A Global Strategy for the Progressive Control of Highly
Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, Rome)
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE, Paris)
in collaboration with
World Health Organization (WHO, Geneva)
November 2005
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
FOREWORD
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
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1
1.1 Emerging transboundary zoonotic diseases pose a serious
and continual threat to global economy and public health 1
1.2 HPAI is the most recently emerged transboundary zoonotic disease in Asia 1
2. WHY A GLOBAL STRATEGY?
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2.1 Avian Influenza virus is constantly evolving with unpredictable results 3
2.2 The risk of a human pandemic 3
2.3 The livelihoods of the rural poor are threatened 3
2.4 Expansion of avian influenza to regions beyond Southeast and East Asia 4
2.5 Non-infected countries but at risk in East, South and Southeast Asia 4
2.6 Newly Infected countries in Central Asia, Eastern Europe and the Caucasus 4
2.7 Globalized markets have caused HPAI to spread rapidly ` 4
2.8 Economic impact and poultry trade are in jeopardy 5
3. THE STRATEGY
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5
3.1 Goal 5
3.2 Guiding principles 5
3.3 Approach 5
3.3.1 Infected countries in South, East and South East Asia 7
3.3.2 Newly infected countries in Asia and Europe 10
3.3.3 New non-infected countries at risk 11
4. OPPORTUNITIES FOR CONTROLLING HPAI
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13
4.1 Methodologies and technologies for the control of HPAI are available 13
4.1.1 Diagnostic tools 13
4.1.2 Disease investigations facilities 13
4.1.3 Vaccines that are highly efficacious, safe and affordable 13
4.2 Control and eradication is feasible-learning from the success stories 14
4.3 National and Regional commitment to control HPAI is strong 14
4.4 International commitment to control HPAI is strong 14
4.5 Greater awareness of policy issues for HPAI control 15
5. CONSTRAINTS AND CHALLENGES TO HPAI CONTROL
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5.1 Inadequate veterinary services-a major weakness 15
5.2 Stamping out and biosecurity measures are difficult to implement 16
5.3 More epidemiological information needed 16
5.4 Inadequate disease information systems 16
5.5 Domestic ducks are an HPAI reservoir 16
5.6 Disease has become endemic in several countries 17
5.7 Wildlife reservoir are a source of HPAI infection 17
5.8 Failure to base disease control planning and socio-economic impact assessment17
5.9.Weak linkages with public sector 17
5.10 Sustainable long-term regional coordination is badly needed 18
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5.11 Financial resources remain inadequate 18
6. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY
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6.1 National level 18
6.2 Regional level 19
6.3 International level 19
6.4 Developments of regional projects 20
7. TECHNICAL AND POLICY CONSIDERATIONS FOR
NATIONAL STRATEGIES
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7.1 Disease control options and strategies 21
7.2 Epidemiology based control measures 21
7.3 Disease information systems 22
7.4 Targeting the source 22
7.5 Use of avian influenza vaccines 23
7.5.1 Vaccinating ducks – useful or questionable? 23
7.6 Person safety issues 24
7.7 Policy development 24
7.8 Pro-poor disease control programmes 24
7.9 Restructuring of the poultry sector 24
7.10 Compartmentalization and zoning 25
7.11 Collaboration with stakeholders 25
7.12 Capacity building 25
7.13 Applied research 26
8. OUTPUTS
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9. IMPACTS
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10. IMPLEMENTATION
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11. MAJOR PARTNERS
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11.1 Participating countries 27
11.2 Regional organizations 28
11.3 International organizations 28
11.4 National agriculture research extension systems 29
11.5 Private sector 29
12. REQUIRED INVESTMENT
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29
13. RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
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13.1 Source of funds 31
TABLES
1. Comparison of the five targeted countries for HPAI control 32
2. Estimated population engaged in backyard poultry production 32
3. Characteristics of four different poultry production systems 33
4. Indicative budget 34
5. Indicative financial support from various donors 38
6. Global Strategy – Logframe 40
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FIGURES
1. Conceptual framework for HPAI control 42
2 HPAI situation between 2004 and 2005 43
3. Framework for implementation 44
APPENDICES
1. The GF-TADs – Executive summary 45
2. HPAI virus in Asia: Technical Information 47
3. Economic impacts of HPAI in some Southeast Asian countries 49
4. Vaccination for HPAI 50
5. Current FAO and other donor emergency assistance 52
6. Country profiles of HPAI 55
7. Key components of the strategy 58
8. OIE/FAO International Scientific Conference on Avian Influenza 62
9. Key partners in the implementation of the programme 66
10. HPAI and migratory birds 71
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ADB Asian Development Bank
AGAH Animal Health Service of FAO
AGID agar gel immunodiffusion
ADB Asian Development Bank
AI avian influenza
APAARI Asia Pacific Association for Agriculture Research Institutes
APHCA Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia and the Pacific
ARIs advanced research institutions
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEAN+3 Association of Southeast Asian Nations plus PR China, Japan and Republic of Korea
BSE bovine spongiform encephalopathy
CSF classical swine fever (also known as hog cholera)
DIVA differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals
DPR Democratic People’s Republic
EA East Asia
ECTAD Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EMPRES emergency prevention system
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
GDP gross domestic product
GF global framework
GF-TADs global framework for progressive control of transboundary animal diseases
GLEWS global early warning systems
GREP Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme
HPAI highly pathogenic avian influenza
JSDF Japan Social Development Fund
FMD foot-and-mouth disease
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IDA International Development Association
LPAI Low pathogenic avian influenza
NARES national agricultural research and extension systems
NGO non-governmental organization
OFFLU OIE/FAO Network for avian influenza expertise
OIE World Organisation for Animal Health (Office International des Épizooties)
PCR polymerase chain reaction
PDR People’s Democratic Republic
PPE personal protective equipment
PR China People’s Republic of China
RAP Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific
RT-PCR reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
SA South Asia
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SADC Southern African Development Council
SAR Special Administrative Region
SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome
SEA Southeast Asia
TADs transboundary animal diseases
TCP technical cooperation project
UK United Kingdom
UMO United Maghreb Organization
USAID United States Agency for International Development
WB World Bank
WHO World Health Organization
WTO World Trade Organization
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