Journal of Ethnopharmacology 199 (2017) 194–204 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants in the south of Kerman, Iran MARK ⁎ Mohammad Sadat-Hosseinia,b, , Mostafa Farajpourc, Naser Boroomandd,e, Farshad SolaimaniSardouf a Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran Department of Horticultural Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran c Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Abourihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran d Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran e Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran f Department of Arid Land and Desert Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran b A R T I C L E I N F O A BS T RAC T Keywords: Ethnopharmacology Medicinal plants Kerman Iran Ethnobotany Ethnopharmacological relevance: The aim of this study was to collect and document information concerning the medicinal plants used by indigenous people and traditional healers in the south of Kerman Province, Iran. Materials and methods: Overall, 64 informants between the ages of 30 and 89 were interviewed about the modes of application and consumption of medicinal plants in the region. Quantitative analysis was conducted that included informant consensus factor (ICF), use value (UV), relative frequency of citation (RFC) and cultural importance index (CI). Results and discussion: In the current study, a total of 115 medicinal plants in 41 families were reported in the south of the Kerman region. Apiaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae (with 14 species each) were the families with the most medicinal plants. The most frequently used plant parts were leaves at 26.17% and aerial parts (23.49%). Decoction (53%), liniment (23%) and infusion (9%) were the most common preparation methods. The highest UVs were obtained from the following medicinal plants: Amygdalus eburnea Spach, Genista tinctoria L., Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand., Fortuynia garcinii (Burm.f.) Shuttlew. and Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Mill. The ICF results indicated that cold-flu and fever were the most common diseases (0.67) in the south of Kerman. Conclusion: Based on the current study, the south of Kerman has many potential medicinal plants, and these plants should be the focus of future research. 1. Introduction Plants contain a variety of secondary metabolites that function as hormones, attractants, poisons, and repellents, among others (Mirahmadi et al., 2011). Many of the metabolites have pharmacological properties that have been and are used by humans (Hostettmann and Terreaux, 2000). Over the centuries, humans have depended on plants as sources of food and medicine, in addition to also meeting a variety of other requirements (Flaster, 1996). The earliest uses of medicinal herbs are traced back to approximately 4500 BCE (Pei, 2001). Plants were useful not only in the ancient medical systems but also continue to play a crucial role in the present healthcare systems. Worldwide, people use traditional medicines to meet some of their primary healthcare needs (WHO, 2002). Currently, the use of ethnobotanical information on medicinal and aromatic plants is gaining considerable attention in scientific communities (Heinrich, 2000). Iran is among the top ten countries worldwide with 8000 plant species and 1727 endemic species and therefore, is one of the most important centers globally for plant diversity (Yousofi, 2007). Traditional pharmacopoeia and medicinal plants have been studied in different areas of Iran, e.g., Turkaman Sahra (Ghorbani, 2005), West Azerbaijan (Miraldi et al., 2001), Baluchestan (Sadeghi et al., 2014), Sirjan (Nasab and Khosravi, 2014), Kohghiluyehva Boyer Ahmad (Mosaddegh et al., 2012), Kazeroon in Fars Province (Dolatkhahi et al., 2010) and Hormozgan (Safa et al., 2012; Saber-Amoli et al. (2004) introduced recorded 285 medicinal plants species in Kerman Province. With ⁎ Corresponding author at: Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (M. Sadat-Hosseini), [email protected] (M. Farajpour), [email protected] (N. Boroomand), [email protected] (F. Solaimani-Sardou). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.006 Received 2 June 2016; Received in revised form 20 January 2017; Accepted 2 February 2017 Available online 04 February 2017 0378-8741/ © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 199 (2017) 194–204 M. Sadat-Hosseini et al. most important archaeological, historical sites in Iran and is located in Jiroft. Additionally, Halilroud is the most significant and only permanent river in the area, which drains into Lake Jazmurian. 3,665,000 ha of natural resources, the south of Kerman Province has a wide variety of medicinal plants. However, very little is known about how local people use these plants as medicines to cure diseases. The primary cities of southeast Kerman Province with such plants are Jiroft, Kahnoj, Anbar-Abad, Qale-Ganj, Rudbar and Manujan. According to the 2006 Iranian census, the population of the region is 629,497 people. The populace includes 210,064 (33.37%) urban and 419,433 (66.62%) rural residents who habitually use or collect medicinal plants. Many parts of Iran, particularly the southeast, which is the center of agriculture in Iran with rangeland vegetation, have been affected by reduced rainfall due to climatic changes (Beheshti-Rad, 2015; Gonchei et al., 2010), and water shortage is one of the primary factors leading to the extinction of plants. Therefore, projects must be designed and studies conducted to save plant species, particularly useful medicinal plants. The objectives of this study were to collect and document information regarding the medicinal plants used by indigenous people and the treatments provided by traditional healers living in the southeast of Kerman Province. 2.2. Data collection and plant identification Data were collected from six districts of southeast Kerman from 2013 to 2015 from both villages and urban areas. With the aim of a quantitative approach to record the ethno-medicinal information, the participant observation method was used in combination with openended interviews and questionnaires (a questionnaire is provided in an online Supplementary file). Additionally, other knowledgeable people of the region, including medicinal herb vendors, shepherds, farmers and herbalists, were among the interviewees. The people in local areas speak Persian, and therefore, the interviews were in Persian. A total of 64 informants (38 females and 26 males) between 30 and 89 years of age were interviewed. Information on vernacular names, medicinal uses, herbal part(s) as pharmacological agent and preparation and treatment methods was recorded, and the details are presented in Table 1. Medicinal plants were collected and labeled and preserved at the Herbarium Horticultural Department of the University of Jiroft for future studies. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Study area 2.3. Data analyses The study area was located in the southeast of Kerman Province with a longitudinal range from 55°20′12.43′′ to 63°52′38.28′′, a latitudinal range from 27°31′23.35′′ to 29°14′35.42′′ and elevation ranging from 143 m (Holes Jazmurian, nestled between the provinces of Kerman and Sistan-Baluchestan) to 3884 m (JabalBarez and Bahr Aseman mountains) above sea level. The South of Kerman Province has six cities that include Jiroft, Kahnoj, Anbar-Abad, Qhale-Ganj, Rudbar and Manujan (Fig. 1). Approximately 90% of the total area of natural resources in the province is forests, 483,000 ha (14%), pastures, 1,941,954 ha (56%), and desert, 1,038,000 ha (30%). Only 5% of the total area of the province is agricultural land; however, most of the agricultural lands are in the south of the province. Pastures and forests are associated with Jiroft, Kahnoj, Anbar-Abad and part of Manujan, but Qhale-Ganj, Rudbar and other parts of Manujan are desert. These regions are characterized by cold, dry weather at high altitudes in mountainous areas and by warmth and humidity in the low-lying areas. The average rainfall, annual temperature and range of humidity in these regions are approximately 140 mm, 25.7 °C and 34–66%, respectively. Several nomadic tribes with a rich historical background and that use medicinal plants and have their own traditional healers are in these regions: the Āsiābars, the Jebāl Bārezis, the Solaymāni Balučes, and the Mehnis. These tribes seasonally migrate within the Jiroft subprovince (the Central Burean of Irān, 1999). In this study, we used information from the nomadic tribes. Konar Sandal is one of the The ethnobotanical information was analyzed using reports on plants use. This index was defined as a combination of three variables, i, u and s, such that informant i mentioned the use of species s in the use category u. The number of plants and the number of informants that reported use of this species were counted. Quantitative value indices were calculated in this study. 2.3.1. Use-value (UV) The UV, a quantitative index used to determine the relative importance of an indigenous plant species, was calculated with the following formula: UV = Σ Ui / n where UV represents the use value of a species; Ui is the number of consumptions mentioned by each informant for a given species; n is the total number of informants interviewed that used a given species (Phillips and Gentry, 1993). 2.3.2. Informants consensus factor (ICF) Informant consensus factor (ICF) was employed to indicate homogeneity of the information. All citations were placed into ailment categories that each plant was claimed to affect. The ICF was calculated Fig. 1. Location map of Iran showing Kerman province (the study area). 195 196 Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Pistacia atlantica Desf. Ammi majus L. Anethum graveolens L. Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch. Conium maculatum L. Coriandrum sativum L. Dorema aucheri Boiss. Ferula ovina (Boiss.) Boiss. Ferula szowitsiana DC. Ferulago angulate (Schltdl.) Boiss. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Levisticum persicum Freyn & Bornm. Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss Pimpinella saxifraga L. Psammogeton stocksii (Boiss.) Nasir Rhazya stricta Decne. Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. Pergularia tomentosa L. Achillea eriophora DC. Achillea wilhelmsii K.Koch Artemisia aucheri Boiss. Centaurea bruguieriana (DC.) Hand. Mazz. Centaurea solstitialis L. Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Pers. Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Apocynaceae Asclepiadaceae Asclepiadaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Cichorium pumilum Jacq. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Lactuca serriola L. Onopordon leptolepis DC. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. Hertia intermedia (Boiss.) Kuntze Blepharis persica (Burm.f.) Kuntez Narcissus tazetta L. Acanthaceae Amaryllidaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Scientific name Family Kalkich Kasni Kangar saharaei Kahou khardar Kangar Shirtighak Shirtighak Babouneh Golgandom zard Babooneh Golgandom Jaz Benjerask Labashir Boumadaran Kharak Jafari Jafari Kouhi Izbok Gish Garchi Badiuon Karasm Oshtork Anghouze shirin Anghouzeh Showkaran Geshniz Ziresiah Golsefid mitkham Baneh Kasour Khar sonbol Narges Vernacular name (Persian) Table 1 Indigenous medicinal knowledge of plants from the study area. Leaf Whole plant Root Leaf Aerial parts Leaf Leaf Aerial parts Aerial parts Aerial parts Leaf Flower Leaf Flower Leaf Leaf Seed Aerial parts Leaf Leaf Aerial parts Fruit Latex Leaf, rootLatex Whole plant Leaf Fruit Latex Aerial parts Aerial parts (latex) Aerial parts Fruit Aerial parts Seed Fruit Leaf, seed Fruit Leaf and seed Bulb Leaf Fruit Plant part used Epilepsy, anti-tumult Eye diseases, skin rash Lactiferous, infected blotch, asthma, stomach ulcers, blood pressure, nerve tonic; leaf for migraine Antipyretic, blood purifier; root for appetizing Gastric discomfort, appetizing Bone and joint pains Urinary stone, abdominal pains, diarrhea Skin rash Skin ailments Parasite repellent, migraine, anti-inflammation Stomachache, appetizing, epilepsy Stomachache Febrifuge Toothache Eye problems Leaf for sedative after snake, scorpion and insect bite; roots for gastric discomfort and migraine Remove inflammation of the skin Parasite repellent Antiepileptic Wound healing Wound healing Blood coagulation Carminative Epilepsy Eye diseases, skin rash Carminative, flavoring of animal oil Gastric discomfort, bone and joint pains Stem as pickle, flavoring of food Blood coagulation Sterility treatment, gastric discomfort Blood coagulation Hemorrhoids, stomachache, toothache Cough, bone and joint pains Nausea, diuretic Leaf for anti-cancer, osteoporosis; seeds for gastric discomfort Digestive, diuretic, respiratory tract infection, child squirt, parasite repellent Pertussis, respiratory ailments Diabetes, intestinal infections Seasoning of food Washing head hair Carminative Stomachache Medicinal uses Decoction Decoction, liniment Decoction Liniment Decoction Liniment Liniment Decoction Liniment Infusion Infusion, moisturized in water Liniment Powder, decoction Decoction Powder, decoction Decoction, dressing Decoction Decoction Powder Liniment Liniment Decoction Decoction (with meat and vegetables) Decoction, dressing Decoction Decoction, dressing Decoction Decoction Infusion, chewy seed Decoction Decoction Decoction, liniment Decoction, liniment Liniment Decoction, infusion Preparation SK120 SK121 SK122 SK123 SK124 SK125 SK126 SK118 SK119 SK117 SK116 SK115 SK127 SK114 SK128 SK111 SK112 SK113 SK133 SK108 SK109 SK110 SK105 SK106 SK107 SK103 SK104 SK102 SK100 SK101 SK134 SK132 SK127 SK130 Voucher no. 0.17 SK129 (continued on next page) 0.13 0.25 0.25 0.33 0.14 0.33 0.27 topical Oral Oral Topical Oral Topical Topical Oral Oral 0.22 0.12 0.12 0.10 Topical Oral, Topical Oral 0.10 0.20 0.09 topical Oral Oral Oral 0.44 0.10 0.10 0.25 0.17 0.40 0.08 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.22 0.14 0.19 0.20 0.25 0.16 0.23 0.20 0.14 UV Oral, Oral Oral Oral Topical Oral Oral Oral Topical Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Topical Oral, topical Oral, topical Oral, topical Oral Oral Mode of application M. Sadat-Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 199 (2017) 194–204 197 Kalpoureh Avishan Aghalaleh Teucrium polium L. Zataria multiflora Boiss. Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. Dracocephalum polychaetum Bornm. Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Lawsonia inermis L. Malva microcarpa Pers. Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Liliaceae Lythraceae Malvaceae Lamiaceae Peymaouk Hana Khatmi Zarow Pideneh Nana Goldar Morporzou Moureshk Dom shir Kenton Shahtere Gazaneh Melengou Salvii Golmour Khimouk Shirbeng Alaf mourcheh Hanzal Talhkou Salvia mirzayanii Rech.f. & Esfand. Stachys inflata Benth. Convolvulaceae Cucurbitaceae Dipsacaceae Pichak Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Cressa cretica L. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Scabiosa candollei DC. Convolvulaceae Gharanphel Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Nepeta cataria L. Otostegia persica (Burm.f.) Boiss. Salvia compressa Vent. Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. Convolvulus arvensis L. Caryophyllaceae Mokou Dak Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Dianthus orientalis Adams Brassicaceae Capparidaceae Khakshi Ricinus communis L. Fumaria parviflora Lam. Lamium album L. Lallemantia royleana (Benth.) Benth. Leonurus cardiaca L. Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. Capparis spinosa L. Brassicaceae Makhleseh Euphorbiaceae Fumariaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Fortuynia garcinii (Burm.f.) Shuttlew. Sisymbrium irio L. Brassicaceae Zarch Golparak Sezkouei Chezkouei Gavzaban Khakshi Ephedra strobilacea Bunge Euphorbia helioscopia L. Berberis integerrima Bunge Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. Nonea caspica (Willd.) G.Don Nonnea persica Boiss. Trichodesma stocksii Boiss. Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Berberidaceae Bignoniaceae Boraginaceae Boraginaceae Boraginaceae Brassicaceae Vernacular name (Persian) Ephedraceae Euphorbiaceae Scientific name Family Table 1 (continued) Seed Leaf Flower Leaf Flower Leaf and flower Leaf Leaf Aerial parts Seed, Skin of root Aerial parts Leaf, Flower Aerial parts Aerial parts Flower Leaf Aerial parts Leaf Seed Aerial parts Leaf Fruit Aerial parts Fruit and root Aerial parts Fruit Flower Aerial parts Skin of root, flower Fruit Flower, Oil of plant Aerial parts Seed Aerial parts Fruit Bark of stem Leaf Leaf Flower Fruit Plant part used Cardiac distress Nerve tonic Flavoring of food and yogurt flavor Febrifuge, pertussis, child fever Toothache, addiction treatment Abdominal pains, diarrhea, gastric discomfort Menstruation additive Wound healing Alzheimer's treatment Anti-inflammation, respiratory ailments Antimicrobial Abdominal pains, menstruation additive, cough Stomachache, pertussis, asthma, tonic, liver infection Sedative Influenza Rheumatism, flavoring Diuretic Hair tonic, prevention of hair loss, skin rash Throat protuberance, heat regulation, Combined with sesame and olive for white hair Toothache, nerve tonic, hiccups Headache Abdominal pains, diarrhea, jaundice, gynecological problem, wound healing, Antifungal, antibacterial Adult squirt, liver cysts, hypertension antipyretic Abdominal pains, diarrhea, bone and joint pains, Sedative, stomach ulcers Abdominal pains, diarrhea, root for parasite repellent, rheumatism Skin rash Abdominal pains, diarrhea, emetic Adult squirt, stomachache Asthma, cough, antipyretic, osteoporosis, lactiferous Cough, constipation, adult squirt, carminative Urinary stone, adult squirt, stomachache, skin rash Stomach acidification, rheumatism Fruit and flower as pickle, parasite repellent Blood purifier, heat regulation Urinary problems Cardiac distress, nerve tonic, sedative Sedative Nerve tonic, respiratory ailments, throat pains Parasite repellent, gastric discomfort, abdominal problem, febrifuge, skin rash Migraine, sedative, menstruation additive, spasm Medicinal uses Dressing Decoction Decoction Liniment Moisturized with water Decoction Decoction Decoction Decoction Decoction Dressing Infusion Dressing Decoction Decoction, liniment Decoction Decoction Infusion Decoction, moisturized with water Decoction Decoction, liniment Dressing, decoction Liniment Decoction Decoction, liniment Liniment, decoction Infusion Liniment, infusion Decoction, liniment Decoction, infusion Decoction Decoction Decoction Decoction Decoction Decoction, moisturized in water, liniment Preparation Topical Oral Oral Topical Oral, Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Topical Oral Oral, topical Oral Oral Oral topical Oral Oral Oral Oral topical Topical Oral Oral, topical Oral Oral, topical Oral, topical Oral, SK169 SK166 SK167 SK168 SK164 SK165 SK159 SK160 SK161 SK162 SK163 SK158 SK152 SK153 SK155 SK157 SK150 SK151 SK147 SK145 SK149 SK146 SK148 SK143 SK144 SK142 SK141 SK139 SK137 SK135 SK136 SK138 SK140 Voucher no. 0.33 SK154 0.16 SK156 0.19 SK171 (continued on next page) 0.10 0.13 0.22 0.14 0.07 0.15 0.19 0.15 0.22 0.23 0.30 0.29 0.38 0.17 0.17 0.30 0.38 0.43 0.29 0.33 0.21 0.38 0.28 0.10 0.20 0.22 0.44 topical Oral Oral, topical Oral Oral, 0.16 0.17 0.20 0.25 0.14 0.40 UV Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral, Mode of application M. Sadat-Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 199 (2017) 194–204 198 Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Mill. Cotoneaster kotschyi (C.K.Schneid.) G.Klotz Crataegus azarolus L. Crataegus pontica K.Koch Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rhamnaceae Rosaceae Rhamnaceae Amygdalus eburnea Spach Papilionaceae Pedalicaceae Rosaceae Astragalus eremophilus Boiss. Sesamum indicum L. Papilionaceae Papilionaceae Papilionaceae Papilionaceae Papilionaceae Papilionaceae Papilionaceae Hordeum vulgare L. Rumex vesicarius L. Anagallis arvensis L. Samolus valerandi L. Clematis ispahanica Boiss. Thalictrum minus L. Rhamnus persica P. Lawson Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C. Johnst. Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. Amygdalus communis L. Dalbergia sissoo DC. Genista tinctoria L. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Medicago sativa L. Onobrychis altissima Grossh. Ononis spinosa L. Trifolium pratense L. Papilionaceae Poaceae Polygonaceae Primulaceae Primulaceae Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae Rhamnaceae Rhamnaceae Alhagi pseudoalhagi (M. Bieb.) Desv. ex B. Keller & Shap. Cicer kermanense Bornm. Papilionaceae Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. Alhagi persarum Boiss. & Buhse Papilionaceae Poaceae Poaceae Olea aucheri A.Chev. ex Ehrend. Oleaceae Plantago ciliata Desf. Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Gisekia pharnaceoides L. Myrtus communis L. Mimosaceae Molluginaceae Myrtaceae Plantaginaceae Scientific name Family Table 1 (continued) Kalkouhi Kalkouhi Siahchou Mahlab BadamKouhi, Alouk Konar Badamshirin Konar Jow Torshak Del pasand Alaf Chaspakou Sadabi Titoumari Toutlangou Garch Garch Kowchak Kalilolmolk Konjed Gag Ranginzard Motki Yonjeh Esperes Karkhar Shabdar Nokhod kermani Kharshotorkhazari Aadour Zeytoun Kahour Bargdyereii Mourdeneh Vernacular name (Persian) parts parts parts parts parts parts parts parts parts Leaf and fruit Flower Leaf and fruit Flower Leaf skin Fruit Latex Leaf Fruit Leaf and fruit Flower and leaf Fruit Fruit and leaf Fruit Leaf Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Fruit Fruit Leaf Seed Seed Seed Seed Seed Aerial Aerial Root Aerial Aerial Root Aerial Aerial parts Root Fruit Aerial parts Leaf and fruit Fruit Aerial parts Leaf Plant part used Hypertension, sedative, spasms Cardiac distress Hypertension, sedative, spasms Cardiac distress Common cold and as antimicrobial Stomach ulcers Intestinal infections Leaf for liver failure, parasite repellent, ulcer Fruit for child squirt Leaf for sedative; oil for cough, adult squirt, parasite repellent Liver cysts, nerve sedative, swollen joints, parasite repellent Reducing palpitations Child squirt, jaundice tooth mass Asthma, skin rash Remove bur from skin Infections topical, digestive, diuretic Leaf as antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-tumult; oil for diabetes, insect repellent, remove bur from skin, parasite repellent Hemorrhoids; leaf for rheumatism Diuretic Urinary stones Diuretic, hair tonic Insect repellent Gastric discomfort, abdominal pains, diarrhea Stomachache, stomach ulcers, stomach acidification Blood coagulation, infections topical Eye problems, prostate problems Diuretic, inflammation of the urinary tract Blood purifier, asthma, bone and joint pains Asthma, adult squirt Prevention of hair loss, blood fat Leaf as antibacterial and for burns Seed as antipyretic, sedative Diuretic Flatulence, prevention of hair loss Diabetes, gout Appetizing, remove bur from skin Liver cysts, urinary stones Tonic Diuretic, joint pain, headache Gastric discomfort Adult squirt Blood purifier Medicinal uses Decoction Decoction Infusion Decoction, dressing Decoction, oil Liniment Decoction Decoction Decoction, oil, infusion Decoction Decoction, liniment Infusion Decoction Decoction Decoction Decoction Decoction Liniment Syrup Decoction Decoction, liniment Decoction Decoction, liniment Liniment Decoction Decoction Liniment Liniment, dressing Decoction Decoction, liniment Decoction, liniment Cataplasm, decoction Cataplasm, decoction Decoction, Liniment Liniment Dressing Decoction, infusion Preparation Oral Oral Oral, topical Oral Oral Topical Oral Oral Topical Oral Oral Topical Topical Oral Oral, topical Oral Topical, oral Topical Oral Oral Oral, topical Oral Oral, topical Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral, topical Oral, topical Oral topical Topical Topical Topical, oral Oral Topical 0.29 0.20 0.40 0.43 0.57 0.10 0.31 0.17 0.14 0.20 0.14 0.07 0.30 0.22 0.33 0.17 0.14 0.33 0.33 0.10 0.12 0.20 0.50 0.14 0.16 0.22 0.33 0.21 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.29 0.25 0.20 0.33 UV SK200 SK199 SK198 SK196 SK195 SK207 SK194 SK206 SK182 SK187 SK177 SK189 SK197 SK205 SK202 SK203 SK191 SK190 SK186 SK193 SK188 SK179 SK180 SK181 SK183 SK184 SK185 SK192 SK178 SK176 SK175 SK174 SK173 SK170 SK172 Voucher no. (continued on next page) Mode of application M. Sadat-Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 199 (2017) 194–204 Journal of Ethnopharmacology 199 (2017) 194–204 SK211 SK212 SK213 SK214 0.11 0.33 0.13 0.12 ICF = Nur − Nt /Nur − 1 where ‘Nur’ is the number of use citations in each category and ‘Nt’ is the number of species taken as medicine (Trotter and Logan, 1986). The index relative frequency of citation (RFC) (Tardío and Pardo-de Santayana, 2008) was calculated by dividing frequency of citation (FC) (the number of informants mentioning a useful species) by total number of informants in the survey (N). The RFC index does not consider the variable u (use category). The RFC index ranges from 0 (when nobody referred to a plant as a useful one) to 1 (when all informants mentioned it as useful). The RFC index was calculated with the following formula: Oral Oral, topical Topical Oral RFC=FC/N Liniment Decoction, infusion Decoction Decoction, dressing SK210 0.29 Decoction SK209 SK201 0.15 0.17 Decoction Decoction, liniment SK204 SK208 0.23 0.43 Oral Oral, topical Oral Oral, topical Oral Decoction Decoction, liniment Preparation UV as follows: Mode of application Voucher no. M. Sadat-Hosseini et al. The cultural importance index (CI) (Tardío and Pardo-de Santayana, 2008) was also calculated, and the following equation was used: uNC CI = iN ∑∑ u=u1 i−i1 UR ui N 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Plant diversity In the current study, a total of 115 medicinal plants in 41 families were collected from the south of the Kerman region. The following information about these medicinal plants is included in Table 1: local names, uses, parts used for medicinal effects and other information. Apiaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae, each with 14 species, were the families with the most medicinal plants (Fig. 2). Similarly, Mosaddegh et al. (2012) and Sadeghi et al. (2014) report that for the Kohghiluyehva Boyer Ahmad and Saravan regions in Iran, respectively, the families Asteraceae, Apiaceae and Lamiaceae contained the most medicinal plants. Based on these two previous studies and the current study, Asteraceae, Apiaceae and Lamiaceae are the dominant families for medicinal plants in the south of Kerman. Aerial parts Aerial parts Blood coagulation, hemorrhoids, Allergies, hair tonic Prevention of hair loss Heat regulation Antipyretic, headache Epilepsy, squirt Pertussis Nerve tonic Antioxidant, influenza, vermicide, arthritis Fever, nerve tonic Appetizing, vermicide, carminative Aerial parts Fruit Latex Fruit Aerial parts Fruit Leaf Aerial parts Leaf Medicinal uses Plant part used The CI index accounts for the spread of the use (number of informants) for each species, in addition to the variety of uses. A t-test was used to compare plant uses for rural vs. urban, women vs. men and less than 50 years old vs. more than 50 years old. Shahbasand Esfand Verbena officinalis L. Fagonia bruguieri DC. Plant parts used by local people to treat different ailments included leaves, aerial parts, stems, roots, bark, latex, skin, seed oils, bulbs, flowers and fruits (Fig. 3). The most frequently used parts were leaves (26.17%) followed by aerial parts (23.49%), fruits (18.79%), flowers (9.39%) and seeds (13%). In addition to the whole plant, skin and bulbs were the least consumed parts for herbal medicines. The difference in the rate of consumption of these parts might be due to the different concentrations of bioactive compounds. Leaves and aerial parts are active in photosynthesis and metabolite production (Ghorbani, 2005) and as a result, based on many reports, these parts of medicinal plants are widely applied in different areas of Iran (Miraldi et al., 2001; Ghorbani, 2005; Mosaddegh et al., 2012). 3.3. Preparation and application modes The ways the medicinal plants are prepared for consumption or use are listed in Table 1. The most common preparation methods were as follow: decoction (53%), liniment (23%) and infusion (9%). Most preparations are taken orally and some are used topically; however, a few are used both orally and topically. For example, Blepharis persica (Burm.f.) Kuntez and Lawsonia inermis L. are used only as a topical, Verbenaceae Zygophyllaceae Kahkenj Termengou Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Daphne mucronata Royle Solanaceae Thymelaeaceae Zil Lycium depressum Stocks Solanaceae Siahchou Gahich Cotoneaster persicus Pojark. Haplophyllum tuberculatum Juss. Rosaceae Rutaceae Gheytaron Archen Sanguisorba minor Scop. Amygdalus orientalis Mill. Rosaceae Rosaceae Vernacular name (Persian) Scientific name Family Table 1 (continued) 3.2. Plant parts used 199 Journal of Ethnopharmacology 199 (2017) 194–204 Apiaceae Asteraceae Lamiaceae Papilionaceae Rosaceae Brassicaceae Rhamnaceae Boraginaceae Poaceae Anacardiaceae Asclepiadaceae Convolvulaceae Euphorbiaceae Primulaceae Ranunculaceae Solanaceae Acanthaceae Amaryllidaceae Apocynaceae Berberidaceae Bignoniaceae Capparidaceae Caryophyllaceae Cucurbitaceae Dipsacaceae Ephedraceae Fumariaceae Liliaceae Lythraceae Malvaceae Mimosaceae Molluginaceae Myrtaceae Oleaceae Pedalicaceae Plantaginaceae Polygonaceae Rutaceae Thymelaeaceae Verbenaceae Zygophyllaceae No. of cited plants M. Sadat-Hosseini et al. Family name Fig. 2. Number of cited plants from respective plant family. Root 5% Skin 2% Latex 5% Whole plants Bulb 1% 1% Boyr Ahmad (Mosaddegh et al., 2012), Sirjan (Nasab and Khosravi, 2014) and Turkmen Sahra (Ghorbani, 2005), and is also ranked the first use category in certain other parts of the world (Heinrich et al., 1998; Miraldi et al., 2001; Ghorbani et al., 2005). This ranking might be due to cultural tendencies, economic conditions and regional habits. Skin and hair disorders were ranked the second use category for cures from medicinal plants. This region is characterized by high sunlight exposure, and long-term exposure to intense sunlight causes skin burns, skin cancers and hair disorders, which can be prevented with the use of medicinal herbs. Leaf 26% Seed 9% Flower 9% 3.4. Comparison of different indices Fruit 19% Aerial parts 23% The ICF values were calculated for the categorized ailments (see Table 2). Fourteen primary ailment categories were identified: digestive system, metabolic problems, nervous system, skin and hair, coldflu and fever, respiratory system, flavor/appetizing, eye problems, sedative, gynecological problems, cardiac system, musculoskeletal disorders, blood/wounds and liver problems. Cold-flu and fever had the highest ICF value (0.67) and included ailments such as pertussis, epilepsy, febrifuge, asthma and cough. Eye problems and cardiac system also had a high ICF value (0.62) and were followed by liver problems (0.6), sedative (0.6), blood/wounds (0.54) and musculoskeletal disorders (0.54). An ICF value of 0.5 was registered for metabolic, skin and hair and gynecological problems. Flavor/appetizing, respiratory system, digestive system and nervous system were ranked with the ICF values of 0.4, 0.37, 0.32 and 0.27, respectively. These low ICF values could be attributed to the tendency of people in local or urban communities to use orthodox medicines for curing recognized diseases, even in modern times (Upadhyay et al., 2011). However, high ICF Fig. 3. Percentage of plant parts used. %citation/species whereas Pistacia khinjuk Stocks and P. atlantica Desf. are used in both oral and topical applications. Rajaei and Mohamadi (2012) studied the medicinal plants of the Hezar Mountains in the southeast of Iran. Similar to the results of the current study, the most common preparation method in the area they examined is decoction (44%), which is widely adopted by folk healers that tend to use bioactives effectively (Muhammad et al., 2015). In Iran, many traditional people prefer this method of preparation (Sharafzadeh and Alizadeh, 2012; Bahmani et al., 2014; Amiri et al., 2014). A total of 353 uses for medicinal plants were reported, which were categorized into 14 medicinal use categories. Most plants were used to treat diseases such as digestion problems (25.66%, 48 species), skin and hair disorders (9.62%, 18 species), metabolic disorders (9.09%, 17 species) and cold-flu and fever (8.02%, 15 species) (Fig. 4). The gastrointestinal system is ranked as the first use category for medicinal plants in studies in certain local parts of Iran, such as Kohghiluyeh va Table 2 Diseases based categories and ICF. Species citation Fig. 4. Percentage of species and citation in each use category. 200 Use category Use citation No. of plant used Category uses taxon ICF Digestive system Metabolic (Diabetes and diuretic) Nervous system Skin & hair Cold/flu/fever Respiratory system Flavor/ Appetizing Eye problems Sedative Gynecology Cardiac system Musculoskeletal disorders Blood/ wound Liver problems 70 33 48 17 0.32 0.5 16 35 43 9 21 9 26 7 9 25 12 18 15 6 13 4 11 4 4 12 0.27 0.5 0.67 0.37 0.40 0.62 0.60 0.50 0.62 0.54 34 16 16 7 0.54 0.60 Journal of Ethnopharmacology 199 (2017) 194–204 Cultural importance index Number of informants M. Sadat-Hosseini et al. Name of medicinal plants Fig. 5. The most commonly referred medicinal plants. Name of plants Use reports Fig. 8. Plants with the highest cultural importance index. The UV is an important tool for choosing the most valuable medicinal plants in any area that may be used for future pharmacological evaluations (Sadeghi et al., 2014). In this study, the UVs ranged from 0.07 to 0.57 (Table 1). With UVs higher than 0.42, Amygdalus eburnea, G. tinctoria, C. procera, F. garcinii and C. mahaleb were the most commonly used medicinal plants in the south of Kerman Province. The highest UV was observed for A. eburnea (0.57), and the lowest UV was recorded for Salvia mirzayanii Rech.f. & Esfand. (0.07), Ferula szowitsiana DC. (0.07) and Samolus valerandi L. (0.07). The two top medicinal plants, A. eburnea and G. tinctoria, are widely used for a variety of treatments, including as a sedative, for coughs and adult squirt, as a parasite repellent, and for gastric discomfort and abdominal pains and diarrhea. However, the three species with the lowest UV are used to cure only one ailment, with S. mirzayanii used for Alzheimer's disease, F. szowitsiana for stomachache and S. valerandi as a tonic. Although many treatments are reported in many studies for these three plants, these species may be the least used because of the decreasing numbers of traditional people and insufficient transfer of knowledge about the primary uses (Amirghofran et al., 2010; Iranshahy and Iranshahi, 2011; DominguesPassero et al., 2014; Van Wyk, 2008). To compare cultural effects, we used t-tests. Based on the t-tests, no significant difference was detected between rural and urban use of medicinal plants (t=1.16, p=0.24). Many urban people have agricultural land in rural areas, and therefore, they share their plant knowledge with another. However, significant differences in medicinal plant use were detected between women and men (t=2.15, p=0.03) and different ages (below and above 50 years old; t=−2.57, p=0.01). Additionally, based on the results, women and older people (older than 50 years) had more knowledge of medicinal plants. In the area studied, women are the primary preparers and gatherers of medicinal plants. The knowledge of medicinal plants differed somewhat among nomadic tribes. For example, the Āsiābars tribe used Salvia macrosiphon Boiss for wound healing and the Solaymāni Balučes tribe used Stachys inflata Benth., Ferula ovina (Boiss.) and Prosopis cineraria for respiratory ailments, as a carminative and for skin rashes, respectively. Name of plants Fig. 6. Species with the highest number of use-reports. Relative frequency of citation values clearly reveal a significant number of reports on the use of these plants for a particular disorder category (Baydoun et al., 2015). Fortyeight medicinal plants were used against problems of the digestive system followed by those used for skin and hair disorders (18), metabolic problems (17), blood/wounds (16) and cold-flu and fever (15). The names of the most popular medicinal plants and the species with the most use reports are displayed in Figs. 5 and 6, respectively. The most commonly referred to medicinal plants were Zataria multiflora Boiss. and Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch, and therefore, the two species are recognized in the south part of Kerman (Fig. 5). Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Pers. and C. mahaleb had the maximum number of use-reports (23 UR), followed by Olea aucheri A.Chev. ex Ehrend. (20 UR), Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl and Convolvulus arvensis L. plants (17 UR) (Fig. 6). Mosaddegh et al. (2012) report that Teucrium polium L. had the maximum number of use-reports (10 UR) in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad Province, and in Sirjan, Malva sylvestris L. had the highest index (Nasab and Khosravi, 2014). Figs. 7 and 8 shows the medicinal plants with the highest RFC and CI indices, respectively. According to the RFC index, Z. multiflora was ranked first because it was mentioned by many informants, and the RFC index is directly related to the number of informants that mention use. However, for the CI index, C. mahaleb and C. parthenium were ranked first, because CI is independent of the number of informants and considers the diversity of uses. The rankings based on each index are shown in Table 3, with differences in the ranking of the species for the different indices. 3.5. Plants known in other parts of Iran Foeniculum vulgare Mill. is frequently used for gastric discomfort in different parts of Iran (Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Mosaddegh et al., 2012; Turkmen Sahra, Ghorbani, 2005; Saravan, Sadeghi et al., 2014; West Azerbaijan, Miraldi et al., 2001 and Sirjan, Nasab and Khosravi, 2014). In this study, the result was similar. Teucrium polium, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., D. sophia and Capparis spinosa L. are used as the same traditional medicines in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad (Mosaddegh et al., 2012), Turkmen Sahra (Ghorbani, 2005) and Sirjan (Nasab and Khosravi, 2014). Name of plants Fig. 7. Medicinal Plants with the highest relative frequency of citation. 201 Journal of Ethnopharmacology 199 (2017) 194–204 M. Sadat-Hosseini et al. Table 3 Comparison of important plants by using indices and species ranking based on each index. Family Scientific name RFC CI RFC ranking CI ranking Lamiaceae Apiaceae Asteraceae Brassicaceae Cucurbitaceae Boraginaceae Papilionaceae Oleaceae Rosaceae Convolvulaceae Caryophyllaceae Lamiaceae Rosaceae Lamiaceae Asteraceae Brassicaceae Myrtaceae Mimosaceae Rhamnaceae Zataria multiflora Boiss. Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch. Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Pers. Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Trichodesma stocksii Boiss. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Olea aucheri A.Chev. ex Ehrend. Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Mill. C. arvensis L. Dianthus orientalis Adams L.album L. Amygdalus eburnean Spach Lallemantia royleana (Benth.) Benth. Achillea eriophora DC. Fortuynia garcinii (Burm.f.) Shuttlew. Myrtus communis L. Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. 0.4062 0.3593 0.3593 0.2812 0.2812 0.2500 0.2500 0.2031 0.2031 0.1718 0.1718 0.1400 0.1400 0.1400 0.1250 0.1250 0.1093 0.1093 0.109 0.2187 0.2187 0.3593 0.2656 0.2187 0.1562 0.1562 0.3125 0.3593 0.2656 0.2187 0.2187 0.2187 0.2031 0.1562 0.2031 0.1562 0.1562 0.1562 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 4 4 1 3 4 6 6 2 1 3 4 4 4 5 6 5 6 6 6 RFC, relative frequency of citation and CI, index of cultural importance. Approximately 26 of these plants are reportedly used in some other areas of Iran (Mozaffarian, 2013). Other species that have a wide variety of traditional uses included the following: Coriandrum sativum L., Dorema aucheri Boiss., Artemisia aucheri Boiss., Berberis integerrima Bunge, D. sophia, Sesamum indicum L., Euphorbia helioscopia L., Ricinus communis L., Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav., Lamium album L., Lallemantia royleana (Benth.) Benth., Anagallis arvensis L., Medicago sativa L., S. minor Scop., Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn., Cotoneaster persicus Pojark., D. mucronata and Verbena officinalis L. 3.6. Medicinal plants used in combination For the treatment of some diseases, people use a combination of several different plants, e.g., Glycyrrhiza glabra, Foeniculum vulgare, Teucrium polium, Achillea wilhelmsii, Nepeta cataria and Bunium persicum to treat the digestive system. For treatment of the common cold, a mixture of plants is boiled that can include Zataria multiflora, Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam., Trichodesma stocksii Boiss. and Sanguisorba minor Scop. Additionally, when people require a sedative, a mixture of C. parthenium and T. stocksii is used. 3.7. Side effects of medicinal plants 4. Conclusions The use of B. persicum for long periods and the simultaneous use of T. polium and A. wilhelmsii cause skin disorders. Glycyrrhiza glabra used to treat the digestive system may also cause excessive blood pressure in some people. Our study documented the ethnopharmacological knowledge in the cities in the south of Kerman Province in Iran, including Jiroft, Kahnouj, Anbarabad, Rudbar, Manujan and Qale-Ganj. The current study recognized 115 medicinal plant species in 42 families that were useful for the treatment of many human diseases. More than 10% of the plants were endemic to Iran, indicating that the studied area is a unique center of medicinal plants in the country. Based on a literature review, many medicinal plants that grow in the south of Kerman are used in different parts of Iran. These findings showed that indigenous medicinal knowledge continues to be used in the south of Kerman and throughout Iran. The people of the study area and in many parts of the country are Persian, indicating that many parts of Iran share a similar culture, and most aspects of culture are shared among members (Wan et al., 2007). Thus, a common culture might be one reason that many Iranian people use these medicinal plants. Furthermore, based on the current study, the south of Kerman has many potential medicinal plants that should be further screened for phytochemicals and analyzed for protection against human afflictions. The study area is usually faced with environmental stresses that include drought and salinity, among others, and therefore, research projects should be designed for this area with the priority to conserve the medicinal plants. 3.8. Comparative review of reported species in previous studies Zataria multiflora and B. persicum were the most popular plants mentioned by most informants and are widely used to treat problems of the respiratory and digestive systems by boiling in water. Daphne mucronata Royle and M. sylvestris are the most popular plants for use in Sirjan and Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, respectively (Nasab and Khosravi, 2014; Mosaddegh et al., 2012). To identify the new medicinal plants reported in our study, a critical comparison was performed with previous reports (Mosaddegh et al., 2012; Ghorbani, 2005; Nasab and Khosravi, 2014; Sadeghi et al., 2014; Miraldi et al., 2001; Sher at al, 2016; Dharmadasa et al., 2016; Baydoun et al., 2015; Ahmad et al., 2015; Ishtiaq et al., 2015; Altundag, and Ozturk, 2011). Although some medicinal plants are reported in some previous studies, because ethnopharmacology was not considered (e.g., Saber-Amoli et al., 2004), these studies were not compared with our study. The results of the comparison are shown in Table 4. In our study, two and twelve plants were cultivated and endemic, respectively. Additionally, 64 of the 115 plants are reported with medicinal use for the first time based on the comparison with the literature review, and for 37 plants, we report at least one new traditional use. For example, Nasab and Khosravi (2014) report that the fruit of Anethum graveolens L. is used for menstrual cramps; however, our results showed that leaf and seed of the plant are also used to treat cancer, osteoporosis and gastric discomfort. Authors’ contribution statement Authors’ contributions are the following: MS-H, NB and FS-S designed and conducted the research. MS-H and MF analyzed the data and wrote the paper. Compliance with ethical standards. 202 Journal of Ethnopharmacology 199 (2017) 194–204 M. Sadat-Hosseini et al. Table 4 Comparative presence-absence matrix for the recorded plant species. Scientific name A B C D E F G H I J K Scientific name A B C D E F G H I J K Achillea eriophora DC.* Achillea wilhelmsii K.Koch Alhagi persarum Boiss. & Buhse Alhagi pseudoalhagi (M. Bieb) Desv. ex B. Keller & Shap Ammi majus L Amygdalus communis L. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Dalbergia sissoo DC. Daphne mucronata Royle Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Dianthus orientalis Adams 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Amygdalus eburnea Spach Amygdalus orientalis Mill Anagallis arvensis L. Anethum graveolens L. Artemisia aucheri Boiss.* Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Astragalus eremophilus Boiss. Berberis integerrima Bunge 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Blepharis persica (Burm.f.) Kuntez Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch. Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand Capparis spinosa L. Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Centaurea bruguieriana (DC.) Hand. Mazz. Centaurea solstitialis L. Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Mill. Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Pers. Cicer kermanense Bornm. Cichorium pumilum Jacq. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dorema aucheri Boiss.* Dracocephalum polychaetum Bornm. Ephedra strobilacea Bunge Euphorbia helioscopia L. Fagonia bruguieri DC. Ferula ovina (Boiss.) Boiss.* Ferula szowitsiana DC Ferulago angulate (Schltdl.) Boiss Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Fortuynia garcinii (Burm.f.) Shuttlew. Fumaria parviflora Lam. Genista tinctoria L. Gisekia pharnaceoides L. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Haplophyllum tuberculatum Juss. Hertia intermedia (Boiss.) Kuntze 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Clematis ispahanica Boiss. Conium maculatum L Convolvulus arvensis L Coriandrum sativum L. Cotoneaster kotschyi (C.K.Schneid.) G.Klotz* Cotoneaster persicus Pojark.* Crataegus azarolus L. Crataegus pontica K.Koch Cressa cretica L. Olea aucheri A.Chev. ex Ehrend. Onobrychis altissima Grossh. Ononis spinosa L. Onopordon leptolepis DC. Otostegia persica (Burm.f.) Boiss.* Pergularia tomentosa L. Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss Pimpinella saxifraga L. Pistacia atlantica Desf. Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Plantago ciliata Desf. Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Psammogeton stocksii (Boiss.) Nasir Rhamnus persica P. Lawson Ricinus communis L. Rumex vesicarius L. Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C. Johnst. Salvia compressa Vent.* Salvia macrosiphon Boiss.* Salvia mirzayanii Rech.f. & Esfand.* Samolus valerandi L. Sanguisorba minor Scop. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hordeum vulgare L.** Lactuca serriola L. Lallemantia royleana (Benth.) Benth. Lamium album L. Lawsonia inermis L. Leonurus cardiaca L. Levisticum persicum Freyn & Bornm. Lycium depressum Stocks Malva microcarpa Pers. Medicago sativa L.** Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Myrtus communis L. Narcissus tazetta L. Nepeta cataria L. Nonea caspica (Willd.) G.Don Nonnea persica Boiss. Scabiosa candollei DC. Sesamum indicum L. Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. Sisymbrium irio L. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Stachys inflata Benth.* Stricta decne. Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. Teucrium polium L. Thalictrum minus L. Trichodesma stocksii Boiss. Trifolium pratense L. Verbena officinalis L. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Zataria multiflora Boiss.* Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn.. Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. 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