determinant syrie

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๎€ƒ๎Ž™๎Œ๎Ž‘๎Ÿ๎Ž๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎Œ๎ฃ๎ŽŽ๎ŽŸ๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ ๎ŽŸ๎ฃ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎Žฉ๎ ๎ŽŸ๎ฃ๎Ÿ๎Ž39๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎Žฉ๎Žฉ๎Œ๎Ÿ๎Ž34๎€ƒ๎€๎€ƒ2017๎€ƒ ๎‚ฎ๎ƒ‚๎††๎…ก๎††๎€ƒ๎‚ป๎…ช๎ƒ‚๎†’
๎€ƒ๎†‘๎…™๎…“๎…•๎†’๎‚ฐ๎‚ฎ๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎‚ฐ๎†’๎…ช๎†’ ๎‚ป๎…ช๎ƒ‚๎†’๎€ƒ๎†‘๎†„๎…ต
๎ญ๎ญ
๎€•๎€œ๎€”๎€๎ž๎จ๎€Œ๎ฝ๎€‘๎€”๎ฆ๎€๎ž๎ฝ๎€•๎€œ๎€”๎ฆ๎€ฅ๎€™๎€„๎€Ž๎€ท๎ž๎€•๎น๎€‘๎ž๎ฝ๎€›๎€๎ž๎€•๎จ๎€…๎š๎€ฑ๎€๎€•๎€•๎Ÿ๎€๎ฎ๎€๎ž
๎€œ๎€”๎จ๎ฝ๎€‰๎€•๎€ฑ๎€๎€•๎ ๎€ฅ๎€”๎€‡๎€๎ž๎€•๎ก๎€ฅ๎€’๎€”๎€‘๎€ข๎€„๎€•๎€ฐ๎€๎€‹๎€•
๎€ƒ๎‚ฐ๎ƒ‚๎…™๎†‚๎‚ฎ๎†ƒ๎‚ฆ๎€๎‚ฎ๎ƒ‚๎††๎…ก๎††๎€ƒ๎‚ป๎…ช๎ƒ‚๎†’
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๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€๎€๎†‘๎…™๎…“๎…•๎†’๎‚ฐ๎‚ฎ๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎‚ฐ๎†’๎…ช๎†’๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎‚ฐ๎ƒ‚๎…™๎†‚๎‚ฎ๎†ƒ๎‚ฆ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ป๎…ช๎ƒ‚๎†’๎€ƒ๎†‘๎†„๎…ต๎€๎€๎€๎€ƒ
๏ƒ‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
๎ƒ‹
๎…ค๎†„๎††๎€ƒ๎‚ด๏ƒ‘
๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†”๎…—๎€ƒ๎…•๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฏ๎…›๎†ˆ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฑ๎…›๎…ฟ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†œ๎…ฆ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎…ฌ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎…—๎‚ฑ๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎†Ž๎†ˆ๎… ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚น๎…•๎‚ท๎†๎€ƒ๎‚ซ๎…ฃ๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎ƒƒ๎…•๎†Š๎…›
๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€“๎€๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€•๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ซ๎†”๎…ฃ๎‚ž๎‚ณ๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎†๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎…พ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎…ผ๎†ˆ๎†”๎‚ฏ๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎‚ฏ๎…•๎…ฐ๎…›๎†๎†›๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†ˆ๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง
๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…›๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…›๎€ƒ๎…•๎†ˆ๎†„๎€ƒ๎‚ž๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎†…๎€ƒ๎ƒ†
๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎…ฎ๎‚ค๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎‚ท๎…•๎…ฌ๎†๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…•๎…—๎…›๎…ท๎‚ง
๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎‚ฏ๎…ฃ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…•๎†”๎…›๎…ฆ๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฏ๎…ท๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎…ฆ๎‚ฏ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎€’๎€ƒ๎†“๎†๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎…•๎†๎‚ฑ๎…๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ๎…™๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎†…๎ƒด๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†…๎…•๎‚ท๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒด๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‚ฏ๎…ธ๎†ˆ
๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฏ๎…“๎…•๎…ฟ๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒด๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…ฆ๎…ฒ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‚ฏ๎…ธ๎†ˆ๎ƒด๎€ƒ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎…ธ๎†๎ƒƒ๎…›๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎ƒด๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎†”๎††๎…ธ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ„๎ƒƒ๎…›๎…ฌ๎†ˆ๎ƒด๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€’๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎‚ฏ๎†ˆ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†”๎††๎…ฃ๎…›๎€ƒ๎ƒ…๎‚ฑ๎… ๎ƒŠ๎‚ฃ๎ƒƒ
๎€ƒ ๎†“๎…“๎…•๎…ฐ๎…ฃ๎‚ง๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎†”๎…ผ๎…›๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎…™๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎†…๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎†„๎‚ฐ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎…™๎…ฟ๎†Š๎†•๎‚ง๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฑ๎…๎‚ค๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎‚ฏ๎…ฃ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎ƒ€๎†๎†—๎€ƒ ๎‚ฟ๎…ฐ๎ƒƒ๎…›๎††๎†…๎€ƒ ๎‚พ๎†…๎‚ฐ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ
๎†“๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎…ฆ๎‚ฏ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎†Ž๎‚ธ๎€ƒ๎‚ซ๎†”๎…ฃ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฏ๎…“๎…•๎…ฟ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‚ฏ๎…ธ๎†ˆ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…ฆ๎…ฒ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‚ฏ๎…ธ๎†ˆ๎ƒƒ๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎‚ฏ๎…ฃ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎†๎…๎†„
๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†…๎…•๎ƒŒ
๎…ธ๎…ฟ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†”๎…๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒ๎†”๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎‚ž๎†“๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†…๎†›๎‚ฏ๎€ƒ๎ƒƒ๎‚ฐ๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎†”๎…๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎ƒ…๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎†Ž๎‚ธ๎†”๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎†…
๎€‘๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎‚ฏ๎…ฃ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎†‚๎…—๎†…๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎…“๎…•๎…ฐ๎…ฃ๎‚ง๎€ƒ
๎€ƒ
๎…—๎†’๎…ก๎…“๎…™๎…ฝ๎††๎†ƒ๎‚ฆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…“๎††๎†„๎†‚๎†ƒ๎‚ฆ๎€ƒ๎€๎†“๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎‚ž๎‚ฟ๎†ˆ๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎…ท๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ž๎…™๎†”๎‚ฏ๎…•๎…ฐ๎…›๎†๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†ˆ๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎…ท๎€‘๎…™๎†”๎…พ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎…ผ๎†ˆ๎†”๎‚ฏ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
๎Žญ๎ญ๎Ž—๎›๎Žฉ๎€ƒ๎Žซ๎ŽŽ๎Ž—๎Žณ๎Žƒ๎€๎€๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎๎ณ๎๎Žง๎Ž—๎Ÿ๎Ž๎ญ๎€ƒ๎Žฉ๎ŽŽ๎Žป๎Ž—๎—๎ป๎Ž๎€ƒ๎ก๎Žณ๎—๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎Žฉ๎ŽŽ๎Žป๎Ž—๎—๎ป๎Ž๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ณ๎ ๎›๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎ฅ๎ณ๎Žญ๎Žท๎Ž—๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎Œ๎ฃ๎ŽŽ๎ŽŸ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ณ๎—๎Žซ๎ผ๎Ÿ๎Ž๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ณ๎Žญ๎ญ๎Žณ๎€ƒ
๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎Žณ๎Žญ๎Žฉ๎ฃ๎€ƒ๎€๎€๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎‹ฏ๎ŽŽ๎Žป๎Žฃ๎ป๎Ž๎€ƒ๎ก๎Žณ๎—๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎Žฉ๎ŽŽ๎Žป๎Ž—๎—๎ป๎Ž๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ณ๎ ๎›๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎ฅ๎ณ๎Žญ๎Žท๎Ž—๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎Œ๎ฃ๎ŽŽ๎ŽŸ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ณ๎—๎Žซ๎ผ๎Ÿ๎Ž๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ณ๎Žญ๎ญ๎Žณ๎€ƒ
๎€ƒ๎€‹๎Ž“๎Ž๎Žญ๎ญ๎Ž—๎›๎Žฉ๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎ŽŽ๎ณ๎ ๎‹๎€ƒ๎Ž•๎ŽŽ๎Žณ๎Ž๎Žญ๎Žฉ๎€ƒ๎Ž๎Ÿ๎ŽŽ๎๎€ƒ๎€๎€๎€๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎๎ณ๎๎Žง๎Ž—๎Ÿ๎Ž๎ญ๎€ƒ๎Žฉ๎ŽŽ๎Žป๎Ž—๎—๎ป๎Ž๎€ƒ๎ก๎Žณ๎—๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎Žฉ๎ŽŽ๎Žป๎Ž—๎—๎ป๎Ž๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ณ๎ ๎›๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎ฅ๎ณ๎Žญ๎Žท๎Ž—๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎Œ๎ฃ๎ŽŽ๎ŽŸ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ณ๎—๎Žซ๎ผ๎Ÿ๎Ž๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ
๎€‘๎Ž”๎ณ๎Žญ๎ญ๎Žณ
๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ณ๎“๎Ž๎Žญ๎๎ญ๎ฃ๎ณ๎Žฉ๎Ÿ๎Ž๎ญ๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ณ๎Žฉ๎ŽŽ๎Žป๎Ž—๎—๎ป๎Ž๎€ƒ๎๎ฃ๎Ž๎ญ๎Œ๎Ÿ๎Ž๎€ƒ๎Žญ๎Ž›๎Žƒ๎ฒ๎“๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ณ๎Žญ๎ญ๎Žณ๎€ƒ๎ฒ๎“๎€ƒ๎Ž“๎ŽŽ๎ณ๎Žฃ๎Ÿ๎Ž๎€ƒ๎Ž•๎ŽŽ๎ง๎ณ๎ฃ๎Ž„๎Ž—๎€ƒ๎ฐ๎ ๎‹๎€ƒ๎Ž๎ ๎๎Ÿ๎Ž
๎ญ๎ฎ
The impact of economic and demographic
factors on the demand for life insurance in
Syria
Dr. youssef mahmoud*
2
Dr. yasera drebati** Ali
youssef***
๏ƒ‘๏€ ABSTRACT ๏ƒ‘
This paper deals with the insurance sector in the Syrian Arab
Republic during the period between 1990-2012, we studied the
impact of economic and demographic factors on the demand for life
insurance size.
It was considered the volume of life insurance premiums indication
of the size of the demand for life insurance, also we study the
impact of some determinants on the demand / income -
unemployment - interest rate - inflation - life expectations -
education - urbanization /. A statistical analysis by spss to study
variables program was carried out, in order to reach the most
important determinants affecting the insurance demand, income and
the inflation and the interest rate are the most effective determinant
in influencing the insurance demand, While statistically significant
for the rest of determinants effect does not appear.
Keywords: insurance Demand, life insurance, economic Factors,
demographic Factors.
๎€ƒ
* Professor, Faculty of Economics, Tishreen University, Damascus, Syria.
** Lecturer, Faculty of Economics, Tishreen University, Damascus, Syria.
*** Postgraduate Student, Department of Economy and Planning, Faculty of economy,
Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.
๎€ƒ๎Ž™๎Œ๎Ž‘๎Ÿ๎Ž๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎Œ๎ฃ๎ŽŽ๎ŽŸ๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ ๎ŽŸ๎ฃ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎Žฉ๎ ๎ŽŸ๎ฃ๎Ÿ๎Ž39๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎Žฉ๎Žฉ๎Œ๎Ÿ๎Ž34๎€ƒ๎€๎€ƒ2017๎€ƒ ๎‚ฎ๎ƒ‚๎††๎…ก๎††๎€ƒ๎‚ป๎…ช๎ƒ‚๎†’
๎€ƒ๎†‘๎…™๎…“๎…•๎†’๎‚ฐ๎‚ฎ๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎‚ฐ๎†’๎…ช๎†’ ๎‚ป๎…ช๎ƒ‚๎†’๎€ƒ๎†‘๎†„๎…ต
๎ญ๎ฏ
๎€”๎€‘ ๎€ƒ๎…—๎††๎‚ฎ๎†€๎††๎€๎€ƒ
๎‚ฏ๎…ธ๎†”๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎‚ฏ๎…ท๎€ƒ๎…™๎†…๎…•๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎‚ถ๎†”๎…ฟ๎…ฆ๎…›๎†…๎€ƒ๎…™๎††๎†”๎…ฌ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎†Œ๎…›๎†Ž๎… ๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎†…๎‚ฅ๎€ƒ๎…™๎…พ๎…•๎…ฒ๎†™๎…•๎…—๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎…—๎†‚๎…›๎…ฌ๎†ˆ๎†…๎…•๎…—๎€ƒ๎‚ฝ๎††๎…ธ๎…›๎†”๎€ƒ๎…•๎†ˆ๎†”๎…พ๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†”๎†‚๎†”๎†…๎‚ง
๎€‘๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎†Š๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎… ๎€ƒ๎‚ผ๎††๎…›๎…ฆ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎‚ท๎…›๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†ˆ๎‚ฒ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎‚ฑ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎†”๎…—๎†„๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†„๎…ฎ๎…—๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎†”๎‚ง๎‚ฒ๎…›๎…›๎€ƒ๎†“๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎††๎…“๎…•๎†Ž๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…•๎‚ท๎…ฆ๎†˜๎†…๎€ƒ
๎€ƒ๎‚ซ๎†”๎…ฃ๎‚ฏ๎…ธ๎†”๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†…๎…•๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎ƒƒ๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†”๎†‚๎†”๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎‚ฏ๎…ท๎€ƒ๎…™๎†…๎…•๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ต๎††๎…ฆ๎…›๎††๎†…๎€ƒ๎…•๎†Ž๎†”๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎…•๎…—๎†๎†™๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…›๎†”๎€ƒ๎†“๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎†”๎†…๎…•๎…ฌ๎†—๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎†๎‚ฃ
๎†”๎‚ฑ๎†‚๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†‘๎…›๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎ƒƒ๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎†”๎…ธ๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎…—๎†‚๎…›๎…ฌ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎…ฟ๎†Š๎…›๎†„๎†”๎€ƒ๎…•๎†ˆ๎†…๎€ƒ๎‚พ๎†…๎‚ฐ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฑ๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€‘๎‚ฟ๎ƒƒ๎†Ž๎… ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎€ƒ
๎€ƒ๎…™๎… ๎…•๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎‚ฅ๎…™๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎†…๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎…ฌ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎…—๎‚ฑ๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎†Ž๎†ˆ๎… ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎†“๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎…™๎…พ๎‚ฑ๎…ธ๎†ˆ๎†…๎€ƒ๎…™๎…พ๎…•๎…ฒ๎†™๎…•๎…—๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎†๎‚ฃ
๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฑ๎…๎‚ค๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎…พ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎…ผ๎†ˆ๎†”๎‚ฏ๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎‚ฏ๎…•๎…ฐ๎…›๎†๎†›๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†ˆ๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎‚ฏ๎…ฃ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง
๎‚ง๎‚ฐ๎†Ž๎…—๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…•๎†”๎†‚๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†‘๎†…๎‚ฅ๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…ธ๎…พ๎‚ฏ๎€ƒ๎†“๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†“๎†๎€ƒ๎‚ซ๎…ฃ๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎‚ท๎…•๎…ฌ๎†๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…•๎…—๎…›๎…ท๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎ƒ€๎…›๎€ƒ๎‚ซ๎†”๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎‚ž
๎‚ฑ๎…ฎ๎‚ค๎†ˆ๎†„๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎…•๎…—๎…›๎…ฆ๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ก๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎… ๎‚ฅ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…›๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎†“๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎††๎†…๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฑ๎…ฌ๎…ฟ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎‚ฏ๎…ฃ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…—๎…ฌ๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…•๎†”๎…›๎…ฆ๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…›๎€ƒ๎…•๎†ˆ๎†”๎…พ๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎††๎†…
๎…™๎†”๎…“๎…•๎…ฐ๎…ฃ๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎†๎†œ๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎…•๎… ๎†”๎†™๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎…•๎†Ž๎…›๎†”๎ƒƒ๎†Š๎…ธ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎†„๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฑ๎…๎‚ค๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†ˆ๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎†๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ผ๎‚ฑ๎…ธ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€•๎€‘ ๎€๎€ƒ๎†Š๎…™๎†’๎††๎†‹๎‚ข๎ƒ‚๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…ก๎…•๎†ƒ๎‚ฆ๎€ƒ๎‚ป๎‚ฆ๎‚ฎ๎†‹๎‚ข
๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฑ๎…๎‚ค๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎…พ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎…ป๎ƒƒ๎†ˆ๎†”๎‚ฏ๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎‚ฏ๎…•๎…ฐ๎…›๎†๎†›๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†ˆ๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎†๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎…•๎… ๎†”๎‚ฅ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎†…๎‚ฅ๎€ƒ๎‚ซ๎…ฃ๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ผ๎‚ฏ๎†Ž๎†”
๎€‘๎…™๎†”๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎…ฌ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฝ๎ƒƒ๎…ฌ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›
๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฏ๎…•๎†”๎‚ฒ๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†ˆ๎†๎…•๎…ฌ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†ˆ๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎†๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎…•๎… ๎†”๎‡”๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ผ๎‚ฑ๎…ธ๎…›๎†…๎…•๎…—๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎… ๎…›๎…›๎€ƒ๎‚ซ๎…ฃ๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎†ˆ๎†๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ๎…•๎†ˆ๎‚ฃ
๎€ƒ๎‚ž๎ƒ…๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎…ฌ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚น๎…•๎‚ท๎†๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎‚ฏ๎€ƒ๎…™๎…พ๎‚ฑ๎…ธ๎†ˆ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎…ฌ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฝ๎ƒƒ๎…ฌ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›
๎€‘๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎…ฌ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฝ๎ƒƒ๎…ฌ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†ˆ๎…ฎ๎…›๎€ƒ๎…™๎†‚๎…—๎…•๎…ฌ๎€ƒ๎…™๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎ƒƒ๎… ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎‚ฏ๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‚ธ๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎…™๎…ฐ๎…•๎…ฆ๎€ƒ
๎€–๎€‘ ๎‚ช๎…ก๎…•๎†ƒ๎‚ฆ๎€ƒ๎…—๎†„๎†‚๎…ฌ๎††๎€ƒ๎€๎€ƒ
๎‚ผ๎…ธ๎…ฒ๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎…—๎…ฌ๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‚ค๎…•๎…ฌ๎…›๎†…๎…•๎…—๎€ƒ๎…™๎…ฌ๎†”๎…“๎‚ฑ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ซ๎…ฃ๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎††๎†„๎…ฎ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†ˆ๎†„๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›
๎€ƒ ๎‚ž๎ƒ๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎‚น๎…•๎‚ท๎†๎€ƒ ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ ๎…•๎†Ž๎…›๎†ˆ๎†๎…•๎…ฌ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‚ผ๎…ธ๎…ฒ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ ๎…™๎†”๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎…ฌ๎ƒ…๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ ๎ƒ๎…•๎†”๎…—๎€ƒ ๎†“๎†…๎…•๎…›๎†…๎…•๎…—๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎‚ฏ๎…•๎…ฐ๎…›๎†๎†›๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎‚ฟ๎†ˆ๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง
๎†ˆ๎†”๎‚ฏ๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒƒ๎€‘๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฑ๎…๎‚ค๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎…พ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎…ป๎€ƒ
๎€—๎€‘ ๎€๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…ก๎…•๎†ƒ๎‚ฆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…“๎†’๎…ฐ๎‚ฐ๎…ผ๎€ƒ
๎€”๎€‹ ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎†›๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎…ฆ๎‚ฏ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…๎‚ค๎†”๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€‘๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›
๎€•๎€‹ ๎€ƒ๎†›๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎…™๎†…๎…•๎‚ท๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…๎‚ค๎…›๎€‘๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง
๎€–๎€‹ ๎€ƒ๎†›๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…๎‚ค๎†”๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฏ๎…“๎…•๎…ฟ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‚ฏ๎…ธ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€‘๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง
๎€—๎€‹ ๎€ƒ๎†›๎…๎‚ค๎†”๎ƒ€๎…ฆ๎…ฒ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€‘๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง
๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ณ๎“๎Ž๎Žญ๎๎ญ๎ฃ๎ณ๎Žฉ๎Ÿ๎Ž๎ญ๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ณ๎Žฉ๎ŽŽ๎Žป๎Ž—๎—๎ป๎Ž๎€ƒ๎๎ฃ๎Ž๎ญ๎Œ๎Ÿ๎Ž๎€ƒ๎Žญ๎Ž›๎Žƒ๎ฒ๎“๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ณ๎Žญ๎ญ๎Žณ๎€ƒ๎ฒ๎“๎€ƒ๎Ž“๎ŽŽ๎ณ๎Žฃ๎Ÿ๎Ž๎€ƒ๎Ž•๎ŽŽ๎ง๎ณ๎ฃ๎Ž„๎Ž—๎€ƒ๎ฐ๎ ๎‹๎€ƒ๎Ž๎ ๎๎Ÿ๎Ž
๎ญ๎ฐ
๎€˜๎€‹ ๎€ƒ๎†›๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…๎‚ค๎…›๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎…ธ๎†๎ƒƒ๎…›๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€‘๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง
๎€™๎€‹ ๎€ƒ๎†›๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…๎‚ค๎†”๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎†”๎††๎…ธ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ„๎ƒƒ๎…›๎…ฌ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€‘๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง
๎€š๎€‹ ๎€ƒ๎†›๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…๎‚ค๎†”๎ƒ๎‚ฏ๎†ˆ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€‘๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ
๎€˜๎€‘ ๎€๎‚ช๎…ก๎…•๎†ƒ๎‚ฆ๎€ƒ๎…—๎†’๎…ž๎†Œ๎†ˆ๎††๎€ƒ
๎‚ซ๎…ฃ๎…•๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎‚ฏ๎†ˆ๎…›๎…ธ๎†”๎€ƒ๎…™๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎€ƒ ๎‚ฟ๎†œ๎…ฆ๎€ƒ ๎ƒ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฑ๎†๎…•๎‚ธ๎€ƒ ๎‚ผ๎…ฐ๎ƒƒ๎†…๎€ƒ ๎†“๎††๎†”๎††๎…ฃ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎…Ÿ๎†Ž๎†Š๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ
๎ƒ๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†„๎‚ฑ๎…ฎ๎††๎†…๎€ƒ๎ƒ…๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎…ฌ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎…•๎…ฃ๎…›๎†›๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎…•๎…ฐ๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎…ฎ๎†Š๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎…•๎†”๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…•๎†๎‚ฑ๎†—๎‚ง๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ผ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎…ฎ๎†™๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎…“๎†”๎†๎ƒƒ
๎ƒ๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎…ฌ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎…“๎…•๎…ฐ๎…ฃ๎†™๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎…ท๎ƒƒ๎†ˆ๎… ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…—๎…•๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎†”๎…ผ๎…›๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎…•๎†”๎†‚๎†…๎€ƒ๎‚พ๎†…๎‚ฐ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎… ๎…ฃ๎€Œ
๎€‹๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎‚ž๎‚ฟ๎…ฆ๎‚ฏ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎…™๎††๎†‚๎…›๎…ฌ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎†”๎…ผ๎…›๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ž๎…™๎†…๎…•๎‚ท๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ž๎‚ฉ๎‚ฏ๎…“๎…•๎…ฟ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ž๎ƒ€๎…ฆ๎…ฒ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎…ธ๎†๎ƒƒ๎…›
๎‚ž๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†”๎††๎…ธ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎ƒ„๎ƒƒ๎…›๎…ฌ๎†ˆ๎ƒ€๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎€ƒ ๎€‘๎€‹๎ƒ๎‚ฏ๎†ˆ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎…•๎†ˆ๎†„๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ ๎‚ฏ๎…•๎†ˆ๎…›๎…ท๎†›๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†“๎…“๎…•๎…ฐ๎…ฃ๎†™๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎…Ÿ๎†Ž๎†Š๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…›๎€ƒ ๎‚ซ๎†”๎…ฃ
๎…›๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎ƒ€๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎…ฆ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎…ฌ๎…•๎†”๎†‚๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎…“๎…•๎…ฐ๎…ฃ๎†›๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎†”๎†…๎…•๎…ฌ๎†—๎‚ง๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎…™๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎†…๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎…—๎ƒƒ๎…ฌ๎…•๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…Ÿ๎†ˆ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎…ฆ๎…›๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฝ๎†”๎‚ฑ๎‚ท๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎…ท๎ƒƒ
๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…™๎††๎†‚๎…›๎…ฌ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎†”๎…ผ๎…›๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…—๎…•๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎†”๎…ผ๎…›๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†”๎…—๎€ƒ๎‚ท๎…—๎‚ฑ๎…›๎€ƒ๎†“๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎†๎†œ๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ
๎€™๎€‘ ๎€๎…—๎†€๎…•๎…“๎…ช๎†ƒ๎‚ฆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…“๎…ช๎‚ฆ๎‚ฐ๎‚ฎ๎†ƒ๎‚ฆ๎€ƒ
๎€”๎€‹ ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†‚๎‚ฐ๎…•๎€ƒ๎‚ฐ๎†’๎†‹๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎…—๎…ช๎‚ฆ๎‚ฐ๎‚ฎ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€˜๎€ƒ๎‚ฐ๎†’๎…™๎…ช๎…ž๎…“๎††๎€ƒ๎…—๎†ƒ๎…“๎…ช๎‚ฐ๎€ƒ]๎€”[
๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…ฃ๎…›๎€ƒ๎‚พ๎†…๎‚ฐ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎‚ฏ๎…ฃ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎…™๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎€ƒ๎‚ซ๎…ฃ๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ง๎‚ฐ๎†๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…›๎ƒ๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎†Š๎…ท๎€ƒ
๎€‹๎…—๎†ˆ๎†’๎‚ถ๎†ˆ๎…ช๎…ฟ๎€ƒ๎…—๎†’๎†™๎ƒ‚๎…•๎€ƒ๎…—๎†’๎†€๎†’๎…•๎‚ถ๎…™๎€ƒ๎…—๎…ช๎‚ฆ๎‚ฐ๎‚ฎ๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎…“๎†’๎…ก๎†ƒ๎‚ฆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…“๎†ˆ๎†’๎††๎…‹๎…™๎€ƒ๎†๎†„๎…ต๎€ƒ๎‚ง๎†„๎‚ถ๎†ƒ๎‚ฆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฆ๎‚ฎ๎‚ฎ๎…ก๎††๎€ƒ
๎€ƒ๎†“๎†ˆ๎…•๎…ท๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†”๎…—๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฏ๎…›๎†ˆ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฑ๎…›๎…ฟ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎††๎†ˆ๎…ฎ๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€˜๎€๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€–๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ…๎‚ฑ๎…“๎‚ง๎‚ฒ๎… ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚น๎…•๎‚ท๎†๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎‚ท๎…ป๎ƒƒ
๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†ˆ๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎‚ฏ๎…•๎… ๎†”๎†™๎€ƒ ๎‚ซ๎…ฃ๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎ƒ‰
๎‚ผ๎‚ฏ๎†๎‚ž๎€ƒ ๎…™๎†”๎†‚๎†”๎…—๎‚ท๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎…™๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎††๎†…๎€ƒ ๎‚น๎ƒƒ๎…ฒ๎ƒƒ๎†ˆ๎†„๎€ƒ ๎…™๎†Š๎†”๎‚ท๎†Š๎…ฌ๎†๎€ƒ ๎…™๎†”๎†›๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ ๎‚ฑ๎…•๎†”๎…›๎…ฆ๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎ƒ€๎…›๎ƒƒ
๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎… ๎…›๎†Š๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ก๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎…ฎ๎†…๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฏ๎‚ฏ๎…ฃ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎††๎†„๎€ƒ๎ƒƒ๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎…“๎‚ฒ๎… ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎‚ฏ๎…•๎…ฐ๎…›๎†๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†ˆ๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎†Š๎…•๎†„๎€ƒ๎‚ก๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎…ฌ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง
๎€ƒ๎€‘๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎… ๎…›๎†Š๎†ˆ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ…๎‚ฑ๎…“๎‚ง๎‚ฒ๎… ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚น๎…•๎‚ท๎†๎€ƒ๎…™๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎†…๎‚ฅ๎€ƒ๎…™๎…พ๎…•๎…ฒ๎†™๎…•๎…—๎€ƒ
๎€ƒ๎…Ÿ๎†Ž๎†Š๎†ˆ๎††๎†…๎€ƒ ๎…™๎…พ๎…•๎…ฒ๎†™๎…•๎…—๎€ƒ ๎†“๎††๎†”๎††๎…ฃ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎…Ÿ๎†Ž๎†Š๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ ๎†“๎…ฟ๎…ฐ๎ƒƒ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎…Ÿ๎†Ž๎†Š๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ ๎†Œ๎…›๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎€ƒ ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ ๎‚ซ๎…ฃ๎…•๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎‚ฏ๎†ˆ๎…›๎…ท๎‚ง
๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎…•๎…ฐ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎ƒ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‚ฏ๎†”๎‚ฏ๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎‚ฟ๎†œ๎…ฆ๎€ƒ ๎ƒ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†Œ๎…›๎…•๎†ˆ๎ƒƒ๎††๎…ธ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ ๎‚ฟ๎ƒƒ๎…ฐ๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎ƒ€๎…›๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ ๎‚ž๎†“๎…“๎…•๎…ฐ๎…ฃ๎†™๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ ๎†“๎…ฆ๎†”๎‚ฑ๎…•๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ
๎€‘๎…™๎†Š๎†”๎‚ท๎†Š๎…ฌ๎†๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎†›๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎…ธ๎†”๎‚ฒ๎ƒƒ๎…›๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…›๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎…•๎†”๎…—๎…›๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎…“๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎… ๎†™๎€ƒ๎…™๎…พ๎…•๎…ฒ๎†™๎…•๎…—๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎††๎…ฃ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎†ˆ๎†…๎…•๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ
๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฑ๎…๎‚ค๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…Ÿ๎…“๎…•๎…›๎†Š๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎†”๎‚ฏ๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†‘๎†…๎‚ฅ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎…›๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†œ๎…ฆ๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎…ฐ๎ƒƒ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…›๎ƒƒ
๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎†“๎†Š๎†”๎‚ฏ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†ˆ๎…•๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎‚ฏ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†„๎‚ฑ๎…ฎ๎€ƒ๎‚ผ๎‚ฑ๎‚ท๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎…•๎…ธ๎…ฟ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ถ๎‚ฑ๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎…•๎†”๎…ป๎€ƒ๎…•๎†Ž๎†ˆ๎†๎‚ฃ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง
๎€ƒ๎Ž™๎Œ๎Ž‘๎Ÿ๎Ž๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎Œ๎ฃ๎ŽŽ๎ŽŸ๎€ƒ๎Ž”๎ ๎ŽŸ๎ฃ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎Žฉ๎ ๎ŽŸ๎ฃ๎Ÿ๎Ž39๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎Žฉ๎Žฉ๎Œ๎Ÿ๎Ž34๎€ƒ๎€๎€ƒ2017๎€ƒ ๎‚ฎ๎ƒ‚๎††๎…ก๎††๎€ƒ๎‚ป๎…ช๎ƒ‚๎†’
๎€ƒ๎†‘๎…™๎…“๎…•๎†’๎‚ฐ๎‚ฎ๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎‚ฐ๎†’๎…ช๎†’ ๎‚ป๎…ช๎ƒ‚๎†’๎€ƒ๎†‘๎†„๎…ต
๎ญ๎ฑ
๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎‚ก๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎…ฎ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎…พ๎†—๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎…•๎…—๎†๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎‚ฏ๎…ท๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎…ฟ๎‚ท๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎ƒƒ๎… ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎ƒƒ๎‚ฏ๎€ƒ๎‚ฒ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎…—๎‚ฅ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎†…๎‚ฅ๎€ƒ๎…™๎…พ๎…•๎…ฒ๎†™๎…•๎…—๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š
๎€‘๎ƒ๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ก๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎…ฎ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎…•๎…—๎†๎†™๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎…™๎††๎…“๎…•๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ
๎€ƒ
๎€•๎€‹ ๎€ƒ๎…—๎…ช๎‚ฆ๎‚ฐ๎‚ฎBeck & Ian Webb๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎…“๎…ต๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€–๎€ƒ[2]
๎‚ซ๎…ฃ๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ง๎‚ฐ๎†๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…›๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎…™๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎ƒ๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎††๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…—๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎‚ฏ๎…ฃ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎†Š๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…ฃ๎…› ๎€ƒEconomic, Demographic, and Institutional Determinants of
Life Insurance Consumption across Countries๎€ƒ
๎€ƒ๎†‹๎‚ฐ๎†Ž๎…—๎€ƒ ๎ƒ๎…•๎†ˆ๎ƒƒ๎†‚๎†”๎€ƒ ๎ƒ๎…•๎…๎…ฃ๎…•๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎…ธ๎… ๎€ƒ ๎ƒ๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎††๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎‚ผ๎††๎…›๎…ฆ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ ๎ƒ๎†”๎…—๎€ƒ ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ ๎‚ฑ๎†”๎…—๎†„๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎ƒ๎†”๎…•๎…—๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎‚ฅ
๎€ƒ๎†‹๎‚ฐ๎†๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎†ˆ๎…•๎†๎€ƒ๎‚ซ๎†”๎…ฃ๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฑ๎…๎‚ค๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎‚ฏ๎…ฃ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎†๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎…•๎… ๎†”๎†™๎€ƒ๎…™๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎†…๎‚ง
๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎††๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎†”๎‚ฏ๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎††๎†ˆ๎…ฎ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†ˆ๎…ฆ๎…ฒ๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎…•๎†”๎…—๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฏ๎…ท๎…•๎†๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎…™๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎†…๎‚ง๎€™๎€–๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎††๎…—๎€ƒ
๎ƒ†
๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎†Š๎†ˆ๎‚ฒ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฑ๎…›๎…พ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†œ๎…ฆ
๎€Œ๎€”๎€œ๎€›๎€“๎€ƒ๎€๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€™๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎†๎†—๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎…ฐ๎ƒƒ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎…ผ๎…—๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€‘๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎‚ฏ๎…ฃ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ
๎€ƒ๎†“๎†…๎…•๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎‚น๎…•๎‚ท๎†‚๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎ƒƒ๎†ˆ๎†Š๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ ๎†“๎†ˆ๎††๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎‚ฟ๎†”๎…ฐ๎…ฃ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎ƒ๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ ๎…•๎†Ž๎†”๎†…๎‚ฅ๎€ƒ ๎‚ฟ๎…ฐ๎ƒƒ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎ƒ€๎…›๎€ƒ ๎†“๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎…Ÿ๎…“๎…•๎…›๎†Š๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎ƒ€๎†๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ ๎ƒ๎†ˆ
๎€‘๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ก๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎…ฎ๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…๎‚ค๎…›๎€ƒ๎†“๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎‚ฏ๎…ฃ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…๎†„๎‚ฃ๎€ƒ๎†“๎†๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…ฆ๎…ฒ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎†“๎…พ๎‚ฑ๎…ฐ๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ
๎€–๎€‹ ๎…—๎…ช๎‚ฆ๎‚ฐ๎‚ฎ Mitra & Ghosh ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎…“๎…ต๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€›๎€ƒ[3]๎€ƒ
๎…›๎€ƒ ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ ๎‚จ๎††๎‚ท๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎‚ฏ๎…ฃ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ ๎…™๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎€ƒ ๎‚ซ๎…ฃ๎…—๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎‚ง๎‚ฐ๎†๎€ƒ ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ ๎ƒ€๎…›๎…๎€ƒ ๎‚ฏ๎†Š๎†Ž๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎†“๎…พ๎€ƒ ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎ƒ๎†”๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…ฐ๎…ท๎€ƒ ๎†“๎…พ
๎€ƒ๎ƒ…๎‚ฏ๎…•๎…ฐ๎…›๎†๎†›๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ญ๎†œ๎…ฐ๎†›๎‚ง๎ƒ๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎†Š๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…ฃ๎…›๎€๎€ƒ
Determinants of Life Insurance Demand in India in the Post
Economic Reform Era
๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎†“๎†ˆ๎…•๎…ท๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†”๎…—๎€ƒ๎…™๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎†ˆ๎…›๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€”๎€๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€›๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎…•๎…ฐ๎…›๎†๎†œ๎†…๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎ƒƒ๎†Š๎…ฌ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎†”๎‚ฑ๎…•๎†‚๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎†‘๎††๎…ท๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎‚ฏ๎†ˆ๎…›๎…ท๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎†๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎€‹
๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎†”๎…ผ๎…›๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎…•๎… ๎†”๎‚ฅ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…›๎€ƒ๎‚ซ๎†”๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎ƒ…๎‚ฏ๎†Š๎†Ž๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†”๎†ˆ๎…๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚น๎…•๎‚ท๎†๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎ƒƒ๎…ฃ๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†”๎…“๎…•๎…ฐ๎…ฃ๎‡”๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ช๎…•๎†Š๎…•๎†”๎…—๎†…๎€ƒ๎…™๎…พ๎…•๎…ฒ๎†™๎…•๎…—๎€ƒ๎ƒ…๎‚ฏ๎†Š๎†Ž๎†…๎‚ง
๎€ƒ๎ƒƒ๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎†…๎ƒƒ๎…พ๎€ƒ๎†“๎†„๎†”๎‚ฏ๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎…•๎…—๎…›๎…ฆ๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฝ๎†”๎…—๎‚ท๎…›๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ฏ๎‚ฏ๎…ธ๎…›๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎‚ง๎‚ฏ๎…ฃ๎†Š๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎…™๎†…๎‚ฏ๎…•๎…ธ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฝ๎†”๎‚ฑ๎‚ท๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎…ท๎€ƒ๎…™๎…ฌ๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎‚ฏ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎†”๎…ฌ๎†‚๎…›๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…›๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎†”๎…ผ๎…›๎†ˆ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ
๎†‘๎†…๎‚ฅ๎€ƒ๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎†”๎†ˆ๎…ฌ๎†๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎†”๎…ผ๎…›๎†ˆ๎€ƒ๎…›๎†๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎‚ฑ๎†”๎…ป๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ฉ๎‚ฏ๎…“๎…•๎…ฟ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‚ฏ๎…ธ๎†ˆ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…ฆ๎…ฒ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎…ฆ๎‚ฏ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎…ฒ๎…›๎€ƒ๎…™๎†”๎‚ฏ๎…•๎…ฐ๎‚ช๎‚ง๎‚ฑ๎†”๎…ผ๎…›๎†ˆ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ
๎€ƒ ๎ƒ๎‚ฏ๎†ˆ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ ๎ƒ€๎†”๎††๎…ธ๎…›๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎ƒ„๎ƒƒ๎…›๎…ฌ๎†ˆ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ ๎‚ฉ๎…•๎†”๎…ฃ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎‚ช๎…•๎…ธ๎†๎ƒƒ๎…›๎†„๎€ƒ ๎…™๎†”๎‚ฏ๎…•๎…ฐ๎…›๎†๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎‚ฑ๎†”๎…ป๎…™๎…พ๎…•๎…ฒ๎†™๎…•๎…—๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎†ˆ๎‚ง๎ƒƒ๎…ธ๎†…๎‚ง๎€ƒ ๎ƒ๎†ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‚ฏ๎†”๎‚ฏ๎…ธ๎††๎†…
๎€‘๎ƒ„๎‚ฑ๎…ฆ๎†—๎‚ง๎€ƒ
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