4) (b) Using Eq.(5.32b), with 0 b and T2 Tu : 2 3 3 2 Tu [c b ] y [(2)3 (1.5)3 ](32) 3 3 310 kip in. (c) At onset of yield at r = b, deformation is plastic: yL 32(103 )(5 12) u bG (1.250)(4.1106 ) 0.3746 rad 21.67o Elastic rebound rotation TL 310(103 )(5 12) ' GJ (4.1106 )(17.18) 0.2641 rad 15.13o Thus res 21.67 15.13 6.54o ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (*5.79) A solid shaft of radius c (Fig. P5.79a) is made of a strain-hardening material having a diagram that can be approximated as shown in Fig. P5.79b. Determine the torque T required to develop an elastic core in the solid with radius of 0. Given: c = 15 mm, 0 = 10 mm *SOLUTION Refer to P5.79b: 1 60(106 ) 0.005 or 1 12(109 ) Also 2 60(106 ) 90(106 ) 60(106 ) 0.005 0.01 0.005 or 2 6(109 ) 30(106 ) (1) (2) From Fig.(a): max c 1.5(0.005) 0.0075 max (0.0075) 0.5 c 15 5-46 c Figure (a) max Introducing into Eqs.(1) and (2): 1 6(109 ) , 2 3(109 ) 30(106 ) Equation (5.30) is therefore c T 2 2 d 0 2 { 0.01 0 6(109 ) 3 d 0.015 0.01 [3(109 ) 3(106 ) 2 ]d } 6(109 )(0.01) 4 3(109 ) 30(106 ) (0.0154 0.014 ) (0.0153 0.013 )} 4 4 3 2 {15 30.469 23.75} 434.9 N m 2 { ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (*5.80) The fixed-ended shaft shown in Fig. P5.80 is made of an elastoplastic material for which the shear modulus of elasticity is G and the yield stress in shear is y . Assuming that the angle of twist at step C is Given: a = 2 m, C = 0.2 rad, calculate the magnitude of the applied torque T. b = 1.5 m, d1 = 100 mm, d2 = 60 mm, G = 80 MPa, y = 240 MPa *SOLUTION 100 mm A y 60 mm Tc a=2 m b=1.5 m C B 240 106 3000 G 80 109 c 0.05(0.2) ( max ) AC 5000 a 2 0.03(0.2) ( max )CB 4000 1.5 y Both segments are yielded and partially plastic. Segment AC 0 c y max c 6 0.05(3000 10 ) 30 mm 5000 106 c3 (0.05)3 Ty y (240 106 ) 47.124 kN m 2 2 max 5-47 o y Use Eq. (5.33): 4 1 3 TAC (47,124)[1 ( )3 ] 59.44 kN m 3 4 5 Segment BC c 0.03(3000 106 ) 0 y 22.5 mm max 4000 106 Ty c3 y (0.03)3 (240 106 ) 10.179 kN m 2 2 Use Eq. (5.33): 4 1 22.5 3 TBC (10,179)[1 ( ) ] 12.14 kN m 3 4 30 Total applied torque is therefore T TAC TBC 71.58 kN m ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.81) Resolve Prob. 5.80 for the case in which d1 = d2 = 80 mm and a = 2b = 2.2 m. SOUTION 80 mm T C A 1.1 m 2.2 m B 240 106 y 3000 80 109 c 0.04(0.2) ( max ) AC 3637 a 2.2 c 0.04(0.2) ( max )CB 7273 b 1.1 Both segments are yielded and partially plastic. Segment AC 0 y c y max c3 0.04(3000 106 ) 33 mm 3637 106 y (0.04)3 (240 106 ) 24.13 kN m 2 2 Use Eq. (5.33): 4 1 33 TAC (24,130)[1 ( )3 ] 27.66 kN m 3 4 40 Segment CB 5-48 o c y max Use Eq. (12.2c): 0.04(3000 106 ) 16 mm 7237 106 4 1 16 (24,130)[1 ( )3 ] 31.66 kN m 3 4 40 T TAC TCB 59.32 kN m TBC Thus ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.82) Determine the ultimate load (Tu) for the shaft illustrated in Fig. P5.80. Given: d 1 = 2 d 2 = 2 in., a = 3 ft, b = 3 ft, y 22 ksi SOLUTION 2 in. 1 in. T A B C a b Apply Eq. (5.31): 2 c3 2 3 (Tu ) AC y (1) (22 103 ) 46.08 kip in. 3 3 2 (Tu )CB (0.5)3 (22 103 ) 5.76 kip in. 3 Thus, Tu (Tu ) AC (Tu )CB 51.84 kip in. ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.83) A rectangular bar of width b, depth a, and length L is fixed at one end and carries a torque T at the other end, as shown in Fig. P5.83. Determine: (a) The maximum shearing stress in the bar. (b) The angle of twist A at end A. Given: a = 75 mm, b = 30 mm, L = 0.5 m, T = 600 N m, G = 39 GPa SOLUTION (a) a 75 2.5 b 30 Table 5.1: max T 600 34.72 MPa 2 ab (0.256)(0.075)(0.03) 2 (b) Table 5.1: TL A ab3G 5-49 600(0.5) 14.44 103 . 3 9 (0.263)(0.075)(0.03) (39 10 ) 14.44 103 rad 0.828o ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.84) A torque T is applied to the steel bar having the allowable shear strength all (Fig. P5.83). Determine: (a) The required dimension b, for a bar of rectangular cross section, with a = 2b. (b) The required dimension b, for a bar of square cross section, with a = b. Given: T = 2.5 kip in., all = 8 ksi SOLUTION (a) With a=2b, from Table 5.1: T T max , b3 2 (2b)b 2 max Substituting the given data, 2.5 103 b3 , b 0.86 in. 2(0.246)(8 103 ) (b) With a=b, by Table 5.1: T T max , b3 2 (b)b max Thus b 3 2.5 103 1.145 in. (0.208)(8 103 ) ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.85) A circular, a square, and a rectangular shaft are subjected to torques at their ends (Fig. P5.85). The shafts have the same cross-sectional area A and the same allowable shear strength all . Determine the ratios Tc / Ts and Tc / Tr of the largest torques that may be applied to the shafts. SOLUTION A Ac As At a 2 Circular Shaft: c 2 a 2 , c 0.5642a J Tc all c all c3 all (0.5642a)3 c 2 2 3 0.282 max a 5-50 Square Shaft (Table 5.1): c 2 a 2 , c 0.5642a T Ts all s 3 a (0.208)a3 Ts 0.208 max a3 Rectangular Shaft (Table 5.1): T Tr all r 2 a ab (0.267)(3a)( ) 2 3 3 Tr 0.089 max a Hence Tc Tc 1.36 2.12 Ts Tr Note that, the circular shaft can support 35% and 120% more torques than a square and a rectangle with sides 6:1 ratio, respectively. ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.86) An ASTM –A36 structural steel bar of an equilateral triangular cross-sectional shape of sides a and length L , is fixed at one end and twisted on the other end, as illustrated in Fig. P5.85. Determine the value of the largest torque T that can be carried by the bar. Requirements: Angle of twist of the bar is limited to all = 5o. A safety factor of ns = 2.5 with respect to failure by yielding is to be used. Given a = 40 mm, L = 3 ft, G = 79 GPa, all = 145 MPa (by Table B.4) SOLUTION We have all y ns 145 2.5 58 MPa From Table 5.1: 20T 20T all A 3 ; 58(106 ) , T 185.6 N m a (0.04)3 and 46.2TL 46.2T (3 12) all 4 ; 5( ) aG 180 (0.04) 4 (79 109 ) or T 10.61 N m Tall 10.61 N m Hence ________________________________________________________________________ 5-51 PROBLEM (5.87) A shaft having an elliptical cross section of semi axes a by b and length L is made of aluminum alloy with the shear modulus of elasticity G, and carries a torque T as shown in Fig. P5.87. Calculate: (a) The largest permissible torque that can be transmitted by the shaft, if the allowable stress in shear is all . (b) The angle of twist of the shaft. (c) Power (in kW) transmitted by the shaftat a speed of f. Given: a = 30 mm, b = 15 mm, L = 2.5 m, f = 20 Hz, G = 26 x 106 psi, all = 60 MPa SOLUTION (a) Maximum shear stress (Table 5.1): 2T 2Tall max all all2 ; 60(106 ) ab (0.03)(0.015)2 or Tall 636.2 N m (b) Angle of twist (Table 5.1): (a 2 b2 )Tall L (0.032 0.0152 )(636.2)(2.5) all a3b3G (0.033 )(0.0153 )(26 109 ) 0.2404 rad 13.77o (c) Power: Tall f (636.2)(20) 80.03 kW 159 159 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.88) The ASTM-A242 high-strength steel bar having a length L an equilateral cross Pall section of sides a is subjected to torques T1 , T2 , and T3 (a) The maximum shear stress max in the bar. as illustrated in Fig. P5.88. Determine: (b) The rotation of one end relative to the other end of the bar. Given: G = 79 GPa (by Table B.4), a = 25 mm, L1 = 0.6 m, T2 = 50 N m, T3 = 25 N m SOLUTION From the condition of torque equilibrium: TAC T1 75 N m TBC 25 N m (a) Maximum shear stress (by Table 5.1): 20T 20(75) max 3AB 96 MPa a (0.025)3 (b) Angle of twist (from Table 5.1): 5-52 L2 =1.4 m, T1 = 75 N m 46.2 46.2 TL a 4G a 4G 46.2 (75 0.6 25 1.4) (0.025) 4 (79 109 ) 0.1198 rad 6.86o AB ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.89) The ASTM-A48 gray cast iron square bar of sides a and length L with fixed ends is acted upon by a torque T at section C, as illustrated in Fig. P5.89. Determine: (a) The support reactions. (b) The angle of twist c at C. (c) The maximum shear stress in the part AC of the rod. Given: G = 28 GPa (by Table B.4), a = 50 mm, L = 1.5 m, T = 100 N m SOLUTION (a) Equation (5.13) and condition of torque equilibrium give T 100 TB 40 N m 1 ( LCB LAC ) 1 (1.5) TA T TB 100 40 60 N m (b) Refer to Table 5.1. For a b 1 : T L 40(0.6 1.5) C B 4BC a G (0.141)(0.05) 4 (28 109 ) 0.00146 rad 0.084o (c) AC TA 60 2.31 MPa 3 a (0.208)(0.05)3 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.90) A bronze bar that has length L, elliptical cross section of semiaxes a by b (see Table 5.1), and built-in ends carries a torque T at a section C (Fig. P5.89). Calculate: (a) The reactions at supports. (b) The angle of twist C at C. (c) The maximum shear stress in part CB of the bar. Given: G = 41 GPa (from Table B.4), a = 20 mm, b = 10 mm, SOLUTION (a) From Equation (5.13) and equilibrium, we have T 150 TB 60 N m 1 ( LB LC ) 1 (1.5) TA T TB 150 60 90 N m 5-53 L = 3 m, T = 150 N m (b) Table 5.1 gives (a 2 b 2 )TB LBC C a 3b3G (0.022 0.012 )(60)(0.6 3) (0.02)3 (0.01)3 (41109 ) 0.0524 rad 3o 2TB 2(60) 2 ab (0.02)(0.01) 2 19.1 MPa ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.91) A bar having a length L and an equilateral triangular cross section of sides a (c) BC (see Table 5.1) is fixed at both ends, as shown in Fig. P5.89. The bar is made of structural steel having a shear yield strength of all . What is the largest torque Tall that may be applied to the bar at section C to the bar , based on a safety factor of ns with respect to failure by yielding? Given: y = 21 ksi (by Table B.4), a = 1½ in., L = 5 ft, ns = 1.4 SOLUTION By Eq. (5.13) and equilibrium condition of torque, we have T T TB 0.4T 1 ( LCB LAC ) 1 (1.5) TA T TB T 0.4 0.6T Refer to Table 5.1: 20Tmax 21 20(0.6Tall ) max ; 3 a 1.4 (1.5)3 or Tall 4.2195 kip in. ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.92) A uniform thin-walled shaft of length L and rectangular cross section having mean width a by mean depth b is fixed at one end and subjected to a torque T at the free end, as shown in Fig. P5.92. The shaft is made of sheet metal with a shear modulus of elasticity G. Determine the smallest required wall thickness t if the shearing stress and the angle of twist per unit length are not to exceed all = 40 MPa and all = 0.03 rad/m, respectively. Given: a = 2b = 100 mm, T = 1.4 kN m, G = 28 GPa Assumption: The effect of stress concentration at the corners is disregarded. SOLUTION t 50 mm Am 0.1 0.05 5 103 m2 100 mm 5-54 T 1.4 103 ; 40 106 2 Amt 2(5 103 )t or t (5 103 ) 17.5 106 Solving: t 3.5 mm Equation (5.42): T L 4 Am2 G ds t 1.4 103[2(0.1) 2(0.050] 0.03 4(5 103 )2 (28 109 )t or t (25 106 ) 12.5 108 Solving: t 5 mm Thus, tall 5 mm ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.93) Rework Prob. 5.92, assuming that the cross section of the shaft is a square (a = b = 80 mm) box of uniform thickness t. SOLUTION t Am (0.08)2 80 mm 80 mm T 1.4 103 ; 40 106 2 Amt 2(0.08) 2 t or t (6.4 103 ) 17.5 106 Solving: t 2.73 mm Equation (5.42): T 0.08T (4 0.08) 2 2 L 4 AmGt AmGt 5-55 0.03 0.08(1.4 103 ) (0.08)4 (28 109 )t or t (4.096 105 ) 4 13.33 108 t 3.255 mm Solving: Therefore, tall 3.26 mm ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (*5.94) The brass tube having a modulus of elasticity in shear G, length L, and an a x a square cross section of uniform thickness t is twisted as shown in Fig. P5.92. The allowable yield stress in shear and the angle of twist of the tube are all and all , respectively. Determine the largest torque and the power that can be transmitted by the tube at a speed of n . Given: a = 1 in., t = ¼ in., L = 9 ft, G = 5.6 x 106 psi, all = 15o *SOLUTION Area bounded by center line is Am a 2 (1)(1) in.2 So, T T all ; 6 103 1 2 Amt 2(1)( ) 4 or T 3 kip in. Similarly, all So TL 4 Am2 G ds TLa TL 2 t AmGt Gt T (9 12) 15( ) 180 (1) 2 (5.6 106 )( 1 ) 4 or T 3.39 kip in. Tall 3 kip in. Hence The corresponding power is Tn 3, 000(200) 9.52 hp P 63, 000 63, 000 5-56 n = 200 rpm, all = 6 ksi, ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEMS (5.95 and 5.96) The aluminum alloy shafts with shear modulus of elasticity G and cross sections shown in Figs. P5.95 and P5.96 are each subjected to a torque of T. Neglecting the effect of stress concentration, calculate, for each shape: (a) The maximum shear stress. (b) The angle of twist in a 2-m length. Given: T = 2 kN m, G = 28 GPa SOLUTION (5.95) Am (100 3)(200 1) (50 2)2 22.917 103 m2 (a) Apply Eq. (5.41), T 2 Amt : 2 103 AC 10.91 MPa 2(22.917 103 )(4 103 ) 4 AB CD AC ( ) 14.55 MPa 3 BD AC (2) 21.82 MPa (b) TL 4 Am2 G ds t or 2 103 (2) 2(199) (48) 97 [ ] 3 2 9 4(22.917 10 ) (28 10 ) 3 4 2 6 68.003 10 (218.869) 14.88 103 rad 0.85o SOLUTION (5.96) B 3 mm 4 mm A 60o 103.93 mm 2 mm 60o C 120 mm Am 12 (120 103.93) 6.236 103 m2 (a) Equation (5.41), T 2 Amt : 5-57 2 103 40.09 MPa 2(6.236 103 )(4 103 ) AB (2) 80.18 MPa 4 AB ( ) 53.57 MPa 3 AB AC BC (b) TL 4 Am2 G ds t or 2 103 (2) 120 120 120 [ ] 3 2 9 4(6.236 10 ) (28 10 ) 4 3 2 119.39 103 rad 6.84o ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.97) The cross section of a thin-walled structure made of a brass with shear modulus of elasticity G = 39 GPa is approximated as shown in Fig.P5.95.If the angle of twist per unit length is limited to 0.4° per meter of length, calculate the maximum allowable torque Tall and the corresponding maximum shearing stress all . SOLUTION From solution of Prob. 5.95: Am 22.917 103 m 2 ds 218.869 t Apply Eq. (5.42): T ds 2 L 4 Am G t Tall (218.869) 0.4 180 4(22.917 10 3 ) 2 (39 109 ) Solving, Tall 2.619 kN m Use Eq. (5.41), T 2 Amt : all BD 2.619 103 28.6 MPa 2(22.917 103 )(2 103 ) ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.98 and 5.99) The aluminum shafts with shear modulus of elasticity G and cross sections illustrated in Figs. P5.98 and P5.99 each carries a torque of T. Disregarding the effect of stress concentration, determine, for each shape: (a) The maximum shear stress. (b) The angle of twist in a 3-m length. Given: T = 1.5 kN m, G = 28 GPa 5-58 SOLUTION (5.98) A 6 mm 60o 194 mm B 97 mm 194 168 2 2 3 31.068 10 m2 Am 194 mm (97) 2 4 mm C 168 mm (a) Apply Eq. (5.41), T 2 Amt : 1.5 103 6.04 MPa 2(31.068 103 )(4 103 ) 4 AB ( ) 4.02 MPa 6 AB AC (b) TL 4 Am2 G ds t or 1.5 103 (3) 194 97 [2 ] 3 2 9 4(31.068 10 ) (28 10 ) 4 2 6 122.395 6 41.63 10 (122.395) 5.095 103 rad 0.29o SOLUTION (5.99) Am 4 (97) 2 7.386 103 m 2 (a) Use Eq. (5.41), T 2 Amt : 1.5 103 AC 2(7.386 103 )(4 103 ) 25.4 MPa AC (2) 50.8 MPa BC AB (b) TL 4 Am2 G ds t or 1.5 103 (3) 97 97 [2 ] 3 2 9 4(7.386 10 ) (28 10 ) 4 2 6 0.0544 rad 3.12o 5-59 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.100) The cross section of an airplane fuselage made of an aluminum alloy with shear modulus of elasticity G = 28 GPa is approximated as shown in Fig.P5.98. If the angle of twist per unit length is limited to 0.4° per meter of length of the fuselage, calculate the maximum allowable torque Tall and the corresponding maximum shearing stress all . SOLUTION From solution of Prob. 5.98: Am 31.068 103 m 2 ds 122.395 t Use Eq. (5.42): T ds 2 L 4 Am G t Tall (122.395) 0.4 180 4(31.068 10 3 ) 2 (28 10 9 ) from which Tall 6.17 kN m Use Eq. (5.41), T 2 Amt : all AB BC 6.17 103 24.82 MPa 2(31.068 103 )(4 103 ) ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (*5.101) Structural aluminum tubing of equilateral triangular cross sectio n of sides a with a uniform thickness t carries a torque T as shown in Fig. P5.101. Determine the shear stress at a point A away from the corners. Given: a = 3.5 in., t = 5/16 in., T = 6 kip in. Assumption: Effect of stress concentration at corners is neglected. *SOLUTION Refer to Fig.(a): 1 t e tan 30o 2 60o 60o b 60o 3b 2 30o t/2 e Figure (a) 5-60 or and e t 5 16 0.271 in. o 2 tan 30 2 tan 30o b a 2e 2.952 in. Am 1 3 3 (b)( b) (2.952) 2 3.791 in.2 2 2 4 Hence A T 6 103 2.53 ksi 2tAm 2( 5 )(3.791) 16 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.102) A thin-walled tube of length L possesses the cross section made from sheet metal having thickness t (Fig. P5.102), the modulus elastcity in shear G, and allowable shear stress all . Neglecting the effect of stress concentration, determine: (a) The maximum torque Tmax that can be applied to the tube. (b) The corresponding angle of twist max of the tube. Given: t = 1/16 in., L = 15 in., all = 10 ksi, G = 11.5 x 10 6 psi SOLUTION (a) Area bounded by center line 3 3 3 Am 2( ) (2 )( ) 2.4375 in.2 4 4 4 Tmax T all ; 10 1 2tAm 2( )(2.4375) 16 Tmax 3.047 kip in. or TL ds (b) 2 4 AmG t (3.047 103 )(15)(2 2 2 3 4 2 2 1 ) 4 4(2.4375) 2 (11.5 106 )(1 16) 0.0274 rad 1.57o ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.103) A hollow tubing having the cross section shown in Fig. P5.103 is fabric ated from a sheet metal of uniform thickness t. Calculate: (a) The minimum thickness tmin required for the tube. (b) The angle of twist in a length L of the tube. Given: a = 50 mm, r = 25 mm, L = 2.5 m, T = 1.5 kN m, G = 79 GPa, SOLUTION 5-61 all = 60 MPa Am 2ra a2 2(25)(50) (25)2 4, 463.5 mm2 (a) all T ; 2 Amt 60(106 ) 1,500 2(4, 463.5 10 6 )tall or tall 0.0028 m 2.8 mm (b) TL 1,500(2.5) 2 4 AmGt 4(4, 463.5 10 6 ) 2 (79 109 )(0.0028) 0.21273 rad 12.19o ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.104) A thin-walled hollow tube of contstant thickness t having the cross section shown in Fig. P5.103 is acted upon by a torque T. The material has the shear modulus of elasticity G. Determine: (a) The maximum shear stress max in the tube. (b) The angle of twist in a length of L of the tube. Given: a = 2 in., r = 1 in., L = 5 ft, t = ¼ in., T = 10 kip in., G = 11.5 x 10 6 psi SOLUTION Am 2ra a2 2(1)(2) (1)2 7.142 in.2 (a) max (b) T 10(103 ) 2.8 ksi 2 Amt 2(7.142)(1 4) TL 4 Am2 G ds TL (2 r 2a ) t 4 Am2 Gt 10(103 )(5 12)[2 (1) 2(2)] 4(7.142) 2 (11.5 106 )(1 4) 0.0105 rad 0.602o ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.105) An unequal-leg, L6 x 4 x ¾ in.,steel angle of length L is twisted as shown in Fig. P5.105. Based on a safety factor n s with respect to failure by yielding in shear, determine: (a) The largest torque Tall that can be applied to the angle. (b) The maximum angle of twist max . Given: L = 4 ft, t = ¾ in., n s = 1.5, G = 11.5 x 10 6 psi, 2 A = 6.94 in. (by Table B.12) SOLUTION 5-62 y = 21 ksi (from Table B.4), y = 21 ksi 3 in. 4 A 6.94 a 9.253 in. b 34 a 9.253 12.337 0.333 b 34 We have t b (a) The maximum torque (see Table 5.1): T Tall 21 max all 2 ; ab 1.5 (0.333)(9.253)(3 4) 2 Tall 24.265 kip in. or (b) The maximum angle of twist (see Table 5.1): T L 24, 265(4 12) all all 3 ab G (0.333)(9.253)( 3 )3 (11.5 106 ) 4 3 o 77.89(10 ) rad 4.46 ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEMS (5.106 and 5.107) The ASTM-A36 structural steel shafts having a shear modulus of elasticity G and cross sections shown in Figs. P5.106 and P5.107 each are acted upon by a torque T. For each shape, determine: (a) The maximum shear stress. (b) The angle of twist in a 1.2-m length. Given: T = 4 kN m, G = 79 GPa (from Table B.4) Assumption: The effect of stress concentration at the corners are omitted. SOLUTION (5.106) Am 2 (47.5) 2 2 (49) 2 7.313 10 3 m 2 (a) Use Eq. (5.41), T 2 Amt : Left half 4 103 L 54.7 MPa 2(7.313 103 )(5 103 ) Right half 5 R L ( ) 136.8 MPa 2 (b) TL 4 Am2 G ds t or 5-63 4 103 (1.2) 47.5 49 [ ] 3 2 9 4(7.313 10 ) (79 10 ) 5 2 3 o 30.34 10 rad 1.738 SOLUTION (5.107) 2 mm 2 mm A B 25 mm 150 mm 99 mm mm C Am 152.01 mm 2 (97) 2 (74) 2 2 197 147 (150) 2 49.783 103 m2 74 mm D 3 mm (a) Use Eq. (5.41), T 2 Amt : 4 103 BD 20.08 MPa 2(49.783 103 )(2 103 ) 2 CD AC ( ) 13.39 MPa 3 AC AB (b) TL 4 Am2 G ds t or 4 103 (1.2) 152.01 (99) (74) [2 ] 3 2 9 4(49.783 10 ) (79 10 ) 3 2 2 372.94 2.29 10 3 rad 0.131 o ________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM (5.108) The cross section of an aircraft structure made of an aluminum alloy having shear modulus of elasticity G = 28 GPa is approximated as shown in Fig. P5.107. If the maximum permissible angle of twist per unit length is 0.4° per meter of length of the fuselage, determine the maximum allowable torque Tall and the corresponding maximum shearing stress all . SOLUTION From solution of Prob. 5.107: ds Am 49.783 103 m 2 t 372.94 Use Eq. (5.42): 5-64 T ds 2 L 4 Am G t Tall (372.94) 0.4 180 4(49.783 10 3 ) 2 (28 10 9 ) or Tall 5.13 kN m Apply Eq. (5.31), Tall 2 Amt : max 5.13 103 AC BD 2(49.783 103 )(2 103 ) 25.76 MPa End of Chapter 5 5-65