The Canadian Shield -The foundation of Canada (and parts of the US) -Some of the oldest rocks -Today looks like mostly rounded hills of rock -It is a storehouse of Canada’s metallic minerals - minerals were present in the molten rock beneath the Earth’s crust. As the minerals cooled they separated into layers according to their density -The soil is very thin so not much farming can be done there. -Glacial lakes have left thick deposits of clay -The Canadian Shield is ideal for recreation because of its scenic rivers, waterfalls and lakes.(p.132) -The glaciers carved into the bedrock which then filled with water creating the many lakes and rivers -Lots of hydroelectric power occur in this area. Lowlands Interior Plains -covered by a shallow inland sea (in prehistoric times) -the plains were formed by erosion of the Canadian Shield - mostly composed of rolling hills and deep wide river beds - mostly flat lands -part of the great plains of North America -the plains are located in parts of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, NWT, and a part of Yukon -fertile land to mostly grow wheat — called the Bread Basket of the World -oil and gas found in Alberta and Saskatchewan Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands -separated by a small section of the Canadian Shield - around Kingston Ontario -climate is well suited for agriculture (fruits and vegetables, wheat, corn etc) -very humid and warm during the summer, during winter it is cold -most southern region of Canada -majority of the population of Canada -large industrial area -flat plains and river valleys -rolling landscape with a bedrock formed from the paleozoic era -rich valleys were formed by faulting (Niagara escarpment) Hudson Bay - Arctic Lowlands -flat and low area covered by swampy forests (clay in the ground) -layers of sedimentary rock on top of the Canadian Shield -waters of Hudson Bay once covered all these lowlands -not good for agriculture -long cold winters and short warm/cool summers -islands in the north have a gentle rolling landscape -contains natural gas, lignite and oil (very expensive to mine) Highlands Appalachian Mountains -oldest highlands region in North America (300 million years ago) -more rounded mountains now caused by erosion -lots of iron, zinc, coal and many other minerals found in the mountains -sloping ridges, valleys and forests -stretch from the US (state of Georgia) up to the Maritime provinces (PEI, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick) and into Newfoundland. Western Cordillera -lightly populated areas due to cold and extreme height -young by geological age - great height and rugged appearance (no big erosion yet like the Appalachians) -formed at the end of the mesozoic and beginning of the cenozoic eras -consist of range after range of mountains with valleys in between -no vegetation on the mountains (barren) -run north and south -large ore deposits - formed when the Pacific plate and the North American plate collided -glaciers still found in the mountains -located on the western side of the continent -when the ice melted, many fjords were created Innuitian Mountains -located in Canada’s northeast -formed when the North American plate moved north -very young by geological times -formed in the mesozoic era -lots of ore and minerals but too expensive to retrieve -no plant life due to extreme cold and height -very tall and rugged due to no erosion -covered in snow and ice year round -various rock groups (igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary)