Ecole Supérieure D’ingénieurs de Luminy
- 3 -
Abstract
The femtolaser is a new technology mainly developed in The USA. It contributes to a
great improvement in the refractive surgery.
Although LASIK is generally safe and wildly popular, refractive eye surgeons still sweat
when using microkeratomes to create corneal flaps. The initial lamellar resection used to
create the flap remains the leading cause of intra- and post-operative complications. In order
to further reduce flap complications, newer microkeratomes are developed every year.
However, although eye surgeons have made staggering advances in corneal flap creation
since Jose Barraquer created his first free corneal flap 50 years ago, microkeratome-assisted
flap creation is far from being perfect.
Over the past 25 years it was discovered that laser-matter interactions could be
performed with minimal collateral damages even at the nanometer scale. This unique
property opens new opportunities in medicine notably in eye surgery with applications such as
refractive surgery, corneal transplant, glaucoma etc,
A non-mechanical alternative is now available to create the LASIK flap and may avoid many
of the risks associated with using the microkeratome. The technology uses an ultrashort-pulse
duration laser – measured in femtoseconds, or 1x10-15 seconds - to create a flap.
Already more than 150.000 patients had a refractive correction based on femtosecond laser
flap. The femtosecond laser is different than an Excimer laser, which uses an ultraviolet
beam (193 nm) to photoablate corneal tissue. In contrast, the femtosecond laser uses an
infrared beam (1053 nm) to cause photodisruption. This laser transforms corneal tissue from
its normal state into plasma. Since the pulse energy is quickly absorbed within plasma,
pressure and temperature both increase rapidly, causing expansion of tissue. Tissue
expansion leads to a micro-shock wave, thereby destroying the tissue and causing formation
of a cavitation bubbles.
Ophthalmic photodisruption is not a new concept: it has been performed since the
1980s and is the technology behind the Nd:YAG laser. However, the resulting large shock
waves and cavitation bubbles traditionally have produced too much collateral tissue damage
to permit contiguous pulse-to-pulse placement.
The ultra-short duration of the femtosecond laser minimizes the shock and collateral
tissue damage, making it ideally suited to cut a lamellar flap by contiguous photodisruption.
The femtosecond laser has many advantages. First it allows the refractive surgeon to
be more flexible when considering creation of the flap diameter, flap thickness, and hinge
location. In addition, the femtosecond laser uses a disposable suction ring which requires little
vacuum compared with the microkeratome. The femtolaser minimizes mechanical contact
with the eye what means the surgery doesn’t depend on the surgeon’s skill anymore. What’s
more, it prevents from any risks of infection.
As a conclusion, for now, however, the femtolaser remains an attractive, but
expensive, alternative to the microkeratome. This laser represents a great opportunity to
ophthalmology and it could present future ophthalmic applications.