Suchodolski 2019 Origins of Polish Coinage

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THE ORIGINS OF POLISH COINAGE
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EODFK\ 1D VNXWHN XGHU]HQLD PáRWHP Z VWHPSHO JyUQ\ QDVWĊSRZDáR RGELFLH QD
NUąĪNX Z\REUDĪHĔ L QDSLVyZ Z\NRQDQ\FK Z QHJDW\ZLH QD REX VWHPSODFK -HĞOL
MHGQDNMHGQRF]HĞQLHOXEZQLHZLHONLPRGVWĊSLHF]DVRZ\PXĪ\ZDQRNLONXSDUVWHP
SOL PRJáR GRFKRG]Lü GR LQQHJR LFK SRáąF]HQLD QLĪ SRF]ąWNRZR SODQRZDQR 2G
PLHQQ\PSRZRGHP]DNáyFHQLDSLHUZRWQHJRVWDQXU]HF]\E\áRV]\EV]H]QLV]F]HQLH
+LVWRU\F]QHJR Z 0RVNZLH: ]ELRUDFK WHJR PX]HXP MHVW MHV]F]H NLONDQDĞFLH GDOV]\FK PRQHW %ROH
VáDZD &KUREUHJR L 0LHV]ND NWyUH QLH PDMą PHWU\N SRFKRG]HQLD DXWRSVMD RUD] ]GMĊFLD XSU]HMPLH
SU]HND]DQH SU]H] GU7DWLDQĊ 6WXNDORYą ] 0RVNZ\ L SU]H] S -DFND 0DJLHUĊ ] .UDNRZD -HVW EDUG]R
SUDZGRSRGREQH ĪH PRQHW\ WH ZFKRG]Lá\ Z VNáDG VNDUEyZ ]QDOH]LRQ\FK QD WHUHQLH E\áHJR =ZLą]NX
5DG]LHFNLHJR 3RU 6WXNDORYD  0DJLHUD 6WXNDORYD D L E
5\F%ROHVáDZ.U]\ZRXVW\PHQQLFD:URFáDZZJ:1DNLHOVNLHJR

6WDQLVáDZ6XFKRGROVNL
196
VWHPSOD JyUQHJR EH]SRĞUHGQLR QDUDĪRQHJR QD XGHU]HQLH PáRWHP L ZVNXWHN WHJR
NRQLHF]QRĞü Z\NRQDQLD GXSOLNDWX
+LVWRULĊ W\FK SRáąF]HĔ D QDZHW LFK NROHMQRĞü PRĪHP\ SU]HGVWDZLü JUD¿F]QLH
QDW]ZáDĔFXFKDFKSRáąF]HĔ VWHPSOL.:SU]\SDGNXREV]HUQLHMV]HJRL NRPSOHWQLHM
V]HJRPDWHULDáXZ3ROVFHGRSLHURRGSRáRZ\;,ZáDĔFXFK\WHPRJąVNXSLDü
ZLHOH G]LHVLąWNyZ VWHPSOL L REUD]RZDü SUDFĊ PHQQLF\ Z FLąJX GáXĪV]HJR F]DVX
6XFKRGROVNL  V  WX SRGVWDZRZD OLWHUDWXUD
: MDNL VSRVyE GRW\FKF]DVRZ\ REUD] QDMGDZQLHMV]HJR PHQQLFWZD SROVNLHJR
XOHJá ]PLDQRP G]LĊNL Z\NRU]\VWDQLX W\FK GZyFK PHWRG" 3U]HGH ZV]\VWNLP RND
]DáR VLĊ ĪH PRQHW\ ] LPLHQLHP 0LHV]ND Z\VWĊSXMą Z VNDUEDFK XNU\W\FK VWRVXQ
NRZR SyĨQR JG\Ī GRSLHUR SR  U F]\OL üZLHUü ZLHNX SR ĞPLHUFL 0LHV]ND ,
>U\F@6NRURSUDZLGáRZRĞüWD]RVWDáDVWZLHUG]RQD]DUyZQRGDZQLHMMDNLZQRZ
V]\PPDWHULDOHQLHPRĪHE\üPRZ\RSU]\SDGNX6WąGQDOHĪ\Z\FLąJQąüZQLRVHN
ĪH PDP\ WX GR F]\QLHQLD ] PRQHWDPL MHJR ZQXND ± 0LHV]ND ,, 
3RQLHZDĪMHGQDNPRQHW\WHSRMDZLDMąVLĊZ]QDOH]LVNDFKGDWRZDQ\FKMHV]F]HSU]HG
 U W]Q SU]HG REMĊFLHP SU]H] QLHJR VDPRG]LHOQ\FK U]ąGyZ SR ĞPLHUFL %ROH
VáDZD &KUREUHJR SU]\Mąü WU]HED ĪH 0LHV]NR %ROHVáDZRZLF SURZDG]Lá G]LDáDOQRĞü
PHQQLF]ąMXĪMDNRQDVWĊSFDWURQXVSUDZXMąFXERNXRMFDZDĪQHIXQNFMHSDĔVWZR
ZH 1D SRGVWDZLH UR]U]XWX ]QDOH]LVN W\FK PRQHW PRĪQD ] NROHL XVWDOLü ĪH ELWR MH
QLH Z .UDNRZLH F]\OL Z Z\G]LHORQHM PX SU]H] RMFD G]LHOQLF\ WDN /DEXGD 
VLQ DOH Z:LHONRSROVFH7RWXZáDĞQLHZFHQWUXPSDĔVWZDSLDVWRZVNLHJR
SURZDG]RQDE\áDUyZQLHĪ FDáD G]LDáDOQRĞüPHQQLF]D%ROHVáDZD&KUREUHJR2GE\
ZDáR VLĊ WR MHGQDN Z UyĪQ\FK PLHMVFRZRĞFLDFK MDN PRĪQD ZQLRVNRZDü QD SRG
VWDZLHUyĪQLFVW\OLVW\F]Q\FKPLĊG]\VWHPSODPLSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKW\SyZPRQHWDUQ\FK
RUD] EUDNX SRZLą]DĔ VWHPSOL : SU]\SDGNX PRQHW &KUREUHJR E\á\ WR ]DSHZQH
QDMZDĪQLHMV]H RĞURGNL WDNLH MDN *QLH]QR 3R]QDĔ L 2VWUyZ /HGQLFNL DOH WDNĪH
PQLHMV]HMDN0RJLOQR0LHV]NRQDWRPLDVWQDPLHMVFHVZRMHMPHQQLF\PyJáZ\EUDü
5\F  0LHV]NR %ROHVáDZRZLF GHQDU ] QDSLVHP 0,6,&2 PHQQLFD *LHF]" ĝUHG  PP
]GDZQHMNROHNFML:LWROGD.RUVNLHJR

3RF]ąWNLSROVNLHJRPHQQLFWZDZĞZLHWOHQRZV]\FKEDGDĔ 
*LHF] NWyU\ GREU]H QDGDZDá VLĊ QD ]DVWĊSF]ą VLHG]LEĊ QDVWĊSF\ WURQX Z F]DVLH
SRE\WyZ Z :LHONRSROVFH 6DP ]DĞ PRPHQW UR]SRF]ĊFLD G]LDáDOQRĞFL PHQQLF]HM
0LHV]ND PRĪQD KLSRWHW\F]QLH áąF]\ü ]  U NLHG\ WR Z]UyVá MHJR SUHVWLĪ SR
SRĞOXELHQLXZQXF]NLFHVDU]D±5\FKH]\3URSR]\FMDZ\ERUX*LHF]D]RVWDáDRVWDW
QLR ]DQHJRZDQD SU]H] 3U]HP\VáDZD 1RZDND NWyU\ ] NROHL GRP\ĞOD VLĊ LVWQLHQLD
PHQQLF\ Z ;;, Z Z .DOLV]X 1RZDN 
:\UDĪRQD MXĪ Z  U PRMD WH]D R ]PLDQLH DWU\EXFML PRQHW 0LHV]NRZ\FK
L RSyĨQLHQLX SRF]ąWNyZ SROVNLHJR PHQQLFWZD 6XFKRGROVNL F ]RVWDáD FKRü
] SHZQ\PL RSRUDPL ]DDNFHSWRZDQD SU]H] LQQ\FK EDGDF]\ L ZHV]áD GR OLWHUDWXU\
: NRQVHNZHQFML QDMVWDUV]\FK PRQHW SROVNLFK QDOHĪ\ XSDWU\ZDü ZĞUyG HPLVML %R
OHVáDZD &KUREUHJR .LHG\ SR UD] SLHUZV]\ R W\P SLVDáHP QLH E\áHP MHV]F]H SH
ZLHQ NWyUH PRQHW\ WHJR ZáDGF\ SRVWDZLü QD F]HOH MHJR PHQQLFWZD:\PLHQLáHP
W\ONRJUXSĊW\SyZNWyUHX]QDáHP]DQDMVWDUV]H1DOHĪąGRQLFKPRQHW\]LPLHQLHP
ĞZ :DFáDZD ] LPLRQDPL 2WWRQD L$GHODMG\ RUD] QLHGDZQR RGNU\WH ] Z\REUDĪH
QLHP VWU]Dá\ Z 'U]HZLH ĩ\FLD 3LHUZV]H ] QLFK áąF]Ċ ] SUyEą ZSURZDG]HQLD GR
3ROVNL NXOWX ĞZLĊWHJR PĊF]HQQLND F]HVNLHJR ± :DFáDZD ,QLFMDWRUHP E\á ]DSHZQH
EOLVNR ] QLP VSRNUHZQLRQ\ SU]H] PDWNĊ %ROHVáDZ &KUREU\ NWyU\ MHV]F]H SU]HG
UR]SRF]ĊFLHP NXOWX ĞZ :RMFLHFKD Z  U SRV]XNLZDá LQQHJR SDWURQD SDĔVWZD
L G\QDVWLL 6XFKRGROVNL D >U\F @
'RP\Vá R ZF]HVQHM FKURQRORJLL PRQHW LQQHJR W\SX ± QDĞODGXMąF\FK VDVNLH GH
QDU\ ] LPLRQDPL FHVDU]D 2WWRQD ,,,  L MHJR EDENL FHVDU]RZHM$GHODMG\
RSLHUDVLĊQDVWRVXQNRZRZF]HVQ\PGDWRZDQLXVNDUEyZZNWyU\FKRQHZ\VWąSLá\
SR  U 1LH SU]HVąG]D WR MHGQDN R GDFLH LFK SRZVWDQLD >U\F @
 2Z\QLNDFKRVWDWQLFKEDGDĔ KLVWRU\F]Q\FK L DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FKZ*LHF]XSRU.DUD.U\V]WR¿DN
L :\UZD UHG 
5\F%ROHVáDZ&KUREU\GHQDU]LPLHQLHPĞZ:DFáDZDPHQQLFD3R]QDĔ"ĝUHGPP
=ELyU0X]HXP1DURGRZHJRZ3UDG]H]HVNDUEX]/LVyZNDIRW-.RXED