Conclusions: These results suggest that DSMS increases hamstring length in less than 3 min but
has no affect on strength. Furthermore, combining DSMS with eccentric resistance produces
more hamstring flexibility gains than DSMS alone and does not affect strength.
ª2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Introduction
Poor flexibility can negatively impact normal biomechanical
balance and function, which can result in impaired
mobility, pain and reduced sports performance. For
example, limited range of motion in the hamstring muscle
group has been associated with postural deviations, low
back problems, impaired athletic performance and greater
risk of injury (Crosman et al., 1984). Athletes participating
in sports that require sprinting and acceleration commonly
experience hamstring injuries. These injuries force many to
miss practice and games and if not adequately treated the
chance for re-injury is high (Brughelli et al., 2009).
Many studies have been performed measuring the effec-
tiveness of different techniques at improving hamstring
length and strength. Techniques such as static stretching,
exercise, heat, massage, proprioceptive neuromuscular
facilitation (PNF) and eccentric training have previously
been shown to improve hamstring flexibility, and although
some studies found PNF superior to other stretching tech-
niques, most comparative analyses were inconclusive as to
which techniques work best (Decoster et al., 2005;Spernoga
et al., 2001;Funk et al., 2001,2003;George et al., 2006).
The utilization of classic massage techniques such as
gliding (effleurage), kneading (petrissage), and friction in
studies by Barlow et al. (2004) and Hopper et al. (2005a,b)
showed non-significant results in terms of improving flexi-
bility of hamstrings. However, Hopper et al. (2005a,b)
employed a technique called Dynamic Soft Tissue Mobi-
lisation (DSTM) in addition to the aforementioned classic
massage techniques, which showed a significant increase in
hamstring length compared to both the control and the
group that received traditional Swedish massage. In the soft
tissue mobilization group the therapist positioned the client
prone and employed deep longitudinal strokes over the
entire hamstring group to isolate adhesions and/or hyper-
tonic tissue. When these areas of myo-fascial restriction
were uncovered the client was turned supine and focused
deep longitudinal stripping strokes were then applied over
these areas of restriction. The knee was first passively
extended, then actively extended and finally eccentrically
contracted against the therapists’ resistance during the
stripping strokes. George et al. (2006) successfully utilized
the Active Release Techniqueto increase hamstring
flexibility. For the intervention participants were placed on
their side with the hip extended and compressive forces
were applied to the dorsal sacral ligaments while the hip
was actively flexed. Participants were then placed in the
prone position where the muscle bellies were treated. The
knee joint was approximated, shortening the hamstrings,
and compressive force was applied and maintained to areas
of restriction in the bellies of the muscles while the subject
actively contracted their antagonistic muscles, lengthening
their hamstrings. The origins of the hamstrings were then
treated using the same principles of joint approximation
and compressive force into the tissue while the antagonist
was contracted. Results showed that hamstring flexibility
on average increased by 8.3 cm.
The results of the Nelson and Bandy (2004) study indi-
cated that even though both static stretching and eccentric
training improved flexibility there was no significant dif-
ference between the two methods. Regardless, Nelson &
Bandy stipulated that a reduction in injuries may be ach-
ieved by implementing an eccentric training program that
takes a muscle through a full range of motion as this pro-
vides a more functional option for flexibility training.
Ferreira (2007) reported that their comparison between
static stretching and eccentric training resulted in the same
non-significant gains in hamstring flexibility. In agreement
with Nelson & Bandy they opined that eccentric training
was a better strategy to use for training because, in addi-
tion to increasing flexibility, it increases strength and can
help protect against injuries.
Brughelli et al. (2009) argued that, since muscle has an
optimum length for producing peak tension, hamstring in-
juries can be reduced if this optimum length is increased
via training. They concluded that eccentric exercise is the
only form of training that has consistently been shown to
increase the optimum length of tension development and
emphasized the importance of using functional movements
with eccentric muscle contraction to rehabilitate hamstring
muscle injuries. Aquino et al. (2010) studied individuals
with tight hamstrings and compared the effect of
strengthening the hamstrings in a lengthened position
versus stretching. They reported no significant change in
flexibility for the stretching and strength training groups,
but the strengthening in the lengthened position group did
demonstrate changed peak torque angles in the direction of
knee extension. The authors suggested that strength
training in the elongated position most likely induces
structural adaptations in shortened muscles, which may
help prevent musculoskeletal injuries.
Finally, in a pilot study by Forman et al. (2011) the ef-
fects of a warm-up versus deep stripping massage strokes
DSMS combined with eccentric resistance on hamstring
length were examined. Participants were taken through a
pretest terminal hamstring length goniometer measure-
ment, which was followed by a five-minute warm-up on an
exercise cycle with zero resistance. After the warm-up,
another hamstring length measurement was recorded.
Then a series of fifteen ten-second bouts of hamstring
eccentric resistance exercises were combined with DSMS
before a final goniometer measurement of hamstring length
was completed. They found that both warm-up and
combining eccentric resistance with deep stripping mas-
sage increase hamstring length significantly, however the
2 J. Forman et al.
+MODEL
Please cite this article in press as: Forman, J., et al., Effect of deep stripping massage alone or with eccentric resistance on hamstring
length and strength, Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.04.005