W O R L D A N I M... IN 1 9 9 5 PART 1

WORLD ANIMAL HEALTH
IN 1 9 9 5
PART 1
REPORTS ON THE ANIMAL HEALTH STATUS
AND DISEASE CONTROL METHODS
AND
LIST A DISEASE OUTBREAKS - STATISTICS
Reports are presented in English, French, Spanish or Russian
OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES
12, rue de Prony, 75017 PARIS - FRANCE - Tel.: 33-(0) 1 44 15 18 88
Fax: 33-(0) 1 42 67 09 87 - E-mail: [email protected]
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply
the expression of any opinion whatsoever by the Central Bureau of the Office International
des Epizooties concerning the legal status of any country or territory mentioned, or its
authorities, or concerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Unless otherwise stated, material published is derived from declarations made to the Central
Bureau by the Veterinary Administrations of the countries and territories mentioned.
©
Office International des Epizooties, 1996
ISSN 1017-3102
ISBN 92-9044-406-1
92-9044-409-6
Reproduction or translation permitted for non-commercial purposes
CONTENTS
Page
OIE Lists A and B diseases
4
REPORTS ON ANIMAL HEALTH STATUS AND DISEASE CONTROL METHODS
Section 1
Disease status worldwide in 1995
7
Section 2
Wildlife diseases
17
Section 3
Fish, molluscan, and crustacean diseases
25
Section 4
Country reports
33
STATISTICS ON L I S T A DISEASES WORLWIDE
.'
297
OIE Reference Laboratories
327
OIE Collaborating Centres
340
Acronyms and abbreviations used in reports
341
Symbols used in statistics tables
343
INDEX of diseases
345
INDEX of countries
349
OIE Member Countries
352
T A B L E S ON ANIMAL HEALTH STATUS AND DISEASE CONTROL METHODS
Part 2
OIE L I S T S A A N D B
LIST A D I S E A S E S : Transmissible diseases which h a v e the potential for v e r y serious and rapid
s p r e a d , irrespective of national borders, w h i c h are of s e r i o u s s o c i o - e c o n o m i c or public
consequence
animal
and w h i c h are of m a j o r i m p o r t a n c e
products.
Reports
are submitted to the
A r t i c l e s 1.2.0.2. a n d 1.2.0.3. o f t h e International
A010
A020
A030
A040
A050
A060
A070
A080
A090
A100
A110
A120
A130
A150
A160
LIST
in t h e
OIE
Animal
international trade
as often
Health
as
necessary
health
of a n i m a l s
and
to
with
comply
Code.
Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Classical swine fever (hog cholera)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (fowl plague)
Newcastle disease
B D I S E A S E S : Transmissible
diseases which
are considered to
be of
socio-economic
a n d / o r p u b l i c h e a l t h i m p o r t a n c e w i t h i n c o u n t r i e s a n d w h i c h a r e s i g n i f i c a n t in t h e
international
trade of a n i m a l s a n d a n i m a l products. Reports are n o r m a l l y s u b m i t t e d o n c e a year,
although
m o r e f r e q u e n t r e p o r t i n g m a y in s o m e c a s e s b e n e c e s s a r y t o c o m p l y w i t h A r t i c l e s 1.2.0.2.
1.2.0.3 o f t h e International
Animal
Health
Multiple species diseases
B051
B052
B053
B055
B056
B057
B058
B059
B060
Anthrax
Aujeszkys disease
Echinococcosls-hydatidosis
Heartwater
Leptospirosis
Q fever
Rabies
Paratuberculosis
Screwworm {Cochliomyia
hominivorax)
Sheep and goat diseases
B151
B152
B153
B154
B155
B156
B157
B158
B159
B160
B161
Cattle diseases
B101
B102
B103
B104
B105
B106
B107
B108
B109
B110
B111
B112
B113
B114
B115
Bovine anaplasmosis
Bovine babesiosis
Bovine brucellosis
Bovine genital campylobactehosis
Bovine tuberculosis
Bovine cysticercosis
Dermatophilosis
Enzootic bovine leukosis
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis / infectious
pustular vulvovaginitis
Theileriosis
Trichomoniasis
Trypanosomiasis
Malignant catarrhal fever
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
and
Code.
Ovine epididymitis (Brucella ovis)
Caprine and ovine brucellosis (excluding 8 . ovis)
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis
Contagious agalactia
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
Enzootic abortion of ewes (ovine chlamydiosis)
Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis
Nairobi sheep disease
Salmonellosis (S. abortus ovis)
Scrapie
Maedi-visna
Horse diseases
B201
B202
B203
B204
B205
B206
B207
B208
B209
B210
B211
B212
B213
B215
B216
Contagious equine metritis
Dourine
Epizootic lymphangitis
Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western)
Equine infectious anaemia
Equine influenza (virus type A)
Equine piroplasmosis
Equine rhlnopneumonitis
Glanders
Horse pox
Equine viral arteritis
Japanese encephalitis
Horse mange
Surra (Trypanosoma
evansi)
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
- 5 -
Pig diseases
B251
B252
B253
B254
B255
B256
B257
B301
B302
B303
B304
B305
B306
B307
B308
B309
B310
B311
B312
B313
Fish diseases
Atrophic rhinitis
Porcine cysticercosis
Porcine brucellosis
Transmissible gastroenteritis
Trichinellosis
Enterovirus encephalomyelitis
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
B401
B404
B405
B413
B415
Poultry diseases
B431
B432
B433
B434
B435
B436
Avian infectious bronchitis
Avian infectious laryngotracheitis
Avian tuberculosis
Duck virus hepatitis
Duck virus enteritis
Fowl cholera
Fowl pox
Fowl typhoid (Salmonella gallinarum)
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
Marek's disease
Mycoplasmosis (M. gallisepticum)
Avian chlamydlosis
Pullorum disease (Salmonella pullorum)
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia
Spring viraemia of carp
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis
Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis
Oncorhynchus masou virus disease
Mollusc diseases
Bonamiosls
Haplosporidiosis
Perkinsosis
Marteiliosis
Iridovlroses
Mikrocytosis (Mikrocytos
mackini)
Bee diseases
B451
B452
B453
B454
B455
Acariasis of bees
American foulbrood
European foulbrood
Nosematosis of bees
Varroasls
Diseases of other animal species
Lagomorph diseases
B501
B351
B352
B353
Leishmaniosis
Myxomatosis
Tularaemia
Viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits
Lists updated in May 1995
SECTION 1
DISEASE
STATUS
WORLDWIDE
IN
1995
T H E A N I M A L D I S E A S E S T A T U S W O R L D W I D E IN 1 9 9 5
This report describes the most significant epidemiological events which occurred in the world in 1995. The
analysis is based on information received from OIE Member Countries and non member countries.
I. LIST A DISEASES
1.
Foot and mouth disease
1.1.
Africa
In 1995, North Africa remained free from foot and mouth disease (FMD).
In the rest of the African continent, the virus type has been identified in only a small number of
infected countries:
•
In West Africa: Cameroon and Côte d'Ivoire (virus types O and A).
•
In East Africa: Kenya (virus types O, A and SAT 2) and Uganda (virus type SAT 2).
•
In Southern Africa:
-
In Zambia, a single outbreak due to virus type SAT 3 occurred in June 1995, in the south­
west of the country; it was controlled by animal movement restrictions and a vaccination
campaign.
-
In November 1995, impala {JEpyceros melampus melampus) infected with virus SAT 2 were
found in the Kruger National Park, in the eastern part of South Africa where foot and
mouth disease is enzootic.
In Namibia, an outbreak of FMD had occurred in the Caprivi district in 1994. In June 1995, after
seven months had elapsed without any cases of the disease in this district, Namibia declared that it
considered the disease to be no longer present on its territory.
1.2.
Americas
The countries of North America, Central America, the West Indies, the Guyanas, Chile,
Uruguay, and the regions of Patagonia in Argentina and Urabá in Colombia, remained free from
FMD without vaccination.
Furthermore, no outbreaks have occurred in the States of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina in
Brazil since January 1994, in Argentina since April 1994 or in Paraguay since September 1994.
1.3.
Asia
Foot and mouth disease continued to circulate enzootically in South and South-East Asia.
In Peninsular Malaysia, the State of Perlis became infected with virus type A in June 1995,
whereas the virus strain had not been isolated in the country since 1973. In the same month, FMD
virus type Asia 1 spread to the south of Peninsular Malaysia (States of Johore, Malacca and Negeri
Sembilan), following the illegal transportation of animals from infected zones situated farther to
the north.
In the Philippines, the FMD epizootic which appeared on the island of Luzon in 1994 continued in
1995. The disease occurs chiefly in swine.
1.4.
Europe
In 1995, FMD (virus type O) occurred on two separate occasions in the eastern part of Europe.
The first alert came in Turkish Thrace, with an outbreak in a herd of unvaccinated cattle. This is
thought to have been caused by the illegal introduction of animals from the Anatolian region of
Turkey. The outbreak was declared to have been eradicated in April 1995.
The second alert occurred in a pig production unit in the Moscow region of Russia. All the animals
in the unit were slaughtered.
In each of the above outbreaks, animal movement restrictions and ring vaccination were applied
and there were no further cases.
In order to control the epizootic which occurred on its territory in 1994, Greece applied stamping
out without resorting to vaccination and carried out serological monitoring with slaughter of
reactors. In view of the measures applied, and 12 months having elapsed since the last outbreak,
Greece declared itself free from foot and mouth disease in October 1995.
1.5.
Middle East
In April 1995, a strain of FMD virus type A was isolated in the Anatolian part of Turkey, where
this type had not been seen since August 1993.
In Israel and the Controlled Territories there were only sporadic outbreaks.
In Jordan, where FMD is enzootic, the disease occurred unusually in a desert zone, in February
1995. It was expressed through mortality in lambs, with no clinical signs in adult animals.
In the Gaza Strip (Territoires autonomes palestiniens), the disease affected non vaccinated calves
imported from an FMD free zone in May 1995.
Vesicular stomatitis
As in previous years, vesicular stomatitis was diagnosed only in the Americas.
An episode of the disease, due to New Jersey virus type, began in the United States of America, in the
State of New Mexico, in May 1995. The disease spread to Arizona in June, Colorado and Texas in July,
Utah in August and Wyoming in October. A total of 367 outbreaks were recorded, of which 9 5 % were in
Colorado and New Mexico. The spread of the disease seems to have been assisted by the rapid
multiplication of insect vectors (Simulium sp.) along the Rio Grande and the irrigation channels fed by
this river, whereas contacts between animals and animal movements seem to have played a negligible
epidemiological role. Control measures included a ban on horse events, restrictions on the movement of
susceptible species, vector control and serological tests carried out in premises at risk (field investigations
covered 1,143 premises), and in some cases vaccination.
In South America, Colombia was again the country in which the disease occurred most frequently, with a
predominance of the New Jersey serotype.
- 10-
3.
Swine vesicular disease
Only Italy and Portugal reported the presence of swine vesicular disease on their territory in 1995. In
Portugal, where the disease was diagnosed for the first time, the only establishment affected was a
commercial unit. The disease is thought to have resulted from the introduction of imported animals. In
both countries, all the animals on the affected premises were slaughtered and their carcases destroyed.
4.
Rinderpest
4.1.
Africa
In January 1995, Eritrea reported a case of rinderpest in an ox bought in the market at Asmara.
The animal had probably been imported.
Rinderpest, which had been suspected in Kenya in December 1994, following the death of around
200 buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Tsavo National Park, was confirmed. In May 1995, rinderpest
was again diagnosed, in a sick kudu (Tragelaphus spp.) found in the same park. The health status
of domestic livestock farmed within the area of the National Park was unaffected, thanks to the
protection afforded by vaccination. However, in June 1995, 13 herds of cattle were infected by the
disease in Turkana district (north-west of the country), following the illegal introduction of cattle
from a neighbouring country.
4.2.
Middle East
Only Oman and the United Arab Emirates reported outbreaks of rinderpest in their territory in
1995.
4.3.
South Asia
In India, for the last few years, rinderpest has occurred only in four southern States. In 1995 only
the States of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu were affected. This favourable situation enabled India to
declare part of its territory "provisionally free from rinderpest" in October 1995.
Throughout 1995, Pakistan reported the presence of the disease in its northern territories and in
the vicinity of Karachi.
In Sri Lanka, no outbreaks have been recorded since March 1994.
5.
Peste des petits ruminants
As in 1994, peste des petits ruminants was reported in countries of West and East Africa, the Middle East
and South Asia.
In Gabon, the disease was introduced into two provinces (Estuary and Woleu Ntem) by imported animals.
Vaccination was applied.
6.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
6.1.
Africa
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia remains a major animal health problem for many African
countries.
In Botswana, where the disease had not been observed since 1939, outbreaks were reported from
February 1995 onwards in the extreme north-west of the country, following the illegal introduction
of cattle from a neighbouring country some eight months before. From February to November
1995, pleuropneumonia progressed towards the south-east, along the river Okavango.
In Tanzania, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia spread to the south of the central railway line,
posing a serious threat to neighbouring countries to the south.
-11 -
6.2.
Asia
Bangladesh was the only State in Asia to have reported the presence of the disease on its territory
during each month.
Myanmar, which had not observed any outbreaks of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia since
1987, reported cases in February and July 1995.
In Pakistan, where contagious bovine pleuropneumonia had not been observed for at least ten
years, the disease was reported in certain months in 1995.
6.3.
Europe
In Europe, only Portugal reported outbreaks of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia on its territory
in 1995 (only 11 outbreaks, compared to 63 in 1994).
Italy, which had not observed any outbreaks since 7 September 1993, informed OIE Member
Countries on 25 October 1995 that it considered itself to be free from the disease.
7.
Lumpy skin disease
As in 1994, lumpy skin disease was reported only in Africa. In Guinea, the disease was suspected for the
first time in 1994 and confirmed in 1995.
8.
Rift Valley fever
No epidemiological^ significant events relating to Rift Valley fever were reported to the OIE in 1995.
9.
Bluetongue
In Israel, the incidence of bluetongue showed a marked reduction in 1995 (only 7 outbreaks, as opposed
to 61 the previous year).
In Argentina, some animals were found to be carrying bluetongue virus antibodies, without any clinical
cases of the disease ever having been observed. The results of a bioclimatic study showed the area with a
high risk of insect vectors to be confined to the north-east of the country.
In contrast to 1994, no outbreaks were reported in Japan, even though serological tests revealed the
presence of the causal virus.
10.
Sheep pox and goat pox
In North Africa, the number of outbreaks of sheep pox and goat pox recorded in Algeria and Morocco in
1995 fell by more than 5 0 % compared to 1994, whereas in Tunisia the reduction was less marked.
From January 1995, the disease was again reported in Pakistan. The last outbreak had been in 1993.
In Eastern Europe, Greece, Moldavia and Russia had all reported the recurrence of the disease on their
territory in 1994, following many years of freedom from the disease. In 1995, Azerbaijan and Bulgaria
were added to this list of countries.
In Bulgaria, 34 farms in three different localities in Burgas region were initially infected in August 1995.
In October 1995, sheep pox broke out in another farm in the same district, then, in November, an outbreak
epidemiologically unrelated to the earlier outbreaks occurred in Khaskovo region.
Greece, which had reported a single outbreak in 1994, in November, reported nine outbreaks in October
and November 1995, in various parts of the Evros and Thessalonique prefectures.
In Russia, in contrast to 1994, sheep pox and goat pox was not restricted to the Caucasus, but was also
found in other Russian territories in Europe and Asia.
In Qatar, the disease reappeared in February 1995 after an absence of over two years.
-12-
11.
African horse sickness
After four years of intensive control, Morocco was able to inform the other OIE Member Countries in July
1995 that the country fulfilled the conditions laid down in the OIE International Animal Health Code for
recovery of its African horse sickness free status.
12.
African swine fever
12.1.
Africa
As in 1994. several outbreaks of the disease resulted from contact between domestic swine and
warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) in the African swine fever control area set up in the Republic
of South Africa. Exports of animals and animal products from this control zone, situated in the
north of the country, are prohibited.
In Mozambique, the disease was reported for the first time in Niassa province (north of the
country). It is thought to have resulted from the introduction of pig meat from Zambezia province.
In Namibia, where the disease had not been observed since February 1989, one farm was infected
in April and another in October 1995.
A diagnosis of African swine fever based on clinical signs and post-mortem findings was made in
free-range pig farms in Mbale district in Uganda. Lice and ticks were present on the swine but no
Ornithodorus moubata were observed. The last suspected case of African swine fever in this area
had been in 1992. Farmers were reminded that swine should be enclosed in pens and should not be
fed swill.
12.2.
Europe
The eradication of African swine fever was successfully completed in Spain, with the result that
the country was recognised as free from the disease by decision of the European Commission dated
1 December 1995. With a similar decision having been taken in respect of Portugal on
21 December 1994, the disease has thus been totally eradicated from the Iberian Peninsula.
Elsewhere in Europe, only the Italian island of Sardinia remains infected. The number of
outbreaks rose from 91 in 1994 to 145 in 1995, an increase of nearly 60%.
13.
Classical swine fever
13.1.
Americas
In Cuba, there was a marked decrease in the incidence of classical swine fever in 1995
(18 outbreaks) compared to 1994 (176 outbreaks).
In Costa Rica, only 3 districts were infected with the disease in 1995, compared to 95 in 1994.
Argentina, Chile and Paraguay each reported only one outbreak of the disease in 1995.
13.2.
Europe
Between 1994 and 1995, the number of outbreaks of classical swine fever rose sharply in some
European countries (FRY [Serbia and Montenegro], Italy, Russia), whereas it fell in other
countries (Bulgaria, Germany, Slovakia). In many cases, it was stated that the disease was due to
swine being fed unsterilised swill or to the causal virus circulating in the wild boar population.
-13-
14.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (fowl plague)
In January 1995, fowl plague was diagnosed in Mexico in the States of Puebla and Querétaro, after a
considerable rise in morbidity and mortality and a drop in egg production had been observed in several
poultry production units. The Mexican government launched a vast surveillance programme to determine
the extent of the disease, and implemented measures including quarantine, voluntary slaughter and
vaccination in order to control this episode, which came to an end in June 1995. Subsequently, a
serological and virological survey carried out throughout the country did not detect the presence of any
highly pathogenic or moderately pathogenic virus.
In 1995, the poultry production sector in Pakistan suffered losses due to the disease. Sanitary and vaccine
measures were applied to control the disease.
In Australia, following the appearance of a outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza near Brisbane
(State of Queensland) at the end of 1994, all the birds present in the outbreak were destroyed and an
epidemiological investigation and a vast clinical surveillance campaign were carried out. No further cases
having been detected, Australia declared on 28 June 1995 that Queensland had recovered its highly
pathogenic avian influenza free status.
15.
Newcastle disease
15.1.
Africa
In Namibia, Newcastle disease principally affected backyard poultry flocks. However, a flock of
ostriches and a commercial poultry production unit were also affected.
A Newcastle disease epizootic occurred from August to September 1995 in Réunion Island
(French island in the Indian Ocean). The epizootic was controlled by stamping out and vaccination.
15.2.
Americas
In Canada, in the summer of 1995, double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) on the
Ottawa river and Lake Ontario (Ontario province) and on Doré Lake (Saskatchewan province)
were affected by Newcastle disease. The end of the episode, which occurred well away from any
commercial poultry flocks, coincided with the onset of the first frosts, a period when most of these
birds have already migrated south.
15.3.
Asia
In Taipei China, a Newcastle disease episode occurred in relatively large poultry production units
where vaccination had not been carried out for a number of years. The affected units were situated
in coastal regions of the island of Taiwan visited by migrating wildfowl, the probable source of the
disease. All the poultry in the affected premises were destroyed and a vaccination campaign
carried out.
15.4.
Europe
In Azerbaijan, where no outbreaks of Newcastle disease had been reported since March 1991, an
industrial poultry unit was affected by the disease in October 1995. The disease is thought to have
been introduced into the unit by young imported poultry.
Denmark and Sweden, which had been free from Newcastle disease for many years (since 1972
and 1956, respectively), diagnosed the disease on their territory in 1995 (15 outbreaks in Denmark,
outside the industrial poultry sector, one outbreak in Sweden, affecting an industrial unit).
In Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands, the flocks affected were principally or exclusively
small.
In Italy, the disease was diagnosed in a wild pigeon and in a small establishment with chickens
and guinea fowl.
In Switzerland, the disease occurred in a commercial unit, whereas in 1994 it had affected only a
few hens in a backyard flock.
-14-
II. LIST B DISEASES
1.
Rabies
During the oral vaccination campaigns for foxes carried out in Europe in 1995, vaccinal baits were
distributed, principally from the air, over a territory covering some 570,000 k m spread over 13 countries.
The results achieved differed from one country to another.
2
Carrying on the trend observed during the previous five years, the incidence of rabies in France fell by
6 0 % in 1995 compared to 1994 (40 cases in 1995, compared to 99 cases in 1994).
Switzerland also recorded a considerable reduction in incidence, passing from 225 cases in 1994 to only
23 cases in 1995. Furthermore, there were no cases of animal rabies in June, July, September, October or
December, and during the last eight months of the year there were no positive diagnoses of vulpine rabies.
Rabies also seems to have regressed in Austria (only 95 cases in 1995, compared to 254 cases in 1994)
and in Germany (855 cases in 1995 compared to 1,359 in 1994).
In contrast, Belgium moved from 61 cases in 1994 to 213 in 1995, and Luxembourg from 1 to 15 cases
during the same period.
2.
Scrcwworm (Cochliomyia
hominivorax)
In October 1995, the Delegate of Cuba informed the OIE of the presence of screwworm {Cochliomyia
hominivorax) in all provinces of the country. In spite of its very wide distribution, the infestation did not
cause extensive damage, due in particular to the effectiveness of the specific treatment applied and the
surveillance system existing in the country.
3.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
In the United Kingdom, the number of cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy fell from 26,090 in
1994 to 15,710 in 1995, a drop of nearly 40%.
France reported three indigenous cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. All three occurred in the
Côtes-d'Armor department (Brittany region) and involved dairy cows born before the ban on the use of
meat and bone meal in bovine rations.
In Portugal, 14 cases were diagnosed. The affected animals were between five and nine years old, and
nearly two-thirds of them had been born in Portugal.
In Switzerland, the incidence of the disease remained virtually unchanged, with 68 cases being reported
in 1995 compared to 64 cases in 1994.
4.
Brucellosis in sheep and goats (not due to B. ovis)
Peninsular Malaysia began a programme to eradicate brucellosis in sheep and goats, which was
introduced into its territory in 1994. The programme is based on the detection and slaughter of reactors,
with compensation for the owners concerned and without recourse to vaccination.
5.
Japanese encephalitis
In April 1995, the virus of Japanese encephalitis was isolated in human and animal (porcine and equine)
samples collected on Badu Island, 70 km to the north of the Australian mainland. The virus caused the
death of two persons in this island community. Japanese encephalitis had not previously been observed in
Australia. It would appear that the migration of wildfowl from Asia to the Torres Strait led to the infection
of local mosquito populations. Although further laboratory investigations demonstrated that the virus was
circulating in other northern islands of Australia, this incident did not have any serious animal health
consequences. A follow-up programme was set up in these islands and the north of Queensland and a
vaccination programme for the human population was carried out.
-15-
6.
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
A Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis epizootic began in Venezuela in April 1995, apparently due to
young equids having been introduced into States where the disease is enzootic. By the following
September it had spread to La Guajira department in Colombia. Numerous human cases were reported,
some of which proved fatal, and, in Colombia, 242 equids died of encephalomyelitis. The episode was
halted through vaccination of equids and vector control.
In 1995, cases were also reported in Honduras and Panama.
7.
Viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits
In Australia, during studies carried out on an island off the southern coast on the characteristics of
haemorrhagic disease of rabbits and its potential use as a biological control agent for this species, the
causal virus, possibly carried by birds or insects, escaped from the experimental area in October 1995 and
spread to wild rabbit populations in the State of South Australia.
In November 1995, haemorrhagic disease of rabbits was diagnosed in Ireland for the first time. It
occurred in a domestic holding of pet rabbits.
The disease was also introduced into Benin, probably through the importation of breeding stock.
8.
Spring viraemia of carp
In the United Kingdom, spring viraemia of carp was diagnosed in 14 coarse fisheries, one ornamental
lake and one ornamental fish farm. All supplying and receiving sites associated with the positive sites
were visited and sampled. Eradication of the disease was undertaken on one of the sites but was regarded
as impractical on the other sites due to their extensive nature.
9.
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis
Three outbreaks of haematopoietic necrosis were reported in France. Some of the fish in the outbreaks
were destroyed and the remainder salvaged for human consumption.
10.
Varroasis
Varroasis was diagnosed in the French departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique (West Indies).
III. OTHER DISEASES
1.
Equine morbillivirus
In Australia, a farmer who died of meningo-encephalitis in October 1995, was found on post mortem
examination to have been infected with equine morbillivirus. In August 1994, he had assisted at his farm
in the north of the State of Queensland during the autopsies on two horses. It was not until after the death
of the farmer that one of these horses was shown to have been infected with the virus. No epidemiological
link was found between this event and the outbreak in Hendra reported in 1994. Furthermore, all the
investigations carried out in 1994 or 1995 in the equine population and wildlife of Queensland as well as
in pets and production animals in all establishments having been in contact with the affected farms gave
negative results. This has led the Australian authorities to conclude that in all probability the disease was
not highly contagious. Research into the origin and nature of the virus and the development of a rapid
diagnostic test are still in progress.
2.
Infectious anaemia of salmon
In Norway, an outbreak of infectious anaemia of salmon was reported in a fish farm in November 1995.
SECTION 2
WILDLIFE
DISEASES
WILDLIFE DISEASES*
(data as of 1995)
I. LIST A DISEASES
1.
Rinderpest
An outbreak of rinderpest in Tsavo West National Park (Kenya) has been reported. It appears that mainly
buffalo (Syncerus caffer) have been affected, and that the disease has spread to most buffalo herds in
Tsavo West. Large numbers of buffalo are reported to have died, as well as some eland (Taurotragus oryx)
and possibly Coke's hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus). The source of infection is unknown, but is
thought to possibly be via illegal cattle movements. Prior to this outbreak, the nearest known endemic
focus of rinderpest was thought to be in Karamoja, Uganda, some 700 kilometres away. Concurrent deaths
in impala (Aepyceros melampus) were attributed to anthrax, but no cause has been found for the
contemporaneous high mortality in zebra (Equus burchelli) in the same area.
In mid-1994, there have also been reports of mortality, associated with keratitis, in lesser kudu
(Tragelaphus imberbis) on the Tiva River in and adjacent to Tsavo East National Park, Kenya. Rinderpest
has subsequently been confirmed to be responsible for this outbreak, by immunohistochemical staining of
fixed tissue, at the Hanover Veterinary School, Germany. Lesser kudu, again afflicted with keratitis, have
been reported in northern Tanzania at the same time as those in Kenya, but rinderpest has not yet been
confirmed in Tanzania.
Rinderpest was reported in early 1995 to be affecting wild boar (Sus scrofa), in the marshes of southern
Iraq.
2.
Peste des petits niminants
There have been recent reports of clinical peste des petits ruminants (PPR) affecting
northern Pakistan. PPR virus has been identified as the causative agent. If this
pathogen reaches the upper Himalayan pastures, the outlook for the wild ibex (Capra
(Capra falconeri). Marco Polo's sheep (Ovis amnion poli) and the blue sheep (Pseudois
grim.
3.
domestic goats in
dangerous caprine
ibex), the markhor
nayaur), could be
Hog cholera
At least one focus of classical swine fever (hog cholera) is still active at the border of France and
Germany in natural populations of wild boars, but is not yet expanding.
Extract from the report of the meeting of the OIE Ad hoc Group on wildlife diseases, which was held in Paris from 13 to 15 June 1995.
-19-
4.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (fowl plague)
In 1993, avian influenza subtypes H5N2 and H7N1 were isolated from emus (Dromaius
novaehollandiae)
and rheas (Rhea americana) in Texas and North Carolina, United States of America. These isolates were
pathogenic to chickens and turkeys. Follow-up antibody testing was done and serological evidence of
infection was found in ratites in 13 states. Subsequent isolations from ratites were H4N6 and H10N4
viruses. Findings are reported in the Proceedings of the United States Animal Health Association, 1994.
5.
Newcastle disease
A major pandemic of Newcastle disease occurred in domestic poultry throughout Southern Africa in 19941995. The velogenic strain involved was predominantly pneumotropic in domestic fowls, but neurotropic
in ostriches and exotic bird collections. Deaths in ostriches caused by this disease were reported from
South Africa and Zimbabwe.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Rabies
In the United States of America: rabies strain relocations via canid
shipments
There have been three recent instances where non-endemic strains of rabies virus have been transported
with relocated wildlife in the United States of America.
In December 1993, an unvaccinated foxhound in Alabama was confirmed to be infected with the
coyote/urban dog strain of rabies virus, which in the United States of America had been restricted to
Texas.
In 1994, 5 non-vaccinated foxhounds were diagnosed as rabid in Florida. Again the virus was identified as
the Texas coyote/urban dog strain. The seriousness of finding the coyote/urban dog rabies virus strain in
Florida and Alabama is great: circumstantial evidence strongly suggests that the virus was moved by
relocating of coyotes (Canis latrans) for hunting purposes.
On 4 January 1995, four grey foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) were shipped from an animal dealer in
Texas to a private petting zoo in Montana. Shortly after arrival, one of the foxes died and was diagnosed
as rabid. The other three foxes were killed, and one of them was also rabies positive. The virus was
identified as a strain only known to occur among grey foxes in a few counties in west-central Texas.
Subsequent investigation of this case disclosed that the animal dealer had also shipped grey foxes to four
other states and two European countries. Follow-up revealed that a rabid grey fox had been exported to the
Netherlands.
2.
Bovine tuberculosis
Of 40 buffalo sampled in the southern region of the Kruger National Park in South Africa, 67.5% were
macroscopically or histologically positive for mycobacteriosis.
In the Natal central complex game reserves in South Africa, 73 buffalo from 10 herds were sampled.
Three herds in the south-western area of the Umfolosi Game Reserve were found to be infected with
bovine tuberculosis, one of which had a prevalence rate of 50%.
-20-
In the United States of America, bovine tuberculosis was confirmed in a wild mule deer (Odocoileus
hemionus) in Big Horn County, Montana. The deer was collected during the fall/winter of 1993-1994 as
part of a disease survey around a TB-infected game ranch near Hardin, Montana. The survey was
conducted after it was determined that the game ranch contained tuberculosis-infected elk (Cervus elaphus
canadensis) in 1993. Efforts were being made to eliminate the disease on the farm by test and removal
procedures. Additional surveillance in the area disclosed an infected coyote (Canis latrans).
In November 1994, a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) that was infected with Mycobacterium
bovis was killed by a hunter in Alpena County, Michigan. The source of the infection was not determined
and surveillance is underway in both wild and domestic animals.
1
According to information provided by the Cattle Diseases staff of Veterinary Services (USDA/APHIS ),
29 Mycobacterium
Aovzs-infected captive cervid herds have been identified in 15 States from January
1991 to January 1995. Most of the herds were depopulated by their owners, but four were released from
quarantine after testing and six are under quarantine.
Lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were found during the examination of 345 wild boar in Liguria, Italy.
Lesion prevalence was 15.5%; typing of the Mycobacteria is in progress.
3.
Caprine and ovine brucellosis (B.
melitensis)
In Europe, Brucella abortus biovar 1 was isolated from two adult male chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) m
1994 and 1995. Animals had blindness (uveitis), arthritis and orchitis. Concurrent infections have been
diagnosed in cattle and humans. A serological survey of 123 wild ungulates during the 1994 hunting
season revealed two red deer hinds (Cervus elaphus) with suspicious titres. No chamois were seropositive.
The seroprevalence for Brucella has increased in wild boar in Belgium and France and has been
attributed to an increase in Brucella suis infection.
Currently, 4 0 % of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) are seropositive to brucellosis in Siberia, and 2 % of the
animals have clinical signs related to Brucella suis infection. Brucella abortus is a more common
infection of domestic reindeer in forested areas in Siberia where there is contact with cattle.
4.
Aujeszky's disease and porcine brucellosis
In the United States of America, records were obtained from 16,268 wild pigs that had been tested for
swine brucellosis. Positive animals were identified in 58 counties in 9 states, and the overall prevalence of
infection was 9% (1,465 of 16,268).
Wild pigs that were seropositive for Aujeszky's disease were reported from 10 states. Positive animals
were found in 98 counties, and the overall prevalence rate was 27.7% (4,293 of 15,494). Recent studies
revealed that Aujeszky's disease virus is shed from the genital organs of wild swine and may be
transmitted by sexual contact.
Diseases of poultry
5.
Avian tuberculosis
In Kenya, an outbreak of disease in lesser flamingoes (Phoeniconaias minor) resulted in more than
30,000 deaths in six months. The disease appeared to spread along the Rift Valley lakes and was
concentrated on the shores of Lake Bogoria in central Kenya. Coincidental was an unseasonal bloom of
algae in the lakes. Greater flamingoes (Phoenicopterus ruber), which adopt a slightly different feeding
technique, were unaffected. Histopathology revealed lesions compatible with avian tuberculosis. It is
thought possible that the algal toxicity overwhelmed the birds which were already debilitated by
tuberculosis.
United States of America Department of Agriculture / Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
-21 -
6.
Duck virus enteritis
Six duck virus enteritis outbreaks occurred in 1994 in the United States of America. The most significant
outbreak occurred in central New York on the Finger Lakes. Approximately 1,400 black ducks (Anas
rubripes), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and a few geese (Branta canadensis) died in the only known
duck plague outbreak in wild migratory waterfowl since an outbreak in 1973 in South Dakota. Duck
plague also occurred in small numbers of domestic and captive reared waterfowl in Virginia,
Pennsylvania, Texas and California in 1994. To date in 1995, two duck plague outbreaks have been
confirmed: one in Maryland and one in California.
7.
Avian cholera
In the United States of America, avian cholera was confirmed from 25 sites in 1994 and the first quarter
of 1995. The largest die-off occurred during 1994 on the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland and Virginia and
along the northern coast of North Carolina. Mortality exceeded 35,000 birds including over 23 species,
primarily oldsquaw (Clangula
hyemalis)
(70%), bufflehead (Bucephala
albeola)
and scoters
(Melanitta spp).
Waterfowl on the Great Salt Lake in Utah began dying of avian cholera in November 1994 just as an
avian botulism outbreak was ending. This first reported epizootic of avian cholera on the Great Salt Lake
resulted in the loss of an estimated 5,000-10,000 northern shovelers (Anas clypeata) and 4,000 eared
grebes (Podiceps spp). Other instances of large mortality caused by avian cholera occurred in the western
United States of America, particularly in California.
8.
Mycoplasmosis (M.
gallisepticum)
The house finch Carpodacus mexicanus was introduced into the Eastern United States of America from
the Western United States of America and has increased dramatically in number and geographic range.
The first reports of a previously unrecognised syndrome in house finches were received in the suburban
Washington, D.C., area during February 1994. People reported several house finches with lesions ranging
from slightly swollen eyelids with a clear ocular discharge to severe swelling with loss of sight. Since that
time, reports of affected birds have been received from all coastal states from New Hampshire to Georgia,
as well as from Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a bacterium long associated
with infectious sinusitis in domestic turkeys and chronic respiratory disease in chickens, was cultured
from several affected birds. This organism previously had not been associated with disease in free-flying
passerine birds.
Since October 1994, information has been assembled, updated, and disseminated regarding house finch
conjunctivitis. A field study to investigate the occurrence of M. gallisepticum
in house finches was
conducted in Maryland and Georgia from November 1994 through March 1995. Gross lesions of
conjunctivitis were present in Maryland and Georgia birds. M. gallisepticum was confirmed by culture or
PCR in birds from Maryland and Georgia. M. gallisepticum was recovered from some birds without
lesions.
Seronegative/clinically normal house finches were experimentally inoculated by eye-drop or spray
droplets. The inoculum was a finch-derived M. gallisepticum strain that previously had produced severe
air sac lesions when experimentally inoculated in chickens and turkeys. Lesions were produced in all
finches inoculated by eye-drop and half of the birds in the spray group. M. gallisepticum was recovered
from birds in both inoculated groups 34 days post-inoculation. Controls did not develop lesions and
remained negative for M. gallisepticum by culture, PCR, and serological testing throughout the study.
-22-
Diseases of
9.
lagomorphs
Viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits
Viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits entered the United Kingdom in 1992, and has been confined
primarily to the southern parts of the country in domestic rabbits. This year, a few cases in wild rabbits
(Oryctolagus cuniculus) were associated with foci in domestic populations.
III. OTHER DISEASES
1.
Encephalitis/myocarditis in African elephants
The first documented outbreak of encephalitis/myocarditis (EMC) in free ranging African elephant
(Loxodonta africana) was diagnosed in the Kruger National Park (South Africa) last year. Of a total of 68
fatal cases which were recorded, 8 3 % of the victims were adult bulls. Many elephants survive this disease,
as is evidenced by seropositive clinically normal animals in many herds. Antibody prevalences ranging
from 13 to 5 3 % were found in three different regions of the Kruger National Park. Studies of rodents in
the Kruger National Park have been conducted for unrelated purposes since 1984, from which a serum
bank was available. Analysis of the rodent trapping data and the stored serum demonstrated that:
a)
A rodent population explosion occurred in 1993/94, indicated by a trapping success rate that
increased from an average of 7 % prior to 1993, to a dramatic 54% in 1993 and 5 6 % in 1994.
b)
All rodent sera collected prior to 1990 were negative for EMC antibodies. In 1993, 8.3% of rodent
sera contained EMC antibodies, while in 1994 seropositivity had increased to 25.2%. Mastomys
natalensis (multi-mammate mouse) appeared to be the major species involved, making up 9 5 % of the
seropositive rodents.
There was a striking temporal correlation between the occurrence of the rodent population explosion, the
surge in prevalence of antibody to EMC in rodents, and the occurrence of the outbreak of disease in
elephants. Subsequently, there has been a dramatic population decline amongst the rodents, and this has
been paralleled by an equally dramatic decrease in the incidence of clinical disease in elephants.
A killed adjuvanted vaccine against EMC was developed at Onderstepoort Institute for Exotic Diseases,
and tested in mice, domestic pigs and elephants. The vaccine was found to elicit high titres of neutralising
antibodies, which resulted in a solid protection to challenge with virulent EMC virus.
2.
Canine distemper in lions
An epidemic of canine distemper was reported in lions (Panthera leo) in the Serengeti and Masai Mara
National Parks in Tanzania and Kenya respectively. These two national parks are linked, and this is the
first confirmed report of canine distemper in free ranging lions. The report indicates that between 20 and
30% of the 3,000 lions present in this ecosystem have been affected. Symptoms include myoclonus,
chorea, ataxia and seizures. Some lions also exhibited ocular and nasal discharge. In some cases, entire
prides have died. It is speculated that the Masai's domestic dogs which share the ecosystem were the
probable source of infection.
3.
Parafilaria in buffalo
An ulcerative dermatitis syndrome in buffalo, which was recently researched in the Eastern Transvaal
(South Africa) has been found to be caused by a new (yet unnamed) species of Parafilaria. Prevalence
rates of between 26 and 5 6 % were encountered in certain buffalo herds. The lesions are highly seasonal
(November to February) and occur mainly on the withers, neck and thorax. The lesions begin as focal
-23-
point haemorrhages seen on the surface of the skin, and expand with time, due to a local hypersensitivity
reaction with vasculitis and thrombosis. Lesions are compounded by the attention of oxpeckers (Buphagus
spp), to form large ulcerated lesions of up to 30 centimetres in diameter. The lesions heal in the autumn
leaving characteristic hairless scars. This parasite is transmitted by flies of the genus Musca.
4.
Ulcerative dermatitis in hippopotami
In the Kruger National Park (South Africa), button shaped skin ulcerations (2-5 centimetres in diameter)
with raised edges were found over the flank areas of hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius). These
lesions were found to be caused by a filarial parasite of the genus Stephanofilaria, which is related to the
parasite that causes the ulcerative skin lesions on the thorax of black rhinos. This parasite appears to be a
previously undescribed new species.
5.
Infectious "capped elbow" in lions
Recently, young lions in several prides in the greater Kruger National Park complex, in Umfolosi game
reserve (Natal) and at Kapama (private game reserve) in South Africa were seen to have large fluid-filled
swellings over the elbow joints. These swellings are a result of inflammation of the synovial structures in
or around the elbow joint. The fact that several lions in each pride were simultaneously affected indicated
a possible infectious agent being involved, and an unidentified species of Mycoplasma has subsequently
been isolated from fluid aspirated from these swellings. The long term significance of this syndrome is
unknown.
6.
Infectious polyarthritis in farmed crocodiles
A debilitating polyarthritis in farmed crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) has been reported from
Zimbabwe. Once again an unidentified Mycoplasma, which did not react with the standard conjugates,
was isolated from synovial aspirates.
7.
Ebola virus in chimpanzees
A Swiss ethologist became infected with Ebola virus in November 1994, after carrying out an autopsy on a
chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) in Côte d'Ivoire. The researcher had been investigating a spate of deaths
among local chimpanzees. She exhibited classic symptoms of Ebola infection, according to a member of
the staff of the Institut Pasteur in Paris, where the virus was identified. The patient has survived and has
recovered from the infection. The Pasteur Institute's conclusions are being reviewed by the US Centre for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta. While the Institut Pasteur and the CDC officials are
confident that the virus found in the Côte d'Ivoire is a strain of Ebola, they are unsure of its relationship
with the viral types which have caused the recent outbreaks in Sudan and Zaire. As chimpanzees seem to
be very susceptible to this Ebola strain, they are unlikely to be the wild reservoir of the virus.
8.
Viral blindness in kangaroos
In Australia, an infection causing blindness in kangaroo has been apparent for at least eighteen months
from western New South Wales (around Broken Hill) down across the Murray River to Bendigo and
Ballarat in Victoria, across through South Australia and even on Kangaroo Island, off the coast of South
Australia.
Reports vary but it seems that between 5 and 30% of a mob of kangaroos can be affected by the disease,
which causes complete blindness. Infected animals are easily identified by their tentative, high-stepping
gait, but eye lesions are not obvious from a distance. On examination, there is massive chorioretinitis with
complete destruction of the retina. In severe cases there are inflammatory lesions down the optic nerve
leading to wallerian degeneration and encephalitis. There is no conjunctivitis or hypopyon apparent.
-24-
The species affected include red kangaroos (Macropus rufas) and euros (M. robustus). Older animals seem
to be most commonly affected and death is usually due to trauma (road accidents), emaciation or
drowning. It is thought that the disease is insect-borne by either sandflies or mosquitoes, since it appears
to be most common in late summer when insects are more numerous. Three laboratories have isolated
arboviruses from the retinas of blind kangaroos but all three viruses are different. It is as yet unclear
which virus is the causal organism and work continues.
9.
Unexplained ostrich mortality
The Australian Ostrich Association has announced that an unexplained disease condition has killed
thousands of fanned ostrich (Struthio camelus) chicks in New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland. The
causal agent has yet to be identified but does not appear to be a virus. Current opinion points towards an
aberrant feeding or management practice. At first it was feared that the indigenous emu (Dromanius
novaehollandiae) might be at risk but this is now seen to be unlikely.
10.
Hantavirus
The known range of hantaviruses that cause the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in human beings
has expanded in the United States of America. As of 15 March 1995, there were 195 human cases of
infection with a mortality rate of 52%. The majority of the cases occurred west of the Mississippi River,
where the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, is the primary reservoir, and the virus involved is called
Sin Nombre virus. Cases have been found outside the range of P. maniculatus in eastern Texas, Louisiana,
Florida, and Rhode Island. In Florida, another hantavirus, Black Creek Canal Virus, has been isolated
from the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus. The Louisiana case is believed to be caused by a third hantavirus.
At present, human cases are sporadic and the attack rate is far below that which occurred during the
initial outbreak in the Southwest.
11.
Spongiform encephalopathy in deer and elk
In the United States of America, between March 1981 and October 1994, 33 cases of chronic wasting
disease were diagnosed in 28 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), 4 elk (Cervus elaphus), and 1 whitetailed deer (O. virginianus). This disease is closely related to scrapie in sheep and bovine spongiform
encephalopathy in cattle. In contrast to previous reports of this disease in captive animals, the
aforementioned cervids were free-ranging. All cases originated in a cluster in north-central Colorado;
surveillance in other areas is ongoing and no cases have yet been found.
12.
Undiagnosed disease of cane rats in West Africa
The cane rat (Thryonomys spp.) is a wild rodent bred in various countries in Africa for food. However, in
certain areas in West Africa, it has become unacceptable as a food item, due to a disease which is
characterised by desquamation of the skin. The animal loses all its fur, becomes paralysed and succumbs
after several days. The rate of mortality is very high, between 80 and 90%. This species has become very
rare, and has even disappeared, according to the inhabitants of these areas.
13.
Sarcoptic mange in Europe
Sarcoptic mange is still prevalent in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in France but the incidence is not known.
The United Kingdom experienced an unusually large number of cases this year. An outbreak was
mentioned in the Cantabrian mountains in Northwestern Spain, in isolated populations of chamois
(Rupicapra rupicapra). Sarcoptic mange is still endemic in Scandinavia involving foxes (Vulpes and
Alopex), lynx (Felis lynx), raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), and pine and stone martens (Martes
martes, M. foina).
SECTION 3
FISH, MOLLI SCAN, AND CRUSTACEAN DISEASES
FISH, MOLLUSCAN, AND CRUSTACEAN DISEASES*
1.
Diseases and pathogens of fish
1.1.
Notifiable viruses listed in the International
1.1.1.
Aquatic Animal Health
Code
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia
In the European Union, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) continues to cause
significant economic loss in freshwater rainbow trout farms, although there has been a
reduction in its occurrence in some countries (e.g. Denmark) due to national programmes
aimed at eventual eradication of the disease from trout farms.
Following the confirmation of VHS in turbot (Psetta maxima) on a farm on the Island of
Gigha, off the west coast of Scotland, United Kingdom, in 1994, clearance and
disinfection of the site, in order to eradicate the disease, have been completed.
Investigations to examine possible sources of the outbreak have concentrated on tests on
commercial marine fish species. To date, VHS virus has been detected in Atlantic cod and
haddock from deep sea stocks north of mainland Scotland, indicating that these may
constitute a marine reservoir of VHS virus and act as a source of infection for marine fish
farms, either via transmission through the water or through the use of wild marine fish
(such as cod and haddock) as feed to supplement a pelleted diet.
VHSV continues to be isolated from Pacific herring in many areas of Washington, United
States of America (USA) and British Columbia, Canada. The fish exhibit symptoms such
as haemorrhages, and are found to have levels of virus that would suggest that they are
actively infected. The virus was also recovered from healthy returning adult coho salmon
in the lower Columbia River of Washington. The North American strain of VHSV was
isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farmed in British Columbia in March 1995,
based on a specific DNA probe. This is apparently the first time that the virus had been
isolated from farmed Atlantic salmon. The virus was isolated from 2 of 30 market-sized
fish taken from a marine netpen that had a history of unexplained but increasing fish
losses.
Extract from the report of the meeting of the OIE Fish Diseases Commission, which was held in Paris from 20 to 22 November 1995.
-27-
1.1.2.
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis
Outbreaks of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) infection remain common in
salmonid fish of the western portion of North America. It appears that rhabdoviruses,
especially IHNV, are causing increasing problems in Atlantic salmon held in marine
netpens in British Columbia (Canada). The Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO)
and the British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries are jointly planning
a workshop to review the problem. All indications are that the virus is not transferred with
the smolts entering the netpens, but rather that farmed fish become infected in the marine
environment. Research is being carried out to determine a possible marine source of
infection. Herring (Clupea pallasii), tubesnouts (Aulorhynchus flavidus) and pile perch
(Damalichthys vacca) are found to be susceptible to the virus in laboratory tests.
In Europe, there has been no further spread of the virus beyond the countries of Belgium,
France, Germany, and Italy. In Germany, the virus was detected for the first time in the
State of Lower Saxony, leading to clearance and disinfection of the single farm affected in
an effort to 'stamp out' the disease. The published report of the first detection of IHNV in
Spain has been officially refuted by the Veterinary Services of the Spanish Government.
1.1.3.
Spring viraemia of carp
The situation of spring viraemia of carp in Europe remains stable, although in the United
Kingdom during 1995. 14 outbreaks occurred that were linked to illegal imports of fish
from other European Union Member States for re-stocking fisheries. The outbreaks
resulted in high mortality amongst large carp in affected fisheries. The United Kingdom
authorities have taken steps to increase vigilance and enforcement of regulations through
veterinary inspections on suspected illegal imports.
In Germany (State of Lower Saxony), five cases of SVC occurred in 1995 (compared with
none in 1994); three of these were in common carp and two in imported koi carp.
1.2.
Other virus infections
1.2.1.
Birnaviruses
In the United Kingdom, a 2-year programme of testing for infectious pancreatic necrosis
virus (IPNV) on all trout farms was completed. The survey revealed the presence of the
virus in 4 0 % of the farms in Great Britain, but with little significant disease effect in the
majority of these cases.
In the State of Lower Saxony, Germany, there was a clear decrease in the incidence of
IPN (20% of the previous year's level).
In Spain, turbot farms continued to experience mortality in young fish due to infection
with aquatic birnaviruses, some strains of which cause IPN in rainbow trout after
experimental exposure.
Clinical IPN is still the main viral disease problem in Norwegian Atlantic salmon smolts
farms, following transfer to sea water, while it is observed occasionally in Sweden (six
cases) and Finland (one case). IPN virus serotype Sp was registered in wild Atlantic
salmon for the first time in 25 years.
In Japan, a new epizootic of yellowtail ascites virus has been demonstrated to cause
significant losses in yellowtail (Señóla quinqueradiata)
fingerlings. This virus is
serologically distinct from IPNV.
-28-
1.2.2.
Nodaviruses
In France, sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) hatcheries continued to experience significant
larval mortality, due to infection with of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), a
nodavirus that causes vacuolation of brain and retina tissue. During the past year, 1- and
2-year old fish have suffered mortality due to this infection.
In Italy, severe mortality in hatcheries and sea bass culture facilities has also occurred due
to this viral infection, and a national survey was started in September to determine the
geographical distribution of the disease. The disease was also detected in sea bass farms in
Greece for the first time, with seven cases being confirmed in the two areas affected. It
therefore appears that in the Mediterranean, the disease is becoming more common and of
increasing severity with mortality occurring in older fish on some affected farms.
In Japan, viral nervous necrosis (VNN) among striped jack (Pseudocaranx dentex) has
caused heavy larval mortality, and a similar virus has been found in larval groupers
(Epinephelus fuscoguatus and E. akaard) in Taipei China.
Another viral encephalopathy and retinopathy resulting in large mortality in farmed
halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) was described in Norway. The agent seems to be a
nodavirus that cross-reacts with VNN isolates from sea bass and striped jack. The disease
has been made notifiable in Norway.
1.2.3.
Herpesvirus
White sturgeon herpesvirus II remains prevalent at sturgeon hatcheries in California
(USA) where it affects skin and gills, resulting in high mortality in juvenile fish. The virus
has also been detected in sturgeon in the Columbia River.
In Australia, extensive pilchard (Sardinops sagax [neopilchardus]) deaths were reported
along the Southern Australian coastline over a 3-month period. Approximately 10% of the
adult pilchard population are believed to have died. Mortality was also seen in
New Zealand. A herpes-like virus was consistently seen in the gills of affected pilchards.
It is believed that the herpesvirus is present as a latent infection until activated by stress.
1.2.4.
Infectious salmon anaemia
Infectious salmon anaemia is still present in Atlantic salmon in Norway, but as reported
in World Animal Health in 1994 (p. 24), has been brought under control by sanitary
measures. Only two outbreaks of ISA were registered in 1995. Some farms (eight) in three
counties still have restrictions because of the disease, despite the fact that the sites have
been emptied of all fish.
1.3.
Bacterial infections
1.3.1.
Furunculosis
The situation regarding classical furunculosis is stable in Finland, Norway and Sweden.
In Iceland, an epidemic of classical furunculosis occurred for the first time in 1995 in
returning wild Atlantic salmon. The disease was also detected in brown trout.
-29-
In 1995, there was another outbreak of the 'typical' strain of furunculosis in Nova Scotia
(Canada), this time at a freshwater hatchery on the Gulf of St Lawrence coast. This
isolate, like the first one detected in Nova Scotia in 1994, was resistant to oxytetracycline
and potentiated sulphonamides. The outbreak was finally controlled with emergency drug
treatments of florfenicol and enrofloxacin. Surviving fish were allowed to be transferred to
sea cages on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia (the same harbour where 'typical'
furunculosis was detected in 1994). There was no recurrence of the disease in the
transferred fish at the sea cage site. 'Atypical' furunculosis in Baie d'Espoir
(Newfoundland) sea cage operations has become resistant to all three of the antibiotics
approved for use in Canada. This has led to abnormally high losses of salmonids in marine
netpen operations in Baie d'Espoir.
1.3.2.
Vibriosis
Vibrio salmonicida (cold water vibriosis) has been increasing in mid-Norway, probably
due to inadequate vaccination, while the number of cases was reduced considerably by use
of vaccines in the north of Norway, Canada and New England (USA), compared with
previous years. Classical vibriosis caused by Vibrio anguiliarum has been reported to be
increasing in Finland and some parts of Norway.
1.3.3.
Flexibacteriosis
Infection with Flexibacter spp. seems to be an increasing problem in Finland, Sweden
and Norway. Flexibacter maritimus was detected in white sea bass, Pacific sardine, and
northern anchovy at three separate net pen sites in California, USA. A cytophaga-like
organism isolated from netpen-reared chinook salmon could be a similar agent. This
organism may also be responsible for outbreaks of 'mouth rot disease' in Atlantic salmon
in British Columbia (Canada). Mouth rot disease primarily affects Atlantic salmon smolts
in British Columbia within 6 months of entering seawater. Sick fish show lesions in the
mouth near the teeth. The causative agent is most likely to be F. maritimus. although it
appears that a number of underlying factors must be present for the disease to become
established (e.g. viral infections, high salinity during smolt entry to seawater). Farmers
feel that this disease is more apparent now because a number of other diseases
(e.g. furunculosis) are better controlled following widespread vaccination programmes.
Losses associated with mouth rot are usually less than 5%, however, the loss of
productivity due to reduced feeding, drug treatments, etc. can be significant.
1.3.4.
Bacterial kidney disease
In Norway and Sweden, the number of affected farms has been reduced by established
sanitary control measures. The use of ELISA for detection of
Renibacterium
salmoninarum has shown that it is likely that all populations of salmonid fish in North
America harbour some level of the bacterium. The bacterium and the resulting disease are
also widespread in Chile.
1.3.5.
Streptococcosis
Recent and continuing reports of several as yet unknown diseases in Europe, involving
Enterococcus
seriolicida-\ike
cases in turbot (Spain) and rainbow trout (Italy) and
Vagococcus salmoninarum in trout (France), have shown the increasing incidence of
chronic and costly infections caused in rather large fish by Gram-positive cocci.
Treatments do not seem to be effective in such cases.
-SO-
LS.6.
Piscirickettsia
infection
Piscirickettsia
salmonis remains the most important pathogen of salmon in Chile.
A freshwater strain of the organism was reported from large rainbow trout reared in cages
in Lago Llanquihue in southern Chile. The bacterium was confirmed by the fluorescent
antibody technique. Fish showed pale gills, lethargy, mottled liver, swollen kidney,
enlarged and mottled spleen, and the empty gut typical of the disease when it occurs in salt
water.
Mass mortality caused by a Rickettsia-like
in cultured tilapia in Taipei China.
microorganism was continuously experienced
Parasites
1.4.1.
Ectoparasites
Ichthyophthirius
multifilis (Ich) infections were very severe in adult sockeye salmon
(Onchorynchus nerka) returning to some of Canada's west coast Salmonid Enhancement
Programme spawning channels in 1994 and 1995. The parasite infestations led to
significant pre-spawning losses in the channels.
The occurrence of Gyrodactylus salans in wild populations in Norwegian rivers is
gradually being brought under control through eradication measures. Four farms are,
however, still under restrictions. G. salaris has been reported from northern Finland
where it is considered to be a major threat to the Tana river system.
There has been an increase in the problems caused by sea lice (Caligus spp. and
Lepeophtheirus spp.) in Atlantic salmon marine farms in the Bay of Fundy (Canada).
Losses due to sea lice for the 1995 growing season are projected to reach CAD 20 million.
Re-infection rates following treatment were high, due to warm water temperatures. Field
and laboratory trials are being conducted with pyrethrin and hydrogen peroxide to
determine effective procedures for treatment, and to obtain data (e.g. impact on non-target
organisms) that could be used to support requests to register these chemicals as pesticides
for use in aquaculture. In October 1995, Salmosan (azamethiphos) was approved for
temporary use on an emergency basis to treat sea lice in Atlantic Canada. Early reports
indicate that sea lice removal rates with Salmosan are higher than those recorded with
other treatments. The salmon louse is still the main parasitic problem of concern in fish
farming in Norway.
1.4.2.
Endoparasites
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD): The parasite continues to spread in Belgium and to
cause significant economic loss to trout farms in the United Kingdom (estimated annual
loss GBP 1.5 million) and France. PKD was found in Newfoundland (Canada), for the
first time in a commercial aquaculture operation. PKD had only previously been detected
in Newfoundland in a natural population.
The most significant finding for the USA has been the widespread detection of Myxobolus
cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease in Montana and Colorado. Some
infected wild stocks have shown significant declines in the last several years.
Trematodes. Mass mortality caused by a blood fluke, Paradeontacylix,
amberjack (Serióla dumerilï) exported from China to Japan.
occurred among
-31 -
1.5.
Diseases of uncertain aetiology
The aetiology of the condition 'M74' that has been reported to cause considerable mortality in the
offspring of wild Atlantic salmon in the Baltic sea seems to be solved: thiamine deficiency has
been mentioned as a primary factor in this disease complex. Bathing of the sac fry in a thiamine
solution has considerably improved the survival of the fry. The reason for the thiamine deficiency
is still not clarified, but it may be due to the feeding regime of the salmon in the Baltic sea.
Whether it is a nutritional problem or some sort of intoxication is to early too say.
The rosette agent, a possible flagellate, has produced severe systemic infections in chinook salmon
in California, USA.
2.
Diseases and pathogens of molluscs
2.1.
Viruses
In France, there have been no significant new developments in the epidemiological situation of the
herpes-like virus infection of juvenile oysters, either in hatcheries or natural beds. Abnormally high
summer temperatures are still believed to be the principle reason for the manifestation of the virus
disease in the past 2 years.
2.2.
Parasites
In Europe, no further spread of bonamiosis and marteiliosis has been reported.
No parasites listed in the International Aquatic Animal Health Code were reported from the North
American east coast shellfish. Mikrocytos mackini has still only been found on the west coast of
Canada.
In Canada, a protozoan of unknown taxonomic affinities (called SPX) has sporadically occurred in
cultured Japanese scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis) and caused mortality approaching 100% in
juveniles less than 3 cm in shell height. All ages of scallops are susceptible to infection, but direct
transmission between scallops is limited. The flagellated stage of SPX, which develops in the
tissues of about 15% of the infected juvenile scallops, has ultrastructural features reminiscent of
Perkinsus spp., but the thioglycollate culture test that is diagnostic for Perkinsus spp. is negative
for SPX. Results of preliminary field studies indicate that SPX is enzootic to British Columbia with
Japanese scallops serving as accidental and, in most cases, dead-end hosts. The erratic occurrence
of SPX was reconfirmed when high prevalence of infection and mortality (84%) occurred in naive
Japanese scallops at an experimental site in Kanish Bay, British Columbia. Only 10% of the same
stock of scallops at a commercial grow-out site in the same bay. and within 1 km of the
experimental site, became infected and mortality was not detected.
2.3.
Diseases of uncertain aetiology
In France, abnormal mortality, mainly in young oysters, has continued in some coastal areas. The
mortality has been associated with unusually high water temperatures and dense blooms of
phytoplankton (Gymnodinium spp.) this year. Similar mortality has occurred in Pacific oyster
(Crassostrea
gigas) populations in Ireland and the Netherlands. Extensive histological
examinations of oysters from affected areas have failed to produce any evidence for an infectious
aetiology.
-32-
Diseases and pathogens of crustaceans
3.1.
Viruses
Diseases of cultured shrimp were very serious, resulting in high economic losses in 1995 in such
countries as China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines, Taipei China, and Thailand. The most
serious disease, white spot disease, was confirmed to be caused by a baculovirus which has been
named white spot disease virus.
Taura syndrome is a devastating necrotising disease of the cuticular epidermis, foregut, hindgut,
and connective tissues on white shrimp. Outbreaks occurred this year in Texas and Hawaii (USA)
as a result of movement of infected shrimp. The disease was first discovered in Ecuador, and has
spread to other countries of Central and South America. The disease is caused by a picorna-like
virus and causes losses approaching 95-100% among affected stocks of shrimp.
Another picornavirus, infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus, is established
among wild penaeids shrimp in the Gulf of California (Mexico). The virus has been spread
worldwide by the movement of infected shrimps.
3.2.
Bacteria
The Texas (USA) shrimp industry continues to have significant losses due to a necrotising
hepatopancreatitis caused by an unidentified Gram-negative intracellular bacterium that cannot be
cultured by conventional methods. The disease occurs at salinities greater than 20 parts per
thousand and is exacerbated at temperatures above 30°C.
3.3.
Parasites
Bitter crab syndrome, caused by a parasitic dinoflagellate, continues to spread in populations of
Tanner crabs in southeast Alaska (USA). Infected crabs suffer high mortality and surviving
animals are unmarketable due to poor flesh quality.
The cause of a 'new' disease, reported in prawns (Pandalus platyceros) from Powell River, British
Columbia, Canada in the fall of 1991, was identified as a Hematodinium-Uke
protozoan. The
confirmed distribution consists of one area in the northern part of the Strait of Georgia. Over the
past 3 years (1992-1994) the highest prevalence at the most heavily affected location in Malaspina
Strait was 29.6% (4.6% gross and 24.0% subclinical) in late August 1993.
SECTION 4
COUNTRY
REPORTS
-34-
A L G É R I E
INTRODUCTION
L'année 1995 a vu la promulgation des textes réglementaires suivants :
-
Décret législatif fixant la liste des maladies à déclaration obligatoire et les mesures générales qui leur sont
applicables.
-
Arrêté interministériel relatif aux mesures sanitaires applicables à la rage animale.
-
Arrêté ministériel du 27 mars 1995 définissant les mesures générales de prévention en élevage avicole.
-
Décret exécutif n° 95-115 du 22 avril 1995 portant statut particulier des médecins vétérinaires et des
médecins vétérinaires spécialistes.
-
Arrêté interministériel du 2 juillet 1995 relatif à la mise à la consommation des volailles abattues.
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
Maladie présente en 1995
Total
1994
1422
Clavelée et variole caprine
Maladies n 'ayant jamais été
Total
1995
568
Jan
113
Fev
48
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
Mai
24
1995
Jun
Jul
34
27
P.P.
Aou
20
Sep
55
Oct
78
Nov
44
Dec
34
Peste des petits ruminants
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Peste porcine africaine
Peste porcine classique
: date du dernier
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus O (12-92)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus A (1977)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus C
1.
Avr
34
constatées
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 1
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 2
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 3
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus Asial
Stomatite vésiculeuse
Maladie vésiculeuse du porc
Peste bovine
Commentaires
Mar
57
foyer)
Peste équine (1966)
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène
Maladie de Newcastle (02-94)
sur certaines maladies de la Liste A
Fièvre aphteuse
Des mesures de surveillance et de prévention restent menées au niveau des wilayate frontalières à l'Est du
pays.
2.
Clavelée et variole caprine
La variole ovine (clavelée) est en nette régression. E n effet, la vaccination intervenant du mois de mars au
mois de juillet avant le début des transhumances a permis de réduire considérablement le nombre de
foyers.
12-94
-35-
IL MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
1.
Brucellose
L'augmentation du nombre de cas de brucellose en 1995 est consécutive au programme de prophylaxie
sanitaire mené sur l'ensemble du territoire national. Ce programme, lancé en octobre 1994. est soutenu par
le fonds de protection zoosanitaire pour l'indemnisation des propriétaires d'animaux abattus pour cause de
brucellose.
2
Tuberculose bovine
Un programme d'assainissement du cheptel bovin laitier en matière de tuberculose lancé depuis le mois de
septembre 1995 a permis le dépistage de 44 580 bovins laitiers, dont 1,4 % ont réagi positivement a ta
tuberculination. Ce programme est également soutenu par le fonds zoosanitaire.
-36-
A L L E M A G N E
INTRODUCTION
En 1995. les autorités vétérinaires allemandes se sont donne comme priorités la protection et la santé animales
et la lutte contre les epizooties. Malgré leur complexité, ces notions ont été perçues comme faisant partie d'un
même ensemble. Dans cette entreprise, il est à constater l'aide grandissante apportée par les organismes créés
ces dernières années (par exemple, le comité national de crise pour la lutte contre les epizooties).
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
Maladies présentes en 1995
Peste porcine classique
Maladie de Newcastle - Virus vélogène
Maladies n'ayant jamais été
Total
1994
117
179
Total
1995
52
28
Jan
8
4
Fev
2
4
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
Mai
3
1
1995
Jun
Jul
10
1
2
0
F.P.
Aou
4
1
Sep
0
5
Oct
6
5
Nov
6
3
Dec
0
2
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Fièvre de la Vaiièe du Rift
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Peste èquine
Peste porcine africaine
: date du dernier
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus O (01-88)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus A (1984)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus C (1978)
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc (1985)
1.
Avr
9
1
constatées
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 1
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 2
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 3
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus Asial
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
Peste des petits ruminants
Commentaires
Mar
3
0
foyer)
Peste bovine (1870)
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine (1926)
Clavelée et variole caprine (1920)
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène (1979)
sur certaines maladies de la Liste A
Peste porcine classique
Par rapport à 1994. le nombre des foyers a diminué de plus de 50 %. Au total, 52 foyers ont été constatés
dans des élevages de porcs répartis dans cinq Lânder. Pour 65 % de ces foyers, il s'agit de cas rencontrés
durant le premier semestre de 1995. Deux régions ont été particulièrement touchées. On a répertorié 32
incidents en Basse-Saxe, zone à forte densité de population porcine et 13 dans la région de
Mecklembourg-Poméranie Occidentale où la maladie a aussi sévi chez les sangliers.
Plus de 85 000 animaux ont été abattus dans les 52 élevages touchés. Par ailleurs, plus de 120 000 porcs
ont été éliminés à titre préventif dans 331 autres exploitations.
L'apparition de la peste porcine classique a essentiellement été liée aux facteurs suivants : acquisition
d'animaux en phase d'incubation de la maladie ; infections transmises du fait du voisinage rapproché entre
exploitations ou de contacts directs ou indirects avec des sangliers. Ces dernières années, on avait souvent
observé que l'infection était transmise par l'ingestion de déchets alimentaires crus ou insuffisamment cuits.
Ce type de transmission a été totalement enrayé en 1995.
12-94
12-94
i
j
1
•37-
En 1995, comme durant les années précédentes, deux souches de virus ont été détectées, l'une d'entre elles
étant exclusivement localisée dans les Lânder de Mecklembourg-Poméranie Occidentale et de
Brandebourg.
L'abattage sanitaire de tous les porcs des exploitations concernées, l'abattage des porcs présents dans les
élevages en contact ou dans le voisinage et la gradation des mesures de contrôle selon des zones de 3, 10
ou 20 km de rayon autour de chaque foyer ont permis de lutter avec succès contre la maladie.
Dans certains Lânder, comme la Rhénanie-Palatinat depuis janvier 1995. et la Basse-Saxe depuis février
1995, la peste porcine a cessé d'affecter les sangliers. En revanche, un nouveau foyer est apparu dans le
Brandebourg.
2.
Maladie de Newcastle
Vingt-huit foyers ont été constatés en 1995. soit 15,6 % du nombre total pour l'année 1994. Ils étaient
répartis sur sept Lander ; la plupart des foyers avaient une faible ampleur et concernaient moins de 200
animaux
À l'évidence, cette baisse sensible du nombre des foyers résulte de la vaccination obligatoire des poulets et
des dindes qui a été mise en place fin 1994 et qui s'applique à tous les élevages, quelle que soit la taille de
l'effectif
il. MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
Maladies communes à plusieurs
1.
espèces
Maladie d'Aujeszky
La maladie d'Aujesky a été complètement éradiquée dans quatre Lânder (Mecklembourg-Poméranie
Occidentale, Brandebourg, Thuringe et Saxe) , dans les douze autres Lânder, l'éradication sera bientôt
atteinte.
En 1993, on constatait 446 foyers ; en 1994, 24Í. Il n'en restait que 60 en 1995.
2.
Rage
En 1994, le nombre des cas de rage avait augmenté comparativement aux années antérieures. Des
campagnes d'immunisation de grande envergure, accompagnées d'une chasse intensive du renard, ont fait
à nouveau reculer la rage en 1995.
C'est ainsi qu'en 1995 on n'a constaté que 855 cas de rage (contre 1 359 en 1994) répartis dans 189
communes (418 en 1994). Sur ces 855 cas, on compte 159 animaux domestiques (19 % ) , en majorité des
bovins, et 696 animaux sauvages (81 % ) . Le renard représente 73 % des cas de rage chez ces derniers.
-38-
A R G E N T Î N A
I. ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA A
Panorama
general
Enfermedad señalada en 1995
Total
Total
1994
1995
Peste porcina clásica
Enfermedades
nunca
1
1
1.
Mar
Abr
0
0
1
May
0
Jun
0
Jul
0
ARO
Sep
Oct
Nov
0
0
0
0
Die
0
Dermatosis nodular contagiosa
Fiebre del Valle del Rift
Lengua azul
Viruela ovina y viruela caprina
Peste equina
Peste porcina africana
Influenza aviar altamente patógena
señaladas ausentes en 1995 (entre paréntesis: fecha del último foco)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus O (02-94)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus A (10-93)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus C (04-94)
Comentarios
Feb
comprobadas
Fiebre añosa - Virus SAT 1
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 2
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 3
Fiebre aftosa • Virus Asial
Enfermedad vesicular porcina
Peste bovina
Peste de pequeños rumiantes
Perineumonía contagiosa bovina
Enfermedades
F.P
1995
Ene
0
sobre enfermedades
Estomatitis vesicular - Virus Indiana (03-86)
Estomatitis vesicular - Virus New Jersey
Enfermedad de Newcastle - Virus veiogénico (1987)
seleccionadas
Fiebre aftosa
En el año 1995 no hubo focos de fiebre aftosa, cumpliéndose 20 meses sin focos de la enfermedad cuyo
último caso se registró el 27 de abril de 1994. Se cumplió de esta manera con las metas previstas por el
Plan Nacional de Erradicación de la Fiebre Aftosa emprendido en 1990. Este Plan constituyó una
prioridad para la Nación Argentina y en él se volcaron los esfuerzos de toda la sociedad en general y de
los sectores ligados a la producción en particular.
La estrategia de la lucha contra la fiebre aftosa la determina el Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Animal
(SENASA) según lo establece el art. 2° de la Ley 24.305 denominada "Ley Aftosa".
Los ejes en los que está basada la campaña incluyen la inmunización de la totalidad de los animales, el
control de la faena (la matanza), el control de movimientos de hacienda, el sistema de vigilancia
epidemiológica y el sistema de atención de situaciones emergenciales.
La campaña de vacunación involucra a los agentes contratados por el sector privado a través de 350
Comisiones Zonales de Sanidad Animal (CZSA), que en 1995 vacunaron una vez a los animales mayores
de dos años y dos veces a los menores en dos campañas de vacunación en la que visitaron a 280.568
establecimientos ganaderos de la zona de vacunación.
Esta forma de operar permite asegurar la cadena de frío ya que las CZSA son las responsables de la
compra directa de la vacuna al laboratorio productor. En la formulación de las vacunas se incluyen las
siguientes cepas de virus aftoso: A Argentina 87, C Argentina 85, 0 ¡ Caseros, todas con adyuvante
oleoso, utilizando cada laboratorio distintos componentes. La vacuna antiaftosa es producida por los
laboratorios privados y todas las series elaboradas son controladas por el laboratorio oficial. En 1995 se
aprobaron 108.651.555 dosis de vacuna antiaftosa.
3
07-94
-39-
El Estado Nacional, a través de las 309 oficinas locales del SENASA efectúa un estncto seguimiento y
fiscalización de las tareas. Aquellos establecimientos que no cumplen con los requisitos de vacunación son
conminados a hacerlo bajo apercibimiento de multas y de realizar la vacunación en forma compulsiva
mediante orden judicial.
ES control de los movimientos de hacienda se optimizó mediante la implementación de un sistema
documental único y mediante ¡a ejecución de 821 operativos de control en las principales rutas del pais,
durante los cuales se detectaron 476 irregularidades, donde se labraron actas de infracción. Existen 28
puestos fijos de control en los accesos a las regiones con estatus sanitarios diferenciales (Patagonia y
Mesopotamia) y puestos de control en los accesos terrestres al país, los que sumados a los controles de
puenos y aeropuertos garantizan el no ingreso de productos capaces de vehiculizar el virus de la fiebre
añosa
El sistema de vigilancia recae en la estructura del SENASA y de las 350 CZSA privadas que en las dos
visitas que realizan a cada establecimiento toman datos que alimentan al sistema de vigilancia. Los
veterinarios de la actividad privada, integrados en un sistema de registro oficial, los productores,
especialmente sensibilizados ante la más mínima sospecha de la enfermedad, los transportistas y eí
servicio de inspección prefaena, son algunos de los puntos por los que se recibe la información de
notificaciones o sospechas de la enfermedad, de las que se atendieron 84 en 1995 También el muestreo
serológico para la detección de anticuerpos VIAA y de protección es empleado para la detección precoz de
situaciones de riesgo, tanto por actividad viral como por baja en las defensas inmunitanas contra la
enfermedad.
Eí sistema de atención de situaciones emergenciales está desarrollado para actuar frente a cualquier
situación de riesgo para la salud pública o para la sanidad animal, mediante la implementación inmediata
de acciones preventivas. Ante situaciones de riesgo la legislación argentina, que dispone de una Ley
Nacional de Lucha contra la Fiebre Añosa, prevé la ejecución de rifle o sacrificio sanitario, cabe recordar
que el mismo fue implementado por última vez en focos de enero de 1994 en San Carlos de Banloche,
Provincia de Río Negro, cuando se aplicó el rifle sanitario a 8.286 ovinos y 565 bovinos. I capnno y 1
camélido, resarciéndose a los propietarios mediante el pago de un monto indemnizatorio
2.
Lengua azul
Hasta ahora no fue diagnosticado nunca en la Argentina,"no obstante en 1995 se detectaron casos de
positividad serológica a orbivirus en el Nordeste de! país. Se está realizando un estudio epidemiológico
tendiente a determinar la causalidad de las reacciones serológicas, la extensión de los posibles vectores a
orbivírus y a lograr el aislamiento del virus y su tipificación.
Se categorizó según las características bioecológicas a la probabilidad de existencia de vectores de
orbivírus a las distintas zonas del país, determinándose que por los regímenes pluviales y las temperaturas
la mayor parte de la ganadería argentina estaría en zonas de muy bajo riesgo, quedando un área
restringida ai nordeste del pais en la que existiría la posibilidad de existencia de vectores.
Hasta el momento la presencia de animales seropositives parece limitada sólo a algunos departamentos del
Nordeste del país, no habiéndose detectado casos clínicos en las especies susceptibles siendo de destacar la
fuerte presión de vigilancia ejercida sobre éstas.
3.
Peste porcina clásica
En 1995 se registró un solo foco de la enfermedad que fue controlado mediante aislamiento, sacrificio de
los 105 animales involucrados y vacunación en anillo. Las bases del programa se centran en la vacunación
obligatoria, con vacuna aprobada por el Laboratorio Oficial del SENASA a los 45 días de vida de los
lechones y cada seis meses a los reproductores y en caso de movimiento de animales con destino distinto
de la faena y en un sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica con los mismos componentes y características
que para fiebre añosa.
La Resolución 225/95 del SENASA constituye una estricta reglamentación sobre las condiciones de
tenencia y crianza de porcinos como parte de las medidas de prevención de esta enfermedad, de la fiebre
añosa y de las zoonosis. En cumplimiento de esta Resolución, SENASA realizó durante 1995 28
operativos de los que resultaron sacrificados 3.878 porcinos cuyas condiciones de crianza no se adecuaban
a las reglamentaciones vigentes.
-40-
4.
Enfermedad de Newcastle
Las acciones de lucha contra las enfermedades de las aves se realizan en forma mancomunada entre los
distintos actores en lo que se denomina Plan Nacional de Sanidad y Mejora Avicola. el que es coordinado
por el SENASA y del que participan todos los actores del sector avícola: Estado Nacional y provinciales,
sector primario de la producción, industria y comunidad científica a través de la Comisión Nacional de
Sanidad Avícola creada mediante ía Resolución 1.462 de) 16 de diciembre de 1994.
El sistema de vigilancia activa contra las enfermedades se sustenta en el Estado y en la actividad privada,
en lo que hace a programas de campo, se destacan las actividades del Programa Nacional de Erradicación
de las Micoplasmosis Aviares instrumentado mediante ia Resolución 1.248 del 20 de noviembre de 1993,
Anexo I I , la inspección oficial de las plantas de faena poi parte del SENASA y el sistema de red de
laboratorios implementado mediante la Resolución 1.357 del 27 de diciembre de 1993, Anexo 12
No se detectan focos de cepas velogénicas desde 1987. A efectos de consolidar esta situación durante 1995
se incrementaron las acciones de vigilancia epidemiológica mediante la incorporación de los laboratorios
privados de diagnóstico de patologías aviares al sistema de información de luchas sanitarias y mediante la
instrumentación de controles en el marco de un plan integral de sanidad avicola. En lo que hace a) uso de
vacunas, están prohibidas en la Argentina las vacunas vivas realizadas a partir de cepas mesogénicas o
velogénicas
En 1995 Argentina fue incluida en la lista de terceros paises habilitados para exportar productos avícolas
a la Union Europea.
IL E N F E R M E D A D E S DE LA LISTA B
Enfermedades
i.
de bovinos
Brucelosis bovina
El Programa Nacional de Control y Erradicación de la Bruceíosis Bovina basa su accionar en la
vacunación de las terneras con cepa 19, el control del movimiento de reproductores y la erradicación a
nivel de los establecimientos por parte de veterinarios privados acreditados por el SENASA.
El objetivo del plan es la erradicación de la enfermedad de todo el territorio nacional. La estrategia de
ímpiementación contempla la instrumentación según los medios con los que se cuente para cada caso y
sector.
Como medida de obvia y global aplicación, la vacunación obligatoria y efectiva de las terneras con cepa 19
es una medida que, si bien no apunta a eliminar la enfermedad, permite bajar su velocidad de dispersión al
disminuir la probabilidad del aborto, que es la casi excluyeme fuente de contagio tanto al hombre como al
resto de los animales del rodeo, ésta se instrumenta a través de planes especiales de vacunación ejecutados
por vacunadores contratados por las fundaciones de sanidad animal. En la actualidad se encuentran
trabajando 169 planes especiales de vacunación, involucrando a 117.310 productores y 3.558.951 terneras,
el registro total de vacunación de terneras ascendió a 4.219.025 terneras en todo 1995.
En lo que hace al control de reproductores, la difusión de la enfermedad se realiza mediante el control
serológico de los reproductores movilizados según lo establece la Resolución 189/95 del SENASA.
En la población de tambos los datos generados por las usinas lácteas muestran que la mayoría de los
tambos tiene series importantes de registros negativos en anillo en leche, lo que evidencia el trabajo
realizado por los productores y los veterinanos privados. Esta información será oficializada mediante la
implementación de convenios con las industrias del sector, las que coadyuvarán a la erradicación de la
enfermedad de ese ámbito de la producción.
Otro de los ejes del programa son la capacitación e incorporación al sistema oficial de los veterinarios
privados mediante un sistema de acreditación en el que participan las universidades de veterinaria de todo
-41 -
el país. Los registros de médicos veterinarios acreditados para el saneamiento de la enfermedad alcanzan a
1.118 profesionales.
Encefalopatía espongiforme bovina
La República Argentina es país libre de encefalopatía espongiforme bovina. No solamente nunca se
registraron casos de la misma, sino que se realizaron investigaciones que asi lo demuestran. Las acciones
de prevención del mal se iniciaron en 1990. resultando para la Argentina esencial y prioritario mantener
la situación de estatus de país libre de la enfermedad.
La vigilancia y notificación de las situaciones sanitarias emergentes se implementa a través del Sistema
Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Este sistema se ve reforzado desde los distintos programas de
lucha como ser el Programa de Erradicación de la Fiebre Añosa a través de las campañas de vacunación.
Programa de Lucha contra la Brucelosis a través de los veterinarios de la actividad privada integrados en
un sistema de Registro Oficial de Acreditación que mantienen un permanente contacto con la hacienda
susceptible, así como en las plantas faenadoras donde se realiza una inspección individual ante y post
mortem y extracción periódica de muestras para examen histopatológico.
Fundamentos sanitarios relacionados a la salud animal, humana y a la comercialización, hacen
imprescindible ei mantenimiento de la condición de país libre, por ello se realizaron las siguientes
acciones preventivas:
-
Prohibición de mgreso de animales de países afectados de la enfermedad (Resolución SENASA
429/90).
Vigilancia epidemiológica activa, basada en el análisis de muestras de cerebros de animales de campo
muertos con síntomas nerviosos o extraídos de animales arribados a frigoríficos con los mismos
síntomas, la que se está desarrollando en forma continua desde 1993.
-
Seguimiento de ios reproductores importados a partir de 1980 desde países en los que luego del ingreso
se presentaron casos de la enfermedad, actividad ésta desarrollada en forma continua desde 1993.
-
Prohibición del uso de harinas de carne y hueso de origen rumiante en el alimento balanceado para
alimentación de rumiantes (Resolución SENASA 252/95).
-
Normalización de las importaciones de animales, semen, embriones, carne, leche y derivados desde
países con distintas situaciones sanitarias respecto de esta enfermedad (Resoluciones SENASA 294/95
y 382/95).
-
Registro Nacional de Reproductores bovinos importados con seguimiento de los animales desde su
ingreso hasta su muerte con destrucción obligatoria de los cadáveres (Resolución SENASA 471/95).
-42-
A U S T R A L I A
INTRODUCTION
The management of animal health issues in Australia is undergoing fundamental change with the formation, in
1995, of the Australian Animal Health Council (AAHC). The AAHC is a non-profit company limited by
guarantee, established under Australian corporations law and accountable to the Australian Secunties
Commission. Its shareholders are the Commonwealth and State/Territory Ministers with agricultural
responsibilities as well as the Presidents of the peak national councils of Australia's livestock industries.
The A.AHC has been established to give a higher profile to, and broaden the input base for animal health
planning in Australia. It will be the peak anima! health body, the point of reference for strategic policy
development, foi national program funding and for animai health matters that require negotiation and
resolution The AAHC will monitor the standards of animal health service provision in Australia.
The AAHC was formed following a review of animal health services in Australia. This review, as well as
recommending the formation of the AAHC with both industry and government representation, identified 7 core
functions in animal health that were required at a national level, in summary, these are:
disease surveillance, diagnosis, reporting, prevention, control and eradication;
policy development in animal health, veterinary public health and animal welfare;
negotiation of trade protocols, development of standards and certification for export;
exclusion of exotic disease;
maintenance of professional standards and expertise:
development of national codes of practice for animal care, husbandry, welfare and veterinary public health;
national registration of veterinary chemicals and biologicals.
Following the release of the review's findings, a working group was formed to establish principles and develop
a business plan for the operation of the AAHC.
L L I S T A DISEASES
General
overview
Disease present in 1995
Total
1994
-h?
Bluetongue
Diseases never
Total
1995
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
1995
Jun
Jul
F.P.
Aug
+?
reported
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Lumpy skin disease
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease (1871)
Rinderpest (1923)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1967)
Rift Valley fever
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
date of last
outbreak)
Classical swine fever (1962)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (12-94)
Newcastle disease - Virus velogenic (1932)
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
-43-
Comments on selected
1.
diseases
Bluetongue
Eight bluetongue virus serotypes (1, 3, 9, 15, 16, 20. 21 and 23) have been isolated from insects and
healthy sentinel cattle in northern Australia but there has never been any evidence of clinical bluetongue
disease in sheep or other livestock in the field. Comprehensive serological, virological and insect
monitoring programs are routinely carried out.
In 1995. the national arbovirus monitoring program detected activity in ten sentinel cattle herds in
Northern Australia. Serotypes 20 and 21 were isolated in the Northern Territory, while serotypes 1 and 21
appear to be the ones circulating in Western Australia and Queensland.
2.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (fowl plague)
Australia is again free of virulent avian influenza All restrictions were lined in February 1995, following
an outbreak, in December 1994 on a single isolated poultry farm in south-east Queensland.
IL LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Johne's disease (paratuberculosis)
Johne's disease continues to be of concern in Australia Work is proceeding on the development of a
National Johne's Disease Market Assurance Program. The program will be voluntary, aimed at reducing
disease spread. Properties will be classified by status based on herd history and testing/management
requirements, backed by vendor declarations.
Diseases of cattle
2.
Bovine tuberculosis
Australia was declared impending free from bovine tuberculosis on 31 Decemeber 1992. This means that
all cattle herds have been assessed, with no known infected herds. Because of the nature of the disease,
tuberculosis breakdowns will still occasionally occur and monitoring is continuing. In 1995 there were 8
herd breakdowns. Surveillance is based on abattoir monitoring through carcase inspection. A National
Granuloma Submission Program has been in place since March 1992 at all export and domestic abattoirs.
All granulomas from the thorax and those from other parts of the body indicative of tuberculosis are
required to be submitted for laboratory analysis.
Diseases of horses
3.
Japanese encephalitis
In 1995, Japanese encephalitis was reported for the first time in Australia. It was diagnosed as the cause of
death of two people on Badu Island (population approx. 780) in the Torres Strait. A third human case
recovered. Extensive serological testing found 20 people, 12 out of 12 pigs, and 9 out of 10 horses on the
island seropositive. Serological testing found cases of exposure to the virus in people on islands adjacent
to Badu, but clinical and seological surveillance confirmed that there was no evidence of Japanese
encephalitis in humans or animals on continental Australia. No further clinical cases occurred in the
Torres Strait. It is thought that the outbreak occurred as a result of migrator}' water birds infecting local
mosquito populations.
Diseases of
4.
lagomorphs
Viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits
In 1995 rabbit calicivirus the cause of viral haemorrhagic disease (VHD), which was under test as a
biological control agent for rabbits, escaped from quarantine on Wardang Isaland, South Australia. On 4
-44-
October 1995. rabbits with VHD were found at two sites outside the trial area. On 15 October, VHD was
confirmed in a rabbit on the mainland, adjacent to Wardang Island. Despite the implementation of pre­
existing contingency plans to eradicate the disease, it continued to spread in wild rabbit populations. By
mid-November, it had established around Yunta, the Flinders Ranges, and Port Augusta in South
Australia and in two areas outside Broken Hill in New South Wales. Because of the large areas involved
plans to eradicate the disease were abandoned. Vaccine has imported for commercial use to protect pets
and commercial rabbit colonies.
By December. VHD had spread to south-western Queensland and consultations were underway for future
controlled releases of the virus
i n . OTHER DISEASES
1.
Ostrich fading syndrome
An extensive investigation was undertaken following the deaths of ostriches in Western Australia,
Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.
The syndrome mainly affected birds between one week and 4 months of age. with mortality rates on
individual properties up to 50%. As these deaths were reponed following the arrival of imported ostriches
in January 1995, there was some concern that an exotic infectious agent may be involved. The
investigation, which included a retrospective cohort study, found that the syndrome was not caused by any
of the main exotic diseases of poultry, and that it had been present in Australia before the arrival of the
imported birds.
Extensive testing by Commonwealth and State veterinary laboratories had not identified any infectious
agent associated with the syndrome. A review of the literature found that the syndrome is present in most
other countries where ostriches are raised. It appears that the most likely predisposing cause of the
syndrome is stress, associated with transport, weather conditions, and intermixing with other chicks.
2.
Pilchard mortalities
On 22-23 March, 1995, the first reports of widespread pilchard deaths were received from the Great
Australian Bight and in waters south of Kangaroo Island. Subsequently, over the period April-June 1995,
reports were received from a number of locations along the southern Australian coast as deaths spread east
and west, and off the west coast near Geraldton, Western Australia, and the east coast near Noosa,
Queensland, and the east coast of Tasmania. Kills were also reported off the east coast of the North Island
of New Zealand.
Surveys in Western Australia indicate that between 8% and 3 0 % of adult pilchards were affected with
schools of apparently healthy adult pilchards being reported in previously affected areas. No other aquatic
species, including predators, appeared to have been affected. The ultimate cause of death was anoxia
resulting from gill damage.
A Pilchard Mortality Task Force was assembled on 10 May 1995 under the aegis of the Consultative
Committee for Exotic Animal Disease in response to reports that mortalities had occurred over an
increasingly wide geographic area. The Taskforce concluded that the underlying causes of the mortalities
were complex and related to a number of factors. A likely hypothesis is that the initial factors involved
stress associated with environmental changes coupled with agents such as a herpes-like viral infection
and/or amoebic infestations. While it cannot be discounted, no evidence for or against the implication of
an exotic pathogen in the pilchard mortalities was found. There do not appear to have been any significant
mortalities after the initial occurrence in a given area, contrary to what one would expect to occur in an
epidemic of an infectious disease.
Large scale fish kills are not unknown, and have been reported from many different parts of the world.
45-
3.
Equine morbillivirus infection
In 1995, there was a second human case of equine morbillivirus (EMV) infection. This hitherto unknown
infectious disease was first reported from Brisbane. Queensland in 1994. In this outbreak, which occurred
in the period 7-21 September 3 994, 14 racehorses associated with one racing stables at Hendra, Brisbane,
died after showing acute respiratory illness. A further 7 horses that were infected were subsequently
euthanased. Two persons at the stables also contracted the disease, and one of these subsequently died.
The cause of this outbreak was found to be a new morbillivirus only distantly related to other members of
this virus genus.
The latest case, a 35 year old farmer from Mackay in northern Queensland, who died on 21 October 1995,
first became ill some 12 months ago with meningo-encephalitis. Although he appeared to have recovered
he was admitted to hospital with signs of encephalitis Evidence of equine morbillivirus infection in the
patient was based on the finding of a high serum neutralising antibody titre against the virus and a
positive polymerase chain reaction test on cerebro-spinal fluid collected before his death. The man had
assisted at autopsies on two horses which had been destroyed on the farm in August 1994. These horses
had been diagnosed at the time as having avocado poisoning and snake bite envenomation respectively.
Direct fluorescent antibody and PCR tests on fixed tissue blocks from the latter horse have confirmed that
it was infected with EMV
Extensive investigations were undertaken to trace all horse movements onto and off the farm since 1 July
1994 No link with the Hendra outbreak was found. All domestic animals on the farm including horses,
goats, cats, dogs, turkeys and geese were tested. Wildlife species on the farm and in nearby areas were also
sampled. There was no clinical signs or any serological evidence of EMV found.
Since 23 October 1995, the Queensland veterinary authorities have sampled over 3300 animals from 300
populations on horse premises, race meetings, horse events and mixed enterprise farms. Horses have been
the prominent species sampled, but other domestic species including poultry and wildlife have been
sampled. This is in addition to the serological survey of over 2000 horses was undertaken in 1994 after the
September Hendra outbreak.
This intensive surveillance program found no evidence of EMV infection in any animal species. The
source of the infection remains unknown. Surveillance of wildlife by Queensland veterinary authorities is
continuing.
4.
Kangaroo blindness syndrome
in 1995 there were many reports of 'blindness' in kangaroos, from South Australia, north-west Victoria
and south west New South Wales. The condition, referred to as 'kangaroo blindness syndrome', mainly
affected Western grey kangaroos, but a small number of cases were reponed in Eastern grey kangaroos,
red kangaroos and euros in New South Wales. There is documented evidence that kangaroo blindness
syndrome has been around for decades and severe clinical cases, as recently seen, may be due to multiple
factors e.g. severe drought. There is no evidence that other animals or humans are affected.
Clinically, affected kangaroos are simply blind and stumble into bushes and other objects, especially when
disturbed. Otherwise, they are apparently normal, can hear, move and feed freely, and generally maintain
body condition. The lesions seen in kangaroos are characteristic of a localised viral infection which affects
the retina and optic tracts and the central nervous system.
Laboratories have consistently isolated and detected two viruses in the eye tissues of affected kangaroos.
They are both members of the Orbivirus family of viruses, one belongs to the Wallal serogroup and the
other to the Warrego serogroup of Orbiviruses. Both these serogroups have been recognised for many
years as viruses that infect marsupials, but neither has been incriminated before as the cause of any disease
in any species. Experimental transmission tests to kangaroos were undertaken at Elizabeth Macarthur
Agricultural Institute (EMAI), in New South Wales. Disease symptoms consistent with those seen in the
field have been reproduced. Histopathology findings indicated similar changes to field cases though they
were milder and experimental animals were not pathologically blind. EMAI concluded that blind field
kangaroos are probably chronic cases or represent a small percentage of clinical manifestations.
-46-
A U S T R I A
I. L I S T A DISEASES
General
overview
Disease present in 1.995
Tota!
1994
i
Classical swine fever
Diseases never
Tota!
1995
2
Jar:
0
Mar Apr May
0
0
0
1995
Jun
Jul
0
0
F.P.
Aug
1
Sep
0
Oct
0
Nov
0
Dec
Î
reported
foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
foot and mouth disease - Virus
v esicular stomatitis
Peste des oetits ruminants
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
.African swine fever
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
foot and mouth disease - Virus O (04-81)
f oot and mouth disease - Virus A
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C (1973 )
Swine vesicular disease (01-79)
Rinderpest (1881)
Comments on classical swine fever (hog
In domestic
Feb
0
date of last
outbreak)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (192!)
Sheep pox and goat pox (1954)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza ( 1946)
Newcastle disease (06-93)
cholera)
pigs
in 1995, 1 case of hog cholera was confirmed in Volkermarkt district, Federal Province of Carinthia. The
outbreak occurred in a pig breeding unit with 35 animals. A total of 3 pigs died and 32 pigs were destroyed.
The source of infection was garbage feeding.
Movement controls on pigs were introduced in the affected areas and measures in accordance with Directive
80/217/EEC (amended by 93/384) were carried out. A total of 666 blood samples from a 3-km protection zone
around the infected holding and 1,519 blood samples from a 10-km surveillance zone were serologically
examined with negative results.
A total of 607 blood samples from in-contact farms in the protection zone and 1,505 blood samples from incontact farms outside the zones were serologically and virologically examined with negative results. All clinical
examinations in the protection zone, the surveillance zone and in-contact farms were negative. No more
outbreaks were reported up to the end of 1995.
In wild boar
In Gansemdorf district. Lower Austria province, in a 454 ha mostly wooded hunting area, directly bordering
Slovakia, with about 20 wild boar, classical swine fever was diagnosed in 1 animal found dead. Inside this
hunting area no domestic pig holding farms exist outside this area, in Drôsing village, there are 7 pig holding
farms. No classical swine fever signs were detected in swine kept in these farms. Measures according to Art. 6
of Directive 80/217/EEC and enforced hunting of wild boars were carried out.
09-94
IL LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Auieszky's disease
To obtain additional guarantees, in accordance with An. 10 of Directive 64/432/EEC relating to
Aujeszky's disease, screening was carried out. in 1995, seroreactors were found in 19 holdings. 1 holding
in Cannthia (Wolfsberg district) and 18 in Lower Austria (Krerns district: 15, Holiabrunn district 1,
Zwettl district: 1. Mistelbach distnct: 1).
2.
Rabies
A total of 29.503 animals were examined at the Federal Institute for the Control of Animal Infectious
Diseases in Módling. A total of 93 rabies cases were detected in wild animals (80 in foxes) and 2 cases in
domestic animals. This is a decrease of 6 2 % compared to 1994 (254 cases). No cases were recorded in the
Federal Provinces of Vienna and Upper Austria. No rabies cases occurred outside the vaccinated areas.
With the exception of one area (two valleys in Tirol), all cases were m the immediate vicinity of the
borders with neighbouring countries
Number afeases
Burgenland
Carinthia
Lower Austria
Salzburg
Steiermark
Tirol
Upper Austria
Vienna
Vorarlberg
TOTAL.
|
of rabies according to provinces
1994
23
23
8
8
26
106
G
0
00
.254
1995
22
8
6
13
6
39
0
0
1*
95
* last case HI January \ 995
The oral immunisation programme which started in 1986 in Vorarlberg province, was continued in 1995
in all rabies infected, distnets of Austria. In spring, a total of 439,600 baits and m autumn a total of
282,400 baits were distributed manually with the help of local hunters (in Vorarlberg by plane) in all
rabies-infected districts by order and supervision of the Ministry of Health and Consumer Protection.
Diseases of cattle
3.
Bovine brucellosis
During the national disease control programme in 1995, 495,313 blood samples were tested serologically.
Two positive reactors were found in two holdings.
4.
Bovine tuberculosis
During the national disease control programme in 1995, 504,241 animals were tested. Eleven reactors
were found in 9 holdings. This represents a herd infection rate of 0.018%.
5.
Enzootic bovine leukosis
Throughout Austria, a total of 490,301 samples were tested serologically during the national disease
control programme in 1995. Two reactors were found in two holdings.
6.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
During the national disease control programme in 1995, 496,740 blood samples were tested serologically.
A total of 875 reactors were found in 205 holdings. This represents a herd infection rate of 0.392%.
-48-
A 3 I- P !> S U .1 M A II
BBEOEINIE
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xpoHH^ecKHM
HHCpeioutflM,
6py11e.r1.ne3y H Ty6epKy^e3y. B H a c T o a m e e BpeMsi B p e c n y ô r o ï K e H M e e T c s 69 HeÔJiaronojryHHbix nyHKTOB n o
6pyu.eJi.ne3y K p y n H o r o p o r a r o r o CKOTa, Ty6epKyjie3y K p y n H o r o p o r a r o r o CKOTa - 44 H n o 6pyu,ejuie3y Mejrcoro
poraToro CKOTa - 18 nyHKTOB.
3a
HCTeKiuHH
nepHOA 3 a p e r a c T p n p o B a H
pacnpocTpaHeiiHe
naHHbix
r a i ü K e pafl c j r y n a e B
3a6oJieBaHHH
B
pecnyrjrake
3a6oJieBaHHÍi H3
HenocpeACTBeHHO
cnHCKa
B. Bo3HHKHOBeHHe H
c HefloCTaTKOM
CBS3aHO
npocpHraKTHMecKHx H ^ e n e Ô H b i x cpeACTB.
HeoôxonHMo Bbipa3HTb ô^aroflapHOCTb 3a ryMaHHTapHyio noMourb, OKa3biBaeMyio o p r a H H 3 a i n i e H HyoBa
OpoHTepa B paMKax n p o r p a M M b i EKO no BaioiHHauHH MenKoro p o r a r o r o CKora npoTHB 6pyu,ejuie3a B iuecTH
pafioHax
pecnyÔJiHKH.
1994
1987
1985
•49-
A Z E R B A Ï D J A N
INTRODUCTION
Pour la période écoulée de cette année, l'approvisionnement du pays en produits pharmaceutiques de première
nécessité pour la prévention reste insuffisant. Malgré ces difficultés, le Service vétérinaire du pays prend toutes
íes mesures possibles pour la surveillance et l'éradication des maladies les dangereuses pour les animaux
domestiques.
Il faut remarquer que les changements politiques et économiques qui ont eu lieu dans les pays de l'Europe de
l'Est et dans les ex-républiques d'URSS durant ces cinq ou six dernières années ont fixé de nouveaux objectifs
aux Services vétérinaires de ces pays et créé pour eux de nouvelles tâches. C'est pourquoi il est essentiel de
coordonner les efforts des Services vétérinaires de tous les pays de la région dans le domaine de la surveillance
des rnaiadies infectieuses. .Afin de discuter des problèmes existants, la réunion des Chefs des Services
vétérinaires des ex-républiques d'URSS, des pays baltes et de la Bulgarie a eu lieu entre Se 17 et le 20 avril
1996. à Bakou, sous l'égide de l'OIE et en présence de son Directeur général le Docteur J. Blancou. et du
Président de la Comission régionale de l'OIE pour l'Europe, le Docteur N.T Beiev
ï. M A L A D I E S DE LÀ L I S T E A
Maladies signalées en 1995
i
i
1
\ Fièvre aphteuse
Clavelèe et variole caprine
j Maladie de Newcastle
Total
1994
2
Total
1995
1
G
0
Jan
Fev
Mar
Avr
Mai
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1995
Jun
Jul
0
0
F.F
Aou
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
0
0
0
0
0
1
ï
0
0
0
0
0
Les foyers de toutes ces maladies ont été éliminés suite aux mesures prises d'urgence.
Maladies n'ayant jamais été
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc
Peste bovine
Peste des petits ruminants
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
constatées
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Peste équine
Peste porcine africaine
Peste porcine classique
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène
II. MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
La République est infectée depuis longtemps par des affections chroniques telles que la brucellose et la
tuberculose. Il existe actuellement 69 foyers de brucellose bovine. 44 foyers de tuberculose bovine et 18 foyers
de tuberculose des petits ruminants.
Au cours de la période couverte par ce rapport, plusieurs cas de maladies de la Liste B ont été enregistrés.
L'apparition et la propagation de ces maladies sur le territoire de la République sont favorisées pas le manque
de médicaments et produits pharmaceutiques pour leur prévention.
Nous remercions vivement Nuova Frontiera pour l'aide humanitaire que cet organisme nous a apportée dans le
cadre du programme Echo concernant la vaccination des petits ruminants contre la brucellose. opération qui est
réalisée dans six districts du pays.
1994
1987
1985
-50-
B E L G I Q U E
I. M A L A D Ï E S DE LA L I S T E A
Aperçu
général
Maladie présente en 1995
1
1
1 Maladie de Newcastle - Virus vélogène
\laiadies
n'ayant jamais été
Total
1994
1
Total !
1995 ! Jan
H
! o
Fev
0
Mar
0
Avr
0
Mai
0
1995
Jun
Jui
0
G
Aou
0
Sep
7
Oct
3
Nov
!
Dec j
0 j 06-94 !
constatées
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Fièvre de "(a Vallée du Rift
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Ciavelée et vanoie c a D n n e
Peste ëquine
Pièvrf- aphteuse - Virus SAT \
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 2
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus 3AT 3
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus Asia.'
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
Peste des petits uroinarts
r
Maladies absentes en ¡995 (entre parenthèses
: date du dernier foyer)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus O (02-76)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus A
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus C
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc (02-93»
Peste bovine (1920!
Commentaires
sur la maladie de
Pénpneumonie contagieuse bovine ( 1897)
Peste porcine africaine (05-85)
Peste porcine classique (11-94)
influenza avïaire hautement pathogène
Newcastle
Depuis octobre 1993, la Belgique est indemne de maladie de Newcastle dans ïe secteur professionnel.
e r
Chez les éleveurs amateurs, le dernier cas datan du mois de décembre 1993. Le 1 septembre 1995, dans la
province de Namur. se déclarait un foyer chez un éleveur amateur, suite à un achat. Au total, 11 foyers ont été
enregistrés en 1995, dont 2 dans des pigeonniers, dans les provinces de Namur, Liège, Hainaut, Limbourg et
Brabant Wallon, tous dans le secteur non professionnel.
La vaccination des volailles est imposée depuis 1993, excepté pour les unités de moins de 100 oiseaux.
Les mesures spécifiques suivantes ont été prises dans les troupeaux amateurs touchés :
-
mise à mort et destruction des volailles vivantes ;
-
destruction des carcasses ;
-
isolement pendant 60 jours après la disparition des symptômes en cas de foyer dans un pigeonnier ;
-
délimitation d'une zone de protection de 500 mètres autour des foyers et vaccination dans et autour de ce
périmètre et interdiction des mouvements ;
-
contrôle de l'état vaccinal ;
-
enquête épidémiologique, contrôle des marchands impliqués dans la dispersion du virus ;
-
mesures de nettoyage et de désinfection.
Le dernier foyer date du 24 novembre 1995.
-51 -
IL MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
1.
Brucellose bovine
Situation générale et évolution
Nombre
i
8
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
lí
Flandre Occidentale
Flandre Orientale
Anvers
Limbourg
Brabant
Hainaut
Namur
Liège
Luxembourg
Total
Moyenne (%)
Prevalence
Pourcentage ! Nombre
31 déc. 1994
0,01
!
5
0,06
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
ï
0,03
1
0
0
0
2
0
Í4
0,01
j
Pourcentage
31 déc. 1995
0,05
0,02
0
0,04
0
0,01
0,03
0
0,04
Nombre
de cas
(1995)
12
15
I
12
0
4
4
4
4
56
0,02
Depuis 1988. un plan de lutte renforcée contre ia brucellose bovine a été mis en place en Belgique, et
depuis 1993, l'abattage sanitaire est obligatoire dans les foyers en évolution.
Le degré d'infection de 1,13 % en 1987 est tombé à 0,08 % au 31 décembre 1992 et a 0.01 % au
31 décembre 1993 et au 31 décembre 1994. Au niveau incidence, le résultat est parallèle, de plus de 500
cas déclarés en 1987. on est passé à 159 cas en 1992, 78 cas en 1993, 36 cas en 1994 et 56 cas en 1995.
L'augmentation de l'incidence de la maladie en 1995 est en partie due à des problèmes liés à l'importation
de bovins porteurs de Brucella et à des problèmes locaux dans les provinces de Limbourg et de Flandre
orientale.
2.
Leucose bovine enzootique
Le taux d'infection du pays est très faible. Le plan de dépistage et d'éradication accéléré de la leucose
bovine enzootique approuvé par la CEE et commencé en 1989 est achevé.
3.
Rage
Les campagnes de vaccination par voie orale des renards ont eu lieu sur toute l'étendue de la région
contaminée au sud du sillon Sambre et Meuse, en mars, juin, juillet et novembre.
Vaccination :
89
2
30
147
400
993
600
200
2
doses en mars sur 5 193 k m
vaccinations des renardeaux au terrier en juin
doses en juillet sur 1 800 k m
doses en novembre sur 8 600 k m
2
2
Au total, 213 cas ont été confirmés en 1995, dont 135 renards, 44 bovins, 23 moutons, 5 chevaux,
2 blaireaux et 41 chats. Trente communes ont été infectées, toutes situées dans les provinces de
Luxembourg et de Namur.
4.
Tuberculose bovine
La qualification est suspendue pour moins de 0,02 % des troupeaux. Le contrôle de la situation est assuré
par la tuberculination à l'achat d'animaux d'élevage ou de rente et par les contrôles post mortem dans les
abattoirs.
Une résurgence de la tuberculose est apparue fin 1995. dans la province de Liège.
52-
5.
Maladie hémorragique virale du lapin
A l'heure actuelle, 291 foyers de maladie hémorragique virale du lapin ont été diagnostiqués depuis
l'apparition de la maladie dans le pays en juin 1990, dont 6 pour 1995.
Nombre de foyers par province
Province
Anvers
Brabant
Limbourg
Flandre Occidentale
Flandre Orientale
Hainaut
Liège
Luxembourg
Namur
(1990-1995)
Nombre de foyers
12
44
14
32
55
61
52
10
10
j
291
La législation permet le rassemblement de lapms sur les marchés, expositions et concours, pour les lapins
vaccinés avant le rassemblement, depuis au moins 7 jours et au plus 6 mois, au moyen d'un vaccin
approuvé par le Service. Ces animaux doivent être tatoués à l'oreille.
-53-
SN
B É N
INTRODUCTION
La situation zoosanitaire en République du Bénin a été marquée durant l'année 1995 par la persistance des
maladies endémiques dont certaines ont connu une extension modérée à partir des régions infectées.
L MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
Maladies présentes en 1995
Total
iy94
Fièvre aphteuse
Peste des petits ruminants
Péripneumome contagieuse bovine
Maladie de Newcastle
5#
15#
12*
7»
Total
1995
4
•3
3
Jan
2
2
1
0
6
Fev
1
1
2
0
Mar
Í
0
0
0
Avr
0
C
0
0
Mai
0
0
0
2
1995
Jun
Jul
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
F.P
Sep
0
0
0
0
Aou
0
0
0
0
Oct
0
0
0
0
Nov
0
0
0
0
Dec
0
0
0
0
Maladie absente en 1995
Peste bovine
Maladies n'ayant fait l'objet d'aucune
information
Ciavelée et variole caprine
Peste èquine
Peste porcine africaine
Peste porcine classique
Influenza aviaire haut.pathogène
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc
Dermatose noduiaire contagieuse
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Contre les principales maladies de la Liste A, en dehors de la fièvre aphteuse, la principale stratégie repose sur
la vaccination. Les taux de vaccination ont connu d'importantes hausses contre la pénpneumonie contagieuse
bovine surtout, mais un léger tassement s'observe au niveau de la vaccination contre la peste bovine.
Dans le cadre de l'amélioration de la stratégie de prophylaxie, un programme de surveillance épidémiologique a
été mis en œuvre par le projet PARC. Ce programme permettra une évaluation annuelle de la couverture
vaccinale effectivement réalisée.
Peste bovine
Département
Atacora
Effectif
vacciné
Taux de
vaccination
66 416
19,63
Péripneumonie
contagieuse bovine
Effectif
vacciné
3 480
Atlantique
Borgou
Taux de
vaccination
1,02
Effectif
vacciné
1 111
Taux de
vaccination
0,71
Effectif
vacciné
Taux de
vaccination
15 525
4,6
-
-
Pas de renseignements
420 729
58,21
405 031
56,04
-
Mono
3 487
38,74
-
-
12 964
Ouémé
3 188
9,23
-
-
-
Zou
Pasteurellose bovine
(septicémie
hémorragique)
Peste des petits
ruminants
Pas de renseignements
-
4,91
-
-
-
-
j
1
1994 j
1994
1994 j
1994 i
-54-
Commentaires
1
sur les maladies
présentes
Fièvre aphteuse
La fièvre aphteuse est restée stationnaire dans ses foyers traditionnels que sont les départements du
Borgou. de l'Ouémé, du Mono et du Zou.
2.
Peste des petits ruminants
Le département du Mono est le plus affecté, mais la maladie est également présente dans les départements
de l'Ouémé et du Borgou avec des incidences plus faibles.
3.
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
La diffusion de la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine étant fortement liée aux mouvements du bétail
transhumant, la maladie a connu une flambée dans le nord du département du Zou avec l'afflux de
transhumants refoulés d'un pays voisin. L'aire de distribution de la maladie s'élargit au département du
Mono.
4.
Maladie de Newcastle
La maladie de Newcastle est endémique sur tout le territoire, et sa morbidité demeure sensiblement la
même d'une année à l'autre. Six foyers ont été signalés : les départements du Mono et de l'Ouémé, et, dans
le Borgou. les sous-préfectures de Malanville, Kandi, Bembèrèkè, Parakou et Tchaourou.
II. M A L A D I E S DE LA L I S T E B
Maladies communes à plusieurs
1
espèces
Charbon bacténdien (fièvre charbonneuse)
Deux foyers de charbon bactéridien ont été déclarés dans le département du Borgou (sous-préfectures de
Malanville et de Kandi).
Maladies des bovins
2.
Trvpanosomose
Malgré une morbidité élevée, la mortalité est limitée par l'existence de races trypanotolérantes. Le
métissage anarchique avec les races trypanosensibles et l'automédication constituent les principales
entraves au meilleur contrôle de la trypanosomose.
Maladies des
3.
lagomorphes
Maladie hémorragique virale du lapin
La maladie hémorragique virale du lapin a affecté presque toutes les stations cunicoles du département de
l'Atlantique. La maladie a pu être introduite lors d'une importation de géniteurs.
-55-
BOLIVIA
INTRODUCCIÓN
La descentralización administrativa contempla la organización que debe tener el Poder Ejecutivo
departamental en lo que corresponde a su estructura administrativa, al Consejo Departamental, al
económico y financiero y a los procedimientos administrativos; la misma está acorde con la
Participación Popular, la Ley de Ministerios del Poder Ejecutivo, la Ley de Administración y
Gubernamentales y con otras disposiciones legales.
a niveí
régimen
Ley de
Control
Para tal efecto, se recurre a la transferencia y delegación de atribuciones de carácter técnico-administrativo,
para mejorar y fortalecer la eficiencia y eficacia de la prestación de servicios de la administración pública en
forma directa y cercana a la población.
Con referencia a la nueva Ley, el Sen/icio de Sanidad Animal dependerá de la Prefectura de cada
Departamento; sin embargo, los lincamientos seguirán emanando de la Secretaria de Agricultura y Ganadería.
I. ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA A
Panorama
Enfermedades
general
señaladas en 1995
Total
1994
1995
Ene
Fiebre aftosa - Virus no identificado
Fiebre aftosa - Virus O
Fiebre aftosa - Virus A
Peste porcina clásica
Enfermedad de Newcastle
Enfermedades nunca
F.P.
Abr
May
Jun
Jul
ARO
Sep
Oct
Nov
Die
8
1
12-94
0
04-94
18
84
2
1
Mar
o
12
0
9
¡5
4
12
12
4
11#
18
3
4
3
2
1
2
0
0
2
24
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
5
6
6
0
4
ï
1
1994
señaladas ausentes en 1995 (entre paréntesis: fecha del último foco)
sobre fiebre
Estomatitis vesicular - Virus New Jersey
aftosa
La Subsecretaría de Ganadería da la máxima prioridad a esta enfermedad, habiéndose concretado las siguientes
acciones:
-
11-94
1994
Dermatosis nodular contagiosa
Fiebre del Valle del Rift
Lengua azul
Viruela ovina y viruela caprina
Peste equina
Peste porcina africana
Influenza aviar altamente patógena
Fiebre aftosa - Virus C (05-94)
Estomatitis vesicular - Virus Indiana (1991)
Comentarios
Feb
comprobadas
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 1
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 2
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 3
Fiebre aftosa - Virus Asia!
Enfermedad vesicular porcina
Peste bovina
Peste de pequeños rumiantes
Perineumonía contagiosa bovina
Enfermedades
199 3
Total
Se concluyó el estudio de la Misión de preparación sobre el Control y la Erradicación de la Fiebre Aftosa en
Bolivia (Proyecto F AO TCP/BOL 4452), por un monto de 135.000 USD.
-
Se canceló el primer aporte de 22.000 USD para el Proyecto Subregional Andino sobre el Control y
Erradicación de la Fiebre Añosa JUNAC/UE.
-
FONPLATA asignó un monto de 344.000 USD para el Estudio de Aspectos Generales para el Diseño del
Proyecto de Erradicación de la Fiebre Añosa en Bolivia.
-
Se crearon ocho Planes Piloto de Lucha contra la Fiebre Añosa (San Matías en Santa Cruz, Provincia Arce
en Tanja, Guayarmerín y Santa Rosa en el Beni, Fronteras altiplánicas con Peni, Chile y Bolivia; donde se
llevan a cabo campañas de prevención a cargo de los productores bajo supervisión oficial; Gran Chaco,
Marban-Cercado, O'Connor y Valle Alto -Cbba en la presente gestión.
•
Se registraron Î26 episodios, predominando el virus O.
-
Con la cooperación del IICA se está llevando a cabo la Reformulación del Sistema Descentralizado de
Sanidad Agropecuaria (SIDESA) con eí componente pecuario, en la cual se contempla la nueva Ley de
Salud Animal.
ÏI. ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA B
Enfermedades
1
comunes a varias
especies
Rabia
Se registraron 424 casos de rabia animal, de los cuales 384 corresponden a canes, 30 a bovinos, 7 a gatos
y 3 a otros. La mayoría de los casos reportados se produjeron en los departamentos de Santa Cruz y La
Paz, seguidos por Cochabamba, Chuquisaca y Tanja.
Enfermedades
2.
de bovinos
Brucelosis y tuberculosis bovina
En las pruebas preliminares sobre la tuberculosis, efectuadas en la cuenca lechera del Departamento de
Santa Cruz, de un total de 79 hatos investigados se obtuvieron 58 hatos reactores sospechosos y positivos.
En brucelosis, de un total de 3.984 bovinos testados, 191 resultaron reactores positivos, lo que nos impulsa
a encarar un Plan de Control y Erradicación para ambas enfermedades.
3.
Cisticercosis bovina
Se mantiene la prevalencia en relación a la gestión 1994 dado que no se cuenta con un programa
específico.
Sarcocistiasis que se presenta en camélidos se confunde con la cisticercosis, reportándose una alta
incidencia en los departamentos de Oruro, Potosí y La Paz.
Enfermedades
4.
de aves de corral
Tifosis aviar (Salmonella gallinarum)
y pulorosis (S.
pullorum)
Dado el impacto económico negativo que causa esta enfermedad en la producción avícola nacional, la
Subsecretaría de Ganadería ha encarado un Programa Nacional de Control y Erradicación para lo cual
está elaborando el proyecto cuyo monto asciende aproximadamente a 2.000.000 USD por cinco años,
requiriéndose una inversión inicial de 198.000 USD. El financiamiento del Programa se encuentra en fase
de negociación.
B O T S W A N A
INTRODUCTION
The major event in epidemic disease control was that Botswana was re-invaded by contagious bovine
pleuropneumonia (CBPP) after 56 years of freedom from the disease, In early February clinical disease
suspected to be CBPP in cattle in Ngamiland district in the far north-west of the country was confirmed by the
laboratory. Control measures, based on a stamping-out policy and involving the destruction of 24,000 cattle are
discussed in I, 2 below
Control of other diseases continued and annual vaccination programmes were carried out as planned despite
difficulties arising from the need to allocate considerable resources to CBPP control. Experience in the general
control of animal diseases was good. All significant disease incidents reported are discussed below.
The Department of Animal Health and Production notes with great regret the loss of Dr Tsholofelo Diteko, who
served as Director of Veterinary Services from January 1993 to January Î995. This resulted in major staff
changes at the senior level in the Department Dr Motshudi Raborokgwe was appointed Director of the
Department and Dr Kereng Masupu was appointed his deputy.
L LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
Newcastle disease - Virus velogenic
Diseases never
Total
1994
0
13
i-..
5
-K.
Total
1995
41
1
1
7
Jan
0
0
Mar
Apr
May
-t-..
-t-..
-t-..
0
0
1
1995
Jun
Jui
F.P.
Aug
-K.
0
0
0
0
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
+..
24
-s-..
-T..
0
0
0
reported
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
-
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
O
A
C
Asial
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 1 (1978)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 2 (09-80)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3 (08-65)
Comments on selected
1.
Feb
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Sheep pox and goat pox
Classical swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last
outbreak)
Rinderpest (1899)
Rift Valley fever
African swine fever (11-87)
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
Botswana continues to enjoy freedom from foot and mouth disease. Protection of this status requires
rigorous imposition of quarantines, maintenance of the buffalo and cordon fences and bi- and tn-annual
vaccination of cattle in high risk areas using trivalent SAT 1, 2 and 3 vaccine. During the year, 349,360
cattle were vaccinated.
1939
06-94
1994
12-94
1994
-58-
2
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
The beginning of 1995 saw confirmation of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia at Xaudum Valley in
Ngamiland district. The first five confirmed cases were recorded in February and altogether 181 cases
were confirmed in the district. Movement control, quarantine measures, and testing and slaughter have
been implemented. Infected and exposed herds were depopulated in the control area. The area itself has
been delineated by two 140-km long cordon fences running in an east-west direction to facilitate
movement control measures. Veterinary officials were placed at strategic points to enforce control and
testing of all animals required. Altogether 23,782 cattle were slaughtered and destroyed by burning from
March to December 1995. A compensation scheme and other assistance have been introduced.
The disease continues to be closely monitored through a large-scale surveillance programme, with regular
testing of ear-tagged animals within the control zone north of 20° S, with the objective of eliminating
positive herds. The National Veterinary Laboratory can examine over 3,000 sera per week with the
complement fixation test.
3
Lumpy skin disease
Following the implementation of free lumpy skin disease vaccination country-wide towards the end of
1994 and at the beginning of 1995, the disease was brought under control and no case was confirmed in
1995
4
Bluetongue
In February, 52 bovine sera from Orapa (Central district) were confirmed to have bluetongue virus
antibodies by the agar-gel immunodiffusion test. The animals showed clinical signs of lameness and
excoriations in the mouth. Differential serological diagnosis for foot and mouth disease was negative. It is
interesting that bluetongue seropositive goats have also been detected in the same area.
5.
.African horse sickness
There was an apparent 6 0 % reduction in the number of African horse sickness confirmed cases in 1995.
This is probably due to decreased surveillance rather than to an actual reduction of African horse sickness
incidence in Botswana. Two suspected clinical cases in Maun district in May were confirmed to be
positive with high antibody titres for African horse sickness.
6
Newcastle disease
Newcastle disease was recorded in February from Mochudi and Gaborone districts with one case each.
Confirmation was by virus isolation from vanous tissues. Two more cases were confirmed in April from
Francistown and Molepolole districts. Cases were confirmed in flocks from Maun in June and September.
On two occasions in October the disease was confirmed in flocks from Mogoditshane in Gaborone district.
The incidence of this disease has not increased much from 1994 and it is important to mention that it
continues to be confined to backyard chicken flocks with less than 100 birds. Control is by voluntary chick
vaccination using La Sota and Hitchner strains.
Outbreaks of Newcastle disease in Botswana in 1995
DISTRICT
Feb
Apr
Jun
Sep
Oct
Total
Gaborone
Francistown
Maun
Mochudi
Molepolole
1
0
3
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
Total
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
2
2
Note: no cases were recorded in other months.
1
2
1
1
8
-59-
IL LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Anthrax
Despite several submissions of material for diagnosis of this disease, no laboratory confirmation were
made. The control is by compulsory, free vaccination of all cattle.
2.
Echinococcosis-hvdatidosis
This disease is mainly seen during carcase examination at the three export abattoirs of Francistown, Maun
and Lobatse. Municipal abattoirs also reported the condition but no reliable data are available from them.
Lungs and livers were the main organs affected at Maun and Francistown abattoirs while at Lobatse
spleen cases were reported. Francistown reported 3,829 positive out of 45,462 slaughtered (8%), Maun
661 out of 19,011 (14%) and Lobatse 6,542 out of 105,910 (6%).
3
Heartwater
In cattle
Heartwater is considered to cause greater losses than any other tick-borne disease in Botswana. It is
reported throughout the year in the eastern hard veldt. A total of 20 cases were confirmed positive for
heartwater: 8 cases from Kanye district, 4 from Gaborone district; Mochudi, Palapye and S/Phikwe had
2 each and Jwaneng and Mahalapye 1 each. Cases occurred in all months except August.
In sheep and goats
A total of 39 cases, mostly in goats, were reported from many districts: Francistown, Gaborone. Kanye.
Lobatse, Mahalapye, Molepolole, Serowe, Orapa and S/Phikwe. Cases occurred in all months of the year
except February and May.
4.
Rabies
In 1995, material from 377 suspected rabies cases were examined with the fluorescent antibody test
(FAT), of which 311 (82%) were confirmed positive and 65 (21%) negative. There were further rabies
notifications where specimens were not submitted.
The majority of submissions and confirmed positive cases (59%) came from the southern region with
Jwaneng district contributing about one quarter of these. The northern region contributed 127 (41%)
confirmed cases from its 156 submissions. Selebi/Phikwe district had the lowest confirmed case load.
Southern districts: rabies FAT-positive
cases (numerators) and total submissions
(denominators)
DISTRICT
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
TOTAL
Gaborone
Ghanzi
Jwaneng
Kanye
Mochudi
Molepolole
Tsabong
0/0
1/1
6/6
2/2
0/0
1/1
0/0
1/1
0/0
5/5
5/5
Í/2
0/0
3/4
0/2
1/1
2/3
1/1
6/6
0/0
3/3
0/0
4/4
2/2
1/2
10/11
1/1
1/1
1/3
2/2
4/4
2/2
4/4
2/2
3/3
1/1
3/3
7/8
Î/1
5/5
0/0
1/1
1/2
4/5
7/9
4/5
2/2
0/1
3/3
2/3
3/3
4/6
1/1
3/4
1/1
2/2
2/6
0/0
7/7
4/5
0/0
3/3
6/7
0/1
1/2
1/1
1/1
0/0
6/6
3/4
1/3
1/1
3/4
5/5
0/0
2/3
4/5
1/2
1/2
1/1
0/0
0/0
2/2
0/0
10/24
21/24
49/56
26/30
31/34
18/20
29/33
TOTAL
10/10
15/17
13/16
19/21
18/20
18/19
21/27
16/20
22/28
11/15
16/21
5/7
184/221
Northern districts: rabies FA T-positive cases (numerators) and total submissions
DISTRICT
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Francistown
Maun
Mahalapye
Letlhakane
Palapye
S/Phikwe
Serowe
1/1
6/6
4/4
1/1
0/0
1/2
0/0
2/2
0/0
3/4
0/1
0/0
0/0
0/0
4/5
4/4
1/1
3/3
0/0
0/0
0/0
2/2
1/2
2/2
0/0
2/2
0/0
0/0
4/4
4/4
4/4
2/2
0/0
0/0
0/0
TOTAL
13/14
5/7
12/13
7/8
14/14
(denominators)
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
TOTAL
1/2
8/8
1/2
2/2
1/1
0/0
2/2
1/1
5/5
1/1
4/4
1/1
2/2
0/0
6/6
0/0
6/8
5/5
1/1
0/0
0/1
2/3
4/4
2/2
2/5
0/2
0/1
1/1
1/4
0/0
0/0
5/5
0/2
0/1
2/3
1/2
1/1
1/1
4/4
0/0
0/1
0/0
0/0
1/1
0/1
0/0
1/1
1/1
0/2
25/32
34-35
25-30
28.-32
6/10
4/8
5 9
15/17
14/14
18/21
11/18
8/15
7/9
3/6
127-156
Jun
-60-
Most cases occurred in July (35 or 11%) and fewest in December (8 or 3%).
Rabies confirmed cases, by month and species
MONTH
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
TOTAL
SPECIES AFFECTED
FAT RESULT
TOTAL
SUBMISSIONS
%
bov
cap
24
24
29
29
34
36
4!
39
47
30
30
13
23
20
25
26
32
33
35
34
33
19
23
8
1
4
10
3
2
3
6
5
14
11
7
5
96%
83%
76%
89%
94%
92%
85%
87%
70%
63%
77%
62%
9
11
¡3
15
1!
13
11
11
13
12
10
1
4
4
376
311
71
81.11
130
-
ovi
can
fel
6
2
8
10
12
11
9
3
7
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
2
3
4
8
5
4
4
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
79
0
46
2
equ
fau
IU)
3
2
3
3
5
5
6
8
l(a)
0
v=)
2
0
0
iW
0
jW
j
0
2
2
1
9
45
w
2
(a): donkey; (c): horse
The total number of 311 positive cases was almost identical to 1994 when there were 312 positive cases.
Domestic ruminants predominated: bovines 130 cases (42%), goats 79 cases (25%), dogs 46 cases (15%),
equines 9 (3%) and cats only 2 cases (0.6%).
The 26 cases in wild mammals were mostly canids, represented by 21 jackals (Cams
mesomelas),
3 hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), 1 wild dog (Lycaon pictus) and 1 bat-eared fox (Otocyon megatotis). There
was 1 case in honey badger (Mellivora capensis), 3 in mongoose (Viverridae), and 1 in a squirrel. There
were 14 cases in felids: 5 wild cats, 8 genet cats (Genetta grimmia) and 1 cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).
Compulsory annual vaccinations of domestic dogs and cats is still the control strategy for rabies.
Rabies
notifications
These are suspected cases with no specimens sent for examinations. This year, 47 of such cases were
regarded positive for rabies, 24 (51%) of which came from the southern districts and the other 23 (49%)
from nothern districts.
Rabies notifications
m southern districts of Botswana in 1995
SPECIES SUSPECTED
DISTRICT
bov
cap
ovi
can
fel
Gaborone
Gantsi
Jwaneng
Kanye
Mochudi
Molepolole
Tsabong
0
2
4
2
0
2
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
TOTAL
14
0
0
3
equ
fau
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2(i)
0
0
0
30)
0
2< )
1(d)
0
0
0
0
1(d)
d
50)
(j): jackal (Cams mesomelas); (d); donkey (Equus
asinus)
-61 -
Rabies notifications
in northern districts of Botswana in 1995
SPECIES SUSPECTED
DISTRICT
Francistown
Maun
Mahalapye
Letlhakane
Palapye
S/Phikwe
Serowe
TOTAL
bov
cap
OVl
can
fel
equ
fau
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1(h)
1(h)
5
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
10)
0
0
0
0
2Û)
10
3
0
4
0
T,
1(h)
0
0
0
3(h)
2<J)
3
0)
(j): jackal (Cams mesomelas); (h); horse (Equus
caballi)
Diseases of cattle
1.
Bovine babesiosis
Bovine babesiosis is diagnosed sporadically and in 1995 was diagnosed only once, in Molepolole.
2.
Bovine brucellosis
There was no laboratory isolation of Brucella abortus in 1995 but clinical disease was diagnosed in herds
in Kanye, Letlhakane, Molepolole. Mahalapye and Serowe.
Two dairy herds from Kanye in the south became positive on bulk milk screening in January. In February
there were 2 cases from Gaborone, 2 from Mahalapye, 1 from Orapa and 2 from Serowe. Bulk milk
samples from Molepolole tested positive in October.
3.
Bovine pasteurellosis (haemorrhagic septicaemia)
Five districts each recorded one case of bovine pasteurellosis as follows: in January in Maun, in February
in Kanye, in March in Serowe, in May in Maun and in June in Mahalapye.
Diagnosis was based on clinical signs and isolation of Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida
from tissues submitted for examination from a sheep at Kanye district in July).
4.
was isolated
Theileriosis
Theileriosis presents in combination with other infestation or bacterial infections. The significance of
Theileria sp. in blood smears is not yet clear. Serowe registered the highest number of cases with 6 (21%)
out of a total of 28 confirmed cases. Mochudi followed with 5 (18%), then Francistown and Palapye with
4 (14%) each. Mahalapye registered 3 (11%), followed by Gaborone and Kanye with 2 (7%) each. Orapa
and S/Phikwe had 1 (4%) case each. Again, the disease seems to be confined to the eastern part of the
country along the railway line.
Diseases of horses
5.
Dourine
Five cases were laboratory confirmed positive in 1995. In January there was 1 case in Maun. In February,
Gaborone registered a single case, whilst Molepolole and Palapye had a suspicious case each. In May,
1 sample from Molepolole district was seropositive. In August, 2 serum samples were confirmed positive
followed by the last case registered, in November, in Ramatlabama in Kanye district. The August and
November cases were from the same herd intended for export.
6.
Equine influenza (virus type A)
Only one case was registered in 1995, in Molepolole.
-62-
B R A S I L
I. ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA A
Panorama
general
Enfermedades
señaladas en 1995
Fiebre aftosa - Virus no identificado
Fiebre aftosa - Virus 0
Fiebre aftosa - Virus A
Fiebre añosa - Virus C
Estomatitis vesicular - Virus indiana
Lengua azul
Peste porcina clásica
Enfermedad de Newcastle
Enfermedades
nunca
Total
1994
1621
304
¡50
9
0
Total
1995
404
83
99
3
13
+?
+?
155
63
75
12
Ene
1.
Abr
May
1995
Jun
Jul
F.P
Ago
Sep
Oct
Nov
Die
12-94
12-94
12-94
08-94
05-93
11-94
12-94
Perineumonía contagiosa bovina
Dermatosis nodular contagiosa
Fiebre del Valle del Rift
Viruela ovina y viruela caprina
Peste equina
Influenza aviar altamente patógena
señaladas ausentes en 1995 (entre paréntesis: fecha del último foco)
Estomatitis vesicular - Virus New Jersey
Peste bovina (1921)
Comentarios
Mar
comprobadas
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 1
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 2
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 3
Fiebre aftosa - Virus Asial
Enfermedad vesicular porcina
Peste de pequeños rumiantes
Enfermedades
Feb
sobre enfermedades
Peste porcina africana (11-81)
seleccionadas
Fiebre aftosa y estomatitis vesicular
Teniendo en consideración los aspectos regionales, la diversidad de los ecosistemas de la fiebre aftosa y el
grado de avance del control de la enfermedad, ciertas regiones se caracterizan como "independientes",
tanto de un punto de vista comercial como epidemiológico. E n este sentido, y en base al estudio de los
intercambios de bovinos, se establecieron en el país cinco grandes "circuitos pecuarios", buscándose así
una mejor adecuación de las estrategias previstas para la erradicación de la enfermedad.
-
Circuito Pecuario del Sur: comprende los Estados de Río Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina y la región
sureña del Estado del Paraná.
-
Circuito Pecuario del Centro-Oeste: abarca los Estados de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso. Goiás,
Sao Paulo, parte del territorio del Estado de Minas Gérais (regiones del Triángulo Mineiro, Alto
Paranaíba, Chapadâo do Paracatu, Sul de Minas, Alto Sao Francisco y Centro-Oeste), la región
norteña del Estado del Paraná, parte del territorio del Estado de Tocantins (regiones de Gurupi,
Paraíso, y parcialmente las regiones de Porto Nacional y Miracema do Tocantins) y el Distrito Federal.
-
Circuito Pecuario del Este: formado por los Estados de Río de Janeiro, Espirito Santo, Bahía y las
regiones de Minas Gérais no incluidas en el Circuito Pecuario del Centro-Oeste.
-
Circuito Pecuario del Nordeste: comprende los Estados de Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Río
Grande do Norte, Ceará, Piauí y Maranhào.
-
Circuito Pecuario del Norte: formado por los Estados de Acre, Amazonas, Rondônia, Amapá,
Roraima, Para y las regiones del Estado de Tocantins no incluidas en el Circuito Pecuario del CentroOeste.
-63-
En 1995 se notificaron 666 focos de enfermedades vesiculares (589 focos de fiebre añosa), observándose
una reducción notable con relación a los años 1992 (1.232 focos), 1993 (1.432 focos) y 1994 (2.093 focos),
respectivamente del 45,95%, 53,50% y 68,18%.
En todos los Circuitos Pecuarios, excepto el del Este, el número de focos ha decrecido. Los meses de
mayor ocurrencia fueron marzo, abril y m a y o , que representaron el 50.91% del total anual de focos.
No hubo notificación de enfermedades vesiculares en los Estados de Río Grande do Sui, Santa Catarina,
Mato Grosso do Sul, Alagoas, Paraíba y A m a z o n a s ni en el Distrito Federal.
Se recolectaron muestras para el diagnóstico íaboratonal en 273 focos de los 666 focos registrados durante
el periodo (el 41,00%). De estos 273 focos f u e r o n confirmados laboratoriaímente 198, o sea el 72,53% de
los rebaños muestreados. Se nota un aumento de la recolección de muestras en comparación con 1994
(correspondía entonces al 35,50% de los focos registrados).
El virus de tipo A fue el más frecuente, con 99 diagnósticos positivos, seguido por el tipo O (83
diagnósticos positivos) y el C (3 diagnósticos positivos). Hubo 13 diagnósticos de estomatitis vesicular
(virus Indiana): 12 en el Estado de Minas Gérais (Circuito Pecuario del Este) y 1 en el Estado de Mato
Grosso (Circuito Pecuario del Centro-Oeste).
En 64 focos el diagnostico Íaboratonal fue negativo para la fiebre aftosa y la estomatitis vesicular, sin
poder establecer un diagnóstico diferencial. Por lo tanto, de los 666 focos de enfermedades vesiculares
notificados durante el período. 589 se refieren a fiebre aftosa y 13 a estomatitis vesicular
En l o s años 1994 y 1995 se observaron las siguientes tasas en el país:
1994
1995
Morbilidad (por 10.000)
5,08
1,41
Mortalidad (por 100.000)
0,90
0,23
Letalidad (por 1.000)
17,61
16,04
Tasa de ataque (por 100)
18.52-
18,19
Circuito Pecuario del Sur
La última ocurrencia de fiebre aftosa en este Circuito Pecuario fue en el Estado del Paraná en abril de
1994. Los Estados de Río Grande do Sul y Santa Catarina completaron en diciembre de 1995 dos años sin
casos clínicos de enfermedades vesiculares. En estos dos Estados, está en proceso de elaboración una
encuesta seroepidemiológica para la búsqueda de actividad viral.
Se pretende obtener el reconocimiento ante la OIE, de la condición de "zona libre de fiebre aftosa con
vacunación" para estos dos Estados, considerando el Paraná como "zona tampón".
Circuito Pecuario del
Centro-Oeste
Durante el año 1995 se notificaron en este Circuito 191 focos de enfermedades vesiculares (171 focos de
fiebre aftosa), observándose una reducción del 72,76% en comparación con el año 1994, cuando se
registraron 701 focos.
Hubo recolección de muestras en 111 focos (58,12%), siendo confirmados laboratoriaímente 91 focos, o
sea el 81.99% de los rebaños donde hubo recolección.
El virus O fue el más frecuente, con 58 diagnósticos, seguido por el A con 31, el C con 1 diagnóstico y
estomatitis vesicular tipo Indiana, también con 1 diagnóstico. De los 191 focos, 19 tuvieron diagnóstico
laboratorial negativo para la fiebre aftosa y la estomatitis vesicular. Por lo tanto, en este Circuito
ocurrieron 171 focos de fiebre aftosa y 1 de estomatitis vesicular.
En todos los focos ocurridos en el Estado del Paraná todos los bovinos y suinos fueron sacrificados.
-64-
Circuito Pecuario del Este
Durante el año 1995 se notificaron 212 focos de enfermedades vesiculares (165 focos de fiebre aftosa),
número ligeramente superior a los 205 focos registrados en 1994. Este aumento fue debido básicamente al
aumento de las notificaciones registradas en los Estados de Espirito Santo (52 focos en 1995 y 11 en
1994). Babia (62 focos en 1995 y 27 en 1994) y Rio de Janeiro (44 focos en 1995 y 32 focos en 1994). En
las regiones del Estado de Minas Gérais pertenecentes a este Circuito, se señalaron 54 focos, observándose
una reducción del 6 0 % en comparación con los 135 que se notificaron durante el mismo período del año
anterior. De los 54 focos, 12 tuvieron diagnóstico laboratonal para estomatitis vesicular tipo Indiana.
Hubo recolección de muestras en 123 focos (58,02%), siendo confirmados íaboratoríalmente 88, o sea el
71,55% de los rebaños mostreados.
Eí virus A fue el más frecuente, con 64 diagnósticos, seguidos por el tipo O con 12, y hubo también 12
diagnósticos de estomatitis vesicular tipo Indiana (Minas Gérais). De los 212 focos, 35 tuvieron
diagnóstico laboratonal negativo para la fiebre aftosa y estomatitis vesicular. Por lo tanto en este Circuito
se puede afirmar que ocurrieron 165 focos de fiebre aftosa y 12 de estomatitis vesicular.
Circuuo Pecuario del Nordeste
Durante el año 1995 se notificaron 185 focos de enfermedades vesiculares (176 focos de fiebre aftosa), lo
que representa una reducción notable de 81,07% en comparación con el mismo período del año anterior
(977 focos en 1994).
Hubo recolección de muestras en 22 focos (11,90%), de los que se confirmaron Íaboratoríalmente 10 focos,
o sea el 45,45% de los rebaños muestreados
El virus O fue el más frecuente (6 diagnósticos), seguido por el tipo A (4 diagnósticos). De los 185 focos,
9 tuvieron diagnóstico laboratorial negativo para la fiebre aftosa y la estomatitis vesicular. Por lo tanto, los
P 6 focos confirmados en este Circuito se refieren a fiebre aftosa.
Circuito Pecuario del Norte
Durante el año 1995 se notificaron 78 focos de enfermedades vesiculares (76 focos de fiebre aftosa), lo que
representa una reducción de 53.58% en comparación con ios 168 focos de 1994.
Se recolectaron muestras en 17 focos (21,80%), de los cuales 9 fueron confirmados Íaboratoríalmente, o
sea el 52,95% de los rebaños mostreados.
El virus O fue el más frecuente (7 diagnósticos), seguido por el tipo C (2 diagnósticos). De los 78 focos, 4
tuvieron diagnóstico laboratonal negativo tanto para ía fiebre aftosa como para la estomatitis vesicular.
Por lo tanto, en este Circuito se presentaron 76 focos de fiebre aftosa.
Vacunas contra ¡afiebre
aftosa
En 1995 se produjo 176.971.860 dosis de vacuna contra la fiebre aftosa: 158.343.510 dosis con adyuvante
oleoso (89.48%) y 18.628.350 dosis hidróxido-saponinadas (10,52%).
Las cepas utilizadas son: A Cruzeiro, O, Campos y C
adyuvante acuoso (hidróxido-saponinadas).
2 4
3
Indaial en fórmulas con adyuvante oleoso y
Los métodos de control utilizados fueron:
-
vacunas con adyuvante oleoso: prueba ELISA
-
vacunas hidróxido-saponinadas: PGP
Fue aprobado en las pruebas oficiales de control el 95,69% de las vacunas producidas: el 100% de las
hidróxido-saponinadas y el 95.19% de las oleosas (150.714.180 dosis).
No hubo importación de vacunas. En cambio, fueron exportadas 3.742.500 dosis de vacunas (3.487.500
dosis de vacuna oleosa bivalente y 255.000 dosis de vacuna oleosa trivalente).
-65-
Vacunación contra la fiebre
aftosa
En 1995 se vacunaron 107.243.498 bovinos contra la fiebre aftosa. Durante el mismo periodo fueron
sometidos a vacunaciones estratégicas 251.000 bovinos.
Se observó un aumento de 5.94% del número de bovinos vacunados en comparación con el año 1994
(101.238.001 bovinos vacunados en 1994).
Las vacunaciones fueron realizadas en su mayor pane por el productor, bajo la supervisión del servicio
oficial, y en algunas unidades federativas por vacunadores acreditados u oficiales, en el marco de un
programa de vacunación semestral, algunas unidades habiendo adoptado ya el programa anual para
bovinos de más de dos años.
Las vacunaciones estratégicas son realizadas en regiones específicas, fronteras internacionales y áreas
perifocales.
2
Peste porcina clásica
La producción de vacunas contra esta enfermedad fue de 12.076.660 dosis.
3.
Enfermedad de Newcastle
El Programa Nacional de Sanidad Avícola, que tiene como objetivo eí control de la enfermedad de
Newcastle, de la micoplasmosis y de la salmonelosis aviar, comprende la regionalización sanitana basada
en los diferentes niveles de desarrollo del sector avícola. El Programa empezó por los Estados de Río
Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, Sao Paulo, Minas Gérais, Mato Grosso y Mato Grosso do Sul. La
colaboración entre los sectores público y privado ha sido establecida a través de la creación de un Comité
Nacional y de Comités Estatales de Sanidad Avicola.
La producción de vacunas contra la enfermedad de Newcastle fue de 2.974.909.800 dosis.
II. ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA B
Enfermedades
1.
comunes a varias
especies
Carbunco bacteridiano
La producción de vacunas fue de 9.940.566 dosis.
2.
Leptospirosis
La producción de vacunas para los perros fue de 5.625.114 dosis en 1995.
3.
Rabia
En
herbívoros
El número de casos de rabia en herbívoros en 1995 fue de 3.328, observándose un aumento en
comparación con 1994.
La producción de vacunas antirrábicas (todas las especies) fue de 51.852.563 dosis, todas controladas
oficialmente.
En perros y gatos
Se notificaron 737 casos en 1995, cifra ligeramente superior a la que se registró en 1994. El control de la
rabia urbana está llevado a cabo por el área de salud en los niveles federal, estatal y municipal.
-66-
En la fauna salva/e
Se notificaron 43 casos en animales de la fauna salvaje
Enfermedades
4.
de bovinos
Brucelosis bovina
Se produjo 1.122.240 dosis de vacuna B19 contra esta enfermedad.
Enfermedades
de aves de corral
El Programa Nacional de Sanidad Avícola, que tiene como objetivo el control de la enfermedad de Newcastle,
de la micoplasmosis y de la salmonelosis aviar, comprende la regionalización sanitaria basada en los diferentes
niveles de desarrollo del sector avícola. El Programa empezó por ios Estados de Río Grande do Sul, Santa
Catarina, Paraná, Sao Paulo, Minas Gérais, Mato Grosso y Mato Grosso do Sul. La colaboración entre los
sectores público y privado ha sido establecida a través de la creación de un Comité Nacional y de Comités
Estatales de Sanidad Avícola.
Número de dosis de vacuna producidas
Bronquitis infecciosa
Cólera aviar y tifosis aviar
(vacuna mixta)
Viruela aviar
Enfermedad de Gumboro
Enfermedad de Marek
Micoplasmosis
en 1995
1.383.185.353
8.165.525
844.060.100
3.351.206.100
875.662.000
45.609.900
-67-
B U R K I N A
F A S O
INTRODUCTION
La situation zoo-sanitaire du Burkina Faso est caractérisée par :
-
la dispantion de la peste bovine depuis 1988 ,
-
la persistance sous forme enzootique de certaines affections telles que les pasteurelloses (bovins et petits
ruminants), les charbons bactéridien et symptomatique, les trypanosomoses, la péripneumonie contagieuse
bovine, etc.
Dans l'ensemble, la situation zoo-sanitaire du Burkina Faso est satisfaisante, car la plupart des foyers de
maladies sont maîtrisés. Pour l'avenir, la stratégie du Burkina Faso en matière de santé animale sera orientée
vers ï
la mise en place d'un système d'alerte précoce pour intervenir rapidement en cas de réapparition de la peste
bovine ;
-
l'accentuation de la lutte contre la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine par la vaccination de tout le cheptel
national ;
-
l'amélioration de la couverture vaccinale contre les affections (pasteurelloses, charbons bactéridien et
symptomatique, etc.) ;
l'amélioration du réseau de surveillance épidémiologique.
L MALADIES DE LA LISTE À
Aperçu
général
Maladies présentes
ou suspectées
Fièvre aphteuse
Peste des petits ruminants
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Clavelée et variole caprine
Maladie de Newcastle
Maladie n'ayant jamais été
en 1995
Total
1994
61
16
7
+..
7
1
Total
1995
63
3
23
2
1
2
Jan
27
0
1
0
0
1
Fev
9
0
2
0
0
1
Mar
0
1
2
0
0
0
Avr
0
0
2
0
0
0
Mai
0
0
1
0
0
0
1995
Jun
Jul
0
0
0
0
1
i
0
2
0
0
0
0
F.P.
Aou
0
0
5
0
1
0
Sep
2
0
3
0
0
0
Oct
I
2
2
0
0
0
Nov
2
0
2
0
0
0
Dec
22
0
1
0
0
0
constatée
Peste équine
Maladies
absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
: date du dernier
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc
Peste bovine (06-88)
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Commentaires
1.
foyer)
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Peste porcine africaine
Peste porcine classique
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène
sur certaines maladies de la Liste A
Fièvre aphteuse
La fièvre aphteuse est réapparue en 1990 dans l'est du pays sur des troupeaux de retour de transhumance
dans les pays voisins. Depuis, la maladie s'est progressivement étendue à l'ensemble du pays. En 1992, on
12-94
12-94
12-94
12-94
10-94
11-94
-68-
a pu identifier le virus SAT 2 et en 1994 le virus A. En 1995, on a dénombré 2 545 malades et 45 morts,
surtout des veaux.
Au début de 1996, des foyers étaient encore signalés dans certaines provinces du pays : provinces du
Kénédougou, de la Comoé, du Bulkiemdé, du Séno.
2.
Peste bovine
En 1995, 1 117 320 bovins ont été vaccinés contre cette maladie. Cependant, il est prévu d'arrêter très
prochainement les vaccinations et de mettre en place un système d'alerte précoce qui permettra de
circonscrire rapidement les éventuels foyers de cette maladie qui pourraient réapparaître.
3.
Peste des petits ruminants
En 1995, des foyers de cette affection ont été suspectés dans trois provinces du nord du pays (provinces du
Sourou, du Soum et du Yatenga). Cependant, aucune confirmation n'a pu être faite. La vaccination contre
la maladie à partir du vaccin hétérologue est effectuée dans ces trois provinces.
4.
Pénpneumonie contagieuse bovine
Localisée surtout dans l'ouest du pays, on a noté en 1995 une recrudescence de cette maladie à partir des
foyers anciens, le long de la frontière à l'ouest du pays.
La péripneumonie contagieuse bovine fait l'objet d'un programme national de lutte, et 418 178 bovins ont
été vaccinés en 1995.
5.
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Deux foyers ont été signalés en 1995 (un dans le Boulgou, l'autre dans le Houet).
6
Clavelée et variole caprine
Un seul foyer de clavelée a été signalé en 1995. dans l'Oudalan.
7.
Maladie de Newcastle
La maladie de Newcastle sévit de façon enzootique au Burkina Faso et chaque année un programme de
vaccination est mis en place pour lutter contre cette affection.
IL MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
Maladies communes à plusieurs
1.
espèces
Fièvre charbonneuse
Elle sévit sous forme enzootique dans certaines provinces du pays et frappe surtout les bovins, mais aussi
les petits ruminants, les suidés, et, très rarement, les asins. En 1995, 22 foyers au total (10 chez les bovins,
10 chez les petits ruminants, 1 chez les porcins et 1 chez les asins) ont été signalés. La vaccination
s'effectue dans les zones à risque.
2.
Cowdnose
Elle est suspectée au Burkina, mais aucune confirmation n'a été faite jusqu'à présent en laboratoire.
3.
Rage
La rage canine sévit de façon enzootique et plusieurs cas sont signalés annuellement.
-69-
Maladies des bovins
4.
Brucellose bovine
Des tests sérologiques effectués sur certains troupeaux ont donné des résultats positifs et dans certaines
provinces des cas de la maladie ont été signalés, se manifestant surtout par un hygroma du genou.
5.
Tuberculose bovine
Elle sévit de façon enzootique dans le pays, mais les cas constatés proviennent surtout des saisies
d'abattoir.
6.
Septicémie hémorragique
La maladie existe au Burkina Faso de façon enzootique. En 1995, 40 foyers ont été signalés, qui ont fait
1 187 cas et 227 morts. Une campagne de vaccination est organisée annuellement contre cette affection
dans les provinces où la maladie sévit le plus. En 1995, 269 969 bovins ont été vaccinés.
7.
Trypanosomose
Les trypanosomoses animales africaines sévissent de façon enzootique dans le sud et l'ouest du pays, dans
les provinces où sont les glossines. Dans ces provinces, on lutte contre la maladie par la chimioprévention
et la lutte antivectorielle. En 1995, 125 998 bovins ont ainsi été prémunis.
IIÏ. AUTRES MALADIES
1.
Charbon symptomatique
La maladie sévit régulièrement dans certaines provinces du pays. Au cours de l'année 1995, il y a eu au
total 77 foyers ayant entraîné 5 852 cas et 473 morts. La vaccination se fait dans les zones à risque.
2.
Pasteurellose des petits ruminants
Elle est très suspectée dans certaines provinces du pays. En 1995, 18 foyers ont été suspectés, ayant fait
867 malades et 159 morts. La vaccination est effectuée dans les provinces à risque.
-70-
C A M E R O U N
INTRODUCTION
Changement
dans les structures technico-administratives
: dissolution de l'Office pharmaceutique vétérinaire.
Privatisation de la profession vétérinaire : on note une entrée en force des praticiens privés pour les soins aux
animaux et la distribution des médicaments vétérinaires. Les praticiens privés sont actuellement 35. Un texte
sur le mandat sanitaire est en préparation.
Situation zoo-sanitaire : la situation zoo-sanitaire est restée globalement satisfaisante mais toujours précaire à
cause des menaces aux frontières et des moyens de lutte disponibles limités.
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
Maladies présentes
en 1995
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus O
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus A
Peste des petits ruminants
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Peste porcine africaine
Maladie de Newcastle
Total
1994
2
1
0
Total
1995
2
2
4
Jan
1
0
1
Fev
0
0
0
Mar
0
0
0
Avr
0
1
0
Mai
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1995
Jun
Jul
1
0
0
0
0
1
F.P.
Aou
0
1
0
Sep
0
0
0
Oct
0
0
0
Nov
0
0
0
Dec
0
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
+..
2
3
0
1
-t-..
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
: date du dernier
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus C
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 1
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 2
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 3
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus Asial
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc
foyer)
Peste bovine (10-86)
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine (01-93)
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Clavelée et variole caprine (1991)
Peste porcine classique
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène
Maladie n'ayant fait l'objet d'aucune
information
Peste équine
Commentaires
1.
sur certaines
maladies
Fièvre aphteuse
Cette maladie se rencontre dans certaines provinces du pays à certaines saisons. La mortalité est faible.
Des mesures sanitaires sont prises chaque fois qu'un foyer est déclaré et portent notamment sur la
quarantaine, les mouvements du bétail et la fermeture des marchés à bétail.
2.
Peste bovine
Comme par le passé, le cheptel bovin a été vacciné contre la peste bovine et la péripneumonie contagieuse
des bovidés, avec du vaccin mixte "Bivax" . Le Cameroun participe activement à la Campagne
panafricaine contre la peste bovine (PARC) à tous les niveaux. Le projet PARC II-Cameroun est attendu.
1
3.
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Aucun cas n'a été signalé en 1995, peut-être grâce à un contrôle plus rigoureux aux frontières.
Vaccin produit le Laboratoire national vétérinaire de Garoua-Boklé (LANAVET).
07-94
10-94
11-93
1994
12-94
1994
-71 -
4.
Peste des petits ruminants
Une campagne de vaccination et de sensibilisation a été menée dans les provinces méridionales où la
maladie semble s'installer.
5.
Peste porcine africaine
La sensibilisation des éleveurs commence à porter ses fruits.
6.
Maladie de Newcastle
La maladie de Newcastle fait de moins en moins de ravages car les éleveurs ont bien compris le bienfondé de la vaccination et la pratiquent la plupart du temps eux-mêmes.
IL M A L A D I E S D E LA LISTE B
Maladies communes à plusieurs
1.
espèces
Fièvre charbonneuse
Les vaccinations se pratiquent dans les zones à risque avec du vaccin "Anthravax"'.
2.
Rage
On observe une certaine recrudescence, surtout dans les grandes villes. Des vaccinations couplées à
l'abattage des chiens errants ont eu lieu.
Maladies des bovins
3.
Dermatophilose
Son incidence reste faible dans les élevages grâce à des bains d'animaux et une antibiothérapie précoce.
4.
Septicémie hémorragique
1
La vaccination s'effectue avec du vaccin "Pastovax" .
5.
Trypanosomose
De toutes les hémoparasitoses, la trypanosomose reste la plus dangereuse. La lutte contre cette entité revêt
beaucoup d'aspects, dont :
-
traitement préventif des ovins au départ de la transhumance, et curatif au retour ;
prospection et assainissement des pâturages par la MSEG ;
utilisation d'insecticides en "pour on" sur les animaux.
ffl. AUTRES MALADIES
1.
Charbon symptomatique
1
La vaccination se pratique avec du vaccin "Symptovax" .
2.
Rouget du porc
C'est une maladie qu'on rencontre dans beaucoup de porcheries. L'antibiothérapie donne de bons résultats.
Vaccin produit le Laboratoire national vétérinaire de Garoua-Boklé (LANAVET).
-72-
C A N A D A
INTRODUCTION
The health status of Canadian livestock and poultry is essentially unchanged since the 1994 report.
Reorganising
the Federal food inspection
system
The Government of Canada is consolidating all federally-mandated food inspection and quarantine services
into a single federal food inspection agency. This agency will be established in early 1997 and report to
Parliament through the Minister of Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada.
The consolidation into a single agency will enhance food safety systems by integrating the delivery of
inspection and quarantine services currently provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Health Canada,
and Fisheries and Oceans Canada. All inspection services related to food safety, economic fraud, trade-related
requirements, and animal and plant health programs, will be provided by the new agency. The responsibility
for food safety policy, standard-setting, risk assessment, analytical testing research and audit will be reinforced
and remain with Health Canada.
The reorganization will reduce costs, enhance efficiency, and improve the effectiveness of inspection and
quarantine services. These activities currently cost over CAD 400 million and involve over 5.000 people in
three federal departments. All those involved in the production of food, or in the import or export of food, live
animals or plants, will be able to deal with a single agency for inspection and quarantine services.
Canadians have one of the best, food inspection systems in the world. As
high-quality food supply - this will not be compromised. By using the same
for all foods in an integrated federal food inspection system, food safety
consumers will be able to address food inspection questions or concerns to a
dealing with three separate departments
a result, consumers enjoy a safe
standards and inspection systems
will be enhanced. Furthermore,
single federal contact rather than
Canadian companies will continue to have access to international markets and to have the competitive edge
necessary to capture additional trade opportunities. An integrated federal food inspection system will allow
Canadian exporters to better respond to the changing demands of the international marketplace. With the
creation of the agency, importers of several different types of food products will be able to deal with one federal
organization for issues related to import inspection.
I. LIST A DISEASES
Domestic animals in Canada remained free from all List A diseases.
Diseases never
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 1
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 2
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asial
Vesicular stomatitis - Virus Ind
Swine vesicular disease
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A (1952)
Vesicular stomatitis - Virus New Jersey (1949)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1876)
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last outbreak)
Bluetongue (09-88)
Classical swine fever (1963)
Newcastle disease - Virus velogenic (1973)
-73-
II. LIST B DISEASES
Reportable
diseases
The following List B diseases are prescribed as reportable in Canada: anthrax, Aujeszky's disease, rabies,
anaplasmosis, bovine brucellosis (B. abortus), bovine tuberculosis, cysticercosis (C. bovis), bovine spongiform
encephalopathy., caprine and ovine brucellosis (B. melitensis), scrapie, sheep mange (Psoroptes
ovis),
contagious equine metritis, dourine, equine infectious anemia, equine piroplasmosis (babesiosis), glanders,
horse mange, porcine brucellosis (B. suis), trichinellosis, fowl typhoid, pullorum disease and varroasis. Many of
these diseases have either never been reported in Canada, or have been eradicated.
The following reportable List B diseases were the focus of disease control activities in 1995:
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Rabies
During 1995, 469 positive cases of rabies were reported in domestic and wild animals. This represents less
than half of the positive isolations recorded in 1994. Rabies in the red fox and the striped skunk
represented the majority of the wild animal cases, however, rabies was also reported in bats, one raccoon,
one coyote, and two wolves. Bait vaccination of foxes continued in the eastern p a n of the province of
Ontario.
Diseases of cattle
2
Bovine brucellosis
Canada was declared free of bovine brucellosis in 1985. No cases of bovine brucellosis have been
identified since an atypical biovar 5 B. abortus was isolated from a strain 19 vaccinated beef cow in 1989.
Surveillance for brucellosis continued in 1995 with approximately 400,000 serological tests performed on
market and slaughter cows and bulls and on animals for export and entry into artificial insemination
centres. All dairy herds are subject to quanerly milk ring testing.
3.
Bovine tuberculosis
No outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis have been identified in Canadian cattle herds since 1991 although in
1992 there was slaughter of cattle as a result of exposure to outbreaks in 1991.
Surveillance for tuberculosis in 1995 included the submission of suspect granulomatous lesions from cattle
at slaughter for laboratory confirmation, and approximately 400,000 tuberculin tests conducted primarily
for export purposes.
4.
Bovine cysticercosis
Bovine cysticercosis has only an exceptional occurrence in Canada. During 1995, 99 positive carcases
were detected at abattoirs, from 12 premises. Of these, 53 animals were from three positive premises. This
number of cases represents about 0.004% of the approximately 2.5 million cattle slaughtered and
inspected annually. Resident cattle in infected herds undergo controlled removal, slaughter, and carcass
treatment.
Diseases of sheep and goats
5.
Scrapie
There were 8 cases of scrapie diagnosed in 1995, 3 in Quebec and 5 in Ontario, from 5 sheep flocks.
Three flocks were depopulated. A total of 23 laboratory submissions were made in 1995. The total number
of animals ordered slaughtered in Ontario was 206 and 694 in Quebec.
-74-
Diseases of horses
6.
Equine infectious anaemia
During 1995, 135 cases of equine infectious anemia (EIA) were detected. Owners of positive animals had
an option to slaughter (without compensation) or use permanent isolation. Approximately 62,972
serological tests for EIA were performed for routine domestic and international movement to the USA.
Diseases of pigs
7.
Trichinellosis
No cases of trichinellosis were detected in 1995. With the exception of one incident, in 1994, involving
the illegal feeding of edible waste, Canada has been free of the parasite in its swine population since 1983.
At slaughter approximately 30,000 randomly selected swine, and all horses, approximately 70,000, and
about 250 wild boars were tested and found negative using trichinoscopic and/or digestive techniques.
Diseases of poultry
8.
Pullorum disease {Salmonella
pullorum)
No cases of pullorum disease were detected during 1995. The disease has not been detected since 1989.
Surveillance methods include the testing of breeding and hatchery supply flocks, the culturing of fluff
samples from hatcheries, birds for export, imponed birds, and the testing of exhibition and game birds.
Non-reportable
diseases
Non-reportable List B diseases, which have not been known to occur in Canada include: heartwater,
screwworm, babesiosis of cattle, theileriasis, trypanosomiasis, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, Nairobi
sheep disease, epizootic lymphangitis of horses, horse pox, Japanese encephalitis of horses, surra, Venezuelan
equine encephalomyelitis, myxomatosis, viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits and leishmaniasis.
Disease of Fish
The North American strain of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) was isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo
salar) farmed in British Columbia in March 1995. This apparently represents the first time that the North
Amencan strain of VHS has been isolated from farmed Atlantic salmon.
-75-
C A N A D A
INTRODUCTION
L'état sanitaire des bovins et des volailles au Canada demeure essentiellement inchangé depuis le rapport de
1994.
La restructuration
du système fédéral d'inspection
des
aliments
Le gouvernement canadien regroupera tous les services d'inspection des aliments et de protection sanitaire et
phytosanitaire (SPS) relevant de lui en une agence fédérale unique d'inspection des aliments. L'agence sera
créée au début de 1997 et rendra des comptes au Parlement par l'entremise du ministre de l'Agriculture et de
LAgroalimentaire du Canada.
Cette fusion améliorera les systèmes de salubrité des aliments en intégrant les services d'inspection et de
protection SPS que dispensent actuellement Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Santé Canada et Pêches et
Océans Canada. Ce sera par ailleurs la nouvelle agence qui s'occupera des inspections liées à la salubrité des
aliments, de la lutte contre les fraudes économiques, des exigences à caractère commercial ainsi que des
programmes de protection SPS. Santé Canada maintiendra et renforcera son rôle en ce qui concerne la politique
de salubrité des aliments, l'établissement des nonnes, l'évaluation des risques, la recherche sur les analyses
ainsi que la vérification.
La réorganisation réduira les coûts et améliorera le rendement et l'efficacité des services d'inspection et de
protection SPS. Ces activités coûtent actuellement plus de 400 millions de CAD et mobilisent plus de 5 000
fonctionnaires dans trois ministères fédéraux. Toutes les entreprises qui produisent des denrées alimentaires ou
qui importent ou exportent des aliments, des animaux ou des végétaux pourront obtenir de l'agence unique des
services d'inspection et de protection SPS.
Les Canadiens jouissent de l'un des meilleurs systèmes d'inspection'des aliments au monde. Pour leur part, les
consommateurs bénéficient d'un approvisionnement en aliments sains et de qualité élevée ; rien ne viendra
compromettre ces acquis. La mise en place d'un système fédéral intégré d'inspection permettra d'améliorer la
salubrité des aliments, car ce seront les mêmes normes et systèmes d'inspection qui prévaudront pour la totalité
des aliments. De plus, les consommateurs pourront transmettre leurs questions sur l'inspection des aliments à
un seul point de contact fédéral au lieu de communiquer avec trois ministères distincts.
Les entreprises canadiennes conserveront leur accès aux marchés internationaux et elles seront suffisamment
compétitives pour conquérir d'autres débouchés. La création d'un système fédéral intégré d'inspection des
aliments permettra aux exportateurs de mieux répondre à l'évolution des besoins du marché international. La
création d'une agence permettra aux importateurs de plusieurs types de produits alimentaires de communiquer
avec un seul organisme fédéral pour obtenir des renseignements sur l'inspection des importations.
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Au Canada, tous les animaux domestiques sont exempts des maladies énumérées sur la Liste A.
Maladies n'ayant jamais été
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus O
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus C
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus S AT 1
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 2
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 3
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus Asial
Stomatite vèsiculeuse - Virus Indiana
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc
constatées
Peste bovine
Peste des petits ruminants
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Clavelée et variole caprine
Peste équine
Peste porcine africaine
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène (peste aviaire)
-76-
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus À (1952)
Stomatite vésiculeuse - Virus New Jersey (1949)
Péripneumome contagieuse bovine (1876)
: date du dernier
foyer)
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton (09-88)
Peste porcine classique (1963)
Maladie de Newcastle - Virus vélogène (1973)
IL M A L A D I E S DE LA L I S T E B
Maladies à déclaration
obligatoire
La loi exige la déclaration des maladies suivantes énumérées sur la Liste B : fièvre charbonneuse, maladie
d'Aujeszky. rage, anaplasmose, brucellose bovine (B. abortus), tuberculose bovine, cysticercose (C. bovis),
encéphalopathie spongiforme des bovins, brucellose caprine et ovine (B. melitensis),
tremblante, gale
(Psoroptes ovis), métrite contagieuse équine, domine, anémie infectieuse des équidés, piroplasmose équine
(babésiose), morve, gale des équidés, brucellose porcine (B. suis), trichinellose, typhose aviaire, pullorose,
varroase. Bon nombre de ces maladies n'ont jamais été signalées au Canada ou en ont été éradiquées.
Les maladies à déclaration obligatoire suivantes, énumérées sur la liste B, ont été la cible de mesures
zoosanitaires en 1995 :
Maladies communes à plusieurs
espèces
Rage
En 1995, on a signalé 469 cas positifs de rage chez des animaux domestiques et sauvages, soit moins de la
moitié des cas confirmés en 1994. Chez les animaux sauvages, la maladie affecte surtout les renards roux
et les mouffettes ; cependant, on en a signalé quelques cas chez les chauves-souris, un raton laveur, un
coyote, et deux loups. La vaccination des renards au moyen d'appâts s'est poursuivie dans l'est de
l'Ontario.
Maladies des bovins
2.
Brucellose bovine
Le Canada a été déclaré exempt de brucellose bovine en 1985. Aucun cas de cette maladie n'a été dépisté
depuis l'isolement d'un biovar 5 atypique de B. abortus chez une vache de boucherie vaccinée avec la
souche 19 en 1989.
Les autorités ont poursuivi la surveillance en 1995 en procédant à près de 400 000 épreuves sérologiques
sur des vaches et des taureaux de marché et d'abattage et des animaux pour l'exportation et l'entrée dans
un centre d'insémination artificielle. Tous les trimestres, tous les troupeaux laitiers doivent subir l'épreuve
de l'anneau.
3.
Tuberculose bovine
Aucun foyer de tuberculose bovine ne s'est manifesté chez les bovins canadiens depuis 1991, bien qu'en
1992, on ait abattu des sujets exposés à la maladie en 1991.
En 1995, la surveillance incluait, d'une part, la présentation de spécimens de lésions granulomateuses
suspectes prélevées chez des bovins à l'abattoir aux fins de confirmation en laboratoire et, d'autre part, la
conduite d'environ 400 000 épreuves à la tuberculine surtout aux fins d'exportation. La recherche se
poursuit en vue de mettre au point d'autres épreuves de dépistage de la tuberculose chez les bovins et les
cervidés.
4.
Cysticercose bovine
La fréquence de la cysticercose au Canada n'est qu'exceptionnelle. En 1995, on a dépisté 99 carcasses
infectées, provenant de 12 fermes. Cinquante-trois des bêtes atteintes provenaient de trois établissements
en particulier. Ce taux de prévalence à l'abattoir correspond à 0,004 % sur près de 2,5 millions de bovins
-77-
abattus et inspectés chaque année. Les bovins faisant partie de troupeaux infectés en sont retirés et abattus
sous surveillance, et la carcasse est traitée.
Maladies des ovins et caprins
5.
Tremblante
On a diagnostiqué 8 cas de tremblante en 1995, 3 au Québec et 5 en Ontario, provenant de 5 troupeaux
d'ovins. On a abattu 3 troupeaux entiers d'ovins. Cette année là, le laboratoire a reçu 23 spécimens pour
fin d'analyse. En Ontario, 206 moutons ont dû être abattus de même que 694 au Québec.
Maladies des équidés
6.
Anémie infectieuse des équidés
En 1995, on a diagnostiqué 135 cas d'anémie infectieuse des équidés (AIE). Les propriétaires des animaux
déclarés positifs pouvaient soit faire abattre leurs sujets (sans indemnisation), soit les isoler en
permanence. Environ 62 972 épreuves sérologiques de dépistage de l'AEE ont été menées régulièrement
aux fins du commerce intérieur et des échanges bilatéraux avec les États-Unis.
Maladies des porcins
7.
Tnchinellose
Aucun cas de tnchinellose n'a été détecte en 1995. A l'exception d'un incident, en 1994, à cause de
l'alimentation illégale de déchets, le Canada est exempt du parasite chez les porcs depuis 1983.
Lors d'épreuves de dépistage aux abattoirs utilisant les techniques trichinoscopiques et/ou digestives, plus
de 30 000 porcs choisis au hasard, tous les chevaux (plus de 70 000) et environ 250 sangliers sauvages ont
eu des résultats négatifs.
Maladies des
8.
volailles
Pullorose (Salmonella
pullorum)
On n'a décelé aucun cas de cette maladie en 1995. En fait, aucun foyer n'a été signalé depuis 1989.
Les méthodes de surveillance comprennent la conduite d'épreuves des troupeaux de reproduction et
d'approvisionnement des couvoirs, la culture d'échantillons de duvet provenant des couvoirs, des oiseaux
destinés à l'exportation et importés, ainsi que les épreuves menées aux expositions et sur le gibier à
plumes.
Maladies non
declarables
Les maladies non declarables suivantes de la liste B n'ont pas été signalées au Canada : cowdriose, myiase,
babésiose bovine, theilériose, trypanosomose, pleuropneumonie contagieuse caprine, maladie de Nairobi,
lymphangite épizootique des équidés, variole équine, encéphalite japonaise, surra, encéphalomyélite équine
vénézuélienne, myxomatose, maladie hémorragique virale du lapin et leishmaniose.
Maladies des poissons
La souche de l'Amérique du Nord de la septicémie virale hémorragique (SVH) a été isolée chez le saumon
d'élevage de l'Atlantique (Salmo salar) en Colombie-Britannique en mars 1995. C'est la première fois que cette
souche de SVH est isolée chez le saumon d'élevage.
-78-
C O L O M B I A
I. ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA A
Enfermedades
señaladas en 1995
Fiebre aftosa - Virus 0
Fiebre aftosa - Virus A
Estomatitis vesicular - Virus Indiana
Estomatitis vesicular - Virus N. Jersey
Peste porcina clásica
Enfermedad de Newcastle - Virus N.C.
Enfermedad de Newcastle - Virus
velogénico
Enfermedades
nunca
Total
1994
365
43
54
196
3
2
1
Total
1995
144
79
133
278
2
19
43
Ene
53
14
23
40
1
0
0
Feb
30
12
9
53
1
0
0
Mar
17
7
4
31
0
0
0
Abr
4
2
2
24
0
2
0
May
2
2
1
12
0
1
2
1995
Jun
Jul
6
10
3
5
3
12
22
28
0
0
0
6
7
12
F.P.
Ago
6
4
9
21
0
1
4
Sep
7
8
21
17
0
4
6
Oct
3
7
21
8
0
2
3
Nov
0
9
18
12
0
1
3
Die
6
6
10
10
0
2
6
comprobadas
Dermatosis nodular contagiosa
Fiebre del Valle del Rift
Lengua azul
Viruela ovina y viruela caprina
Peste equina
Peste porcina africana
Influenza aviar altamente patógena
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 1
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 2
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 3
Fiebre aftosa - Virus Asial
Enfermedad vesicular porcina
Peste bovina
Peste de pequeños rumiantes
Perineumonía contagiosa bovina
Enfermedad señalada ausente en 1995 (entre paréntesis: fecha del último foco)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus C (1970)
Comentarios
1.
sobre enfermedades
seleccionadas
Fiebre aftosa
Se observó disminución en su presentación. La enfermedad por virus O se redujo en forma notable,
mientras que por virus A mostró incremento.
2.
Enfermedad de Newcastle
Se comprobó la presencia de la enfermedad de Newcastle, cepa velogénica, en explotaciones de los
departamentos de Cundinamarca y Meta.
II. ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA B
1.
Prurigo lumbar
Colombia se considera libre de esta enfermedad siendo confirmada en el año 1976 en un lote de
reproductores ovinos de la raza Cheviot, durante cuarentena de importación, su procedencia fue el Reino
Unido. La totalidad del lote se erradicó por sacrificio sanitario y eliminación del animal enfermo y sus
contactos. No se ha vuelto a notificar esta enfermedad en el país.
2.
Encefalomielitis equina venezolana
Se presentó una epizootia de encefalomielitis equina venezolana en el departamento de La Guajira entre
septiembre y octubre de 1995, que causó mortalidad en equinos y humanos (véase Boletín de la OIE, vol.
107, n ° 2 , págs. 131-132).
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01-94
09-94
09-94
-79-
C Ô T E
D ' I V O I R E
INTRODUCTION
L'Etat ivoirien a opté pour une politique de désengagement de certaines activités vétérinaires suite à la
restructuration des services agricoles.
Un nouveau dispositif d'exécution et de financement des programmes de santé animale et de promotion d'un
secteur vétérinaire privé a été mis en place.
Le suivi de la situation zoo-sanitaire a connu des modifications au niveau du terrain.
En 1995, les vaccinations obligatoires contre íes maladies contagieuses du bétail ont été exécutées par les
agents des Services extérieurs du ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources animales et les mandataires privés
à Abidjan, Odienné et Ferké. Selon les régions, les Services extérieurs ont été appuyés par les encadreurs
deflates de l'ex-Société pour le développement des productions animales (SODEPRA) ou les conseillers
agricoles de l'Agence nationale d'appui au développement rural (ANADER), spécialisés en santé animale. Ces
agents travaillent sous la supervision d'un médecin vétérinaire. Le recouvrement des coûts a été institué sur
toute l'étendue du territoire. La contribution des éleveurs est fixée à 50 francs CFA.
La surveillance des foyers de maladies contagieuses a été effectuée par les Services extérieurs en collaboration
étroite avec le Laboratoire national d'appui au développement agricole (LANADA), à travers ses trois
laboratoires régionaux de pathologie animale de Korhogo, Bouaké et Bingerville.
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
Maladies présentes
en 1995
Total
1994
0
0
0
3
7
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus N.I.
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus 0
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus A
Peste des petits ruminants
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Maladie n'ayant jamais été
Total
1995
5
7
12
Jan
0
0
0
1
0
Fev
0
0
0
0
0
Mar
0
0
0
0
0
Avr
0
0
0
3
2
Mai
0
0
0
1
0
1995
Jul
Jun
2
2
0
•t-..
0
0
0
1
0
7
F.P.
Aou
0
0
0
1
0
constatée
Peste équine
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus C
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 1
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 2 (1992)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 3
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus Asial
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc
Peste bovine (1986)
: date du dernier
foyer)
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse (1988)
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Clavelée et variole caprine (1993)
Peste porcine africaine
Peste porcine classique
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène
Maladie de Newcastle (1993)
Sep
0
0
0
0
0
Oct
0
0
0
0
1
Nov
0
0
Dec
1
0
+..
-K.
0
0
0
2
12-94
12-94
-80-
Commentaires
1.
sur certaines maladies de la Liste A
Fièvre aphteuse
Cinq foyers de fièvre aphteuse ont été déclarés, touchant 1 8 1 2 animaux dont 9 sont morts.
Après l'analyse des prélèvements effectués sur les bovins de la région Centre, les résultats ont mis en
évidence la présence des types O et A. C'est la première fois que le type O est identifié en Côte d'Ivoire. Le
type A existe en Côte d'Ivoire depuis 1971. L'origine de ces nouveaux sérovars reste pour le moment
inconnue.
2.
Peste bovine
Au cours de l'année 1995, 424 305 bovins ont été vaccinés contre la peste bovine, soit 35 % de l'effectif
estimé. Le contrôle de l'immunité post-vaccinale (sérosurveillance) est prévu pour les mois de mars et
avril 1996.
3.
Peste des petits ruminants
Au total, 61 163 petits ruminants ont été vaccinés, dont 53 839 ovins et 7 324 caprins, au cours de la
campagne de prophylaxie 1995. Cette faiblesse des chiffres de vaccination des petits ruminants est due au
recouvrement des coûts des vaccins.
Sept foyers de peste des petits ruminants déclarés ont touché 1 502 ovins et caprins dont 264 sont morts.
4.
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Au cours de l'année 1995, 547 039 animaux ont été vaccinés pendant la vaccination obligatoire du bétail,
soit 45 % de l'effectif estimé.
Néanmoins, 12 foyers de péripneumonie contagieuse bovine ont été enregistrés, touchant 945 animaux,
dont 48 sont morts et 25 ont été abattus. Cette recrudescence de la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine est
due au manque de vaccination systématique des animaux en 1994.
5.
Maladie de Newcastle
La lutte contre la maladie de Newcastle est maîtrisée dans les élevages modernes industriels. Aucun cas
n'a été signalé en 1995.
n. MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
Maladies communes à plusieurs
1.
espèces
Fièvre charbonneuse
Malgré la présence de "champs maudits" dans les régions du Nord et du Centre, aucun cas n'a été rapporté
en 1995.
2.
Rage
La lutte contre la rage continue de préoccuper les Services vétérinaires de Côte d'Ivoire. En 1995, les
cliniques vétérinaires publiques et les postes d'élevage ont vacciné 8 400 animaux contre la rage. 5 273
chiens mordeurs ont été mis sous surveillance.
- 8 1 ••
Maladies des bovins
3.
Brucellose bovine
La brucellose bovine sévit dans beaucoup d'élevages et reste une grande préoccupation en raison de son
incidence économique. Aucun cas n'a été déclaré en 1995.
4.
Tuberculose bovine
Aucun foyer n'a été déclaré. Cependant, de nombreuses saisies pour tuberculose ont été réalisées dans les
abattoirs sur toute l'étendue du territoire.
5.
Trypanosomose
Au cours de l'année 1995, les enquêtes menées par le projet de lutte contre la trypanosomose animale et
les vecteurs dans les zones du Nord, du Nord-Ouest et les zones préforestières donnent une prévalence
moyenne de 5 á 11 % dans ces zones, avec des pointes de 20 à 30 % d'infection.
La lutte contre cette maladie à grande incidence économique combine l'emploi de trypanocides, la lutte
contre les glossines et la promotion du bétail trypanotolérant.
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C R O A T I A
INTRODUCTION
The livestock and poultry health status of Croatia is essentially unchanged since the 1994 report. The only
important change in the epizootiological situation during 1995 was the occurrence of hog cholera and a
considerably smaller number of horses testing positive for equine infectious anaemia.
L L I S T A DISEASES
General
overview
Disease present in 1995
1
Total
1994
1
1 Classical swine fever
Diseases never
Total
1995
3
Jan
0
Feb
0
Mar
0
Apr
0
May
0
1995
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
F.P.
Dec
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Fool and mouth disease - Virus
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O (1973)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A (1978)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C (1973)
Comments on classical syvine fever (hog
date of last
outbreak)
Rinderpest (1883)
Sheep pox and goat pox (1955)
Newcastle disease - Virus velogeruc (03-91)
cholera)
In 1995, outbreaks of classical swine fever in domestic pigs were confirmed in two districts: XI-PozeskoSlavonska and XIV-Osjecko-Baranjska, in three, small, family-run farms. There were 28 cases, of which 13
pigs died. A total of 126 pigs were destroyed.
H. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Rabies
In 1995, rabies was confirmed in 411 animals of which number 392 were wild animals (foxes) and 19
domestic animals. According to this finding foxes remain the main reservoir and vector of sylvatic rabies.
All areas in the Republic of Croatia, with the exception of the Adriatic islands, are infected with rabies. In
the Republic of Croatia, there were no human cases of rabies. Oral vaccination of foxes was carried out in
autumn in Primorsko-Goranska district. A total of 40,000 vaccinal baits were laid down.
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-83-
Diseases of cattle
2.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has never been registered in Croatia. Importation of live cattle
and their products and bovine genetic material is not permitted from countries in which there have been
outbreaks of BSE. Exporting countries that are free of BSE must, have in place either a BSE surveillance
programme, or a requirement that BSE is a notifiable disease and that cases of nervous system disorders m
cattle are routinely investigated.
Diseases of horses
3.
Equine infectious anaemia
The number of horses in the Republic of Croatia is continuously declining.
Equine infectious anaemia is monitored permanently and in 1995 testing of all horses was again carried
out in Sisacko-Moslavacka district in the areas along the Sava River. A total of 4,005 of horse blood
samples were tested and the disease was confirmed in 69 horses which is for 144 cases or 3.4% less (1994:
5.3%, 1995: 1.9%) if compared to the number of horses with positive sérodiagnostic test results in 1994.
All positive animals were killed. The considerably smaller number of positive horses detected m 1995
compared to 1994 is a consequence of the testing carried out in 1994 and the elimination of animals
giving positive sérodiagnostic test results in Sisacko-Moslavacka district.
Diseases of pigs
4.
Tnchinellosis
In the Republic of Croatia, the slaughter of pigs and an examination for trichinellosis in meat intended for
public consumption must be carried out in registered slaughterhouses.
In 1995, trichinellosis was confirmed in only 14 meat samples. The pigs in which Trichinella spiralis was
found originated from one small-scale peasant farm.
In the areas of the Republic of Croatia where tnchinellosis is known to exist, examination of pigmeat for
trichinellosis is compulsory by law as is also the case when slaughtering is carried out by a household for
its own needs. In 1995, 43,740 meat samples were examined in 23,535 households. Trichinella
spiralis
was found in 89 meat samples in 82 households. All infected pigs were slaughtered and their carcases
incinerated, as was the meat from slaughtered animals. In these areas ELISA tests on live pigs are also
carried out.
In 1995, 107 cases of human trichinellosis were registered.
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C U B A
INTRODUCCIÓN
El Servicio de Medicina Veterinaria de Cuba, cumpliendo con las funciones que le han sido asignadas por el
Estado en lo concerniente a la Protección de las Fronteras, la Vigilancia Epizootiológica, la prevención y la
erradicación de las enfermedades, el Control Sanitario de los Alimentos de origen animal para consumo
humano y para consumo animal, la Dirección de la Red Diagnóstica del país y el Laboratorio de Control
Estatal, ha mantenido una situación zoo sanitaria muy favorable, un Servicio Veterinario Oficial fuerte y
estable, y una sólida estructura de atención local.
Durante este año se han perfeccionado los Sistemas Locales de Vigilancia y Atención Veterinaria en los 169
municipios que están distribuidos en las 14 provincias del país creándose, además, un consultorio o una clínica
en cada uno de ellos.
También, eí Servicio Veterinario Oficial, además de cumplir con sus funciones estatales, ha logrado
autofinanciarse durante 1995.
I. ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA A
Panorama
general
Enfermedad señalada en 1995
Total
1994
176
Peste porcina clásica
Enfermedades
nunca
Total
1995
18
Feb
4
Mar
1
Abr
0
1995
May Jun
Jul
Ago
Sep
1
0
2
0
2
0
F.P.
Oct
3
Nov
0
Die
comprobadas
Dermatosis nodular contagiosa
Fiebre del Valle del Rift
Lengua azul
Viruela ovina y viruela caprina
Peste equina
Influenza aviar altamente patógena
Fiebre aftosa
Estomatitis vesicular
Enfermedad vesicular porcina
Peste bovina
Peste de pequeños rumiantes
Perineumonía contagiosa bovina
Enfermedades
Ene
5
señaladas ausentes en 1995 (entre paréntesis: fecha del último foco)
Peste porcina africana (1980)
Comentarios sobre peste porcina
Enfermedad de Newcastle (1982)
clásica
En 1995 se concluyó la vacunación de toda la masa básica del país, así como de todas las crías nacidas en el
periodo. Se tiene un programa de control muy rígido en todos los sectores y se espera que en 1996 se elimine
esta epizootia.
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-85 •
II. ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA B
En la Lista B también, Cuba se encuentra libre de un grupo importante de enfermedades. Las que más
problemas presentaron fueron las siguientes:
Enfermedades
1.
comunes a varias
especies
Gusano barrenador del ganado (miasis por Cochliomyia
hommivorax)
Durante este año se reportó por primera vez la presencia de la enfermedad por una encuesta que se realizó
en todo el país donde el 59,7% de las muestras fueron positivas. Este diagnóstico fue corroborado por el
laboratorio de Referencia de la FAO. Se elaboró un programa nacional de control contra esta enfermedad
y se comenzó su aplicación.
En octubre nos visitó un experto de la FAO, definiéndose un grupo de medidas para el control de la
enfermedad; se discutió la posibilidad de elaborar un proyecto de colaboración técnica para el país y se
valoró la necesidad de establecer un programa regional de erradicación.
Enfermedades
2.
de bovinos
Anaplasmosis y babesiosis bovina
Se mantienen como enfermedades enzoóticas. Sin embargo, se logró la reducción de los enfermos en un
5 0 % respecto al año anterior debido a las medidas de control contra las garrapatas que se llevan a cabo: se
amplió a nuevos territorios la inmunización con la vacuna recombinante de producción nacional contra el
boophilus, introduciéndose, además, la lucha por medios biológicos y utilizándose todo esto, junto con la
lucha química, como un Sistema Integrado de Lucha contra las Garrapatas.
3.
Brucelosis bovina
Esta enfermedad se mantiene limitada a algunas zonas del país, con baja incidencia, donde se aplican
programas de vacunación, investigación y sacrificio de los reactores. Tenemos el 9 5 % del total del país
libre de la enfermedad y la incidencia nacional es de un 0,032%.
4.
Tuberculosis bovina
De esta enfermedad se presentó un solo caso de focalidad residual. Se mantiene la investigación alérgica a
los rebaños así como el diagnóstico pasivo en mataderos realizado por el Servicio de Control Sanitario
Oficial de Veterinaria.
Enfermedades
5.
de ovinos y
caprinos
Prurigo lumbar
Medidas de prevención que aplica la República de Cuba como país libre de la enfermedad.
-
Permitir solamente la importación de sementales, reproductoras, semen o embriones de las especies
susceptibles procedentes de países libres de la enfermedad y realizando un trabajo de rigurosa selección
genético-sanitaria que garantice la adquisición de animales no portadores.
Las importaciones de embriones desde países afectados, pero procedentes de regiones libres, se
pudieran realizar siguiendo la guía de la Sociedad Internacional de Transferencia de Embriones.
-
Establecimiento de una cuarentena con registros eficientes durante un período de tiempo no inferior al
mínimo del período de incubación conocido de la entidad.
-
Evitar el uso extendido de los sementales hasta tener la certeza de que no sea probable que a través de
ellos se transmita.
-
Prohibir la importación de derivados proteicos destinados a la alimentación de rumiantes procedentes
de países afectados.
-86-
Enfermedades
6.
de equinos
Anemia infecciosa equina
La enfermedad continúa enzoótica en la mayoría de las provincias del pais: se trabaja en la recuperación
de las crías de los rebaños afectados y en la separación de los reactores hacia las zonas más afectadas,
tratando de ganar territorios libres. Está programado para 1996 comenzar la inmunización con una
vacuna producida en el país con la colaboración de la República Popular China.
Enfermedades
7.
de porcinos
Brucelosis porcina
La enfermedad se mantiene enzoótica y con una situación más complicada que en otros años, por el
incremento de la crianza de animales en áreas urbanas y alrededor de las instalaciones pecuarias, aunque
se mantiene y se incrementan las investigaciones apoyándose en el Sistema de Vigilancia Epizootiológica
por Cuadrantes Geográficos existentes en el país.
Enfermedades
de aves de corral
Las enfermedades aviares que padecemos están controladas bajo programas de vacunación. Los problemas
fundamentales este año se han presentado con la enfermedad de Gumboro, reportándose 67 focos y
905.104 enfermos. Se trabaja además en la inmunización y en la estabilización del programa de
bioprotección de las unidades avícolas, prestando especial atención al cambio de carnadas y a la
desinfección.
IIL O T R A S E N F E R M E D A D E S
En Cuba están presentes la mayoría de las enfermedades de la Lista C de la FAO. Las que más problemas nos
han causado este año son las siguientes:
Enfermedades
1.
comunes a varias
especies
Distomatosis hepática
Esta enfermedad es la que más nos afectó en eí año por la falta de productos específicos para el
tratamiento de los rebaños comprometidos, lo que determinó que se detectaran en los mataderos más del
2 5 % de los hígados afectados.
Enfermedades
2.
de porcinos
Mal rojo
También presentó incrementos en la focalidad durante el año. Se reportaron 2.381 enfermos durante el
año, representando el 4 0 % de los ocurridos en el año anterior. Se logró estabilizar la vacunación en las
áreas enzoóticas de la enfermedad y disminuir la mortalidad por esta causa.
-87-
C Y P R U S
INTRODUCTION
The livestock and poultry health status of Cyprus is essentially unchanged since the 1994 report and the island
continued to be free from serious contagious diseases.
The Department of Veterinary Services has been nominated by the Director General of the Ministry of
Agriculture. Natural Resources and Environment to act as the responsible body for the sanitary part of the
World Trade Organization SPS Agreement and as the coordinator between the various departments involved in
the SPS Agreement in general.
I. LIST A DISEASES
Diseases never
reported
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
- Virus
- Virus
- Virus
- Virus
- Virus
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
C
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O (1964)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A (1964)
Bluetongue (1977)
Sheep pox and goat pox (07-89)
date of last
outbreak)
African horse sickness (1960)
Classical swine fever (1967)
Newcastle disease (05-92)
H. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Echinococcosis-hydatidosis
After 1985 it was believed and reported that echinococcosis had been eradicated from dogs, food animals
and humans. Sporadic cases of hydatid cysts, which were detected upon slaughter, were mostly considered
to have been from animals smuggled from the occupied to the free areas. In 1993 there was indisputable
evidence of infection in food animals which were not introduced from the occupied areas. After these
findings, detailed investigations were undertaken, covering the period 1989-1993, which showed that the
infected animals originated from 58 villages.
The reappearance of the Echinococcus cycle in some of the 58 infected villages was attributed to illegal
slaughter of infected animals smuggled from the occupied areas or to infected dogs moving from the
buffer zone and to government control areas. In the other villages, from the epidemiological evidence, it
was concluded that Echinococcus was not eradicated stricto sensu and that its cycle was operating at low
levels.
In 1995, the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment continued the application of the
scheme for the control of echinococcosis-hydatidosis which was based on the following principles:
-88-
a) Preventive treatment of high risk dogs, i.e. sheepdogs, dogs from areas where hydatid cysts of sheep
and goats were found and dogs from villages situated along the part of the island occupied by Turkish
troops, where echinococcosis is endemic. During this campaign, 17,617 dogs originating from
198 villages were preventively treated with praziquantel.
b) Introduction of coproantigen ELISA test for the examination of suspected dogs. This test has replaced
the arecholine test, which is not considered to be reliable, especially for dogs with low levels of
infestation.
c) Inclusion of Cysticercus tenuicollis infestation in the list of notifiable diseases to serve as an early
warning system for E. granulosus infestation and also as an indicator of illegal slaughtering.
Of 299,550 sheep and goats and 16,714 cattle slaughtered during 1995, 33 sheep, 6 goats and 6 cattle
were found to be infested with E. granulosus cysts (the respective numbers for 1994 were 44 sheep,
14 goats and 20 cattle). No cysts were reported in slaughtered pigs.
2
Q fever
Q fever is sporadic in sheep and goats. Serological screenings is carried out as well as antibiotic treatment.
Control of non-vertebrate vectors (ectoparasites) is also applied.
In 1995. a total of 999 sera (178 cattle, 300 sheep and 521 goats) were tested, with negative results.
Diseases of cattle
3.
Enzootic bovine leukosis
A national scheme has been in operation since 1987. All dairy cattle over 2 years old are bled and tested
for enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) antibodies. Any positive animals are slaughtered on a voluntary basis
without any compensation. There is a restriction on the movement of animals from infected herds and
compulsory testing of animals to be sold for breeding or fattening purposes.
In 1995. a total of 1,225 cattle, originating from 12 herds with positive animals in any year since 1987,
were tested for EBL. One cow was found to be positive and was slaughtered. During the year, 872 serum
samples from cattle to be sold for breeding were also tested, and were found to be negative.
4.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis / infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
There was an outbreak of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis / infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (ffiR/TPV)
in a dairy farm. The disease was confirmed by virus isolation and ELISA test on pair sera. A modified live
virus vaccine was used for control of the disease.
In a serological survey of 718 cows (from 61 herds), 100 (from 16 herds) showed antibodies to IBR virus.
Diseases of sheep and goats
5.
Caprine and ovine brucellosis (B.
melitensis)
The campaign against this disease was started in 1973 and ended in 1985, achieving total elimination.
A test and slaughter policy was followed without vaccination.
Monitoring of brucellosis is continuing with annual statistically reliable blood sampling and laboratory
tests. No new cases have occurred since 1985, with the exception of an outbreak in a flock in 1993.
A stamping-out policy was implemented, all animals in the flock being immediately slaughtered. It is
suspected that the disease was introduced from the occupied areas by the illicit movement of animals.
In 1995, 19,481 blood samples from sheep and goats and 1,110 blood samples from cattle were tested,
with negative results.
-89-
6.
Scrapie
For the control of scrapie, a national control scheme has been in operation since 1987. The operating
structure of the scheme includes among other activities the following:
a) The confiscation of clinically suspected animals, which are slaughtered in the model slaughterhouse of
the Department, with histological confirmation of diagnosis. After confirmation of diagnosis,
confiscation and slaughter of their progeny and parents.
b) Confiscation and slaughter of entire flocks with a high incidence of proven scrapie.
c) Suspected and infected flocks are placed under quarantine and their premises are regularly disinfected
with sodium hydroxide.
During 1995. the disease was confirmed in 18 new flocks. The total number of infected flocks was 63, and
944 sheep and 169 goats were confiscated and slaughtered.
Out of 614 sheep and 140 goat brains which were examined histopathologically, 267 sheep and 37 goats
were found to be positive.
7.
Maedi-visna
There was serological evidence only. Out of 1,122 sera (563 sheep and 559 goats from 45 flocks
examined), 94 (89 sheep and 5 goats from 15 flocks) were found to be positive.
Diseases
8.
ofpigs
Transmissible gastroenteritis
No clinical signs of transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) were seen during 1995. Out of 219 sera from sows
which were tested with ELISA, 22 were found to be positive for TGE antibodies. These sows originated
from herds that had clinical disease during 1994.
Diseases of poultry
9.
Avian infectious bronchitis
Infectious bronchitis is sporadic. A problem of nephritis caused by nephrotropic strains appears from time
to time in broilers. The use of certain vaccines for this form of the disease has proved helpful.
10.
Avian infectious larvngotracheitis
Infectious laryngotracheitis is diagnosed quite often, especially in broilers. Although it varies in severity it
is always a serious threat because it aggravates other respiratory conditions. When the diagnosis is
confirmed by laboratory tests, vaccination in the affected farms is recommended for a period of time.
11.
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
Gumboro disease is of major concern. Due to various vaccination programmes which are applied in almost
all farms, losses from outbreaks are relatively low.
12.
Marek's disease
Outbreaks of Marek's disease due to vaccine breaks occur from time to time. All day-old chicks are
vaccinated and the disease is under control.
The impact on the minimization of the above diseases, as well as the other poultry diseases in general, from the
use of the all in - all out system is stressed to the farmers who are strongly advised to adopt it.
Diseases of fish and
molluscs
There were no outbreaks of List B diseases of fish and molluscs.
-90-
Other
18.
diseases
Leishmaniosis
The preliminary programme for the study of canine leishmaniasis which was started in 1994 in
cooperation with the School of Medicine, Institut Santé et Développement, Paris, continued during 1995.
Serum samples from dogs and human earners of the human immunodeficiency virus were sent to the
above institute. Out of 370 serologically tested dogs and 73 humans, 46 dogs and 11 humans showed
antibodies against Leishmania infantum. Further investigation is needed in order to establish diagnosis
using culture, isolation and identification of the parasite.
TIL OTHER DISEASES
1.
Spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR)
The project "Study of spotted fever group Rickettsiae: Application of current molecular biology
techniques", which was adopted by the Council of Ministers of the European Communities and started to
be applied in 1994 in cooperation with the University of Crete (Greece) and the University of AixMarseille (France), continued during 1995.
The main objective of this research is to detect current areas of SFGR in Greece and Cyprus. The above
aim is to be accomplished through three specific objectives:
1.
Recognition of geographic areas in Crete and Cyprus with a high prevalence of SFGR using screening
(indirect immunofluorescence) and specific methods (Western blot).
2.
Identification of SFGR from ticks collected in the above areas, using rapid genomic techniques (PCRRFLP).
3.
Isolation and identification of rickettsiae from fébrile patients in the above areas.
Human sera were examined for antibodies against Rickettsia
results.
conori, C. burnetii and R. typhi with positive
R. conori was isolated from ticks collected from dogs, sheep and goats, and dog sera were examined for
antibodies against R. conori with positive results.
2.
Salmonella
enteritidis
infection
Cases of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry were further reduced to only 5. Acquaintance with the disease,
the use of acidifiers in food and the use of vaccines have greatly contributed to the control of the infection.
-91 -
C Z E C H
R E P U B L I C
L LIST A DISEASES
Disease present in 1995
Total
1994
3
Classical swine fever
Diseases never
Total
1995
1
Jan
0
Mar
0
Apr
0
May
0
1995
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
0
0
0
0
0
0
F.P.
Nov
1
Dec
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 1
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 2
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asia).
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (fowl plague)
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O ( 1 9 7 5 )
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A ( 1 9 7 5 )
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C ( 1 9 7 5 )
Comments on classical swine fever (hog
Domestic
Feb
0
date of last
outbreak)
Rinderpest ( 1 8 8 1 )
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia ( 1 9 0 2 )
Newcastle disease ( 1 9 8 0 )
cholera)
pigs
In December 1995, one outbreak of classical swine fever in domestic pigs was confirmed in Boeclav district.
The outbreak occurred in a mixed breeding and fattening pig farm. Stamping-out method was applied.
Subsequent serological and virological measures applied to detect infection in pig holdings in the infection and
surveillance zones gave negative results.
Wild boars
The disease is controlled by means of a surveillance programme applied to all wild boars, whether killed during
hunting or found dead. The animals are subjected to post mortem veterinary inspection and laboratory tests.
Of 3,667 samples submitted for serological screening, 98 gave positive reaction.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Multiple species
1.
diseases
,
Auieszkv s disease
The Czech Republic has been free of Aujeszky's disease since 1987. The surveillance programme has been
in force since then. During the reported period, 183,728 serological tests were performed, all with
negative results.
2.
Rabies
Annual compulsory vaccination of dogs prevents the urban form of rabies.
The oral immunisation programme, which started in 1989, continued in 1995 in all rabies-infected
districts. A total of 1,649,680 baits for oral immunisation of foxes (749,680 in spring and 900,000 in
autumn) were distributed. The positive influence of oral vaccination can be confirmed by the substantial
05-94
-92-
decrease in rabies-positive findings. There were 178 cases of rabies recorded (157 red foxes, 8 wild
animals).
Diseases of cattle
3.
Bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis
The Czech Republic has been officially free from bovine brucellosis since 1964 and from bovine
tuberculosis since 1968. A serological survey is performed every year.
4.
Enzootic bovine leukosis
The eradication programme is nearly at the end. The number of infected farms has been reduced to two.
5.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
The eradication programme has been divided into several stages. The first period was successfully
completed in 1995 in all semen collection centres. Selected herds are gradually being incorporated into the
programme.
6.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
There was no occurrence of the disease in 1995. Histopatological examination of the central nervous
system is carried out in cases of nervous clinical signs in ruminants.
Diseases of horses
1
Equine viral arteritis
A serological testing programme was carried out, especially during the mating period (in stallions and
mares used for breeding purposes). Of 5,624 serological tests, 14.4% gave positive results.
8
Contagious equine metritis
Surveillance testing continued this year. In total, 2,450 samples were checked, of which 12 were positive.
Diseases of
9.
lagomorphs
Myxomatosis
Vaccination is carried out in the entire state territory. Outbreaks are reported in backyard farms only.
10.
Viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits
Outbreaks occur predominantly in backyard farms. Preventive vaccination is carried out.
Diseases of fish
11.
Spring viraemia of carp
Antibodies are found in some young fish in breeding establishments, but no clinical signs have been
observed to date.
Diseases of bees
12.
Varroasis
Despite regular varroa treatment (spring and autumn) and very good cooperation of beekeepers, varroasis
is widespread in the Czech Republic.
CHILE
INTRODUCCIÓN
Implementación
del Sistema Nacional de Emergencia
Sanitaria
Animal
Con fondos especiales entregados por el Ministerio de Agricultura se está implementando el sistema nacional
de emergencia sanitaria animal. El sistema contempla un plan de detección precoz de enfermedades
emergenciales, un plan orgánico funcional de emergencia sanitaria y planes de contingencia para las
principales enfermedades exóticas para Chile.
Plan de vigilancia de
enfermedades
1
En el marco del Proyecto de Modernización de Gestión SAG-BID se realizaron las actividades de vigilancia y
monitoreo sanitario tanto de enfermedades exóticas para avalar y certificar ausencia de enfermedad ante
organismos sanitarios, como de enfermedades prevalentes con el fin de desarrollar diagnósticos de situación
para evaluar la factibilidad de control y erradicación. Se realizaron 15.290 diagnósticos que incluyeron a
bovinos, ovinos, caprinos, porcinos, equinos, camélidos y aves.
Implementación
Privados
del Sistema Nacional de Acreditación
de Médicos
Veterinarios y Laboratorios
de
Diagnóstico
Se dio inicio al plan de acreditación de veterinarios y laboratorios privados, que tiene por objetivo aumentar la
capacidad operativa del servicio veterinario oficial para cubrir acciones de control sanitario, vigilancia y
certificaciones en el ámbito de los proyectos que ejecuta el SAG.
I, E N F E R M E D A D E S DE LA LISTA A
Panorama
general
Enfermedad
señalada en 1995
! Total
1994
I
Peste porcina clásica
Enfermedades
nunca
Ene
0
Feb
0
Mar
0
Abr
0
May
1
1995
Jun
Jul
0
0
F.P.
Ago
0
Sep
0
comprobadas
Fiebre añosa - Virus SAT 1
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 2
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 3
Fiebre aftosa - Virus Asial
Estomatitis vesicular
Enfermedad vesicular porcina
Peste bovina
Peste de pequeños rumiantes
Enfermedades
15
Total
1995
1
Perineumonía contagiosa bovina
Dermatosis nodular contagiosa
Fiebre del Valle del Rift
Lengua azul
Viruela ovina y viruela caprina
Peste equina
Peste porcina africana
Influenza aviar altamente patógena
señaladas ausentes en 1995 (entre paréntesis: fecha del último foco)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus O (08-87)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus C (1978)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus A ( 1978)
Enfermedad de Newcastle - Virus velogénico ( 1977)
SAG: Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (Chile); BID: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
Oct
0
Nov
0
Die
0
09-94
-94-
Comentarios
1.
sobre enfermedades
seleccionadas
Fiebre aftosa
La fiebre aftosa fue erradicada en 1981.
Sistema de prevención
de la fiebre aftosa en campos de
cordillera
Durante la temporada de 1995 las actividades de control sobre la población animal susceptible entregó
como resultado un total de 946.633 animales inspeccionados, lo que se tradujo en 2,39 inspecciones por
animal en la temporada.
2.
Peste porcina clásica
La peste porcina clásica está bajo un proyecto nacional de erradicación. En 1995 sólo se ha presentado un
foco de peste porcina clásica, en un pequeño grupo de cerdos en la zona norte del país, alejada de los
principales centros de producción porcina.
3
Enfermedad de Newcastle
La enfermedad de Newcastle fue erradicada en 1975.
II. E N F E R M E D A D E S DE LA L I S T A B
La anemia infecciosa equina fue erradicada en 1991. Con excepción de las enfermedades abajo mencionadas,
todas las demás enfermedades de la Lista B son exóticas para Chile.
1
Equinococosís-hidatidosis
Existe un proyecto de control de la equinococosis-hidatidosis en las regiones siguientes: Aysén,
Magallanes y Antartica chilena, así como en la provincia de Palena en la región de Los Lagos.
La dosificación de perros con droga tenicida logró coberturas promedio de 81,5% en las regiones bajo
programa.
Niveles actuales de equinococosis canina:
2.
Provincia de Palena de la región de Los Lagos
Región de Aysén
Región de Magallanes y Antartica chilena
4,3%
5,0%
0,5%
Brucelosis bovina
Con fondos especiales entregados por el Ministerio de Agricultura, se dio inicio al plan de erradicación de
la brucelosis bovina con cobertura nacional. El plan contempla la vacunación sistemática con cepa 19 de
las terneras de entre 3 y 8 meses, la ejecución de acciones de vigilancia y detección de rebaños infectados
con ejecución de planes de saneamiento obligatorios en éstos, y la eliminación de los animales positivos.
En 1995 se vacunaron 225.449 terneras con cepa 19, sobrepasando la meta establecida de 200.000. Se
inició oficialmente la erradicación de la enfermedad en las provincias de Chiloé y Palena (región de Los
Lagos).
Sistema de certificación
de predios libres de brucelosis, tuberculosis y leucosis
bovina
Es un programa de tipo voluntario y se desarrolla en las regiones de Bío-Bío, La Araucania, y Los Lagos.
Actualmente se cuenta con 967 predios "Certificados Libres", los que se dividen así:
Libres de brucelosis:
210
Libres de tuberculosis:
126
Libres de ambas enfermedades: 631
Libres de leucosis:
210
(Los predios libres de leucosis no son sumables, pues están incluidos en las otras categorías).
-95-
3.
Micoplasmosis (M. sallisepticuiri)
y salmonelosis aviares
Entre otras enfermedades, éstas hacen parte del sistema de certificación de Planteles Avícolas Bajo
Control Oficial.
Sistema de certificación
de Planteles Avícolas Bajo Control Oficial
Es un programa de tipo voluntario y de cobertura nacional,
pollos de engorde del país (240 millones de pollos de
reproductoras y pollos) y el 4 5 % de las gallinas ponedoras de
ponedoras). El programa permite certificar exportaciones
Centroamérica (carne y genética), y a Asia (carne).
4.
Varroasis
Existen acciones de control emergencial.
(PABCO)
tiene adscrito el 9 5 % de la producción de
engorde por año, considerando abuelas,
huevo para consumo (7 millones de gallinas
a la Unión Europea (carne), a Latino y
-96-
D E N M A R K
Extract from the 1995 edition of The Animal Health and Disease Control Position in Denmark, a
published by the Danish Veterinary Service and forwarded to OIE Member Countries.
booklet
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Disease present in 1995
Newcastle disease - Virus velogenic
Diseases never
Total
1994
0
Total
1995
14
Jan
0
Feb
0
Mar
0
Apr
May
0
1995
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
0
0
0
0
0
F.P.
Oct
2
Nov
6
Dec
8
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O (1983)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A (Î970)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C (1965)
Rinderpest (1782)
Peste des petits ruminants
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
.African swine (ever
date of last
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1886)
Sheep pox and goat pox ( 1879)
Classical swine fever (1933)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (1955)
To ascertain that subclinical cases of classical swine fever
Danish pig population, serological surveys were carried out
The surveys for antibodies against classical swine fever virus
by using the ELISA-test. One sample showed reaction for
singleton-reactor
Comments on Newcastle
outbreak)
and swine vesicular disease do not occur in the
on 22.851 and 7,946 blood samples, respectively.
and swine vesicular disease virus were carried out
swine vesicular disease but was proven to be a
disease
During the period from October to December 1995, 14 cases of Newcastle disease were diagnosed in small
hobby and backyard poultry flocks in various parts of Denmark. Some of the cases were linked together due to
contact via local markets while the source of origin has not been established for most of the cases despite
thorough epidemiological investigations. However, no cases could be linked to the commercial poultry
production. In 1995, 7,772 blood samples from commercial holdings were tested negative for Newcastle disease
as part of the Danish routine monitoring programme for Newcastle disease. In accordance with Council Direc­
tive 92/66/EEC of 14 July 1992 introducing Community measures for the control of Newcastle disease in each
case the infected flock was killed and destroyed and the premises cleansed and disinfected. At the same time a
protection zone (3-km radius) and a surveillance zone (10-km radius) were established.
When the first case was diagnosed on 12 October 1995 (paramyxovirus type 1, ICPI > 0,7) a ban on markets
and exhibitions for poultry, including pigeons was introduced for the whole of Denmark. This ban was
extended to a ban on movement of poultry from one holding to another from 15 December 1995. The
commercial poultry sector was not affected by the ban as the tightening up of rules for movement of poultry was
due to the disease outbreaks occurring in the non-commercial part of the poultry population only.
1972
-97-
II. LIST B DISEASES
1.
Aujeszky's disease
in December 1992 Denmark was recognised as free from Aujeszky's disease by the EEC (Commission
Decision 93/24/EEC).
No outbreaks or seroreactions of Aujeszky's disease were recorded during 1995,
Monitoring to ensure continued freedom was carried out on blood samples from slaughterhouses. All
breeding boars, boars over 140 kg (live weight) and 10% of the sows were tested before slaughter or
export. In 1995 a total of 62,692 boars and sows were tested.
The Aujeszky's disease control and eradication programme was described in the 1989 and 1992 editions of
The Animal Health and Disease Control Position in Denmark, a booklet published by the Danish
Veterinary Service and forwarded to OIE Member Countries.
2.
Echinococcosis-hydatidosis
Hydatid cysts are recorded in cattle at abattoirs on a few occasions.
3.
Leptospirosis
Serological examinations of bovine and porcine sera indicate a low incidence of infection. No clinical
cases reported.
4.
Q fever
Q fever has not been recorded during 1995. Positive reaction in one bovine serum sampled in connection
with pre-export examination indicated an exceptional occurrence. No clinical signs have been reported.
5.
Rabies
In September 1985. bat-rabies was diagnosed for the first time" in Denmark. Since then a surveillance
programme for bat-rabies has been running. Under this programme, 13 bats were submitted for exa­
mination during 1995. Rabies was diagnosed in one of these.
Seven specimens from mammals other than bats (three cats, one dog, one rat, one mouse and one squirrel)
were submitted during 1995 and examined with negative results.
6.
Paratuberculosis
Paratuberculosis has never been diagnosed in sheep or goats in Denmark. The disease is not controlled
officially but since 1979 it has been possible for owners of cattle herds with clinical problems to use
vaccination, subject to permission from the Danish Veterinary Service. In 1995, 125 herds have had
permission to vaccinate, 17 new permissions were given during the year.
Diseases of cattle
7.
Bovine brucellosis
According to E E C Commission Decision 79/837/EEC, all Danish cattle herds are regarded as officially
free from brucellosis as long as the country remains free from clinical outbreaks. Bulls at AI centres are
tested before entry and thereafter monitored by annual tests.
8.
Bovine genital campylobacteriosis
In accordance with Council Directive 88/407/EEC all bulls must be tested with negative results for
Campylobacter fetus in the isolation accommodation before entering the approved semen collection
centre, and all bulls in semen production in the semen collection centre are tested at least once a year. In
1995, one case of C. fetus was diagnosed during pre-entry isolation. The affected animal was isolated,
treated and retested with negative result, and contact bulls were treated and retested with negative results.
-98-
9.
Bovine tuberculosis
According to EEC Commission Decision 80/984/EEC all Danish cattle herds are regarded as officially
free from tuberculosis. Monitoring is done through meat inspection. Routine tuberculosis tests of cattle are
not carried out.
10.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
In December 1992 Denmark was recognised as free from infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (B3R) by EEC
Commission Decision No. 93/42/EEC.
In 1995, 61 herds were found infected. Most of them were beef herds infected in connection with an
outbreak caused by spreading of the infection from a traders herd. After slaughter of reactors and control
tests all 61 herds were again declared IBR-free.
11.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
No case of BSE has occurred since August 1992.
On 10 August 1992, BSE was diagnosed in a five-year old Highland Cattle cow imported into Denmark
from the United Kingdom in 1988. The clinical suspicion arose 8 July and no animals were allowed to be
removed from the premises. The herd consisted of two separate flocks - in total 25 bulls, cows, heifers and
calves The affected cow was killed 14 July after having shown increasing nervous signs including
uncoordinated movements, nasal discharge, salivation, reluctance to eat, difficulties to drink and changed
behaviour in general for about ten days, she had, however, been loosing weight since January. After
collection of brain material for laboratory examination at the Danish Veterinary Laboratory the carcass
was buried on the spot. The diagnosis was confirmed by the Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge.
Some nervous signs, salivation and weight loss were observed in another cow imported from another herd
in the United Kingdom in 1989. The histological examination of brain material from this cow showed no
evidence of BSE. No other animal in the herd showed any clinical signs. The affected animal as well as
her offspring had remained in the importing herd. All cattle on the affected farm were moved to the
Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research, Lindholm, to be killed and incinerated. Thorough
cleaning and disinfection of the premises was carried out, and grass fields were ploughed. In view of the
strict measures taken, the Danish cattle population is still considered to be free from BSE.
BSE is notifiable in Denmark, and a ban on feeding of ruminant protein to ruminants has been in force
since June 1990.
Diseases of sheep and goats
12.
Caprine and ovine brucellosis (excluding B. ovis)
Denmark has been declared free from Brucella melitensis by Commission Decision 93/52/EEC.
13.
Capnne arthritis/encephalitis
The disease, which has an enzootic occurrence, is mostly recorded as serological findings, as it is included
in the voluntary maedi-visna control programme (see below).
14.
Maedi-visna
A voluntary control programme has existed since 1979. The programme is run by the agricultural
organisations. At the moment 2,500 herds of sheep and goats have free status.
Diseases of horses
15.
Contagious equine metritis
During 1995, Taylorella equigenitalis
basis prior to the breeding season.
was isolated from two stallions which were examined on a private
-99-
16.
Equine viral arteritis
Serological examinations have shown that the virus is present in the Danish horse population, especially
among racehorses which compete abroad there is a high incidence of serological reactors. The disease is
regarded as being of little importance as clinical cases are rarely recognised. Abortions have not been
reported.
Diseases
17.
ofpigs
Atrophic rhinitis
Clinical disease occurred enzootically, and the meat inspection data showed 0.28% of the pigs having
detectable shortening or deflection of the snout.
18.
Trichinellosis
The disease has not been recorded in domestic pigs since 1930.
All pigs slaughtered at Danish export slaughterhouses are examined for Trichinella spiralis. During 1995
samples from 19,431,485 pigs were examined, and none of the samples were found to contain T. spiralis.
It is also compulsory to examine slaughtered wild pigs. In 1995, 1,484 were examined, and none of them
were found to contain T. spiralis.
All horses which are slaughtered at Danish export authorized slaughterhouses and approved for intraCommunity trade are examined for T. spiralis. During 1995 samples from 776 horses were examined, and
none of the samples were found to contain T. spiralis.
A programme of examining 3,000 red foxes was initiated in December 1995. It is hoped that Denmark
can be recognised as Trichinella free in due course.
Diseases of
19.
lagomorphs
Myxomatosis
The infection is regarded as persistent in a wild population of rabbits found on the island of Fano (close to
the west coast of Jutland), and transport of rabbits and hares from this island is restricted.
In 1995, one outbreak was recorded in a small rabbit flock in the area of Copenhagen. The flock had had
illegal contact with rabbits on Fano.
Diseases of fish
20.
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia
There are 489 fresh water trout farms operating in Denmark and 8 7 % are registered as free from viral
haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS). Eleven outbreaks of VHS were recorded during 1995. Eight of these
outbreaks were reinfections in formerly VHS-free farms. Furthermore, 13 fish farms situated downstream
of an infected fish farm have been placed under restrictions, and have or will undergo the same depopula­
tion and disinfection procedures as infected fish farms. Seven farms, all located in brackish water, and two
farms located in sea water were also infected with VHS during 1995.
VHS-free farms can only receive fish, eggs and fingerlings from other VHS-free farms. Fish farms are
inspected regularly by the Danish Veterinary Service. Trade in aquaculture fish and products for
reproduction is controlled by The Danish Veterinary Service.
A part of Denmark is according to Commission Decisions 93/74/EEC and 94/450/EEC approved zones
concerning VHS, and 118 of the Danish fresh water farms are situated in these zones. Besides, nine
aquaculture farms situated in the non-approved zone have been approved concerning VHS according to
Commission Decision 95/336/EEC.
-100 -
21.
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis has never been recorded. According to Commission Decision
93/74/EEC, Denmark is an EEC-approved zone concerning infectious haematopoietic necrosis.
III. OTHER DISEASES
Infectious pancreatic necrosis in trout
The agent of infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is widespread in trout farms situated at larger streams, but
approximately 40 fish farms situated at wells, boreholes, or at the top of small streams are registered as D?Nfree brood stocks. They are intensively inspected and virologically tested. About 35 fish farms supplied with
eggs or fry from the above mentioned farms and with approved water supply are registered as IPN-free produc­
tion farms. They are inspected twice a year and virologically tested once a year.
-101 -
E C U A D O R
L ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA A
Panorama
general
Enfermedades
señaladas en 1995
Fiebre aftosa - Virils O
Estomatitis vesicular - Virus Indiana
Enfermedades
nunca
Total
1994
23
0
Feb
1
0
Mar
0
0
Abr
2
0
May
0
0
1995
Jun
Jul
0
0
0
0
F.P.
Ago
2
0
Sep
0
0
Oct
4
1
Nov
11
0
Die
11
1
Perineumonía contagiosa bovina
Dermatosis nodular contagiosa
Fiebre del Valle del Rift
Lengua azul
Viruela ovina y viruela caprina
Peste equina
Peste porcina africana
Influenza aviar altamente patógena
señaladas ausentes en 1995 (entre paréntesis: fecha del último foco)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus A ( 11 -91 )
Estomatitis vesicular - Virus New Jersey (05-93)
Comentarios
Ene
1
0
comprobadas
Fiebre aftosa - Virus C
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 1
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 2
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 3
Fiebre aftosa - Virus Asial
Enfermedad vesicular porcina
Peste bovina
Peste de pequeños rumiantes
Enfermedades
Total
1995
32
2
sobre fiebre
Peste porcina clasica (1994)
Enfermedad de Newcastle (1994)
aftosa
En 1995, el país registró 108 rebaños afectados de enfermedades vesiculares, de los cuales 32 eran de fiebre
aftosa, la misma que se extendió por la región amazónica en forma epidémica debido a la movilización de
ganado desde áreas infectadas y la alta susceptibilidad poblacional. El virus aftoso de subtipo 0 ¿ es el único
virus actuante.
H. OTRAS ENFERMEDADES
Hepatitis por cuerpos de inclusión
Si bien esta enfermedad fue notificada en 1994, el agente causal no ha sido aislado y debido a su ausencia en
las granjas, no puede oficializarse su presencia.
12-94
06-93
-102-
E G Y P T
INTRODUCTION
Privatisation
of veterinary
services
In 1989, a decree was issued for the Economic Treatment System (ETS). This new policy aims to improve the
veterinary services offered. Under the ETS, animal holders must pay for or share the cost of these services, by
paying a reduced fee for animal treatment in addition to the cost of pharmaceutical products. Money collected is
used for maintenance, purchasing of medicines, equipment, transportation, incentives to personnel working in
these activities, etc.
In 1993. studies were performed for the privatisation of veterinary services, starting with liberalisation of
artificial insemination services. Thirty-four official veterinary officers have signed contracts to work as private
veterinarians in this respect.
Vaccination campaigns represent a heavy financial burden on the government's budget. It has been decided
that vaccination against diseases of socio-economic importance must remain within the domain of the
Veterinary Authorities. Such diseases include rinderpest, Rift Valley fever, foot and mouth disease, sheep pox
and haemorrhagic septicaemia. The use of other animal vaccines and all poultry vaccines is at the discretion of
veterinarians participating in the Egyptian Veterinary Syndicate.
Epidemiological
Unit
Six epidemiological units (EPU) were established at the governorate level. The planned computerisation of
epidemiological activities is due to be implemented throughout Egypt.
Laboratory results and data obtained from sero-surveillance of foot and mouth disease and Rift Valley disease
were computerised and analysed epidemiologically. Continuous reports on this analysis were submitted to the
chairman of the General Organisation for Veterinary Services (GOVS).
Training courses on epidemiology and computers were continued either in Egypt or Germany.
Surveillance
operations
The disease surveillance system is continuously operated throughout the country by official veterinarians
working in different positions in the field, in abattoirs, on vaccination campaigns, in quarantine stations, etc.
Notification of suspected diseases can also be received from livestock owners or members of the public. After
receiving notification that the occurrence of a notifiable disease is suspected, the chairman of the GOVS may
immediately direct a diagnostic team to investigate and provide an expert opinion.
Sero-surveillance is now performed for three main reasons:
1.
To assess the immune status after vaccination campaigns for rinderpest, FMD, RVF and lumpy skin
disease.
2.
To detect any viral or bacterial activity such as for rinderpest, brucellosis or tuberculosis.
3.
In accordance with the recommendations of the European Community, the GOVS is conducting a pilot
sero-surveillance scheme aimed at equine diseases (African horse sickness, glanders, dourine and
infectious equine anaemia). Tests for theses diseases are performed at National Laboratories and are
checked and confirmed by Reference Laboratories.
-103-
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Disease present in 1995
Total
1994
5
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
Total
1995
5
Jan
0
Feb
2
Apr
0
1995
May Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
1
2
0
0
0
0
F.P.
Oct
0
Nov
0
Dec
reported
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
African swine fever
Classical swine fever
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Rinderpest (06-86)
-
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
Comments on selected
1.
Mar
0
date of last
O (12-93)
A
C
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
outbreak)
Peste des petits ruminants (1989)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1971)
Lumpy skin disease (1990)
Rift Valley fever (07-93)
Bluetongue (1971)
Sheep pox and goat pox (03-91 )
African horse sickness (1959)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (1965)
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
The policy of vaccination against the disease is still being implemented, by vaccination of dairy animals
every four months and every six months for fattening steers, using the improved locally prepared vaccine,
in addition to imported vaccine. Sero-surveillance is carried out after the vaccination campaigns. The
estimated number of sera to be collected is 5,000 samples to be tested by ELISA.
Number of animals vaccinated
Cattle
3.554,219
Buffaloes
3,195,755
Sheep
3,461,471
Goats
313,536
Camels
Total
2.
against foot and mouth disease in 1995
46,158
10,571,139
Rinderpest
Since 1982, the bovine population in Egypt has been vaccinated annually. Disease surveillance and serosurveys have clearly demonstrated the absence of any rinderpest virus activity.
This statement has encouraged the Veterinary Authorities in Egypt to declare that Egypt is provisionally
free from rinderpest. Steps are now being taken to stop vaccination against the disease.
A total of 480,499 cattle and 236,463 buffaloes were vaccinated against rinderpest in 1995
3.
Lumpy skin disease
The first outbreak of lumpy skin disease in Egypt was in 1988 and lasted until 1990. Vaccination
campaigns with locally produced sheep pox vaccine are carried out annually.
Under the American Project 416 B, several activities relating to this disease are under way to produce a
specific vaccine using the local isolate of lumpy skin disease virus, and to measure the antibody response,
which is extremely good in cows having received more than two shots of the sheep pox vaccine. The
09-94
-104-
duration of immunity in cattle after the first vaccination is also being assessed. The number of cattle
vaccinated in 1995 was 1,386,503.
4.
Rift Valley fever
The first appearance of this exotic disease was in 1977, and lasted until 1980. From 1980 until the limited
outbreak in Aswan governorate during June-July 1993, control measures depended mainly on using an
inactivated Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccine produced locally. Vaccination initially covered only 2 0 % of
the susceptible animal population, but has reached 4 0 % in the last two or three years due to an increase in
vaccine production.
During the intervening 13 years (1980-1993), disease surveillance and serological tests confirmed the
absence of RVF virus activity and the 1993 outbreak in Aswan governorate is in fact considered to be a
new introduction. A total of 5,000 serum samples were collected from susceptible animals in different
governorates to assess the immunological status of vaccinated animals. Laboratory results indicated
protective immunity against RVF. Mosquito larvicidal treatment of drainage channels was used in
association with fogging, aerosol and animal spraying with effective insecticides.
Number of animals vaccinated against Rift Valley fever in 1995
Cattle
883,251
Buffaloes
692,725
Sheep
1,135,696
Goats
139,414
Camels
Total
5.
51,233
2,902,319
African horse sickness
Previously, control measures depended on vaccination against the disease with a locally produced
polyvalent attenuated vaccine, which was carried out all over the country up to 1984.
Since then, vaccination has been carried out only in the southern border governorates, as a preventive
measure against potential introduction from the south.
Starting from May 1994, vaccination has been stopped in these border governorates. In line with a
European Commission recommendation, Egypt has carried out an epidemiological screening survey for
African horse sickness and List B diseases such as dourine, glanders and equine infectious anaemia. Tests
for these diseases carried out at national and international reference laboratories have indicated that Egypt
is free from these diseases.
A total of 385 equine serum samples were collected and tested at AHRI using ELISA.
results were negative for African horse sickness virus activity.
The laboratory
The Commission of the European Communities decided in 1995 to add Egypt to the list of countries from
which imports of registered horses into the European Community are permitted.
6.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (fowl plague)
Egypt has been free from the disease since 1965 and no vaccination is carried out.
7.
Newcastle disease
This disease still represents a major problem to the poultry industry in Egypt. In spite of periodic
vaccination against the disease using local and imported vaccines, outbreaks still threaten poultry farms.
In 1995, there were five outbreaks in five governorates.
-105-
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Rabies
The main method to control rabies in Egypt is the destruction of stray dogs and cats. Owners of dogs and
cats must register their animals and have them vaccinated against the disease.
The number of dogs vaccinated in 1995 was 4,722.
The total number of stray dogs and cats destroyed in 1995 was 205,393 (196,837 dogs and 8.556 cats).
Diseases of cattle
2.
Brucellosis
This disease is frequently recorded in Egypt. Although the incidence of the disease is low its effects on
livestock and the human population cannot be underestimated. A national programme with the aid of
American Project 416 B to control or eradicate brucellosis in Egypt is, therefore, currently being
implemented.
The policy of test and slaughter is adopted in Egypt, with fair compensation being paid to animal owners.
Vaccination is carried out as follows: for cattle (optional for female calves of 3 to 7 months of age), using
strain 19 vaccine, and for ewes and goats using Rev-1 vaccine.
No. of positive reactors and animals vaccinated against brucellosis in 1995
No. positive
No. vaccinated
Cattle
1.908
6,610
Sheep
2,082
2,098
Goats
359
1.000
4,349
9,708
Species
TOTAL
3.
Bovine tuberculosis
There is a joint project with brucellosis. The same strategy of test and slaughter with fair compensation is
also applied. Female cattle and buffaloes over six months and bulls for breeding are testing using the
single intradermal test.
No. of positive reactors to tuberculosis in 1995
Species
Cattle
No. positive
1,721
Buffaloes
TOTAL
934
2,655
Diseases of poultry
4.
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
The disease causes heavy losses in the poultry industry in Egypt. Vaccination against this disease is
applied twice for broilers and five times for layers.
-106-
5.
Pullorum disease (Salmonella
pullorum)
This disease is endemic in Egypt and chiefly affects small poultry farms. Laying hens are usually tested
using the rapid pullorum test and positive cases are slaughtered.
III. OTHER DISEASES
Coccidiosis
Several species of Eimeria were isolated from several poultry farms, the most prevalent species being
E. tenella. Veterinary drugs are usually used in order to save newly hatched chicks.
-107-
E S P A Ñ A
INTRODUCCIÓN
La evolución de la sanidad animal en el Reino de España durante el año 1995 puede ser calificada de manera
general de satisfactoria, dada la rapidez y eficacia con que los Servicios Oficiales han respondido a las
incidencias que se han presentado y por la eficiencia en la ejecución de las Campañas de Saneamiento
Ganadero.
Sin lugar a dudas, el hecho más importante que se ha producido en este año ha sido lograr, después de 35 años
de lucha, la erradicación de la peste porcina africana en la totalidad del territorio español.
Esta notable mejora de la situación sanitaria queda reflejada en la ausencia en nuestro país de enfermedades de
la Lista A de la OIE.
En relación con las enfermedades de la Lista B, en este informe se detalla la situación de aquellas que por sus
repercusiones económicas en unos casos o por su condición de zoonosis en otras se consideran de mayor
interés. No obstante, durante 1995 han aparecido en España algunos casos de otras enfermedades de la Lista B
que en ciertas ocasiones son de difícil cuantificación, como ocurre con la equinococosis/hidatidosis,
leptospirosis, paratuberculosis, babesiosis bovina, rinotraqueitis infecciosa bovina/vulvovaginitis pustular
infecciosa, agalaxia contagiosa, gripe equina, sarna equina, rinitis atrófica del cerdo, cisticercosis, bronquitis
infecciosa aviar, bursitis infecciosa, enfermedad de Marek, mixomatosis, enfermedad hemorrágica viral del
conejo, acariasis de las abejas, varroasis y leishmaniosis.
I. ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA A
Panorama
Enfermedades
general
nunca
comprobadas
Dermatosis nodular contagiosa
Fiebre del Valle del RiftInfluenza aviar altamente patógena
Estomatitis vesicular
Peste bovina
Peste de pequeños rumiantes
Enfermedades
señaladas ausentes en 1995 (entre paréntesis: fecha del último foco)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus O
Fiebre aftosa - Virus A (06-86)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus C
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 1
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 2
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 3
Fiebre aftosa - Virus Asial
Enfermedad vesicular porcina (04-93)
Comentarios
1.
sobre enfermedades
Perineumonía contagiosa bovina (04-94)
Lengua azul (1960)
Viruela ovina y viruela caprina (1968)
Peste equina (10-90)
Peste porcina africana (09-94)
Peste porcina clásica (1985)
Enfermedad de Newcastle - Virus velogénico (12-93)
seleccionadas
Perineumonía contagiosa bovina
Es de destacar que durante el año 1995 se ha producido un silencio epizootiológico en relación con esta
enfermedad. Ningún foco ha sido declarado, sólo se han hallado animales seropositives.
En el año 1995, se ha intensificado la campaña de lucha contra esta enfermedad. El número de animales
chequeados en el año 1995 ha aumentado en un 4,9% respecto a los animales controlados en el año 1994.
-108 -
El número de establos libres de perineumonía contagiosa, fue de un 99,87% frente al 99,89% del año
1994, El porcentaje de positividad en los animales investigados ha aumentado ligeramente; del 0,02% de
animales reaccionantes positivos en 1994 se ha pasado al 0,04% de animales seropositives en 1995, que
corresponden a 1.026 animales que fueron sacrificados.
Evolución de las actuaciones y resultados obtenidos en la lucha contra la perineumonía
contagiosa
bovina
1990(1)
1991( )
1992( )
1993W
1994(5)
1995(6)
CENSO NACIONAL*
5.126.000
5.063.000
4.975.000
5.018.000
5.252.000
5.252.000
ANIMALES
CONTROLADOS
1.328.203
2.786.571
2.370.774
2.651.507
2.674.168
2.804.942
746
429
43
340
632
1.026
0,05%
0,08%
No
significativo
0,01%
0,02%
0,04%
EXPLOTACIONES
CONTROLADAS
189.631
248.741
226.938
241.919
245.877
230.097
% DE ESTABLOS LIBRES
99,94%
99,8%
99,99%
99,98%
99,89%
99,87%
ANIMALES POSITIVOS
% DE POSITIVIDAD
2
3
(1) Datos de la campaña correspondiente al mes de junio de 1991.
(2) Datos de la campaña correspondiente al mes de junio de 1992.
(3) Datos de la campaña correspondiente al mes de mayo de 1993.
(4) Datos de la campaña correspondiente al mes de junio de 1994.
(5) Datos de la campaña correspondiente al mes de junio de 1995.
(6) Datos de la campaña correspondiente al mes de enero de 1996.
* Datos correspondientes a la encuesta del mes de diciembre de cada año, publicados en el Boletín Mensual de Estadística del Ministerio de Agricultura,
Pesca y Alimentación, salvo los del año 1995, que son estimados.
2.
Peste porcina africana
El año 1995, ha sido un año primordial en la historia de la sanidad animal en España y más
concretamente en el sector porcino, ya que después de 35 años de lucha contra la peste porcina africana, se
ha conseguido su erradicación en la totalidad del territorio español.
La óptima evolución de esta enfermedad en los 111 municipios de la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía
(11 en zona afectada y 100 en zona de vigilancia), tal y como se estableció en la Decisión 94/887/CE, ha
llevado a lo largo de este año 1995 a que la Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas, previo dictamen
favorable del Comité Veterinario Permanente, aprobara la Decisión 95/300/CE mediante la cual quedaron
tan sólo 51 municipios como zona de vigilancia, y la Decisión 95/493/CE que declara la totalidad del
territorio español como indemne de esta enfermedad.
A esta última Decisión, se ha llegado gracias al silencio epizoótico de 21 meses transcurridos desde el
último foco clínico de la enfermedad, ocurrido el 23 de febrero de 1994 en el municipio de Alanis de la
Sierra, provincia de Sevilla, así como por los resultados de los 598.651 controles serológicos efectuados en
Andalucía, con tan sólo una positividad de 0,0006%, y de los 686.747 controles serológicos en el resto de
España, con resultados negativos.
Ante esta excelente situación, el Comité Veterinario Permanente en reunión celebrada el 6 de noviembre
de 1995 emitió un dictamen favorable a la propuesta de la Comisión, que fue aprobada por unanimidad, y
de forma excepcional por aclamación, como homenaje por el excelente trabajo realizado por España. Por
dicho dictamen, la Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas adopta la Decisión 95/493/CE por la que se
deroga la Decisión 94/887/CE reconociendo el status de libre de peste porcina africana para España a
partir del 1 de diciembre de 1995.
Esta Decisión 95/493/CE ha sido transpuesta a la legislación nacional mediante la Orden del 5 de
diciembre de 1995.
El seguimiento y control de esta enfermedad quedan asegurados mediante las medidas adoptadas por el
Real Decreto 1493/1995 del 8 de septiembre por el que se establece el Plan de Seguimiento Sanitario del
Ganado Porcino. Con esta disposición se mantiene un sistema de vigilancia mediante investigaciones
serológicas sobre diversas enfermedades del cerdo, incluida la peste porcina africana.
-109 -
Investigación
serológica en zona libre de peste porcina africana
COMUNIDAD
AUTÓNOMA
ANIMALES
CHEQUEADOS
Andalucía
Aragón
Asturias
Baleares
Canarias
Cantabria
Castilla - La Mancha
Castilla y León
Cataluña
Extremadura
Galicia
Madrid
Murcia
Navarra
País Vasco
La Rioja
Valencia
TOTAL
(1995)
POSITIVIDAD
Positivos
%
13.631
0
0
14.000
0
0
-
0
0
5.957
0
0
3.893
0
0
0
0
31.648
0
0
130.768
0
0
54.315
0
0
369.750
0
0
11.884
0
0
3.224
0
0
39.988
0
0
4.026
0
0
-
-
-
1.256
0
0
2.024
0
0
686.747
0
0
383
II. ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA B
Durante el año 1 9 9 5 ha continuado llevándose a cabo los programas de lucha y erradicación frente a la
tuberculosis bovina, brucelosis bovina, brucelosis ovina y caprina y leucosis bovina enzoótica. Hay que destacar
el gran esfuerzo técnico y económico realizado en la ejecución de las campañas realizadas en estas
enfermedades, como así lo demuestra el aumento en el número de animales chequeados, en relación con el año
1 9 9 4 . El número de establos investigados en el año 1 9 9 5 ha disminuido debido a la reducción en el número
total de establos por la reestructuración que está sufriendo el sector lácteo. Cabe destacar la mejora en la
situación epidemiológica en España, como queda reflejada en la disminución de los porcentajes de positividad
en todas estas enfermedades en relación con el año 1 9 9 4 .
Enfermedades
1.
comunes a varias
especies
Rabia
Subsiste el problema en la ciudad de Melilla, contabilizándose 6 casos en perros que dieron resultado
positivo a la prueba de inmunofluorescencia.
Se han seguido manteniendo prácticamente las mismas medidas de control de desplazamiento de perros
desde Ceuta y Melilla hacia la península, así como la vacunación gratuita de todos los perros de estas dos
ciudades. Se continúa con las campañas de vacunación en la mayor parte del territorio español.
Enfermedades
2.
de bovinos
Brucelosis bovina
Se ha continuado en el año 1 9 9 5 la lucha frente a esta enfermedad, aumentando respecto a 1 9 9 4 el
número de animales chequeados en un 1,5%. En el año 1 9 9 5 , se han controlado 2 3 3 . 5 6 5 establos, de los
cuales el 9 7 , 2 3 % resultaron libres de esta enfermedad, porcentaje superior al obtenido en 1 9 9 4 ( 9 6 , 5 2 % de
establos libres).
El número de bovinos controlados ha sido de 3 . 1 9 5 . 2 0 7 , el porcentaje de animales reaccionantes positivos
ha disminuido del 0 , 8 3 % en 1 9 9 4 , respecto al 0 , 6 5 % del año 1 9 9 5 , lo que denota una mejora en la
-110-
situación sanitaria. Al igual que en tuberculosis debe señalarse que las Comunidades Autónomas como
Asturias. Baleares, Galicia, Navarra y el País Vasco, están muy próximas a la erradicación de esta
enfermedad.
Evolución de las actuaciones y resultados obtenidos en la lucha contra la brucelosis
1990
1991
1992
1993
bovina
1994
1995
CENSO NACIONAL
5.126.000
5.063.000
4.975.000
5.018.000
5.252.000
5.252.000
ANIMALES CONTROLADOS
2.374.598
2.780.571
2.576.121
2.858.804
3.028.760
3.195.207
ANIMALES POSITIVOS
25.671
23.331
20.557
27.347
25.200
20.914
% DE POSITIVIDAD
1.08%
0,84%
0,79%
0,96%
0,83%
0,65%
256.205
253.420
252.442
243.957
248.221
233.565
92,2%
96,88%
97,17%
96,6%
96,52%
97.23%
EXPLOTACIONES
CONTROLADAS
% DE ESTABLOS LIBRES
3.
Tuberculosis bovina
El programa de erradicación frente a esta enfermedad ha continuado en el año 1995, aumentando respecto
a 1994 el número de animales chequeados en un 5,4%. Se ha producido una mejoría en la situación
sanitaria, habiendo disminuido los porcentajes de positividad frente a esta enfermedad, como ha venido
sucediendo en los últimos años. Así en 1994, el 94,32% de establos que estaban libres de enfermedad, han
pasado al 94,79% en 1995. Asimismo, el índice medio de animales positivos ha bajado al 1,28% en 1995,
frente al 1.63% en 1994.
Debe señalarse que prácticamente el 100 % de la ganadería de producción de leche está bajo control,
habiéndose extendido en estos últimos años a la ganadería extensiva de razas autóctonas, estando en
previsión revisarla en su integridad, incluida la raza de lidia, a lo largo de los próximos años.
Hay que destacar que determinadas Comunidades Autónomas están muy próximas a lograr la erradicación
de la enfermedad. Cantabria, Asturias Galicia, Navarra y País Vasco han controlado casi el 100% de los
establos y el porcentaje de establos libres oscila entre 9 8 % y 99%. El porcentaje de animales que
presentaron una reacción positiva fue de 0,09% en el País Vasco y de 0,39% en Navarra.
Evolución de las actuaciones y resultados obtenidos en la lucha contra la tuberculosis
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
bovina
1995
CENSO NACIONAL
5.126.000
5.063.000
4.975.000
5.018.000
5.252.000
5.252.000
ANIMALES CONTROLADOS
2.652.878
3.217.042
3.060.270
3.384.637
3.531.940
3.726.051
ANIMALES POSITIVOS
98.156
118.363
65.415
58.162
57.447
47.575
% DE POSITIVIDAD
3,70%
3,68%
2,13%
1,72%
1,63%
1,28%
247.313
261.050
255.096
248.875
249.815
235.044
89,2
90,78
92,54
94,09
94,32
94,79
EXPLOTACIONES
CONTROLADAS
% DE ESTABLOS LIBRES
4.
Leucosis bovina enzoótica
En 1995, los animales chequeados han aumentado en un 5,2%, respecto a los animales chequeados en
1994. Se han investigado en este año un total de 233.249 explotaciones, de las cuales el 99,53% resultaron
libres de la enfermedad. De un total de 3.13 5.3 42 animales, ha reaccionado positivamente un 0,09% frente
a u n 0 , 1 1 % en 1994.
Es por tanto una enfermedad que existe a nivel vestigial, pero cuya erradicación final es costosa, dado su
largo período de incubación.
-111 -
Evolución de las actuaciones y resultados obtenidos en la lucha contra la leucosis bovina
1990
1991
1992
1993
enzoótica
1994
1995
CENSO NACIONAL
5.126.000
5.063.000
4.975.000
5.018.000
5.252.000
5.252.000
ANIMALES CONTROLADOS
1.913.229
2.786.571
2.537.099
2.809.595
2.981.030
3.135.342
5.540
5.158
4.127
3.776
3.325
2.809
0,28%
0,19%
0,16%
0,13%
0,11%
0.09%
224.742
253.158
251.460
243.941
247.984
233.249
98,9%
99,38%
99,44%
99,46%
99,37%
99,53%
ANIMALES POSITIVOS
% DE POSITIVIDAD
EXPLOTACIONES
CONTROLADAS
% DE ESTABLOS LIBRES
Enfermedades
5.
de ovinos y caprinos
Brucelosis caprina y ovina (no debida a B. ovis)
La lucha contra esta enfermedad se basa principalmente en la vacunación de las hembras jóvenes entre los
3 y los 6 meses de edad, el control serológico de los animales mayores de 18 meses de edad y el sacrificio
de los seropositives. Muchas Comunidades Autónomas de la Cornisa Cantábrica han dejado la política de
vacunación de los animales jóvenes.
Durante el año 1995 ha aumentado el número de animales investigados frente a 1994 en un 36%. Este
espectacular ascenso en el número de animales controlados se debe a dos factores, a saber: intensificación
de la campaña a nivel nacional e inicio del sistema de erradicación por control y sacrificio de los animales
positivos en la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León.
El número de establos libres de esta enfermedad ha disminuido del 76,52% en el año 1994 al 75,8% en el
año 1995; el número de animales seropositives ha disminuido del 3,17% en 1994 al 2,84% en 1995.
Cabe señalar que en las Comunidades Autónomas de Asturias, Baleares, Canarias, País Vasco, Galicia y
Navarra se ha chequeado la casi totalidad de los censos con índices de positividad que oscilan entre el
0,0% de la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias y el 0,64% de la Comunidad Autónoma de Asturias.
Evolución de las actuaciones y resultados obtenidos en la lucha contra la brucelosis ovina y caprina
1990
CENSO NACIONAL
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
27.700.000
27.597.000
27.452.000
26.819.000
26.216.000
26.216.000
2.145.364
5.414.970
7.444.102
7.421.263
7.936.428
10.795.214
ANIMALES POSITIVOS
50.488
91.871
185.564
217.071
251.975
306.186
% DE POSITIVIDAD
2,35%
1.69%
2,49%
2,92%
3.17%
2,84%
EXPLOTACIONES
CONTROLADAS
41.288
56.419
92.337
85.765
97.394
107.828
71,79%
78,1%
75,74%
76,52%
75,81%
ANIMALES CONTROLADOS
% DE ESTABLOS LIBRES
-112-
E S T O N I A
I. LIST A DISEASES
Diseases never
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants
C
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asia]
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O (1960)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A (12-82)
date of last
outbreak)
Classical swine fever (01-94)
Newcastle disease (11-62)
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Rabies
Rabies was registered in 12 districts in the country. Distribution by species was as follows:
-
wildlife: 30 red foxes, 13 raccoon dogs, 4 badgers, 1 beaver, 1 buck
domestic carnivores: 12 dogs and 7 cats
farm animals: 6 cattle
Diseases of cattle
2.
Enzootic bovine leukosis
The control programme for enzootic bovine leukosis was initiated in 1987. The programme is financed by
the State government and executed by the State district veterinary organisation.
All cows are tested serologically and positive animals are slaughtered. In 1995, a total of 257,843 animals
were tested for enzootic bovine leukosis with 1,014 (0.4%) being positive.
-113-
E T H I O P I A
INTRODUCTION
Establishment
of Animal Health Research
Centre
The New Animal Health Research Centre (NAHRC) is located in Sebeta, about 28km from Addis Ababa. It is
constructed on 60ha of land at the cost of 20 million Birr (ETB) by the 4th Livestock Development Project of
the Ministry of Agriculture which was funded by the World Bank loan.
The centre has four Departments (Department of Microbiology, Department of Parasitology, Department of
Pathology and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry) and an Epidemiology Unit.
The centre has a total of 130 staff which include 20 research officers, 30 experienced technicians and 80
administrative and supporting staff.
The objectives of NAHRC are:
-
to carry out applied research work on livestock diseases of economic importance:
-
to carry out epidemiological studies of livestock diseases based on priorities;
-
to investigate disease outbreaks that are beyond the capability of the regional veterinary laboratories;
-
to cater as a diagnostic reference laboratory for the nation.
The centre has, apart from the huge laboratory buildings, 33 residential houses, administrative building,
incinerator, experimental animal houses, stores and a canteen. Each department is equipped with the latest
diagnostic equipment necessary.
L I S T A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Foot and mouth disease
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
Total
1994
12»
0#
1#
10#
1#
30#
2#
0#
1#
Total
1995
6
4
1
14
25
42
17
?
Jan
2
0
0
2
1
9
4
Feb
1
1
0
2
0
2
0
Mar
0
0
0
0
1
5
1
Apr
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
May
0
0
0
4
0
3
0
1995
Jun
Jul
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
2
3
7
0
3
-K.
reported
Vesicular stomatitis
Bluetongue
Rift Valley fever
Classical swine fever
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Swine vesicular disease
date of last
outbreak)
African swine fever ( 1993)
F.P.
Aug
0
1
0
0
6
3
4
Sep
1
0
0
1
5
3
2
Oct
0
0
0
1
4
3
3
Nov
1
0
0
0
3
1
0
Dec
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
12-94
12-94
01-94
12-94
12-94
12-94
12-94
0000
03-94
-114-
Comments on selected
1.
diseases
Rinderpest
The rinderpest control strategy, that was revised in July 1993, was further refined in June 1995. The 1993
strategy divided the country into endemic areas, epidemic areas and areas regarded as free from
rinderpest, based on the available information about the rinderpest disease situation. From June 1993
onwards, PARC-Ethiopia purposely stopped vaccinating in all epidemic areas and areas regarded as free
from rinderpest. The basic rinderpest eradication strategy remained the same, to device and carry out
vaccination campaigns aimed at eradicating rinderpest from endemic foci and preventing the spread of
rinderpest to epidemic and areas regarded as free from rinderpest, through the establishment of sanitary
cordons with a high immunity level. The vaccination achievements are monitored by sero-surveys.
Through disease survey work, the geographical boundaries of the endemic areas and sanitary cordons are
continuously redefined. The rinderpest disease history in the epidemic areas is established through
questionnaire surveys, in preparation for sero-surveys. Disease and sero-surveillance is performed in areas
regarded as free from rinderpest. This is a preliminary national exercise to be followed by the OIE
pathway on steps to declare an area free from rinderpest as part of the Global Rinderpest Eradication
Programme (GREP).
The effectiveness of the strategy is evidenced by the gradual decline of the number of rinderpest outbreaks
being reported from the field. Currently, rinderpest is confined in few remote corners of the country, in
cattle herds belonging to pastoral and semi-pastoral people under extensive management systems. To
improve vaccination coverage and efficiency of vaccination in these remote and inaccessible areas,
alternative vaccine delivery systems using Community Animal Health Workers (CAHWs) and thermo­
stable vaccine, is introduced by PARC-Ethiopia. As a result of the absence of rinderpest disease and the
complete suspension of blanket vaccination in the areas regarded as free, the cattle population in major
parts of the country have become susceptible to rinderpest. In order to prevent the re-introduction of the
disease from the endemic foci, apart from maintaining a sanitary cordon, the Ministry has worked out an
emergency preparedness plan to deal swiftly with outbreaks in susceptible cattle populations.
2.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) seems to be wide-spread in Ethiopia. In lowlands the disease
is ranked in high position among the main infectious diseases of cattle since several years. For example, in
the Afar region, the climate is semi-arid and the water and grass conditions oblige to adopt extensive
cattle breeding systems, which mean constant cattle movements and frequent big herd concentrations at
watering points. It is very well known that these two factors are favourable for the spread of CBPP. In
addition to that, vaccination campaigns against rinderpest and CBPP in the lowlands were always more
difficult and, therefore, less effective than in the highlands. This explains also why the disease has always
been important in the lowlands. In the highlands, the consecutive yearly blanket vaccination against
rinderpest and CBPP have certainly contained the disease to a relatively low level during the past years.
But with the adoption of a new strategy for rinderpest eradication, the vaccinations in the highlands have
ceased since 1992-1993. On the other hand, the constant migration of cattle for trade from lowlands to
highlands, the transhumance movement of cattle during the dry season from the highlands to the
lowlands, facilitate regular contacts between lowlands pastoral cattle and highland sedentary cattle. These
circumstances certainly explain the recent increase of the incidence of CBPP in the highlands. Almost all
of the 22 woredas of West Wolloga zone were affected by the epizootics by the middle of 1995.
The morbidity and mortality rates are difficult to quantify, but according to the field officers they can
reach 5 0 % of the herd and 3 0 % to 5 0 % of the sick animals respectively. All cattle owners and field
officers agree to say that CBPP come from the lowlands bordering Sudan, in Asosa zone (Benshangul
State). According to them, the disease was not known in the highland regions for many years and the
herds were infected in Asosa area during the dry season transhumance, from March to June. The
occurrence of CBPP in Asosa lowlands is attributed to the presence of nomadic cattle.
It appears that CBPP is important all over the country and that a national strategy for its control has to be
prepared. Before designing this strategy, a general survey must be carried out, in order to assess the
disease situation. A national task force is established in January 1996 to assess the situation of CBPP, to
do economical evaluations of the losses due to the disease and to design a control programme.
-115-
F I N L A N D
I. LIST A DISEASES
Diseases never
reported
Bluetongue
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease (1959)
Rinderpest (1877)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1920)
date of last
outbreak)
Classical swine fever (1917)
Newcastle disease (1971)
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
species
Rabies
No cases of rabies were detected in 1995. The last outbreak was recorded on 16 February 1989. In 1995, in
the whole country, the number of suspected animals examined for rabies by immuno-fluorescence on brain
tissue was 57, comprising 13 raccoon dogs, 11 foxes, 7 dogs, 16 cats, 1 bovine, 1 brown bear, 1 ermine,
1 rat and 1 bat. All were negative.
In an attempt to prevent the reintroduction of rabies, 80,000 Tubingen vaccine baits were distributed, as
has been the case since 1988, from the air in September in a zone 20-25-km wide and 250-km long,
constituting a land area of 4,000 k m along the south-eastern border of the country.
2
The immune barrier is intended to be maintained by annual vaccination.
Diseases of cattle
Bulk tank milk
survey
All the dairy herds in Finland have been examined for brucellosis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis /
infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV) and enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) since 1991 using an
ELISA test. The number of tested herds in 1995 was 32,588 except for brucellosis where a total of 4,546
samples were examined. Since 1993, testing for bovine virus diarrhoea (FJVD) has also been included.
Since 1991, only six herds have been found to be infected with bovine herpesvirus (fBR/TPV). The last
positive herd was slaughtered before 1 June 1994.
The number of EBL-positive herds detected in 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1995 was 8, 11, 7, 3 and 1,
respectively. These herds have been subjected to official restrictions including slaughter of infected
animals. No new EBL-positive herds have been detected in the last surveys.
Bovine virus diarrhoea is very rare in Finland. In the survey of dairy herds, 220 herds were found to be
positive; of these, 176 had already been found to be positive in the survey of 1994.
Voluntary control programmes have been introduced for both EBL and BVD.
-116-
Suckler cow herds
During 1995, a total of 3,787 blood samples from suckler cow herds were collected and 3,640 were
examined for brucellosis, IBR/IPV, EBL and BVD. All samples for brucellosis, IBR/IPV and EBL were
negative. BVD was detected in 40 herds.
Diseases of sheep and goats
Caprine and ovine brucellosis (excluding 5. ovis)
A total of 6,010 blood samples from 340 different sheep and goat farms were tested for
melitensis. All tests were negative. Brucella melitensis has never been recorded in Finland.
Brucella
Diseases of pigs
During 1995, a total of 8,779 blood samples, originating from 5,553 different farms, were collected in
slaughterhouses. The samples were collected from all Finnish porcine slaughterhouses.
All samples were tested for Aujeszky's disease and transmissible gastroenteritis. A total of 2,684 blood
samples were also tested for classical swine fever and 1,678 for swine vesicular disease.
All tests were negative.
Diseases of poultry
A total of 4,554 blood samples from 73 (grand-parent and parent) farms were tested for Newcastle disease.
For turkey rhinotracheitis, 3,886 of these samples were also tested.
All tests were negative. Vaccination against these diseases has never been allowed in Finland.
-117-
F R A N C E
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
Maladies n'ayant jamais été
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
constatées
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Peste des petits ruminants
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Peste équine
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
: date du dernier
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus O (1981)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus A (1965)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus C (1978)
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc (1983)
Peste bovine (1870)
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine (1984)
foyer)
Clavelée et variole caprine (1964)
Peste porcine africaine (1974)
Peste porcine classique (02-93)
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène (1948)
Maladie de Newcastle - Virus vélogène (12-92)
Maladie dont la présence est signalée à l'île de la Réunion (département
Maladie de Newcastle - Virus vélogène
Commentaires
1.
Total
1994
0
Total
1995
14
Jan
0
Fev
0
Mar
0
d'outre-mer situé dans l'océan
1995
Avr
Mai
Jun
Jul
0
0
0
0
Indien)
F.P.
Aou
11
Sep
Oct
3
Nov
0
0
Dec
0
sur certaines maladies de la Liste A
Fièvre aphteuse
La vaccination contre la fièvre aphteuse est interdite depuis avril 1991.
2.
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc
L'ensemble des sérologies réalisées dans le cadre des exportations se sont révélées négatives.
3.
Peste porcine classique
Aucun foyer de peste porcine classique chez le porc domestique n'a été confirmé en France en 1995. Le
contrôle sérologique de plus de 50 000 reproducteurs en élevage et à l'abattoir a confirmé l'absence de la
maladie sur le territoire national et de tout résidu d'anticorps vaccinaux.
La vaccination est interdite depuis 1983 sur le territoire métropolitain (hors Corse). Depuis 1993 cette
interdiction concerne l'ensemble du territoire national (départements d'outre-mer compris).
Le nombre de cas observés chez les sangliers sauvages dans le massif des Vosges a très nettement
diminué. L'épidémie reste circonscrite sans extension dans les élevages de porcs de la zone concernée. Par
ailleurs, aucune extension au reste du territoire national n'a été constatée lors des contrôles effectués sur
les sangliers tués à la chasse.
4.
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène (peste aviaire)
Cette maladie, à déclaration obligatoire depuis 1948, est soumise à des mesures de police sanitaire en cas
d'apparition.
-118-
5.
Maladie de Newcastle
La maladie de Newcastle est une maladie réputée contagieuse depuis 1948 (autrement dit, elle exige
l'application des mesures de police sanitaire, l'abattage indemnisé de tous les animaux dans les foyers et la
surveillance des élevages situés dans une zone de 10 km autour des foyers). La vaccination est obligatoire
pour les pigeons voyageurs. Elle est largement mise en œuvre dans les élevages de volailles.
Le dernier cas de maladie de Newcastle en France métropolitaine date de 1992 ; il concernait des oiseaux
d'ornement.
En août et septembre 1995, 13 foyers de maladie de Newcastle se sont déclarés dans le département
français d'outre-mer de l'île de la Réunion (située dans l'océan Indien à 21° S - 55° 40' E, à l'est de la
pointe sud du continent africain). Le diagnostic de maladie de Newcastle dans le premier foyer a été
confirmé le 17 août 1995 par le laboratoire national de référence (isolement viral ; indice de pathogénicité
intracérébrale du virus : 1.78).
Ces 13 foyers regroupaient 49 862 volailles, parmi lesquelles 25 147 sont mortes des suites de la maladie.
Les mesures d'éradication conduites dans les foyers ont conduit à la destruction de 24 715 volailles.
La vaccination des volailles contre la maladie de Newcastle a été rendue obligatoire sur l'ensemble du
territoire de l'île.
Toutes les dispositions ont été prises pour, d'une part, restreindre les mouvements de volailles vivantes et
d'œufs à couver sur le territoire de l'île, et, d'autre part, interdire la sortie de l'île de tout oiseau vivant et de
tout œuf ou viande de volaille.
Au 31 décembre 1995, les interdictions de sortie d'oiseaux vivants et la vaccination obligatoire des
volailles étaient maintenues.
Le fait qu'il n'y ait pas de courant d'exportations de volailles ni d'œufs à couver de l'île de la Réunion vers
la France métropolitaine et que tout mouvement soit désormais interdit, permet à la France métropolitaine
de conserver son statut indemne de maladie de Newcastle.
IL MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
Maladies communes à plusieurs
1.
espèces
Maladie d'Auieszky
La lutte contre cette maladie a été rendue obligatoire en France en 1990 sur l'ensemble du territoire
national. Elle repose sur un dépistage dont la fréquence est fonction du type d'élevage :
-
dépistage tous les trois mois pour les élevages vendant des porcs d'élevage (environ 1 000 élevages) ;
-
dépistage au moins annuel dans les élevages vendant des porcelets destinés à l'engraissement (plus de
20 élevages concernés) ;
-
dépistage chez les engraisseurs purs selon la situation épidémiologique du département et l'origine des
animaux.
Une grande partie du territoire présente un très faible taux de prévalence. Vingt et un départements sont
actuellement reconnus indemnes par Décision de la Commission européenne. Dans neuf départements, ce
taux est plus élevé et conduit à rendre la vaccination obligatoire des reproducteurs et, éventuellement, des
porcs d'engraissement, à l'aide de vaccins deletes gE.
L'éradication de la maladie d'Aujeszky par dépistage des cheptels infectés et abattage des animaux
reconnus infectés se poursuit, notamment dans les départements où la vaccination est obligatoire.
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2.
Rage
L'évolution favorable de la situation épidémiologique de la rage en France s'est encore poursuivie en 1995,
pour la sixième année consécutive, ceci grâce à la réalisation régulière de campagnes de vaccination orale
des renards.
Evolution de la rage de 1994 à 1995 sur l'ensemble de la zone
contaminée
Renards
Total
faune
sauvage
Chiens
Chats
Bovins
Ovins
Total
animaux
domestiques
Total
général
1994
74
80
2
3
5
9
19
99
1995
26
28
1
0
5
6
12
40
Variation
(%)
-65
-65
-
-
-
-37
-37
-60
2
Au cours de l'année 1995, 107 000 k m ont été traités en deux campagnes de vaccination, l'une au
printemps, l'autre à l'automne, sur la zone contaminée, notamment le foyer de Lorraine et du massif
jurassien, ainsi que le long des frontières avec le Bénélux, l'Allemagne et la Suisse.
Maladies des bovins
L'élevage bovin français regroupe environ 397 000 cheptels et 15,8 millions de bovins de plus de 1 an, soit une
moyenne de 40 animaux par troupeau.
3.
Brucellose bovine
Applicable dans tous les élevages bovins, le programme de lutte collective contre la brucellose bovine a
enregistré des résultats favorables, le nombre de cheptels et d'animaux infectés étant toujours en
diminution, même si quelques difficultés demeurent, notamment dans les zones de montagne (Pyrénées et
sud du massif Central) à cause des traditions de mouvements de.transhumance.
Cependant :
4.
-
à la fin de l'année 1995, seuls 379 cheptels étaient encore infectés (0,10 %) ;
-
on note une augmentation de 16 % du nombre d'animaux abattus par rapport à l'année précédente (en
1995, 19 530 bovins ont été éliminés avec indemnisation par l'Etat) témoignant de l'effort entrepris
pour éradiquer les derniers foyers.
Tuberculose bovine
La prophylaxie de la tuberculose en France est obligatoirement réalisée dans tous les cheptels bovins.
Désormais, le dépistage des cas est réalisé en premier lieu à l'abattoir (43 % des cas en 1994), mais les
contrôles réguliers par tuberculination des animaux demeurent obligatoires, notamment lors des
introductions dans les cheptels.
Ce programme étant engagé depuis une trentaine d'années, le nombre de cheptels infectés est donc
minime : au 31 décembre 1995, 275 cheptels étaient encore infectés (soit 0 , 0 7 % des cheptels). Sur
l'année, 4 822 bovins ont été abattus et leurs propriétaires indemnisés par l'Etat.
5.
Leucose bovine enzootique
Cette maladie fait l'objet d'une lutte collective obligatoire dans tous les élevages bovins depuis 1990.
Ainsi, tout dépistage positif impose l'abattage systématique et indemnisé de tous les bovins reconnus
infectés. Les cheptels comportant plus de 20 % de bovins atteints sont éliminés dans leur totalité.
Au 31 décembre 1995, 738 cheptels demeuraient infectés (- 45 % par rapport à 1994) et 2 284 animaux
ont été abattus sur l'ensemble de l'année 1995, soit 29 % de moins qu'en 1994.
-120-
6.
Encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine
Depuis 1991, 13 cas d'encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine ont été confirmés en France, le dernier datant
de décembre 1995. L'abattage de tous les bovins de l'exploitation est réalisé dès confirmation du diagnostic
et indemnisé par l'Etat.
Les carcasses des bovins abattus sont transformées en farine à l'équarrissage et ces farines sont incinérées.
Répartition
des cas d'encéphalopathie
1991
5 cas
1992
0 cas
1993
1 cas
spongiforme
bovine en France
1994
4 cas
1995
3 cas
Malgré une très faible incidence de la maladie, la France s'est dotée d'un réseau national
d'épidémiosurveillance spécifique, relayé dans chaque département par un vétérinaire praticien
spécialement formé à cet effet. Il y a donc une surveillance systématique des maladies nerveuses dans les
élevages et les abattoirs.
Enfin, dès 1990 l'utilisation des farines de viande et d'os de ruminants a été interdite en France pour
l'alimentation des ruminants.
Maladies des ovins et caprins
L'élevage français regroupe environ 150 000 cheptels ovins ou caprins comprenant environ 7,7 millions d'ovins
et 930 000 caprins de plus de six mois.
7.
Brucellose caprine et ovine (non due à B. ovis)
La lutte contre la brucellose ovine et caprine est obligatoire dans tous les cheptels. L'infection reste
localisée dans le sud du pays (région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur-Corse et Pyrénées).
Le nombre de cheptels infectés au 31 décembre 1995 n'était que de 849 (soit 0,6 % des cheptels français).
Ces résultats sont dus en grande partie à un dépistage régulier des élevages et à l'abattage systématique et
indemnisé de tous les animaux atteints.
Maladies des équidés
8.
Métrite contagieuse équine
Depuis 1981, la métrite contagieuse équine est une maladie à déclaration obligatoire, et depuis 1992 elle
est inscrite à la nomenclature des maladies réputées contagieuses et donne lieu à l'application de mesures
de police sanitaire dès la mise en évidence du germe, même en l'absence de signes cliniques (traitement
des animaux infectés et contrôle des contaminés).
Le dépistage est obligatoire pour tous les étalons agréés à la monte publique, ainsi que pour toutes les
juments inscrites au programme de lutte contre cette maladie (programme facultatif et subventionné par
l'Etat).
En 1995, 3 928 étalons et 22 500 juments ont été contrôlés. Parmi ces animaux, 15 étalons et 17 juments
ont été reconnus infectés. Par rapport à 1994, le pourcentage d'animaux infectés a baissé de 47 % pour les
étalons et de 70 % pour les juments. Cette baisse témoigne d'une évolution favorable de la situation de la
métrite contagieuse équine en France.
9.
Anémie infectieuse des équidés
Dès 1976, les équidés présentant des signes cliniques d'anémie infectieuse des équidés confirmés par
analyse de laboratoire ont fait l'objet de mesures d'abattage sanitaire. Depuis 1992, tout test de Coggins
positif entraîne l'abattage des équidés concernés et une enquête épidémiologique et sérologique est mise en
œuvre dans le foyer et dans les élevages ayant des liens épidémiologiques avec le foyer, pour dépister les
animaux contaminés. L'assainissement est poursuivi dans les foyers jusqu'à obtention des deux résultats
sérologiques négatifs à trois mois d'intervalle sur l'ensemble de l'effectif.
-121 -
Aucun foyer n'a été à déplorer en 1995. Les 10 foyers recensés en 1994 ont été assainis, 9 en 1994 et 1 au
début de l'année 1995.
Maladies des
10.
volailles
Salmonelloses et mycoplasmose (M.
gallisepticum)
Depuis 1982, la France a mis en place des mesures de lutte contre les contaminations à Salmonella
gallinarum pullorum et S. arizonae (chez la dinde) et certains mycoplasmes dans les établissements
d'accouvaison. Le recensement de cas dans les filières "dinde", "poulet" et "canard" reste exceptionnel.
Maladies des poissons
11.
Septicémie hémorragique virale
Cette maladie est à déclaration obligatoire en France depuis 1985 et des mesures de police sanitaire sont
appliquées dans les foyers.
12.
Nécrose hématopoïétique infectieuse
Cette maladie est à déclaration obligatoire en France depuis 1985 ; en cas d'apparition d'un foyer de
nécrose hématopoïétique infectieuse, des mesures réglementaires de police sanitaire sont appliquées pour
éradiquer la maladie.
En 1995, deux foyers de nécrose hématopoïétique infectieuse ont été déclarés et assainis.
III. AUTRES MALADIES
Salmonellose aviaire (à l'exception de S. gallinarum et S.
pullorum)
Un contrôle hygiénique et sanitaire a été organisé en filière "ponte d'œufs de consommation". A tous les
niveaux de la filière les éleveurs appliquent un programme de dépistage de Salmonella enteriüdis. Les
troupeaux infectés sont abattus avec l'aide financière de l'Etat.
- 122-
G R E E C E
LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Disease present in 1995
Total
1994
1
Sheep pox and goat pox
Diseases never
Total
1995
9
Jan
0
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
and
and
and
and
and
mouth
mouth
mouth
mouth
mouth
Mar
0
Apr
0
May
0
1995
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
0
0
0
0
4
5
0
F.P.
Dec
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 2
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3
Vesicular stomatitis
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Foot
Foot
Foot
Foot
Foot
Feb
0
disease
disease
disease
disease
disease
-
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
O (10-94)
A (09-77)
C (1971)
SAT 1 (1962)
Asial (06-84)
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last
outbreak)
Swine vesicular disease (1979)
Rinderpest (1926)
Bluetongue
Classical swine fever (07-85)
Newcastle disease 09-86)
Comments on sheep pox
Nine outbreaks of sheep pox were officially reported in the Prefectures of Evros and Thessaloniki between
17 October 1995 and 17 November 1995 in sheep and goat flocks. Diagnosis was set by AGID and
seroneutralisatin test, and confirmed by virus isolation in sensitive cell culture. Measures were taken in
accordance with EU recommendations, including stamping out and refraining from vaccination.
Epidemiological inquiry in the infected herds has indicated that the disease invaded independently Evros and
Thessaloniki through personnel movements from neighbouring countries.
11-94
-123-
G R E E N L A N D
INTRODUCTION
With regard to veterinary matters, the responsibilities are divided between the Greenlandic Health Authorities
and the Danish Veterinary Services under the Ministry for Agriculture and Fisheries.
Matters relating to the zoo-sanitary situation in Greenland and the inspection of meat for export are the
responsibility of the Danish Veterinary Services while the Greenlandic Health Authorities are responsible for
control of foodstuffs and zoonotic diseases including the control of rabies.
I. LIST A DISEASES
No List A diseases have ever been reported in Greenland.
II. LIST B DISEASES
1.
Rabies
Rabies is considered endemic among arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus), especially in the northwestern districts
of Greenland (Sisimiut to Avanersuaq).
During the period 1975-1995 a total of 506 foxes, 428 dogs, 7 sheep, 4 cats, 3 reindeer, 1 musk ox
(Ovibos moschatus), and 1 wolf were ewamined for rabies at the National Veterinary Laboratory,
Copenhagen, Denmark and the State Veterinary Institute for Virus Research, Lindholm. Denmark (since
1990).
In 1995, a total of 30 animals were examined, consisting of 29 foxes and 1 dog. Rabies was diagnosed in
6 foxes (21%). Twenty of the foxes examined were in connection with the rabies surveillance programme
carried out by the Greenland Ministry of Health and Environment. Of these foxes, 5 (25%) were found
positive. The other positive case was found from a group of 10 foxes killed in July near Thule Air Base
and examined for rabies virus prior to the start of a pilot project involving oral vaccination of foxes with
rabies vaccine.
All positive rabies cases in 1995 were located in northern Greenland (Thule [Qaanaaq], Upernavik and
Station Nord/east coast) and Qaqortoq county in southern Greenland. Although no cases of rabies were
diagnosed in the sheep farming areas of southern Greenland in 1995, the disease was still present in these
areas as shown by the three positive cases in foxes from the town of Qaqortoq in March and April.
2.
Equine rhinopneumonitis
Serological examinations carried out in November on serum from eight horses revealed one seropositive
horse. Clinical signs have not been recorded.
3.
Trichinellosis
The disease has been recorded among polar bears (Thalarctos maritimus), arctic foxes, walruses
(Odobenus rosmarus) and sledgedogs. The disease has not been recorded in sheep, reindeer or musk ox.
-124-
Rabies positive cases diagnosed in Greenland during the period 1975 - 1995
*
Sledgedog districts
Holsteinsborg / Sisimiut
Egedesminde / Aasiaat
Christiansháb / Qasigiannguit
Jakobshavn / Ilulissat
Godhavn / Qeqertarsuaq
Umaiiak / Uuinmanaq
Upernavik
Thule / Qaanaaq
Ammassalik / Tasiilaq
Scoresbysund / Ittoqqortoormiit
Station Nord
Total
Non-sledgedog districts*
Nanortalik
Julianeháb / Qaqortoq
Narsaq
Frederiksháb / Paamiut
Godtháb / Nuuk
Sukkertoppen / Maniitsoq
Total
Rabies vaccination
Sledgedog districts
Dogs
Foxes
7
0
9
6
0
20
5
11
0
5
1
29
9
4
7
1
0
24
47
2
7
3
64
133
Dogs
Foxes
0
0
1
0
0
0
8
7
3
0
11
2
0
6(sheep)
0
0
1 (reindeer)
0
1
31
7
Other animals
of dogs in Greenland in 1995**
Estimated No. of dogs
No. of dogs vaccinated
Holsteinsborg / Sisimiut
Kangaatsiaq
Egedesminde / Aasiaat
Christiansháb / Qasigiannguit
Jakobshavn / Ilulissat
Godhavn / Qeqertarsuaq
Umanak / Uummanaq
Upernavik
Avanersuaq
Ammassalik / Tasiilaq
Scoresbysund / Ittoqqortoormiit
Sirus Patrol
Sondrestrom / Kangerlussuaq
1,872
1,762
2,220
1,601
8,262
1,283
5,577
4,867
1,563
2,622
600
77
62
631
769
1,124
140
742
438
2,085
2,840
445
525
111
75
0
Total sledgedogs
32,368
10,490
Non-sledgedog districts
Estimated No. of dogs
Nanortalik
Julianeháb / Qaqortoq
Narsaq
Frederiksháb / Paamiut
Gronnedal / Ivittuut
Godtháb / Nuuk
Sukkertoppen / Maniitsoq
Total
No. of dogs of various
breeds vaccinated
18
87
27
0
10
80
48
900
270
Sledgedogs are found exclusively in the sledgedog districts in eastern and north-western Greenland. It is forbidden to keep dogs of other
breeds in the sledgedog districts, with the exception of police dogs.
The vaccine used gives a protection lasting for three years.
-125-
G R E N A D A
INTRODUCTION
There are no changes in control strategy at the moment. The newly adopted health measure relatively to
international trade in animal and animal products is the total ban of beef from the United Kingdom and Europe
in general.
No new domestic animal health legislation and regulation have been legislated in recent times.
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Disease present in 1995
Total
1994
Bluetongue
Diseases never
Total
1995
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
1995
Jun
Jul
F.P.
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
+?
reported
Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Rift Valley fever
African horse sickness
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Diseases reported absent in 1995
Lumpy skin disease
Sheep pox and goat pox
African swine fever
Comments on
Classical swine fever
Newcastle disease
bluetongue
Serological evidence of the disease was discovered in 1988. No clinical cases have been reported in Grenada.
Routine surveillance, up to the present time, has not revealed any clinical cases.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Heartwater
Surveillance conducted in 1993 indicated the presence of serological evidence of the disease in Carriacou
and not on the mainland of Grenada. No clinical cases have been recorded. Continuous surveillance has
not recorded the presence of the Ambly<omma tick in Grenada.
2.
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is present in dogs primarily. A few cases have occurred in cattle. The serotype and incidence
are not known.
-126-
The diagnosis of affected animals is made based on clinical signs noted during medical examination
procedures.
Our current laboratories do not have the resources to confirm this disease.
3.
Rabies
Rabies is endemic in Grenada. Mongoose is the vector of the disease to the livestock population. Sporadic
cases occur on a monthly basis.
A functional Rabies Laboratory is in existence with the Ministry of Health. There are trained technicians
in the Laboratory who are capable of preparing specimens for identification of the virus.
Rabies immunisation campaign is being conducted yearly in conjunction with the Ministry of Health. In
1995, livestock pets and domestic animals were vaccinated throughout the entire island.
Diseases of cattle
4.
Bovine anaplasmosis
Anaplasmosis can be considered endemic in Grenada. Sporadic occurrences appear among cattle every
year. Prevalence rate among cattle is 0 . 1 % . Anaplasma marginale is the agent frequently diagnosed
among cattle. Boophilus tick is one of the main transmitters in Grenada.
5.
Bovine babesiosis
Babesiosis is seen in cattle mainly in Grenada. This disease is not as prevalent as anaplamosis. Only on
rare occasions one or two cases will occur.
Diseases of sheep and goats
6.
Brucellosis
There is serological evidence of brucellosis in sheep. No clinical cases are recorded. Surveillance
conducted together with the PAHO representative for the region in 1993 did not disclose any clinical case.
Also ongoing surveillance fails to record any clinical case.
7.
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis
Surveillance conducted in 1992 and 1994 disclosed serological evidence of the disease. No clinical cases
have been recorded. Continuous surveillance in 1995 failed to disclose clinical evidence of the disease in
Grenada.
-127-
G U I N É E
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
Maladies présentes
en 1995
Total
1994
85
17
0
Peste des petits ruminants
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Maladie de Newcastle
Maladies n 'ayant jamais été
Total
1995
82
48
103
+?
+?
6
36
Jan
0
0
0
Fev
10
0
0
Mar
15
4
0
Avr
16
0
0
Mai
10
0
1
12
15
2
2
2
1995
Jun
Jul
4
5
6
0
0
0
0
F.P.
Aou
17
6
13
Sep
4
11
20
Oct
1
0
41
Nov
0
15
3
Dec
0
6
25
12-94
12-94
0
0
0
0
3
12-94
0
constatées
Fièvre aphteuse
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc
Maladie absente en 1995 (entre parenthèses
Peste équine
Peste porcine africaine
Peste porcine classique
: date du dernier
foyer)
Peste bovine (1967)
Maladies pour lesquelles le pays ne dispose pas
d'information
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Clavelée et variole caprine
Commentaires
1.
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène
sur certaines maladies de la Liste A
Peste bovine
Les mesures conservatoires prises dans les années 1964-1965 sous la forme de barrière vaccinale aux
frontières avec le Sénégal et le Mali (sur 70-80 km de profondeur), ont été renforcées de 1988 à 1994 à
travers le projet de restructuration du secteur de l'élevage.
En 1995 il n'y a pas eu de vaccination.
2.
Peste des petits ruminants
La vaccination annuelle a été organisée à partir du deuxième trimestre de l'année 1995. Pour l'année 1995,
il a été enregistré 1 544 animaux malades et 737 morts.
3.
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
La péripneumonie contagieuse bovine sévit à l'état enzootique depuis 1936 dans la zone Est du pays. Sa
propagation à l'ouest a été freinée par l'établissement d'un cordon sanitaire qui a limité les courants
commerciaux entre la zone saine et la zone contaminée.
Une vaccination massive a été menée dans la zone infectée, pendant le deuxième semestre de 1995. Au
cours de cette campagne de vaccination, les animaux cliniquement atteints ont été abattus sans
indemnisation des propriétaires.
En 1995, deux foyers ont été enregistrés dans la zone indemne, dans deux villages de la préfecture de
Mamou limitrophes de la zone infectée. Tous les animaux des parcs affectés ont été abattus. Une
vaccination obligatoire autour des foyers a été réalisée, suivie d'un contrôle sérologique et de l'abattage des
animaux séropositifs, sans indemnisation des propriétaires.
En 1995, en Guinée, il a été enregistré 122 animaux malades et 79 morts.
-128-
4.
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
La dermatose nodulaire contagieuse a été signalée pour la première fois en Guinée en 1994 et confirmée
en janvier 1995 par le CfRAD-ENTVT.
Une vaccination étendue sur l'ensemble du pays a été réalisée comme suit :
-
le croît du troupeau (jeunes nés après l'épidémie de 1994) dans les préfectures où l'épidémie a été
signalée ;
-
les bovins de tout âge dans les zones où l'infection n'a pas été signalée.
Des sérums ont été prélevés trois à quatre semaines avant et après la vaccination pour l'évaluation de la
campagne.
Au cours de l'année 1995, 103 foyers ont été enregistrés, avec 1 136 animaux malades et 15 morts.
II. MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
Rage
L'abattage des carnivores errants a été organisé dans les grands centres urbains. En 1995, il a été signalé 18 cas
de rage canine dans la capitale et à l'intérieur du pays.
m. AUTRES MALADIES
Charbon svmptomatique
En 1995, 130 foyers de charbon symptomatique ont été signalés, avec 836 animaux malades et 430 morts.
-129-
G U Y A N A
INTRODUCTION
Diagnostic work is not being executed in Guyana presently (apart from an ongoing trypanosome survey which
is being carried out in collaboration with French Guiana and Suriname): small animal (pet animals) disease
diagnosis is done with the assistance of the human laboratories.
Parasitism appears to be the major problem of the cattle population in Guyana.
I. LIST A DISEASES
Diseases reported absent in 1995
Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
.African swine fever
Classical swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Disease for which the country has provided no data
Newcastle disease
II. LIST B DISEASES
1.
Rabies
The threat of rabies in areas of Guyana appears to have been eliminated.
2.
Bovine tuberculosis
Tuberculosis in cattle is still a problem and will be addressed soon nationally.
-130-
H A Ï T I
INTRODUCTION
La situation de la santé animale n'a pas changé depuis 1994. Certes, pour certaines maladies, telles la rage et la
fièvre charbonneuse, on a noté une incidence beaucoup plus forte due au fait que les programmes mis sur pied
avaient pris du temps pour démarrer.
Par ailleurs, dans le but d'harmoniser la réglementation sanitaire nationale avec les normes internationales, un
projet de "Lois et Règlements sur la Santé Animale" a été préparé par les services techniques compétents
(l'Unité de Protection Sanitaire du ministère de l'agriculture, des ressources naturelles et du développement
rural) et soumis à l'Assemblée nationale pour suites nécessaires.
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Maladie présente en 1995
Maladie de Newcastle
Total
1994
0
Total
1995
Jan
Fev
Mar
Avr
Mai
1995
Jun
Jul
F.P.
Aou
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1993
+..
La maladie de Newcastle sévissant à l'état enzootique, il ne s'est pas avéré nécessaire de faire des déclarations
de foyers en 1995 puisque les flambées de la maladie n'ont épargné aucun point du territoire. Une campagne
nationale de vaccination est en cours depuis le dernier trimestre de 1995.
Maladies n'ayant jamais été
constatées
Fièvre aphteuse
Stomatite vésiculeuse
Maladie vésiculeuse du porc
Peste bovine
Peste des petits ruminants
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Clavelée et variole caprine
Peste équine
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
Peste porcine africaine (1984)
Peste porcine classique (1984)
: date du dernier
foyer)
Influenza aviaire haut.pathogène
IL MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
1.
Fièvre charbonneuse
La fièvre charbonneuse a connu en 1995 une ampleur jusque là jamais enregistrée. Ceci est surtout dû à la
dégradation accélérée du milieu et au manque d'information de la population (voir tableau A).
Une campagne nationale de vaccination anticharbonneuse a été financée par le ministère de l'agriculture
(voir tableau B). Une campagne de déparasitage interne et externe a été exécutée à cette occasion.
2.
Rage
En 1995, quatre cas de mortalité ont été enregistrés dans le département du Sud, contre trois cas de rage
diagnostiqués chez des chiens dans ce même département. Dans le département de l'Ouest, deux cas de
rage humaine ont également été enregistrés.
Un plan national de lutte contre la rage a été élaboré, mais le financement n'est pas encore disponible. En
marge de ce plan, une campagne de vaccination concentrée autour des villes a été réalisée avec les
concours matériel et logistique de la mission des Nations Unies en Haïti (voir tableau C).
-131 -
A.- Résultats d'une enquête épidémiologique
sur la fièvre charbonneuse
a
Cas chez l'homme ( )
Département
Artibonite
Centre
Grand' Anse
Nord
Nord-Est
Nord-Ouest
Ouest
Sud
Sud-Est
Total
en Haïti
Cas chez l'animal
0
4
99
24
0
12
0
56
254
0
23
16
14
28
10
0
334
342
449
767
^
(a)
Informations recueillies au niveau des hôpitaux et des centres de santé et concernant des patients présentés pour
traitement. Cependant, il y a lieu de croire que le nombre de cas rapportés est en dessous de la réalité, compte tenu du fait
que le taux de fréquentation des centres hospitaliers par les paysans, qui d'ailleurs sont les plus exposés, est relativement
bas.
(b)
Données provenant des rapports des techniciens de terrain. Ce sont des cas de mortalité constatés et diagnostiqués.
B.- Résultats de la campagne nationale de vaccination
anticharbonneuse
Nombre d'animaux vaccinés
Département
22
31
19
20
10
6
46
49
23
Artibonite
Grand' Anse
Nippes
Nord
Nord-Est
Nord-Ouest
Ouest
Sud
Sud-Est
Total
230 184
C - Résultats de la campagne de vaccination
Département
900
272
893
292
793
333
026
642
033
antirabique
Nombre d'animaux vaccinés
8
3
4
7
1
2
21
1
3
4
Artibonite
Centre
Grand' Anse
Nord
Nord-Est
Nord-Ouest
Ouest
Ouest (Petit-Goâve)
Sud
Sud-Est
Total
873
500
722
258
500
891
505
249
434
384
59 316
-132-
H U N G A R Y
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overvietv
Diseases never
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O (1967)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A (1961)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C (1973)
Rinderpest (1881)
Comments on selected
1.
date of last
outbreak)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1901)
Sheep pox and goat pox (1957)
Classical swine fever (05-93)
Newcastle disease - Virus velogenic (10-92)
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
Preventive vaccination has not been applied since 1989. Vaccination of animals ready for export has not
been applied since 1991. In a few cases seropositive animals were found, but these had been vaccinated
before the above dates.
2.
Newcastle disease
For all susceptible poultry species we adapt vaccines, having a low pathogenicity index, authorized by the
EU and prepared from lentogenic strains, for all growing poultry stock (broilers, layers and breeding
stock).
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Rabies
In the western part of Hungary, along the Austrian border, over an increasingly wide area, we have
continued oral immunisation of foxes against rabies since the autumn of 1992. From the start, we have
used the aerial distribution method with a Global Positioning System (GPS) and computer registration.
We are satisfied with this method and its results and we intend to free the entire area of the western part of
Hungary bordered by the Danube from rabies as soon as possible.
2
From the autumn of 1996, we will carry on immunisation over a minimum area of 22,000 km . The
extension of vaccination to the whole country is only prevented by lack of finance.
-133-
Diseases of cattle
2.
Bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis
Hungary has retained its status of freedom from tuberculosis and brucellosis. There were occurrences of
tuberculosis in 1994, originating from infected people living and taking jobs temporarily in Hungary
because of the Balkan wars who could not be controlled by the public health authorities.
Diseases of poultry
3.
Salmonellosis
We have started an independent national eradication programme against salmonellosis in poultry, during
the course of which we are examining incubators as well as breeding and stocks.
-134-
I N D I A
I. LIST A DISEASES
Diseases reported in 1995
Foot and mouth disease - Virus N.I.
Foot and mouth disease - Virus 0
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asial
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants /
Rinderpest in ovi/cap
Bluetongue
Sheep pox and goat pox
Classical swine fever
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
Total
1994
2117
Total
1995
1314
+..
-K.
Jan
254
Feb
133
Mar
129
Apr
34
May
62
F.P.
Aug
40
Sep
81
Oct
70
Nov
46
Dec
65
+..
+..
•K.
23
310
7
231
1
113
1
3
0
9
2
41
1
11
1
26
0
19
0
1
1
2
0
1
0
3
0
2
12-94
1994
1994
1994
1994
12-94
1994
309
99
219
1369
110
90
115
1708
22
13
27
135
7
10
31
36
7
13
0
57
0
5
1
29
1
6
26
34
0
5
4
33
1
7
2
617
1
5
5
539
6
4
11
76
29
1
0
49
23
8
3
71
13
13
5
32
12-94
12-94
12-94
12-94
-K.
•K.
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 1
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 2
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1990)
Comments on selected
1.
1995
Jul
Jun
356
44
date of last
outbreak)
African horse sickness (1965)
diseases
Rinderpest
Rinderpest was not reported in most of the States in the country. In October 1995, the Government of
India declared the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
Tripura in the north-eastern zone, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and
Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal in the
indo-gangetic zone provisionally free from rinderpest with effect from June 1994. In the southern zone a
few cases of the disease were reported in the States of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. It was not reported in
Maharashtra, Goa, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.
2.
Peste des petits ruminants
Peste des petits ruminants was reported first time in the States of Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal, and
the disease was confirmed.
3.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
There was no incidence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in any part of the country.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Equine infectious anaemia
Equine infectious anaemia was reported only from one district in the State of Punjab. The remaining parts of
the country remained free from equine infectious anaemia.
-135 -
I N D O N E S I A
INTRODUCTION
Most animal health activities are conducted by the government, particularly for small farmers. However, the
private sector is now taking a bigger role in animal health activities. In certain areas, the concept of paying for
services is beginning to be introduced under which farmers themselves pay for animal health services provided
by animal health posts.
Among the 226 animal diseases in the world, there are 87 animal diseases present in the country, including 33
viral, 29 bacterial and 25 parasitic diseases. Of these 87 diseases, 43 are regarded as 'economic' diseases and
the rest (44 diseases) have not been reported for many years.
Among the 43 diseases of economic importance, 14 are considered as 'strategic' diseases: anthrax,
haemorrhagic septicaemia, brucellosis, rabies, trypanosomiasis, malignant catarrhal fever, Jembrana disease,
Newcastle disease, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, leptospirosis, tuberculosis and infectious bursal disease.
I. LIST A DISEASES
Disease present in 1995
Total
1994
Total
1995
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
1995
Jun
Jul
F.P.
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
06-94
reported
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
-
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
A
C
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O (1983)
Rinderpest (1907)
Bluetongue ( 1987)
Comments on Newcastle
date of last
outbreak)
Sheep pox and goat pox
Classical swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
disease
Newcastle disease still heads the list of poultry diseases, causing high mortality in indigenous poultry.
A control programme is conducted through sanitation and vaccination. The vaccine used is subsidised by the
government. The disease is not a problem for commercial poultry since maximum security measures are applied
to provide protection from the disease.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Ten diseases in OIE List B were recorded in Indonesia: anthrax, haemorrhagic septicaemia, brucellosis, rabies,
trypanosomiasis, malignant catarrhal fever, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and
infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease).
-136-
1.
Anthrax
Anthrax is mainly reported sporadically in eastern areas of the country. Control of the disease is
implemented through strict regulation of livestock movement, especially from infected to free areas.
A vaccination programme is also implemented to control the disease. Sick animals are treated using anti­
serum combined with antibiotics.
2.
Rabies
The provinces of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, East Timor, Maluku and Irian Jaya are
continuing to be rabies-free zones. An intensive control programme against rabies concentrated in Java
and Kalimantan was implemented for five years from 1989 (1989-1993) and a control programme for
Sumatera and Sulawesi has been in place since 1993. Elimination of stray dogs and a mass vaccination
campaign are still being carried out. An inter-departmental action has been initiated and has proved to be
very effective in the implementation of the rabies control programme.
Diseases of cattle
3.
Bovine anaplasmosis
Anaplasmosis can be found sporadically throughout Indonesia, especially in cattle and buffalo. The
control programme against this disease is through prevention by artificial immunisation, and control and
eradication through sanitation and isolation of sick animals.
4.
Bovine babesiosis
Babesiosis can also be found sporadically throughout Indonesia, especially in cattle and buffalo. The
control programme for this disease is similar to that for anaplasmosis.
5.
Brucellosis
Brucellosis is reported in most provinces with different levels of prevalence. Bali and Madura are the only
islands free from brucellosis. A low prevalence of brucellosis is reported in the transmigration areas and
among dairy cattle in Java. Control policy is based on preventive action, control and eradication.
Preventive action is based on sanitation and hygiene and strict controls on livestock movement. Control
and eradication programmes are based on a serological test, vaccination for heifers, and test and slaughter.
6.
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
Haemorrhagic septicaemia is one of the most economically important enzootic diseases of draught large
ruminants in Indonesia. The disease has spread throughout almost all the country. Preparation for a
progressive haemorrhagic septicaemia eradication programme has been launched in the eastern part of
Indonesia. The control programme is based on prevention, control, eradication and treatment. Preventive
action is based on strict importation to free areas, and vaccination. The control and eradication
programme is conducted by isolation of sick animals and other technical actions. Treatment involves the
use of anti-serum or antibiotic.
7.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is found in the provinces of South Sulawesi, North Sumatera, Riau, Bali
and South Kalimantan. The control programme is based on a ban on importation from infected areas,
strict quarantine and vaccination, using killed vaccine for areas where the disease is enzootic.
8.
Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosomiasis is the most important blood parasitosis in Indonesia. Preventive action involves the use
of naganol and sanitation of the environment, while the control programme is conducted through isolation
of sick animals and control of vectors in areas which are most frequently infected.
-137-
9.
Malignant catarrhal fever
Malignant catarrhal fever occurs sporadically with low incidence in Indonesia. The disease is associated
with sheep-keeping. It is suspected that goats could be the host of the malignant catarrhal fever virus.
Diseases of poultry
10.
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
Gumboro disease is found sporadically in Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and Sulawesi. At present, about 17
local strains have been successfully isolated and three strains are being used to produce vaccines which it
is hoped will afford protection from Gumboro disease in Indonesia.
Control of Gumboro disease is the most important action in order to prevent the spread of the disease,
since an effective treatment for the disease has not yet been found.
The control programme for Gumboro disease includes the control of movements of poultry and humans,
sanitation and hygiene care of cages and the environment, and vaccination.
Sanitation and hygiene care of cages and the environment are conducted by using a disinfectant which is
effective against Gumboro disease virus, by using the all-in all-out system in broiler farms and by
preventing stress.
The vaccination programme is different for breeders / layers and for broilers. Vaccination in breeders and
layers is conducted three times (initial, booster and preliminary), while vaccination in broiler is conducted
twice (initial and booster).
III. OTHER DISEASES
1.
Bovine ephemeral fever
Bovine ephemeral fever exists in Java, Bengkulu, East Kalimantan, West Irian, Maluku Island, East Nusa
Tenggara.
The control programme is through elimination of vectors and isolation of sick animals, while treatment of
sick animals can be tried using a broad spectrum of antibiotics to eliminate secondary infection.
2.
Mucosal disease / bovine virus diarrhoea
An outbreak of bovine virus diarrhoea erupted in 1989-1990 in the provinces of Bali, West Nusa
Tenggara, East Java, South Sulawesi, East Kalimantan, Bengkulu, Riau and South East Sulawesi, North
Sulawesi, Lampung and South Kalimantan. The last cases occurred in Bali and South Sulawesi.
The control programme is through sanitation and isolation of sick animals, control of importation and
stamping out for areas which have never previously been infected.
3.
Jembrana
Jembrana is a disease that was originally found in Indonesia and is considered as 'strategic'. Jembrana
disease was first reported in 1964. The disease attacks only Bali cattle and causes high mortality. The
causal agent is a virus of the family Retroviridae and the Subfamily Lentivirinae. The disease causes
immunodeficiency or immunosuppression. At present, a conventional method using inactivated Jembrana
virus obtained from blood plasma and spleen of infected cattle has been developed to produce vaccine
against the disease. Trial vaccination using this vaccine has been conducted in West Sumatra and has
given satisfactory results. Further research using a tissue culture method is also in progress.
Control of the disease is implemented through isolation of sick animals and deep burial of the carcases of
dead animals. Elimination of vectors is also an important factor for controlling the spread of the disease.
In 1995, there were 212 cases of Jembrana disease.
-138 -
I R A N
INTRODUCTION
In 1995, the veterinary organisation increased its activities regarding prevention and control of animal diseases
as well as eradication of certain diseases.
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Foot and mouth disease - Virus 0
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A
Sheep pox and goat pox
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
Total
1994
216
5
264
272
Total
1995
255
15
292
195#
Jan
Mar
Apr
May
1995
Jun
Jul
F.P.
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
12-94
12-94
12-94
12-94
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 2
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 1 (1964)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asial (06-90)
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Rinderpest (03-94)
Comments on selected
1.
Feb
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last
outbreak)
Peste des petits ruminants (1994)
African horse sickness (1963)
African swine fever
Classical swine fever
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
In 1995, about 270 outbreaks of foot and mouth disease were reported from unvaccinated herds in
different parts of the country (see table on p. 139).
Vaccination of susceptible animals was conducted with bivalent vaccine manufactured by the Razi
Institute.
2.
Rinderpest
Control measures are based on vaccination of susceptible cattle (about 7,300,000 head in 1995).
3.
Sheep pox and goat pox
During 1995, about 212 outbreaks of sheep pox and 80 outbreaks of goat pox occurred in unvaccinated
flocks.
4.
Newcastle disease
Newcastle disease is endemic in Iran. For prevention, live vaccine La Sota and B are used as well as
killed virus oil vaccine. In accordance with the programme, oral vaccination has no longer been used
since 1994.
l
- 139-
Foot and mouth disease in Iran in ¡995
Month
Virus type
No. of samples
examined
0 only
A only
0 +A
No virus
detected
January
31
4
10
0
17
February
25
1
12
8
4
March
18
1
8
April
25
9
0
0
16
8
May
19
1
June
91
12
0
0
79
July
170
14
0
0
156
81
11
1
4
65
August
September
9
5
0
3
1
1
October
75
8
5
0
62
November
13
0
0
0
13
2
1
0
15
December
18
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Anthrax
Due to a higher degree of vaccination of susceptible animals, the incidence of anthrax decreased in 1995
compared to 1994.
2.
Rabies
Rabies was reported from the entire country in domestic and wild animals, such as: dog, cattle, sheep,
goats, wolves, cats, foxes, jackals, donkeys, horses, mules, camels, raccoons, wild pigs, jacks and
monkeys.
Control measures are based on:
-
vaccination of 106,000 dogs and cats;
-
condemnation of stray dogs and bitten animals.
Diseases of cattle
3.
Bovine babesiosis
Babesiosis is enzootic in Iran and was reported in cattle, sheep and goats in 1995.
Control measures are based on:
- anti-tick dipping;
-
4.
spraying of premises.
Bovine brucellosis
Under the national programme against brucellosis, disease control measures were based on:
- vaccination of 568,300 calves (3 to 6 months of age) with strain 19;
- serological testing of 724,396 dairy cows, of which 4,764 were slaughtered;
- control of animal movements;
- disinfection of contaminated premises.
-140 -
5.
Bovine tuberculosis
Under the national eradication programme, a total of 1,160,681 cattle were tested. Of these, 3,022 cattle
were positive and were slaughtered.
6.
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
Sporadic cases of haemorrhagic septicaemia occurred in northern and north-western parts of the country.
7.
Theileriosis
Control measures in 1995 were based on:
-
anti-tick dipping;
spraying of premises;
-
vaccination of 237,000 cattle and 204,000 sheep and goats.
Diseases of sheep and goats
8.
Caprine and ovine brucellosis (excluding B. ovis)
In 1995, the national programme against brucellosis in sheep and goats included the following control
measures:
-
9.
mass vaccination of 3,878,948 small ruminants (4 to 6 months of age);
testing limited to flocks which reported positive from human brucellosis sources. A total of 502,620
animals were tested and 16,890 were positive.
Contagious agalactia
Contagious agalactia was reported from most parts of the country.
10.
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia was mainly reported from goat-raising parts of the country.
Diseases of poultry
11.
Avian infectious bronchitis
Infectious bronchitis is reported in most parts of the country, we are using killed vaccine at the first week
of age in mothers, and a good titre is obtained after 27 days. Day-old chicks also receive vaccine.
12.
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
Under the programme, we are using intermediate
13.
vaccine in mothers at 18 weeks of age with good results.
Marek's disease
Under the programme, layer day-old chicks will receive turkey herpesvirus vaccine and grand-parents will
receive Rispense vaccine.
-141 -
I R A Q
INTRODUCTION
During the years 1994-1995, the various institutes and veterinary hospitals offered their services to control and
prevent infectious and parasitic diseases of animals and to safeguard human health from zoonoses. To
summarise the situation, it should be noted that the economic blockade covered veterinary drugs and vaccines
as well as laboratory equipment and materials, and the main veterinary laboratories in Baghdad especially that
laboratories producing foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccines.
Veterinary
laboratories
The main laboratory producing FMD vaccines, built by France, was closed by the United Nations. Other
laboratories are in a difficult situation, with no equipment or materials, and reduced staffing levels.
We are requesting support and assistance to deal with the situation by supplying vaccine materials and
retraining staff.
I. LIST A DISEASES
1.
Foot and mouth disease
A high number of cases of FMD were recorded in various areas in cattle and sheep. No vaccine is
available because the main laboratory producing FMD vaccine was closed by the United Nations.
2.
Rinderpest
No cases of rinderpest were recorded. The regular continuing campaign to vaccinate animals has been
carried out annually without a successful result.
3.
Newcastle disease
Newcastle disease was recorded in vaccinated farms.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Rabies
Many cases of rabies were recorded in humans. Efforts to prevent incidence of rabies and hydatid diseases
were continued. There is currently no rabies vaccine available.
2.
Brucellosis
A survey of brucellosis has shown that the disease is continuing to cause high losses, including economic
losses from animal abortion. Many human cases have been recorded. The survey of brucellosis and
tuberculosis is still operating and a special Brucella Centre was established to coordinate activities.
A Brucella vaccine programme is planned.
-142-
Diseases of cattle
3.
Bovine babesiosis, thcilcriosis and trypanosomiasis
Theileriosis, babesiosis and tripanosomiasis were recorded. Foreign and cross-bred cattle are more
susceptible to Theileria. It is difficult to prepare a vaccine against theileriosis because of the shortage in
equipment and laboratory materials.
4.
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
Sporadic cases were reported.
Diseases of poultry
5.
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
Gumboro disease was recorded in vaccinated farms.
III. OTHER DISEASES
Cases of salmonellosis were recorded.
Sporadic cases of blackleg were reported.
The rapid spread of three-day sickness in spring was halted by treatment.
Ectoparasites
Dipping and spraying were conducted. Tick resistance to medicine is very high.
Endoparasites
Treatment was given to eliminate and reduce the risk of endoparasites.
-143-
I R E L A N D
INTRODUCTION
In 1995, national surveillance programmes for equine viral arteritis, enzootic bovine leukosis, maedi-visna,
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, transmissible gastroenteritis, Brucella ovis, B. melitensis,
B. suis, Mycoplasma agalactiae, caprine arthritis/encephalitis and warble fly were carried out.
One goat was seropositive for caprine arthritis/encephalitis and one imported calf was seropositive for enzootic
bovine leukosis although no virus could be isolated in either instance. Nevertheless, control measures were
instituted in both situations. All the other results of the surveillance programmes were negative and Ireland
maintained its freedom from these diseases.
I. LIST A DISEASES
Diseases never
reported
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease ( 1941 )
Rinderpest ( 1877)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1892)
Sheep pox and goat pox (1850)
date of last
outbreak)
Classical swine fever (1958)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (10-89)
Newcastle disease - Virus velogenic (07-92)
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of cattle
1.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
There were 16 cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy confirmed in 1995. All were in different herds
and involved cows 4 years of age or older. All herds with a confirmed case continue to be depopulated
under the voluntary scheme introduced in 1989 to facilitate trade and export certification.
Diseases of
2.
lagomorphs
Viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits
In November 1995, viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits was confirmed for the first time in Ireland. The
first confirmed outbreak occurred in County Meath in a group of 13 pet rabbits.
-144-
I S R A E L
INTRODUCTION
During 1995, the agreement the establishment of Palestinian Autonomy was gradually implemented with the
consequent steps in coordinated veterinary activities, including periodic meetings of the bilateral veterinary
committee.
Towards the end of the year, the Agricultural Agreement between Jordan and Israel was signed by the two
ministers. This Agreement, which includes significant veterinary clauses, is to be further discussed with a view
to implementation in 1996.
The Trinational Animal Health Research Project (TAHRP), a five-year programme sponsored by the US
Agency for International Development (USAID) within the Middle East Regional Cooperation (MERC)
programme, was terminated towards the end of 1995. Its fourth and last annual symposium was held in
Tiberias, Israel, from 23 to 27 April. In addition to 49 TAHRP participants from the three countries (Egypt,
Israel, United States of America) and the Steering Committee members, the symposium was attended by the
Chief Veterinary Officers (CVOs) of Jordan and the Palestinian Authority, as well as US, Palestinian and
European experts and representatives of USAID, EU, FAO, WHO and OIE. On the last day of this conference,
a plenary session on "animal health in the Middle East and opportunities for cooperation" was held in the
Gabriel House in Zemach. In addition to Egypt and Israel, it included contributions from the Palestinians,
Jordanians and four international organisations who expressed strong support for the extension of the project.
In order to enhance regional cooperation, the CVOs of Egypt, Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority met
later during 1995 in Paris and Cairo and concluded their mutual proposals for regional veterinary projects
involving the four parties with special emphasis upon the improvement of diagnostic facilities in the
Palestinian Autonomy and development of its veterinary infrastructure and control programmes, and upon the
early development of a regional veterinary information system. These proposals have been forwarded to the
USAID MERC as well as to the European Union. The European Union designated a specialist to enhance the
planning and follow-up. The implementation of approved proposals will be directed by a 'Regional Oversight
Council' (ROC), composed by the four CVOs.
The pilot Brucella melitensis control programme in four districts, which was terminated during 1994, was
followed by a general country-wide project, beginning 1 April 1995.
Several legislative activities took place during 1995, of which the most significant was the approval by the
Knesset (Parliament) of a modification to the Animal Disease Ordinance (1985). According to this
modification, the Veterinary Services and Animal Health (VSAH) were granted authority 'to prescribe and
regulate any examination, treatment, disinfection, seizure, transfer, detainment, removal, killing or destruction
of animals, animal products or carcasses, due to which the risk of damage to the health of human beings exists'.
Until recently, the VSAH were authorised to act only in regard to animal health as their main subject of
concern.
Other new regulations, published during 1995, related to the licensing of and control over grading stations for
table eggs, to the control over biological and chemical residues in poultry meat and to the prohibition on the
feeding of lactating animals with recycled poultry manure as well as prescribing its pre-slaughter withdrawal
periods from the feed of non-lactating food animals.
In April 1995, Dr Jean Blancou, Director General of the OIE, paid his first visit to Israel. His conclusions,
summarised in a letter of 19 April, included inter alia his appreciation for TAHRP and an expression of the
readiness of the OIE to actively participate in the extended project, as well as his recommendation to include
other countries in the region which want to participate in such projects.
-145-
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Foot and mouth disease - Virus 0
Bluetongue
Diseases never
Total
1994
16
61
Total
1995
5
7
Jan
0
0
Mar
1
0
Apr
0
0
May
1
0
1995
Jun
Jul
1
1
0
0
F.P.
Aug
0
0
Sep
0
0
Oct
0
0
Nov
0
7
Dec
1
0
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 2
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3
Vesicular stomatitis
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A (1981)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 1 (1962)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asial (06-89)
Rinderpest (1983)
Peste des petits ruminants (02-93)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1941)
Lumpy skin disease (09-89)
Comments on selected
1.
Feb
0
0
Swine vesicular disease
Rift Valley fever
African swine fever
date of last
outbreak)
Sheep pox and goat pox (10-93)
African horse sickness (1944)
Classical swine fever (1948)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (1948)
Newcastle disease -Virus mesog (05-92)
Newcastle disease - Virus velogenic (1977)
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
In 1995, five outbreaks of foot and mouth disease (FMD) were reported and confirmed, all of them in
young unvaccinated beef cattle in northern Israel, of which three were in very close proximity to the
international borders. All were caused by FMD virus type O j . The routine laboratory techniques applied
by the Kimron Veterinary Institute (KVI, Beit-Dagan) for FMD diagnosis and virus identification are the
complement fixation test, ELISA, PCR, isolation in PK or LK cells, seroneutralisation and inoculation
into baby mice. Genetic analysis is also routinely carried out" by elucidating the sequence of 292 bases
(320-613) of the VP1 genes. It was found that 4 of the isolates were genetically very closely related (rate of
mutation of less than 5%); their relationship to isolates from neighbouring countries will hopefully be
studied in the future.
Based upon the antigenic analysis of the isolates, the vaccine used included FMD virus serotypes O
Manisa and O Geshur. Not one of the dairy farms of the country was affected, reflecting the severe animal
movement restrictions imposed and the impact of vaccination. The effectiveness of the vaccine used was
also confirmed by the ongoing monitoring programme, which has been operational since 1992. It includes
six farms with cattle of Israeli-Holstein breed, scattered throughout the country and along the borders. On
each farm, 40 animals in four age-groups are sampled three times a year for an SNT evaluation of their
immunity, conferred by the trivalent vaccine. The FMD virus types used in the SNT are strains of A , O
and Asia 1, from the region, as current as possible.
2 2
In 1995, a total of 472,513 vaccinations of cattle with the trivalent vaccine were carried out. as well as
392,630 monovalent (O) vaccinations in small ruminants. The figures for 1994, when 19 foci were
recorded with consequent revaccinations around them, were 511,845 and 418,744 respectively.
Vaccinations are liable to State fees, paid by the owners.
The present policy of the VSAH is to vaccinate annually all cattle above the age of 3 months during
October to December. Booster vaccination is carried out in cattle younger than 18 months, 8 to 12 weeks
after their initial vaccination. Calves born after the general vaccination period are vaccinated when
3 months old within a secondary scheme. Vaccination involves also the entire sheep and goat population.
Cattle are vaccinated with a trivalent vaccine including types O (Manisa and Geshur), A and Asia 1.
Small ruminants are currently vaccinated with a monovalent vaccine O (Manisa and Geshur). In the event
of an outbreak, revaccinations are carried out in the surrounding area, in addition to all the quarantine and
animal movement restrictions prescribed by law.
2 2
07-94
11-94
-146-
2.
Peste des petits ruminants
This disease, diagnosed for the first time in Israel in 1993, have not been reported in Israel since. General
vaccination in sheep and goats was continued during 1995; more than 200,000 vaccinations were carried
out.
3.
Bluetongue
The annual bluetongue season in Israel is July to December, the peak months being October and
November. Compared to the 1993 and 1994 seasons, which were characterised by extensive incidence of
the disease caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) type 16, which had not been involved in field cases of
bluetongue in Israel since 1975, only seven outbreaks were reported during 1995, six of which were due to
BTV type 16 and one to BTV type 4. All were reported in unvaccinated young sheep of exotic (European)
breeds and their crosses. PCR was added in 1995 to the traditional laboratory B T V identification
techniques used by the KVI.
In 1995, a pentavalent bluetongue vaccine was put into use, including type 16, in addition to the
traditionally used BTV types 2, 4, 6 and 10. Type 16 was recently attenuated by the Onderstepoort
Vaccine Laboratory (South Africa) and added to the quadrivalent vaccine after completion of protection
trials -for which the VSAH are very grateful.
4.
Sheep pox
No cases of sheep pox were reported in 1995, compared to none in 1994 and five in 1993. Consequently, a
further drop in the number of vaccinations was observed: only 36,291 in 1995 compared to 48,805 during
1994 and 232,761 in 1993.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Rabies
In 1995, 55 cases of rabies were diagnosed by the KVI, compared to 85 in 1994 and 70 in 1993. The
disease maintained its sylvatic nature. Cases were observed in most districts, with the highest densities in
the areas of Menashe hills and the Upper Galilee.
The 55 animals involved were:
-
fauna: 31 foxes and 2 jackals;
domestic carnivores: 12 dogs and 1 cat;
farm animals: 5 cattle, 2 donkeys, 1 horse and 1 camel.
Nearly 128,000 dogs were vaccinated in 1995, of which 5 to 10% were spayed/castrated. This is estimated
to be 60 to 7 0 % of the owned dog population. Approximately 47,000 farm animals were also vaccinated.
Rabies diagnoses in vector animals
(1967-1995)
Annual means
Period
No. of
years
1967-1978
12
1.3
0.3
1979-1990
12
12.6
1991-1992
2
1993-1995
3
Foxes
% fauna
Dogs
Cats
Human
cases
0.16
16.5%
8.6
0.3
2
1.25
1.3
70.1%
6.2
0.25
0
11
2
0
32.5%
27
0
0
35.25
4
4
72.2%
14.25
1.25
0
Jackals
Other
fauna
-147-
Diseases of cattle
2.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has never been recorded in Israel. The import of meat-meal and
bone-meal of bovine/ovine origin into Israel for use in feed for food-producing animals has been banned
by the VSAH since July 1990.
"Specific bovine offal" (SBO: brain, spinal cord, tonsils, thymus, spleen and intestinal tract) are allowed to
be imported only if they were derived from animals which had never received any feed concentrates
containing ingredients of ruminant origin, excluding milk products. To safeguard the implementation of
the said requirement, import permits are granted only from countries which have officially prohibited the
feeding of bovines with such ingredients.
Since 1991, all bovine brains, presented to the department of pathology in the KVI following any central
nervous system or neuromotor clinical signs, are histologically examined for BSE changes.
A total of 520 brains of bovines, older than 2 years, have been examined since 1991, as follows:
Histopathological examination of cattle brains
at Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit-Dagan
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
99
48
72
134
167
All were found to be free of BSE changes. The total number of bovines in Israel is 355,000, including
257,000 of the Israeli Holstein breed of which 115,000 are lactating cows in production, scattered in 1,650
dairy farms.
The VSAH have taken the following measures to prevent the introduction of BSE into Israel since the
initial notification about its appearance in the United Kingdom (UK) was received:
December 1987: note in the Monthly Veterinary Bulletin, distributed to all State veterinarians, largeanimals practitioners and cattle breeders associations, summarizing the short communication of Wells et
al. published in the Veterinary Record on 31 October 1987: "A novel progressive spongiform
encephalopathy in cattle".
May 1988: request to import live cattle for breeding from the UK refused "until more information is
available on BSE". No such permits have been issued throughout the following years.
December 1988: prohibition of import from the UK of animal meal of ruminant origin.
March 1989: lecture by Dr R. Bradley (Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge. UK) on BSE with
slides and video to the State veterinarians and personnel of KVI at the VSAH Headquarters in BeitDagan.
April 1989: Dr Bradley's paper included in the VSAH epidemiological quarterly (January-March 1989)
and distributed to wide circle of professionals.
April-May 1989: BSE video of the British Veterinary Services shown to all large-animal practitioners in
regional meetings throughout the country.
August 1989: pet food from the UK required to be accompanied by official certification confirming that
the products do not contain SBOs or any material derived from animals which may be infected with BSE
or other scrapie-like agents and that the exporting plant is under direct and official control of the State
Veterinary Services.
March 1990: animal meals for the feeding of farm animals allowed only from countries free of BSE, from
approved plants under direct inspection of State Veterinary Services, and if accompanied by veterinary
certificates indicating that no animal waste from other countries are included.
-148-
Julv 1990: total ban on import of meat meals of mammalian origin for the feeding of food animals
(including poultry) from all countries. The Israeli policy regarding BSE was presented by the Delegate of
Israel to the OIE in a meeting on BSE at the OIE Headquarters in Paris, 23 July 1990.
September 1990: presentation and discussion on BSE during the annual Veterinary Symposium in
Rehovot, with participation of many practitioners and laboratory workers.
October 1990: reply from the Israeli Embassy in Brussels to the European Commission (DG VI) clarifying
the Israeli requirements for the import of animal-related products from the European Community. The
said requirements had been referred to in a previous letter from the Community to the Israeli ambassador
as "impeding the free movement of goods between Israel and the European Community". Requirements
were maintained unchanged.
December 1990: import from the UK and Ireland of SBOs is prohibited.
February 1991: import of SBOs from all other countries restricted to those derived from animals officially
certified as never having received any feeds/concentrates containing ingredients of animal origin
(excluding milk products).
April 1992: BSE declared a notifiable disease; veterinary practitioners and the industry are briefed and
requested to notify every suspected case to VSAH.
October 1992: participation and training of a pathologist from the KVI in the Spongiform Encephalopathy
Workshop III at the Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge, UK.
June 1994: letter sent to the Chief Veterinary Officers of all countries which are on the list of beef
exporters to Israel, inquiring about the legal status in the respective countries regarding feeding of
ruminant protein (excluding milk powder) to ruminants.
January 1995: bovine meat import conditions were updated as follows and distributed to all exporting
countries:
'A country in which BSE has been diagnosed shall be deleted from the list of countries approved for the
export of meat/offals to Israel unless it has been proved that the following conditions have been conformed
to:
a. The disease has been declared compulsorily notifiable.
b. An effective surveillance system, at least equal to the directions of the OIE in this matter, has been
established.
c. An effective tagging system which enables the tracing of cattle to the farms of origin has been
established.
Animals originating from farms on which BSE has been diagnosed shall be excluded from export to
Israel.
The importation of SBOs shall be forbidden from any country which has not prohibited the feeding of
mammalian proteins to ruminants (excluding milk products).
The importation of meat from countries in which BSE has been confirmed shall be permitted on condition
that nervous and lymphatic tissues which have been exposed during the cutting process were removed
from the carcass.'
Special veterinary conditions are required from countries with high BSE incidence, including compulsory
deboning and age restrictions for slaughtered animals.
April 1995: implementation of the aforementioned veterinary import conditions.
May 1995: the Israeli policy regarding BSE presented during the 63rd General Session of the OIE.
December 1987 - May 1996: more than 300 items on BSE published in the Monthly Veterinary Bulletins,
distributed to all State veterinarians, large-animal practitioners and cattle breeders associations.
-149-
Mav 1996: the Israeli VSAH import policy in relation to BSE hazards is under process of réévaluation in
light of the information on suspected possible BSE/Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease connection and the desire to
maintain Israel's freedom from BSE.
Diseases of sheep and goats
3.
Caprine and ovine brucellosis (excluding B. ovis)
Following the termination of pilot programmes for the control of Brucella melitensis, restricted to the four
districts most seriously affected, a country-wide control programme was launched in April 1995.
In 1995, a total of 4,738 flocks were examined, including 151,409 sheep and goats, of which 147,291
were examined by means of the CF test in the National Brucellosis Laboratory in KVI, 2,883 by ELISA
field testing kits and 1,235 by intradermal allergic tests. The total number of positive animals was 4,785,
namely 3.16% of all animals examined. A total of 231 of the flocks (4.8%), including 11,484 animals,
were found positive at a rate higher than 10%, and were thus slaughtered in their entirety. An infection
rate of less than 10% was found in 675 flocks (14.2%), which were thus liable to the "test and slaughter"
policy. The total number of animals slaughtered during 1995 reached 12,851, with compensation of
approximately 7.4 million ILS (approximately 2.4 million USD) being paid. Of the surveyed flocks, 3,832
(81%) were found negative.
The Brucellosis-Free Dairy Flocks Scheme, a voluntary scheme for dairy-sheep and dairy-goat breeding
flocks, has been continued, adding 21 new flocks. At the end of 1995, the club included 112 flocks with
25,000 sheep and goats. In these flocks periodic testing is carried out.
Vaccination of ewe-lambs and young female goats up to 7 months old was increased and, in 1995,
included 82,587 animals, compared to 65,130 in 1994 and 53,589 in 1993. The vaccinations are liable to
payment by the flock owners, a fact which might be an obstacle to obtaining a higher vaccination
coverage.
The Brucellosis Control Programme steering committee is headed by the Veterinary Field Services and
includes representatives of various units of the VSAH, the State Budget Department, the Ministry of
Health, the directorship of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Sheep Breeders Association.
In 1995, 246 Malta fever cases in humans were officially reported in Israel by the public health
authorities, compared to 226 during 1994 and 338 during 1993. Though a significant reduction was
observed in several districts, there was a rise in the districts of Beer Sheva and Jerusalem. Most cases in
Jerusalem occurred in its eastern part, resulting from the consumption of contaminated dairy products. A
public education programme has been prepared and is to be carried out by the Ministry of Health, in
collaboration with the VSAH.
4.
Scrapie
Following the stamping out of the first scrapie flock in Israel in October 1993, no further cases were
observed during 1994 and 1995. It is hoped that with the destruction of the said flock, in which 4 sheep of
the Chios breed and crosses were found affected, Israel may have regained its freedom from scrapie.
During 1994 and 1995, 102 ovine brains of adult animals with CNS or neuromotor clinical signs were
histologically examined in the KVI, all with negative results regarding scrapie.
m . OTHER DISEASES
Salmonella
enteritidis
infection
The reduction in the occurrence of Salmonella enteritidis infections in poultry, observed during 1994, was
continued throughout 1995 with a consequent significant reduction in the number of stamped-out poultry
flocks, from 24 (including 204,675 birds and more than 1.72 million hatching eggs) in 1993, to 9 flocks
(85,438 birds and 132,090 hatching eggs) in 1994 and 1 flock, including 15,274 birds, in 1995.
-150-
Compensation paid in 1995 amounted to 105,000 USD compared to 330,000 USD in 1994 and 1.3 million
USD in 1993. This was partly due to the improvement of sanitary conditions in poultry farms associated with
the successful introduction of the inactivated S. enteritidis vaccine, combined with the live attenuated
S. typhimuhum vaccine in parent-stock breeding flocks. In addition, the VSAH was able to reduce the severity
of the measures applied for the control of S. enteritidis in poultry farms thanks to the enforcement of new State
regulations regarding the handling of table eggs, their collection, transportation, marking, packing, chilling
and marketing.
I S R A E L
/
C O N T R O L L E D
T E R R I T O R I E S
LIST A DISEASES
Diseases present in 1995
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O
Peste des petits ruminants
Diseases never
Total
1994
15
4
Total
1995
1
1
Jan
0
0
Feb
0
0
Mar
0
0
Apr
0
0
May
0
0
1995
Jun
Jul
0
1
0
0
F.P.
Aug
0
0
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 2
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3
Vesicular stomatitis
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A (1981)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 1 (1970)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asia 1 (1964)
Rinderpest (1983)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1967)
Bluetongue (1990)
Swine vesicular disease
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
African swine fever
date of last
outbreak)
Sheep pox and goat pox (01-93)
African horse sickness (1944)
Classical swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (1948)
Newcastle disease - Virus velogenic (1977)
Sep
0
0
Oct
0
1
Nov
0
0
Dec
0
0
07-94
11-94
-151 -
I T A L I E
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
Maladies présentes
en 1995
Maladie vésiculeuse du porc
Peste porcine africaine
Peste porcine classique
Maladie de Newcastle
Total
1994
28
91
25
42
Maladies n'ayant jamais été
Total
1995
18
145
42
2
Jan
1
20
5
0
Fev
8
13
7
0
Mar
3
19
3
0
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
1995
Jun
Jul
0
3
13
19
3
2
0
0
F.P.
Aou
0
14
3
0
Sep
0
1
3
0
Oct
0
14
5
1
Nov
1
0
6
1
Dec
1
5
4
0
12-94
12-94
12-94
12-94
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Peste équine
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène
: date du dernier
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus O (06-93)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus A (07-87)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus C (07-89)
1.
Mai
0
14
0
0
constatées
Fièvre aphteuse Virus SAT 1
Fièvre aphteuse Virus SAT 2
Fièvre aphteuse Virus SAT 3
Fièvre aphteuse Virus Asial
Stomatite vésiculeuse
Peste des petits ruminants
Commentaires
Avr
1
13
1
0
foyer)
Peste bovine (1949)
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine (10-93)
Clavelée et variole caprine (05-83)
sur certaines maladies de la Liste A
Fièvre aphteuse
La Commission des Communautés européennes, par la Décision 95/284/CE du 24 juillet 1995, suite à des
épreuves cliniques et sérologiques satisfaisantes chez les espèces sensibles, a abrogé les mesures de
protection pour la fièvre aphteuse. Ces mesures n'étaient en vigueur que dans la province de Casería. Cette
Décision communautaire a été approuvée au niveau national par l'ordonnance du 14 septembre 1995.
2.
Maladie vésiculeuse du porc
Au cours de 1995, un total de 18 foyers a été enregistré dans des élevages de porcins, dans des abattoirs
(publics et privés), et dans des porcheries de déchargement commercial.
Dans deux cas, la maladie a été détectée suite à des contrôles effectués dans le cadre du plan d'éradication.
La Décision de la Commission européenne du 13 septembre 1994 a été approuvée au niveau national par
l'ordonnance du 2 décembre 1994 qui a lancé le programme d'éradication et de surveillance de la maladie
vésiculeuse dans les élevages porcins sur l'ensemble du territoire national.
Au cours de la première année de la mise en œuvre de ce plan (1995), les élevages de porcins
reproducteurs ont fait l'objet de contrôles.
3.
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
En vertu de l'ordonnance du 3 février 1993, la mise en œuvre par les régions et les provinces autonomes
de Trento et Bolzano à la fois du plan de sérosurveillance dans les élevages de bovins et de bufflesses, et
du plan d'inspection sanitaire dans les abattoirs publics et privés sur le territoire national vis-à-vis de la
maladie, est devenue obligatoire.
Le monitorage de l'introduction d'animaux en provenance des pays tiers et de l'Union européenne s'est
poursuivi.
-152-
Entre janvier et décembre 1995, 450 000 prélèvements au total ont été soumis à des épreuves sérologiques.
Compte tenu de la situation satisfaisante de l'Italie vis-à-vis de cette maladie, le pays peut être considéré
indemne de péripneumonie contagieuse bovine conformément au Code zoosanitaire international de
l'OIE. L'Italie a en outre demandé à la Commission européenne d'abroger la Décision 91/56/CEE du 21
janvier 1991, prévoyant des mesures de protection en matière de péripneumonie contagieuse bovine sur
son territoire.
4.
Peste porcine africaine
Tout comme au cours des années passées, la diffusion de la maladie s'est limitée à la zone d'enzootie de la
province de Nuoro (Sardaigne).
Les mesures envisagées par le plan d'éradication ont été poursuivies en 1995, conformément à la
réglementation régionale adoptée en 1993 et aux Décisions de la Commission européenne 90/217/CEE et
94/881/CE.
Les dispositions de la Décision 95/108/CE modifiant la Décision de la Commission du 30 juillet 1992
(92/451/CEE) prévoyant des mesures de protection contre la peste porcine africaine en Sardaigne ont été
approuvées au niveau national par l'arrêté du 4 juillet 1995.
Un Comité national de coordination et de surveillance a été mis sur pied par le ministère de la santé aux
termes de l'article 7 de l'arrêté mentionné ci-dessus.
5.
Peste porcine classique
A la différence de l'année passée, pendant laquelle les foyers n'avaient été observés qu'en Sardaigne, des
cas d'infection se sont déclarés également dans certaines régions qui pendant longtemps avaient été
indemnes : province de Bolzano (porcins), de Piacenza (sangliers d'élevage) et de Prato (porcins).
De l'enquête épidémiologique menée par les Unités Sanitaires Locales (USL), il ressort que ces animaux
avaient été nourris avec des déchets de cuisine non traités. Lors de la saison de la chasse 1995/1996, des
contrôles pour la peste porcine classique ont été effectués chez les sangliers abattus par les chasseurs dans
les zones où les foyers sus-mentionnés se sont produits. Cette enquête a été menée également en
Sardaigne.
Le plan de sérosurveillance visait à apprécier la présence et la diffusion du virus de la peste porcine
classique dans les élevages de reproduction, surtout pour les souches virales à faible virulence, aussi bien
que pour le contrôle des anticorps de cette maladie chez les porcins à l'engrais.
6.
Maladie de Newcastle
Le premier foyer, coïncidant avec un seul cas clinique, a été détecté chez un pigeon sauvage trouvé
mourant sur les rives d'un fleuve et amené dans un laboratoire pour essayer de le soigner.
Le deuxième foyer a été détecté dans une exploitation avicole avec un total de 200 animaux, parmi
lesquels des poulets et des pintades ; tous ont été abattus. L'origine de la maladie est à ce jour inconnue,
même si l'on a constaté que dans cette exploitation il y a souvent des mouettes, des tourterelles et des
pigeons sauvages qui auraient pu être à l'origine de l'infection.
Il convient de préciser que la baisse du nombre de cas de maladie en 1995 n'est pas due à de nouvelles
dispositions ou à des plans de lutte spécifiques mais plutôt, du point de vue épidémiologique, à l'évolution
naturelle que cette maladie a suivie en Italie.
-153-
II. MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
Maladies communes à plusieurs
1.
espèces
Fièvre charbonneuse
Seuls 2 cas de fièvre charbonneuse ont été enregistrés en 1995 sur l'ensemble du territoire national.
En plus des mesures de police vétérinaire adoptées pour les foyers, la prophylaxie de la fièvre
charbonneuse envisage le recours à la vaccination préventive chez les espèces sensibles (bovins, ovins,
caprins et équidés) dans les zones à haut risque en raison de la présence de "champs maudits", les régions
concernées devant préalablement solliciter l'autorisation du ministère de la santé.
2.
Rage
Depuis le mois de juin 1994, aucun cas de rage sylvatique n'a été signalé dans la province de Bolzano. Les
autorités sanitaires de la région Frioul-Vénétie Julienne et de la province autonome de Bolzano, afin
d'empêcher l'apparition et la propagation de la maladie ont mis en place des mesures de prophylaxie qui
prévoient, dans les zones les plus touchées, des plans de vaccination antirabique des renards par voie orale
avec le vaccin SAD B 19 importé d'Allemagne.
Les campagnes de vaccination ont été effectuées au printemps.
La Slovénie, qui confine avec l'Italie, a mis en place un plan d'éradication de la rage approuvé et financé
par l'Union européenne.
Comme les années précédentes, le ministère de la santé a promulgué une ordonnance rendant obligatoire
la vaccination antirabique des chiens et autres animaux domestiques dans les zones infectées de rage
vulpine.
Le monitorage de la rage sur le reste du territoire national s'est poursuivi par l'analyse sérologique de
nombreux prélèvements provenant d'animaux domestiques et sauvages effectuée par les instituts zooprophylactiques compétents pour chaque zone, avec des résultats satisfaisants.
-154-
J O R D A N
INTRODUCTION
Although there was no change in the Enzootic Disease List of 1995 compared to the previous years and despite
the intensification of disease control measures, a slight increase in disease challenge was noted. The poor
pasture in the southern and western parts of the country, which triggered a vast animal movement towards the
north-east, where pastures are richer, could have caused the slight increase in the disease challenge, bearing in
mind that the north-east part of Jordan is in the neighbourhood of three countries and that animal movements
across the borders are not uncommon.
In 1995, the private veterinary sector demonstrated more involvement in activities with large animals, sheep
and goats i.e vaccinations, treatments, diagnosis and clinical work. In previous years, such responsibilities were
in the hands of governmental veterinarians.
Due to the geographical location, we assume that the major disease problems we are facing in Jordan also exist
in other Middle East countries. Without a regional concept, control of these diseases will continue to be a
remote target. This was the case in 1994 and 1995 and will be in the future until the Middle East region
countries find their way to cooperation and a collective approach of problems.
I. L I S T A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Foot and mouth disease - Virus 0
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
Total
1994
1
Total
1995
3
Jan
0
+..
+-..
-t-..
Mar
0
Apr
0
May
0
•K.
1995
Jun
Jul
0
0
-K.
F.P.
Aug
0
Sep
0
-K.
+..
Oct
0
Nov
2
Dec
0
+..
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 2
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asial
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A (1978)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C (1969)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 1 (1962)
Rinderpest (1972)
Comments on selected
1.
Feb
1
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
African swine fever
Classical swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last
outbreak)
Peste des petits ruminants (08-94)
Bluetongue
Sheep pox and goat pox (04-94)
African horse sickness (1962)
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
In 1995, there were 1 outbreak in cattle and 2 outbreaks in sheep. More animals were vaccinated in 1995,
and it was the first year in which large-scale vaccination of sheep was carried out. Sero-surveillance and
virus identification was continued. Results showed a high prevalence of the disease.
03-94
12-94
-155 -
2.
Rinderpest
Around 15.4% of the cattle population was vaccinated in 1995, due to the geographical location of the
country, the absence of regional cooperation and the lack of advanced diagnostic facilities locally.
Together, these factors restrict the ability of the Jordanian Veterinary Authorities to declare freedom from
the disease as per international regulations. It is hoped that with the help of the IAEA the situation will be
ameliorated. In 1996, the IAEA is going to provide Jordan with the equipment and the acumen to achieve
instrumental monitoring of the disease. In view of the volume and quality of the disease monitoring
carried out until now, a provincial declaration of freedom from rinderpest is imminent (1996).
3.
Peste des petits ruminants
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a major disease problem first identified serologically in 1992. The
clinical form of the disease was minor at that time; losses among the flocks sampled and tested were
insignificant whereas about 2 3 % of samples were serologically positive. From 1992 until now the disease
has become more complicated: factors playing a significant role include animal movements across the
borders (north-eastern part) and the concurrent presence of bluetongue and foot and mouth disease.
Routine vaccination has been carried out by the veterinary field staff on an ongoing basis. Some 16% of
the sheep and goat population were vaccinated in 1995 using locally produced or imported rinderpest
vaccines. Monitoring of vaccinated flocks has shown that, in general, seroconversion is either absent or
delayed. For better protection of sheep and goats against PPR the Veterinary Department is planning to
use the PPR vaccine exclusively as soon as it is available.
4.
Bluetongue
Although serological evidence ( 3 3 % of animals seropositive) of the presence of the disease has existed
since the early 1980s, very few clinical cases especially in exotic sheep breeds or local breeds from the
south-eastern part of the country have been reported. No vaccination has been carried out. It is believed
that the sheep / goat population in the south-eastern part of the country is free from any form of the
disease, due to the absence of the vector. The serotypes which have been so far identified in Jordan are 2.
4, 6, 10.
5.
Sheep pox and goat pox
A disease problem which is to a considerable extent under control. No outbreaks occurred in 1995 and the
disease incidence in 1994 was the lowest since 1982. However, there was no major difference between
1994 and 1995. Vaccination campaigns continue annually (in 1995 around 3 5 % of the sheep and goat
population was vaccinated). The vaccine used is produced locally.
6.
African horse sickness
Vaccination against African horse sickness is prohibited and the analysis of serum samples in reference
laboratories has always given negative results.
7.
Newcastle disease
Newcastle disease is a problem facing poultry farmers, especially in multi-age broiler farms. Disease
monitoring is inadequate due to the lack of diagnostic facilities and specialization. The private veterinary
sector is the main body supervising the poultry industry in Jordan.
n. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Rabies
A number of confirmed cases were reported among animal species in 1995. Many cases of human bitten
by dogs were reported. Fortunately, there were no human fatalities due to the disease.
-156-
Diseases of sheep and goats
2.
Caprine and ovine brucellosis (excluding B. ovis)
Brucella melitensis is so far the causative microorganism which has been isolated. The impact of the
disease on livestock productivity has been tremendously minimized in the last three years compared to
1988-1989. Vaccination is carried out on an ongoing basis using a locally produced Rev-1 vaccine in
sheep and goats. Jordan is awaiting the implementation of the 1993 Amman Brucellosis Meeting
recommendations in addition to the Brucellosis Control Programme proposed by the FAO and the
regional programme (Jordan, Syria, Iraq and Lebanon) proposed by the Arab Organization for
Agricultural Development (AOAD).
Diseases of horses
In general, major equine diseases have never been reported in Jordan. Serum analyses for either export or
monitoring purposes are always negative. In Jordan equines are only vaccinated against tetanus, anthrax and
influenza.
Serum analysis of equines in Jordan
1992 -1995
Disease
Dourine
Encephalomyelitis
Equine infectious anaemia
Glanders
Babesia
Infectious metritis
African horse sickness
Epizootic lymphangitis
Equine influenza
Equine viral arteritis
No. of samples
No. of positive
311
208
309
326
530
308
488
125
15
23
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
12
0
Diseases of poultry
Gumboro disease, chronic respiratory disease complex and infectious bronchitis are the major disease
challenges which face poultry farmers in the country. Comprehensive poultry disease monitoring in Jordan is
still unestablished.
III. OTHER DISEASES
Although many diseases included in FAO List C are notifiable in Jordan, the existing ones have no significant
impact on the animal wealth. The majority of these diseases have never been reported clinically or by laboratory
means.
-157-
KOREA
(Republic
of)
INTRODUCTION
The Veterinary Services of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries are undertaking an active animal
health surveillance and monitoring programme for notifiable diseases in accordance with the Livestock
Epidemics Prevention and Control Act, which was promulgated on 30 December 1961 and amended in part on
5 January 1995.
According to the reorganisation of the Government Ministries in December 1994, the Veterinary Services have
been slightly strengthened by an increase in the number of animal quarantine officials in the National Animal
Quarantine Services and the establishment of the Foreign Animal Disease Research Centre in the National
Veterinary Research Institute. A Maximum Containment Research Laboratory in the Foreign Animal Disease
Research Centre has become operational and should lead to a better understanding of exotic diseases and the
implementation of the task force scheme for the control of exotic animal diseases.
In February 1995, a Korean edition of the OIE International Animal Health Code and Manual of Standards for
Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines was published and distributed to the veterinary officials for training and
educational purposes. The Korean edition was published with the permission of the OIE.
In 1995, there were no significant changes in animal health status compared to 1994.
I. L I S T A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Classical swine fever
Newcastle disease - Virus velogenic
Diseases never
Total
1994
19
10
Total
1995
14
73
Jan
5
7
Mar
0
2
Apr
1
7
May
3
12
1995
Jun
Jul
0
1
10
8
F.P.
Aug
0
7
vSep
3
3
Oct
0
1
Nov
0
3
Dec
0
2
reported
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease (1934)
Comments on reported
1.
Feb
1
11
Bluetongue
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (fowl plague)
date of last
outbreak)
Rinderpest (1931)
diseases
Classical swine fever (hog cholera)
Classical swine fever is still one of the most important diseases of swine in Korea, thus a nation-wide
control scheme is in force, including voluntary vaccination and a slaughter policy for infected herds, and
has been effective in controlling the disease.
2.
Newcastle disease
In 1995, there was an increased number of outbreaks (73) and chickens diagnosed with Newcastle disease
(a total of 510,193 chickens) compared with 10 outbreaks (involving 41,920 chickens) in 1994. Newcastle
12-94
12-94
-158-
disease is still regarded as one of the causes of damage to the poultry industry in the Republic. To control
the disease, a mass vaccination programme has been adopted and is implemented each year.
Strict quarantine measures were applied to prevent the introduction of other List A diseases in the Republic.
II. LIST B DISEASES
1.
Aujeszkv's disease
In 1995, a total of 52 outbreaks were diagnosed as positive reactors in Aujeszky's disease tests, compared
to 14 outbreaks in 1994. The test and slaughter scheme with compensation is the current strategy in
controlling the disease. Although vaccination against Aujeszky's disease is prohibited, killed vaccines
(gl-deleted vaccine only for the purpose of differential diagnosis of field infection and vaccination) have
been permitted on restricted farms, since 1995, only under the serological monitoring system.
2.
Rabies
In 1995, there was a slight decrease in the number of outbreaks. The source of infection was identified as
wild raccoon. The outbreaks of rabies are restricted to certain regions, such as the northern parts of
Kyunggi and Kangwon provinces.
Diseases of cattle
3.
Bovine brucellosis
There was a total of 135 outbreaks with 322 cases of sero-positive reactors in 1995, representing a
considerable decrease compared to the 225 outbreaks in 1994. The test methods currently employed
include the milk ring test, rose bengal plate test and complement fixation test. Since the introduction in
the early 1950s of the national test and slaughter programme with compensation, herd infection rates have
been dramatically reduced, from 2 0 % in the 1950s to around 0 . 1 % in the 1990s. Cheju island showed a
particularly high incidence of this disease (61 outbreaks involving 118 cattle in 1995).
4.
Bovine tuberculosis
In 1995, there was a total of 164 outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis, representing a slight increase compared
to 1994 (112 outbreaks). The test and slaughter scheme with compensation, including restrictions on
cattle movements from farms with positive reactors, was maintained.
Diseases of pigs
5.
Transmissible gastroenteritis
There was a total of 38 outbreaks of transmissible gastroenteritis in 1995, representing a very slight
increase compared to 12 outbreaks in 1994. Transmissible gastroenteritis shows mixed infection with
porcine epidemic diarrhoea. Both infections occur during winter. Porcine epidemic diarrhoea, a rather
new disease with clinical signs in piglets quite similar to those of transmissible gastroenteritis, has been
recognised as one of the most devastating diseases in the pig industry of the Republic of Korea.
6.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
Since the first isolation of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus and the
reported serological incidence of 6.3% in pigs in 1993, there has been a slight increase in the number of
positive reactors; however, most of the cases were regarded as a mild form with rare clinical signs. An
imported vaccine is currently under experimentation by field trials, and the autogenic vaccine using the
Korean isolates from the mild form PRRS is under development in order to eliminate naturally infected
pigs.
-159 -
KUWAIT
INTRODUCTION
Upgrading livestock
resources
The Public Authority for Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources completed the preparation of a nationwide
Livestock Improvement Project entitled Upgrading and Development of Animal Wealth of the State of Kuwait,
of which Animal Health is a component.
Privatisation
of curative animal care
delivery
The policy to privatise the curative animal health delivery system was translated into practice with the handing
over of three out of the six government veterinary clinics to the private sector and the complete withdrawal the
public sector from areas where the private sector are operating. Private practices provide curative health care to
all domestic species, and preventive measures except to non-ruminant livestock and intensive poultry. Curative
animal health care delivery by the public sector services are restricted to Sulaibiya and Wafra areas.
Prophylaxis
against major animal
diseases
Prevention of the major diseases of ruminant livestock was undertaken through a joint effort of a contracted
International Private Company and the Preventive section of the Animal Health Department. As well as
technical backstopping to private veterinarians working in the poultry industry, compulsory immunisations of
companion animals was provided by the Animal Health Department.
Establishment
of a Regional Animal Disease Control
Centre
A disease control centre was set up at Kebd and became operational towards the last quarter of the year. The
centre, which is located where an estimated 6 5 % of the national small ruminant population are kept, also serves
as a focus for animal disease surveillance.
Disease
sun>eillance
Routine animal disease reporting system and surveillance are being strengthened. A system for routine
reporting of the occurrence of notifiable diseases and monthly work progress by the private veterinary practices
was put in place. Seminars were held for veterinarians and veterinary assistants on routine animal disease
reporting.
Disease surveillance was also undertaken by the Quarantine, Preventive and contracted private consultancy
firm involved in ruminant livestock immunisation project.
Manpower
development
Twenty-nine individuals completed training as veterinary assistants and got deployed to work in the various
sections of the Animal Health Department.
Capability
Building
Tissue culturing and ELISA technique were put in place in the Virology laboratory, while ELISA was
introduced in Serology and Bacteriology Laboratory of Animal Health Department, towards the later part of the
year.
-160 -
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O
Sheep pox and goat pox
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
•K.
Total
1995
5
3
57
Jan
1
0
1
21
•K.
•K.
Total
1994
0
26
Feb
2
2
10
Mar
0
1
0
Apr
0
0
13
+..
+..
May
1
0
0
1995
Jun
Jul
0
0
0
0
0
0
F.P.
Aug
0
0
0
Sep
0
0
0
Oct
0
0
7
Nov
0
0
11
Dec
1
0
15
+..
-t-..
+..
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 1
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 2
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Classical swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Diseases reported absent in 1995
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asial
Rinderpest
Comments on selected
1.
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease is endemic in the State of Kuwait and outbreaks were encountered in 1995,
mainly among young calves with waning passive immunity and adult cattle in small holdings which were
not regularly vaccinated. Eight outbreaks in which there was a total of 116 cases and 2 deaths were
detected during the year. Mostly, clinical signs were mild.
Summary ofFMD
Number of
Month
outbreaks
1
2
3
2.
outbreaks in the State of Kuwait in 1995
January
February
March
April
May
June-Nov.
December
1
4
1
0
1
0
1
Total
8
deaths
cases
13
84
7
0
7
0
5
116
1
3
Population
at risk
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
160
815
60
0
0
0
6
2
1041
2
Vaccinations
337
239
0
0
0
0
0
Areas
Sulaibiya
H
Wafra
Wafra
576
One of the animals was a calf.
There were 95, 220, 150 and 350 animals at risk during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th outbreaks in February 1995.
All the 7 animals were unvaccinated.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
The above disease remained undetected since the Iraqi invasion that decimated the dairy industry and
large populations of small ruminants. Bacteriological, serological and pathological examinations of
suspected clinical cases could not confirm its presence.
08-94
1994
12-94
- 161 -
3.
Sheep pox and goat pox
About 1,279 animals, mostly sheep, were affected.
4.
Newcastle disease
Incidence has declined through routine vaccination of poultry in intensive units. However, the
immunosuppressive effects of infectious bursal disease seems to retard progress in the effective control of
this disease.
II. LIST B DISEASES
1.
Brucellosis
Brucellosis is also an endemic zoonosis in the State of Kuwait, whose incidence has declined with
intensive vaccination campaign underway for many years now. However, still cases of abortion and
retained placenta are encountered from which, in dairy cattle, Brucella abortus are isolated by the
Bacteriology Laboratory. Furthermore, 224 cases of Brucella infections in ruminant livestock from local
sources and 287 small ruminants imported from various countries were confirmed by serodiagnoses.
2.
Bovine tuberculosis
The above disease remained undetected since the Iraqi invasion that decimated the dairy industry and
large populations of small ruminants. Bacteriological, serological and pathological examinations of
suspected clinical cases could not confirm their presence.
3.
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease")
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) is endemic but through regular vaccination programme the
magnitude of this disease has been reduced.
-162-
L A T V I A
INTRODUCTION
As wild animals are serious potential reservoir of diseases, wild boar sera investigations were started in 1995
and will be continued. Out of 71 samples tested:
-
15 were positive for classical swine fever
3 9 were positive for parvovirus infection
5 were positive for leptospirosis
2 were positive for brucellosis
all were negative for chlamydiosis.
I. LIST A DISEASES
Diseases never
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
C
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Newcastle disease
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O (1987)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A ( 1982)
Rinderpest (1921)
date of last
outbreak)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1922)
Classical swine fever (08-93)
II. LIST B DISEASES
1.
Rabies
Rabies was confirmed by laboratory examination in 224 animals, representing 38.4% of all suspected
cases. Of the confirmed cases, 168 (75%) were in wild animals (mainly foxes and raccoon dogs) and the
remainder were in livestock. An oral vaccination programme for wild animals was resumed in the seven
most endangered administrative districts.
Diseases of cattle
2.
Enzootic bovine leukosis
In 1995, under a routine test programme, all cows and heifers from the age of 6 months were tested with
IDR and positive results were found in 3.2% of the total (15,941 cases). Since 1991, as a result of disease
control measures, the number of infected animals has been reduced twelve-fold.
Diseases of pigs
3.
Porcine enterovirus encephalomyelitis
The disease was registered in 17 farms in 12 administrative districts. The prevalence of the disease was
2.1 times higher and the number of cases 24.3 higher than in the previous year.
- 163-
L E S O T H O
INTRODUCTION
The Veterinary Services Division is one of the three divisions of the Department of Livestock Services of the
Ministry of Agriculture, Cooperatives Marketing and Youth Affairs. The other two divisions are Animal
Production and Range Management. The objective of the Veterinary Services Division is to increase livestock
productivity by control of animal diseases of economic as well as those of public health importance.
The operations of the Veterinary Services are therefore divided into three areas:
-
Veterinary Field Services
Meat Hygiene
Animal Disease Investigations
Veterinary Field
Services
In each of the 10 districts there is a veterinary clinic headed by a veterinary officer. In each district, there are 4
to 6 Livestock Improvement Centres (LICs) manned by Livestock Assistants. There are a total of 48 LICs in the
country. During 1995, a total of 23 Livestock Assistants completed their training and alleviated the
understaffed LIC situations. The LICs are the extension centres at the grass roots level from where veterinary
services, sale of drugs and breeding stock are offered to farmers. The veterinary clinics oversee the veterinary
activities in a district.
Meat
Hygiene
Meat inspection and hygiene at the national abattoir and municipal abattoir in Maseru are the responsibility of
the Veterinary Division. Due to shortage of staff, the meat inspection service in the other nine districts is the
responsibility of the Ministry of Health through health inspectors.
Animal Disease
Investigations
The Central Veterinary Laboratory in Maseru coordinates all disease diagnostic services.
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases reported in 1995
Total
1994
Lumpy skin disease
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
•K.
0
0
Total
1995
3
Jan
0
Feb
0
0
0
1995
Jun
Jul
0
F.P.
Aug
Sep
Oct
0
0
0
0
Nov
1
•K.
1
0
0
1
0
0
reported
Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Rinderpest (1896)
Rift Valley fever
Mar Apr May
0
0
1
Contagious bov pleuropneumonia
African swine fever
Classical swine fever
date of last
outbreak)
Sheep pox and goat pox
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
0
0
0
0
0
Dec
1
05-94
1993
1993
1993
-164-
Comments on reported
1.
diseases
Lumpy skin disease
Unlike in 1994, where die disease was reported in all ten districts, 1995 experienced only three outbreaks,
all in the Butha-Buthe district. Vaccination of 645 cattle and 23 equids was conducted.
2.
Bluetongue
The disease was seen throughout the country, especially towards the end of 1995. Voluntary vaccination at
the farmers' request was the method of approach.
3.
African horse sickness
African horse sickness is enzootic in the country. Vaccination of equids was done at the farmer's request.
A total of 682 horses were vaccinated.
4.
Newcastle disease
After the high mortality due to Newcastle disease observed throughout the country in 1994, fewer
outbreaks were recorded in 1995. A total of 500,000 vaccinal doses were administered.
n. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Anthrax
A new outbreak of anthrax occurred in Mafeteng district in February 1995. The last previous outbreak was
in Maseru district in 1971. High mortality was experienced in cattle and few horses. Of the 154 human
cases, 10 died of the disease. The humans had eaten dried meat from carcases of animals which died of
anthrax. In May 1995, the FAO provided emergency assistance during the outbreak. The resources were
made available to enlist the services of a consultant, who laid down guidelines for anthrax surveillance
and control.
Surveillance of anthrax included reporting by the public of all animal deaths to the veterinary authorities
and collection of samples including bones for culture and isolation of the bacilli. A laboratory technologist
and a veterinary officer were trained in the diagnosis of the disease in the Republic of South Africa under
the provision of FAO assistance. Control measures put in place were quarantine of the outbreak area until
six weeks after the last reported outbreak as well as annual vaccination of cattle in low lying areas with a
potential for accumulation of the anthrax spores. The present legislation provides for movement
restrictions to be put in place in case of an outbreak of anthrax.
2.
Echinococcosis-hydatidosis
The hydatid cysts recorded were seen during meat inspection at the national abattoir in Maseru only, since
meat inspection at other district slaughter slabs was conducted under the Ministry of Health. A closer
collaboration in meat inspection was agree upon between the two ministries.
3.
Rabies
Only one case of rabies was suspected. This was in Quthing district, where a dog which showed strange
behaviour was killed by villagers. No confirmation was carried out. Fluorescent antibody technique is
usually used as a confirmatory test. Annual vaccination of dogs and cats was conducted throughout the
country free of charge. A total of 26,212 dogs and cats were vaccinated. This figure was lower than that of
60,885 covered in 1994. Legislation provides for compulsory vaccination of dogs in the event of an
outbreak.
-165-
Diseases of cattle
4.
Bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis
These diseases were reported throughout the country.
in time. Tick control was encouraged and done at the
spraying of cattle. The dry summer, and very cold
survival or building of high tick populations. Hence
priority.
5.
Mortality was low among cases reported and treated
farmer's request. There was no organised dipping or
winter in the highlands of Lesotho do not favour
an organised programme for tick control is never a
Bovine brucellosis
Bovine brucellosis was not a problem. Regular testing of dairy herds was conducted using the milk ring
test. Suspected reactors were followed up by the rose Bengal test. Only 2 of the 1,781 cattle were positive
and were destroyed. No vaccination of cattle against brucellosis was practised.
III. OTHER DISEASES
Multiple species
1.
diseases
Blackquarter (blackleg)
Two outbreaks of the disease were recorded, one each in Mokhotlong and Maseru districts. A total of
79,750 cattle were vaccinated against blackquarter throughout the country in 1995.
Sheep and goat
2.
diseases
Sheep scab
Since Lesotho is wool producing country, sheep scab is a disease of great economic importance, adversely
affecting wool production and thus export earnings for the country. The disease was reported throughout
the country, involving a total of 12,581 sheep. An annual double dipping of all sheep and goats was
conducted throughout the country during the months from January to March. The prevailing drought
made dipping very difficult due to scarcity of water. Some animals were not dipped at all while others
were dipped once. Existing legislation makes it compulsory for farmers to dip their sheep and goats
during an outbreak. A total of 1,966,134 sheep and goats were dipped.
-166 -
L I B A N
INTRODUCTION
La situation épizootiologique au Liban s'est bien améliorée en 1995, à la suite de la réorganisation des Services
vétérinaires au ministère de l'agriculture et des campagnes de prophylaxie et de prévention qui ont été
entreprises contre la majorité des maladies contagieuses.
Les contrôles à la frontière sont beaucoup plus stricts et l'application des mesures internationales est en règle.
Il est prévu de construire six clos de quarantaine au cours de 1996.
Le programme de lutte contre la brucellose a donné de bons résultats, vu la stagnation de la maladie dans les
zones infectées préalablement.
Le dépistage des maladies équines majeures (peste équine, anémie infectieuse, dourine, morve) par des
prélèvements de sang envoyés aux laboratoires de Pirbright et de New Haw a montré l'absence de ces maladies
dans le cheptel équin.
MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Maladies présentes en 1995
Total
1994
Fièvre aphteuse
Peste des petits ruminants
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Clavelée et variole caprine
Maladie de Newcastle
Maladie n 'ayant jamais été
8
0
•K.
Total
1995
Jan
Fev
Mar
Avr
Mai
1995
Jun
Jul
F.P.
Aou
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1994
1994
1993
1994
1994
1994
-K.
-K.
+
+..
constatée
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
: date du dernier
Peste bovine
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Peste équine (1960)
foyer)
Peste porcine africaine
Peste porcine classique
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène (1994)
Maladie n'ayant fait l'objet d'aucune
information
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc
Commentaires
1.
sur certaines
maladies
Fièvre aphteuse
47 630 bovins et plus de 60 000 ovins et caprins ont été vaccinés contre la fièvre aphteuse.
2.
Peste bovine
La campagne de vaccination a concerné plus de 25 000 bovins. Un programme de dépistage sérologique
de l'immunité est en cours.
3.
Peste des petits ruminants
Les foyers de peste des petits ruminants ont été vite circonscrits et une campagne vaccinale par le vaccin
contre la peste bovine a permis de contrôler la maladie dans et autour des foyers.
-167-
L I B Y A
INTRODUCTION
The Directorate of Animal Health operates as one of the bodies within the Secretariat of Animal Wealth.
Structure
1.
2.
3.
Veterinary Drugs and Equipment
Veterinary Laboratories Department
Quarantine Department
Directorate
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
of Animal
Health
To develop the programme and plan of operation for the realisation of the long-term goals and objectives
of the Secretariat General of Animal Wealth in the fields of veterinary services and follow-up solutions for
any technical problems they may face.
To meet the needs of the Veterinary Services in the different parts of the country and provide specialist
and veterinary assistance to raise the standard of veterinary service.
To interview and evaluate expatriate veterinarians applying for service in the country.
In consultation with the authorities concerned, to study the needs of the country for drugs, vaccines and
equipment.
To issue permits for qualified individuals to deal in and sell veterinary products, and to lay down the
necessary regulations for such licences.
To control fully all animal quarantine and supervise all imports and exports of animals and animal
products.
To organise animal quarantine and animal movements, and to propose laws to be enacted for this purpose.
To lay down animal health regulations and specifications for the import and export of animals, meat and
other animal products.
To develop and promote laboratory services for diagnostic and production purposes.
To develop drug preparation locally.
To participate and contribute in conferences, meetings and study workshops in the field of animal health.
To participate in the programmes of animal health education extension services.
Import and export policies for animals and animal
products
Since Jamahirya is mainly an importing country, the aim is directed towards a higher level of veterinary
surveillance, supervision and endorsement of health certificates on the part of the exporting countries to
safeguard against the introduction of new diseases into the country.
There are quarantine stations in all sea and land ports of entry to Jamahirya, which are 17 in number.
The main legislative measures applicable to imports of live animals are the following:
1.
2.
3.
The animals must originate from a disease-free zone or area in the country of origin, with respect to OIE
Lists A and B diseases of these animals.
The animals must be accompanied by a valid health certificate issued by an authorised veterinarian in the
exporting country and attested by the official veterinary service.
The certificate shall conform to the international sanitary code and regulations.
The same applies to semen and animal products and raw materials of animal origin.
Exports of animals are very limited and consist only of pet animals. The certificates are authorised only by
Government employed veterinarians, attested and stamped by the chief of the Veterinary Service.
-168-
Veterinary legislation and laws on quarantine in Jamahirya
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Law No. 104 issued in 1968 concerning the rearrangement of importation of livestock, meat, milk and by­
products.
Quarantine regulation No. 1 issued in 1965 concerning importation of animals and birds.
Sanitary law No. 106 issued in 1973 and its executive regulations.
Law No. 6 issued in 1982 concerning environment and protection.
Prevention and control of infectious and contagious diseases in animals, issued in 1965.
Regulation No. 3 issued in 1960 concerning measures in slaughterhouses.
Law No. 15 issued in 1989 for protection of animals and plants.
In addition, new legislation and regulations concerning animal health and quarantine are still under study:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Law concerning the control of contagious and infectious animal diseases.
Quarantine regulation concerning registration to control trade in animals and animal products.
General veterinary sanitary measures.
Privatisation in veterinary service.
Sanitary law concerning handling of veterinary medicine and biological products.
Sanitary law concerning animal feed and feed additives.
Law concerning forensic medicine.
8.
Legislation concerning wildlife, hunting and natural reserves.
Reports on animal health situation in Libya
Monthly, quarterly and half yearly reports are routinely compiled by each area and sent to the Directorate of
Animal Health, where they are analysed and prepared as a quarterly report and sent to the Secretariat of
Animal Wealth.
The reports include succinct information on the animal situation with respect to the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Contagious and infectious diseases reported during the report period.
Vaccination figures.
Treatment figures with respect to surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, medicine, internal and external
parasites.
Activities relating to quarantine, imports of live animals, animal feeds and animal products.
Poultry disease reports.
Laboratory unit report and laboratory diagnoses.
Mass treatment.
I. LIST A DISEASES
Disease present in 1995
Total
1994
23
Sheep pox and goat pox
Diseases never
Total
1995
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
1995
Jun
Jul
C
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O (1994)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A (1983)
Rinderpest (1966)
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1994
-K.
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Vims
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
F.P.
Aug
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
African swine fever
Classical swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last
outbreak)
African horse sickness (1964)
Newcastle disease (1976)
-169 -
Comments on selected
1.
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
The last outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD), associated with high mortality in new-born lambs two
to four weeks old, was due to virus type O Manisa and occurred in January 1994. The outbreak was in the
eastern part of Libya, in the Ejdabia area about 90 km west of Benghazi municipality and was quickly
controlled by restrictions on animal movements to and from the affected areas. Vaccination was applied
using a type O vaccine and all other necessary sanitary measures were introduced. The policy of the
country towards FMD is to vaccinate bovine herds twice a year.
2.
Sheep pox and goat pox
Sporadic cases of sheep pox have been reported annually from different areas. A programme of annual
vaccination using imported vaccine is applied and involves more than 7 0 % of the national flock.
3.
Newcastle disease
A regular vaccination programme is applied using imported vaccine (Hitchner B1 and La Sota) and there
are routine immunological studies on the immunity level of different kinds of poultry chicks, especially
parent flocks and day-old chicks, to determine maternal immunity and provide advice on the timing of
vaccination and revaccination where necessary.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Anthrax
No cases of anthrax were reported in 1995. Reasonable measures including emergency and routine
vaccination are practised using imported vaccines.
2.
Echinococcosis-hydatidosis
Some cases are still recorded each year. The Veterinary Service has used reasonable control measures to
protect the human population against hydatidosis. The measures consist of condemning affected parts of
organs in the slaughterhouse, control and destruction of stray dogs and periodic preventive treatment of
domestic dogs.
3.
Rabies
Libya is still free of rabies.
4.
Screwworm (Cochliomyia
Screwworm (Cochliomia
surveillance.
5.
hominivorax)
hominivorax)
was eradicated in 1991 and this has been confirmed by intensive
Mange
Many cases of mange occurred in sheep and camels. The disease is mainly under control through the use
of spraying or an injectable solution, for treatment of prophylaxis.
Sheep are dipped annually during the shearing season (May to June) for prophylaxis and treatment.
During the cold seasons, injectable medicines are chiefly used.
-170-
Diseases of cattle
6.
Bovine brucellosis
Three cases of abortion due to Brucella abortus were reported in public sector modern dairy complexes
and in privately owned cows. Rigorous blood and milk testing and slaughter of positive reactors has been
practised since 1981. The programme is still being continued.
Diseases of sheep and goats
I.
Caprine and ovine brucellosis (excluding B. ovis)
Brucellosis in sheep and goats due to Brucella melitensis biotypes 1 and 2 is enzootic among sheep and
goat flocks mainly in the western mountainous area of the country and resulted in some human cases.
Diseases of poultry
8.
Avian infectious bronchitis
Infectious bronchitis was not recorded in 1995. Routine immunological studies, using haemagglutination
inhibition tests, are carried out to determine the post vaccination immunity level in different poultry flock
units so as to select the best time for future vaccination.
9.
Fowl typhoid (Salmonella
sallinaruiri)
Some cases are reported each year. Preventive measures include regular testing of blood, removal of all
positive cases and hygiene-sanitary measures.
10.
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease")
Gumboro disease (type 1) was confirmed in 1988 and the incidence of outbreaks increased from that time
until March 1990, when it started to decline. In March 1991 the incidence started to increase again mainly
due to a change in the kind of imported vaccine in use at that time. After a return to the previously used
vaccine, the incidence declined rapidly and from that time the incidence of the disease has been very low.
Control measures consist of a strong vaccination programme for parent flocks, controlling the parental
antibodies in offspring, and recommending the most suitable time to vaccinate chicks using imported
vaccine.
II.
Marek's disease
A. few cases were reported in 1991-92 in the parent flock of a big poultry unit. All locally hatched
chickens from this unit are vaccinated at one-day-old in hatcheries using cell-associated virus vaccine.
Diseases of
12.
lagomorphs
Viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits
Since 1993, the disease has been kept under control by the application of a vaccination programme to all
breeding stocks and a prohibition on imports from infected countries.
III. OTHER DISEASES
1.
Botulism
1
Sporadic cases were recorded in certain areas. A vaccination programme is applied in these areas using
imported polyvalent vaccine.
-171 -
2.
Enterotoxaemia
Many cases of enterotoxaemia were recorded, particularly in rich pasture areas and in nearby livestock
rearing farms. Most cases were due to Clostridium perfringens types C and D. A vaccination programme
had been applied throughout the country using imported polyvalent vaccine.
3.
Ticks and tick borne diseases
A few cases of tick infestation were recorded in illegally imported animals, especially in camel flocks in
certain areas, and this is now under control.
The following species of tick were identified in Libya: Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum,
sanguineus, H. marginatum turanicum, R. turanicus, H. impeltatum, R. bursa.
Rhipicephalus
-172-
L I T H U A N I A
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases never
reported
Foot and mouth disease
Fool and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Rinderpest
-
Vims
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
A
C
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O (1982)
Classical swine fever (11-92)
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last
outbreak)
Newcastle disease (1989)
The main stock of large pig farms was vaccinated only against classical swine fever.
Comments
1.
on selected
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
For surveillance purposes, blood from elk, deer and wild boar in the districts bordering with Poland and
Belarus was tested for FMD antibodies .
2.
Classical swine fever (hog cholera)
After a 14-year interval, sporadic cases were registered in the south-eastern part of Lithuania in 1990.
Stamping-out measures were taken and vaccination was started; however, attempts to completely eradicate
the disease failed.
Sporadic cases were registered in 1991, but there was no spread into the western region of the Republic. It
should be noted that cases of the disease have also been observed in wild fauna (wild boar). Large farms
conduct vaccination against the disease. Measures against the disease have been strengthened in all
respects.
A total of 28,900 pigs were vaccinated in 1995. In some districts, where classical swine fever had
previously been recorded, blood from hunted wild boar was tested for antibodies.
3.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (fowl plague) and Newcastle disease
On testing blood samples, moderate titres to Newcastle disease virus were occasionally found in all poultry
farms; however, no clinical evidence (clinical signs, deaths, pathological anatomical changes) has been
found. At present, all poultry are vaccinated against Newcastle disease. In 1995, some 2,137,800 birds
were vaccinated.
-173 -
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Anthrax
Outbreaks have been registered since 1920. During the last outbreak, in 1986, a total of 357 cases of the
disease were registered. In the infected zones, animals are regularly vaccinated, starting in the third
month of life, using a lyophilised vaccine obtained from capsules with avirulent spores of anthrax in a
stabilised medium.
All infected zones are passportized and isolated. Drainage and excavation of land is conducted in
coordination with the Veterinary Service. Constant veterinary control is performed in respect of slaughter
of animals, selection of offals and processing.
2.
Aujeszky's disease
Vaccination with inactivated vaccine is practised on three pig farms only. Previously, live vaccine was
used. Regular control of the disease is performed.
3.
Rabies
In 1995, 147,000 vaccinations were performed. Rabies was registered in 23 districts of the country.
Distribution of cases by species was as follows: 22 cattle, 15 dogs, 15 cats, 23 foxes, 6 raccoon dogs and 2
martens. Major foci of rabies were registered in Panevezys, Kelme, Joniskis, Plunge and Siauliai districts.
These districts were subjected to extra vaccination of all animals. Reductions in the number of wild
animals were achieved by shooting.
4.
Salmonellosis
The main causes for the occurrence of the disease are: neglect of hygiene and technological requirements
in processing of carcases, violation of incubation regimes, and ungranulated combined fodders. Of 6,325
samples of pathological substances, 173 cases of Salmonella were isolated (S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium).
On analysing 668 samples of fodder and additives in the National Veterinary Laboratory, 4 samples gave
a positive result.
On two farms swine salmonellosis was registered. A total of 670 pigs were lost as a result of the disease.
In order to decrease the occurrence of salmonellosis, stricter measures for the control of production of
combined fodders and the strict observance of instructions against the disease are planned.
Cattle
5.
diseases
Bovine brucellosis
In post-war years, bovine brucellosis was widespread in the Republic. Later, an isolation station was set up
in Silute, where vaccination was applied. However, the disease lingered on, with one outbreak in 1971 and
another in 1976. The disease ended with the destruction of all sick animals. To try to determine the
aetiology, naturally infected zones were investigated. It was established that, in separate districts, 8 to
13% of hares were infected. During the eradication and control measures taken in 1978, animals in the
last infected zone were slaughtered. A new outbreak in 1992 was due to the penetration of the disease
from a neighbouring country. No more spots were registered. Cattle showing a positive reaction were
slaughtered in meat processing plants. All related measures in the Republic have been strengthened: strict
counting of abortions and stillbirths; laboratory testing of foetuses and blood. Planned investigations on
the territory of former collective farms have been carried out every 45 days, in the district and
neighbouring districts on a quarterly basis, and in the Republic twice a year. Farms providing milk for
children, healthcare institutions and sanatoria and processed milk for trade are subjected to a quarterly
investigation.
-174-
6.
Bovine tuberculosis
Only sporadic cases are registered in the Republic. Hypersensitivity tests are currently performed on cattle
twice a year from six months of age. Positive reactions have not occurred. Suspect animals are slaughtered
and a bacteriological examination is carried out. Carcases of dead animals are regularly controlled for
pathological changes.
Diseases of pigs
7.
Porcine brucellosis
Strict control of abortions and yearly investigations are planned. The importation of vaccinated pigs into
the Republic is prohibited.
8.
Trichinellosis
In 1995, the situation deteriorated. While in previous years the disease was found mostly in wild boars,
last year the incidence among pigs increased sharply and many cases were registered in humans.
Major zones of the disease occurred in Sakiai, Radviliskis, Kaunas, Jubarkas, Siauliai and Pasvalys
districts, where pigs on large farms were infected. On investigation, it was discovered that rats and cats
were infected with trichinellosis. This provides evidence that the disease is mostly transmitted by rodents.
In order to localise the disease, new, more strict instructions on trichinellosis control and eradication have
been introduced. These provide for the lifting of restrictions only after 12 months have elapsed since the
last case of trichinellosis. All slaughtered pigs, coypu and hunted wild boar were tested for trichinellosis.
A number of problems have arisen in connection with the destruction of rodents.
Poultry
diseases
Antibody titres of avian infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, infectious bursal disease (Gumboro
disease), though not high and constant, were found in the blood of poultry of different ages in most poultry
farms in the Republic.
Fish diseases
No List B fish diseases were registered in 1995.
Diseases of horses
9.
Equine infectious anaemia
In 1995, infectious anaemia of horses was confirmed in 21 districts on private farms, mainly in areas close
to or within forests. A total of 74 horses reacted, either positively or doubtfully, to the Coggins test. They
were all euthanised.
Horse care
Only healthy horses from the territories free of infectious disease and having veterinary documents and horse
identification cards are imported into Lithuania. Horse owners must obtain permission from the State
Veterinary Service.
On bringing horses into the country, the owners are obliged to subject them to quarantine on their own farm for
30 days under the supervision of the Veterinary Service. During this period, the necessary testing is completed.
Horses for export are kept in quarantine in the stables of their owners for 30 days. Blood testing is conducted by
the State veterinary stations. Thirty days later, horses are sent to the State quarantine station. At present, there
are two quarantine stations, in Vilnius and Kaunas, established on properly equipped premises.
Horses are kept in State quarantine stations for 4 weeks and necessary blood testing and vaccination is carried
out. At present, only western-made diagnostic materials are used for blood testing.
-175-
Four weeks later, if negative results are obtained, horses are released for export. In practical terms, horses
undergo examination on two occasions.
Veterinary documents for the export of horses are issued by the veterinarians of the State quarantine stations.
III. OTHER DISEASES
1.
Swine pasteurellosis
In 1995, swine pasteurellosis was not registered in country farms.
2.
Avian leukosis
Vaccination is performed against avian leukosis.
3.
Avian salmonellosis (excluding fowl typhoid and pullorum disease)
Salmonellosis was diagnosed. On all farms of the Republic a total of about 32,000 poultry died. However,
no data are available on the number of clinical cases.
-176 -
L U X E M B O U R G
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
Maladie dont la présence est signalée dans le rapport
Maladie de Newcastle
Total
1994
0
Maladies n'ayant jamais été
Total
1995
2
Jan
0
Fev
0
Mar
0
Avr
0
Mai
0
1995
Jun
Jul
Aou
Sep
Oct
0
0
0
1
1
0
08-93
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Clavelée et variole caprine
Peste équine
Peste porcine africaine
Maladies dont l'absence est indiquée dans les rapports de toute la période considérée
Fièvre aphteuse (1964)
Peste porcine classique (04-87)
1.
Dec
constatées
Stomatite vésiculeuse
Maladie vésiculeuse du porc
Peste bovine
Peste des petits ruminants
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Commentaires
F.P.
Nov
0
(date du dernier
foyer)
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène (1956)
sur certaines maladies de la Liste A
Fièvre aphteuse
La directive 90/423/CEE, transposée par le règlement grand-ducal du 7 décembre 1992, prévoit l'abandon
de la vaccination annuelle préventive dans tous les pays membres. Cette vaccination a été pratiquée
systématiquement dans notre pays depuis 1964. La campagne de vaccination qui s'est déroulée pendant
l'hiver 1990/91 a été la dernière. De ce fait, la majorité des animaux ne présentent plus d'anticorps contre
le virus de la fièvre aphteuse et seraient pleinement réceptifs au cas où une epizootie de fièvre aphteuse
viendrait par malheur se propager dans notre pays.
Les conséquences, c'est-à-dire l'abattage d'office des cheptels atteints, les mesures de restriction à mettre
en œuvre dans ce cas et les limitations voire l'interdiction passagère des échanges, constitueraient pour
notre agriculture, qui tire 90 % de son revenu de l'élevage bovin et porcin, une catastrophe nationale dont
elle ne se relèverait que difficilement.
Les épizooties de fièvre aphteuse qui se sont déclarées en Italie en 1993 et en Grèce en 1994 ont nécessité
l'abattage d'office de milliers d'animaux et des restrictions des déplacements et des échanges. Ceci
démontre que la réapparition de la fièvre aphteuse est une menace réelle et souligne l'importance des
contrôles aux frontières extérieures de l'Union européenne et de la surveillance des échanges
intracommunautaires après l'abolition des contrôles aux frontières intérieures.
2.
Peste porcine classique
Depuis 1987, la collecte des déchets de cuisine pour l'alimentation des porcs est interdite.
Etant donné que la peste porcine classique continue de sévir dans l'Union européenne, la vigilance
s'impose lors de nos importations de porcs et de porcelets ainsi que dans le commerce de porcs en général.
Au Laboratoire de médecine vétérinaire, 3 230 sérums porcins ont été testés.
3.
Maladie de Newcastle
Les deux foyers diagnostiqués en 1995 ont nécessité l'abattage d'office de 15 volailles.
-177 -
IL MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
Maladies communes à plusieurs
1.
espèces
Maladie d'Aujeszky
Au cours de l'année 1991, la maladie d'Aujeszky avait été diagnostiquée dans quatre exploitations
porcines nécessitant l'abattage d'office de 700 porcs. Heureusement aucun nouveau foyer ne s'est déclaré
depuis lors. Néanmoins, cette maladie fait peser toujours des menaces graves sur notre cheptel porcin
surtout si l'on sait que nous échangeons chaque semaine des porcins de toutes catégories avec nos pays
voisins.
Les animaux les plus dangereux pour l'introduction de cette maladie sont les porcelets destinés à
l'engraissement, fournis par des marchands luxembourgeois ou étrangers et qui ont une provenance très
hétérogène quant à leur statut sanitaire concernant la maladie d'Aujeszky. C'est pour cette raison que
l'Administration des Services vétérinaires a élaboré un plan de dépistage et d'éradication de la maladie
d'Aujeszky.
Ce plan, approuvé par la Commission, par la décision 93/200/CEE nous permet d'exiger des garanties
supplémentaires fixées dans la décision 93/244/CEE du 2 avril 1993 lors de l'introduction de porcs
d'élevage et de rente. Notre pays importe chaque année des milliers de porcs de boucherie, des porcelets
destinés à l'engraissement ainsi que des animaux destinés à l'élevage. Les mêmes flux existent en sens
inverse, mais toutefois à une échelle beaucoup plus réduite.
Le plan de dépistage et d'éradication a été rendu obligatoire par le règlement ministériel du 28 janvier
1993. Il comporte les mesures suivantes:
1) Prises de sang obligatoires chez tous les animaux de reproduction (truies et verrats) dans toutes les
exploitations d'élevage n'ayant pas encore le statut "d'exploitation officiellement indemne" pour une
analyse sérologique par la méthode ELISA.
2) Abattage d'office des animaux séropositifs avec indemnisation des propriétaires et mise sous séquestre
de l'exploitation concernée.
3) Dans les années suivantes, des prises de sang chez 25 % des animaux reproducteurs ; ces prises de
sang pouvant être faites à l'abattoir lors de l'abattage des truies de réforme.
4) Abattage d'office de tout le cheptel porcin en cas de manifestations cliniques, confirmées par des
examens de laboratoire, avec indemnisation du propriétaire.
5) La vaccination préventive est interdite.
Les garanties supplémentaires accordées au Luxembourg par la Commission de la CE sont les suivantes:
a) Les animaux de reproduction doivent provenir d'exploitations indemnes de la maladie depuis un an,
être isolés pendant 30 jours et présenter une réaction négative lors d'une épreuve sérologique pratiquée
après 21 jours d'isolement.
b) Les porcelets d'engraissement doivent provenir d'une exploitation indemne depuis 12 mois de la
maladie d'Aujeszky et qui fait partie d'un programme de dépistage et d'éradication, ou avoir été isolés
pendant 30 jours et être soumis à une épreuve sérologique avec résultat négatif. Ces porcelets ne
peuvent être destinés qu'à l'engraissement et ne peuvent quitter leur exploitation d'engraissement que
pour être conduits à l'abattoir.
c) Les porcs de boucherie destinés à l'abattage
supplémentaire.
immédiat ne sont soumis à aucune
exigence
Tout ce train de mesures permettra d'éradiquer la maladie au Luxembourg, de protéger nos exploitations
d'élevage et d'ouvrir à nos éleveurs les marchés de nos pays voisins pour leurs animaux de reproduction
tout en préservant les intérêts de nos engraisseurs. En plus, il permettra à nos abattoirs de s'approvisionner
chez nos voisins en porcs de boucherie destinés à l'abattage immédiat.
-178-
La campagne de dépistage et d'éradication a été rendue obligatoire par le règlement ministériel du 28
janvier 1993 ; elle a fourni à ce jour les résultats suivants:
Objet de dépistage sérologique
Résultats positifs
Nombre
d'exploitations
Nombre
d'échantillons
Nombre
d'exploitations
Nombre
d'échantillons
1993
246
7 932
5
7
1994*
262
3 435
2
2
1995
281
3 337
16
En 1994, 25 % des animaux d'élevage (truies et verrats) ont été testés.
* * Exploitation en voie d'assainissement.
Rage
Au mois d'octobre 1994, un cas de rage avait été diagnostiqué chez un renard à Erpeldange/ Remich, dans
le sud-est du pays. Cette réapparition de la rage chez le renard a fortement préoccupé l'Administration des
Services vétérinaires puisque le dernier cas diagnostiqué chez le renard remontait à octobre 1991, donc à
plus de trois ans.
Malheureusement, la situation s'est encore agravée en 1995, car 15 cas de rage ont été diagnostiqués, à
savoir : 9 renards, 5 bovins et 1 mouton. Tous ces cas se situent dans le sud-est du pays, principalement
dans le canton de Remich.
Les campagnes de vaccination des renards par le largage d'appâts contenant le vaccin, organisées à partir
de l'année 1990, avaient permis de faire régresser de façon spectaculaire le nombre des cas de rage.
L'évolution a été la suivante:
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
140 cas de rage, dont 67 cas chez le renard
64 cas de rage, dont 35 cas chez le renard
16 cas de rage, dont 8 cas chez le renard
2 cas de rage, dont aucun cas chez le renard
1 cas de rage, dont aucun cas chez le renard
1 cas de rage, chez un renard
15 cas de rage, dont 9 cas chez le renard
Pendant l'année 1995, deux campagnes de vaccination par hélicoptère avec le vaccin " Raboral " ont eu
lieu. La première pendant la semaine du 15 au 19 mai et la deuxième pendant la semaine du 18 au 23
septembre.
Animaux examinés au Laboratoire
Espèce
de médecine vétérinaire pour suspicion de rage
Résultats positifs
Résultats négatifs
Renards
9
43
Chevreuils
0
3
Martres
0
2
Fouines
0
2
Blaireaux
0
1
Ecureuils
0
2
Bovins
5
5
Moutons
1
3
Chevaux
0
2
Chiens
0
2
Chats
0
12
-179-
3.
Paratubcrculose
Cette maladie s'est fortement propagée durant les dernières années, surtout par l'augmentation du nombre
des vaches allaitantes et les importations massives de bovins de races à viande.
En 1995, l'administration des Services vétérinaires a établi un programme de dépistage et d'éradication
volontaire pour permettre à des éleveurs qui le souhaitent de qualifier leur cheptel en vue de pouvoir offrir
des garanties supplémentaires à leurs acheteurs de bêtes d'élevage et de rente.
A cet effet le Laboratoire de médecine vétérinaire a acheté un appareil pour appliquer la méthode PCR
avec laquelle on peut détecter l'agent de la paratuberculose, le bacille de Johne, avant que ces animaux
montrent des signes cliniques de la maladie.
De cette façon on peut détecter et éliminer ces animaux qui sont responsables du maintien de cette
insidieuse maladie qu'est la paratuberculose dans le troupeau.
En 1995, 1 618 échantillons de sang, provenant de 16 exploitations différentes, ont été analysés.
77 échantillons ont montré une réaction positive.
1 603 échantillons de matières fécales, provenant des mêmes exploitations, ont été examinés par la
méthode PCR. 76 résultats positifs ont été constatés.
La plupart des bovins ayant montré une réaction positive ont été abattus entretemps.
En 1995, 13 bovins ont été abattus d'office nécessitant une dépense de 320 981 francs (LUF) pour
l'indemnisation des propriétaires.
Maladies
4.
des bovins
Brucellose bovine
En 1994 aucun foyer de brucellose n'a été diagnostiqué dans notre pays. C'était la première année sans
foyer de brucellose depuis 1985.
Malheureusement un nouveau foyer a été diagnostiqué au mois de février 1995 et 141 bovins ont été
abattus d'office. La cause la plus probable est l'importation tout à fait légale déjeunes bovins en 1992.
Grâce au dépistage rapide et aux mesures énergiques prises par l'Administration des Services vétérinaires,
la maladie ne s'est pas propagée à d'autres troupeaux.
Les mesures de prévention et de contrôle continuent à être appliquées.
C'est ainsi qu'en 1995 les exploitations laitières ont été testées à deux reprises. En plus tous les animaux
âgés de plus de deux ans, provenant des cheptels ne livrant pas de lait aux laiteries, sont testés pendant
l'hiver 1995/1996.
D'autre part le sang de tous les animaux d'élevage et de rente âgés de plus de 18 mois, destinés aux
échanges, est analysé pour la brucellose.
Vu le grand nombre d'animaux exportés, cette opération constitue un screening
toutes les exploitations du pays.
5.
couvrant pratiquement
Leucose bovine enzootique
Des campagnes de détection pour la leucose bovine enzootique ont été entreprises pendant les hivers
1988/89 et 1989/90 englobant toutes les exploitations détenant des bovins.
Les résultats de toutes les analyses sérologiques ont été négatifs.
Ces résultats favorables nous ont permis de qualifier tous nos cheptels bovins comme étant indemnes de
leucose et d'obtenir pour tout le pays le statut de "pays officiellement indemne" ce qui facilite beaucoup
nos exportations de bovins d'élevage.
-180 -
Pour maintenir ce statut, nous devons soumettre chaque année environ un tiers de nos cheptels à un test de
dépistage.
C'est ainsi que les cheptels de tous les producteurs livrant leur lait à "Procola", "Corelux" et "Ekabe", au
nombre de 494, ont été contrôlés.
En outre 6 367 échantillons de sang ont été testés.
Un seul animal a présenté un résultat douteux et a été abattu d'office.
6.
Encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine
Jusqu'ici aucun cas d'encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine (BSE) n'a été signalé dans notre pays.
La BSE a été ajoutée à la liste des maladies à déclaration obligatoire par le règlement ministériel du 9 août
1990, ce qui permet à l'Administration des Services vétérinaires de prendre des mesures d'ordre sanitaire.
En plus toutes les têtes de bovins qui parviennent au Laboratoire de Médecine vétérinaire pour suspicion
de rage, mais chez lesquelles la rage n'a pas été confirmée, sont examinées pour rechercher la BSE.
Jusqu'à ce jour toutes avec un résultat négatif.
D'autre part, dans le cheptel bovin luxembourgeois, il n'y a aucun animal né au Royaume-Uni.
Maladies des ovins et caprins
7.
Maedi-visna
L'Administration des Services vétérinaires a mis sur pieds, sur base volontaire, un programme de
dépistage et d'éradication de cette maladie à évolution lente.
L'action commencée en 1990 a été poursuivie en 1995 et 294 moutons, appartenant à 12 cheptels, ont été
soumis à une prise de sang pour détecter la présence d'anticorps contre le virus visna-maedi.
5 résultats positifs ont été enregistrés dans la même exploitation.
Maladies des
8.
volailles
Tuberculose aviaire
Un foyer de tuberculose aviaire a été déclaré dans le nord du pays, nécessitant l'abattage d'office de 15
volailles.
La tuberculose aviaire est une maladie qui est encore sporadiquement constatée chez des petits troupeaux
de volailles vivant à l'extérieur et il semble que les oiseaux sauvages jouent un rôle dans sa propagation.
Maladies des
9.
lagomorphes
Maladie hémorragique virale du lapin
Les premiers cas de cette maladie dans notre pays ont été diagnostiqués au Laboratoire
vétérinaire au début de l'année 1990. Par règlement ministériel du 9 août 1990 cette maladie
à la liste des maladies à déclaration obligatoire, afin de permettre à l'Administration
vétérinaires de prendre des mesures de lutte. Ainsi il a été décidé que tous les lapins des
participent aux expositions cunicoles doivent être vaccinés contre cette maladie.
de médecine
a été ajoutée
des Services
élevages qui
Maladies des abeilles
10.
Loque américaine
Après les 2 foyers de la loque américaine diagnostiqués dans le canton de Remich en 1992, aucun nouveau
foyer n'a été constaté depuis lors.
- 181 -
Cette maladie doit être combattue énergiquement, car il n'existe aucun traitement médicamenteux valable,
et seule l'application de mesures hygiéniques par des apiculteurs qualifiés et motivés peut venir à bout de
ce redoutable fléau.
Pour cette raison, la Fédération des Unions d'Apiculteurs Luxembourgeoise (FUAL) a recours aux sendees
d'un vétérinaire qui est lui-même un fervent apiculteur et qui a acquis la compétence nécessaire pour
conseiller et guider les apiculteurs à travers tout le pays.
En 1995, 153 échantillons de miel ont été examinés au Laboratoire de médecine vétérinaire pour
rechercher les spores de Bacillus larvae, l'agent causal de la maladie. Tous ces échantillons ont donné un
résultat négatif.
Varroase
Tout comme durant les années précédentes, la varroase a continué à être présente à l'état endémique et il
faut s'apprêter à vivre avec cette maladie qui provoque des pertes surtout indirectes, par l'affaiblissement
des colonies d'abeilles et les rendant ainsi plus réceptives à d'autres maladies.
Pour cette raison il est fortement recommandé de soumettre les colonies à un traitement préventif en
automne et d'appliquer surtout des mesures hygiéniques.
Ainsi en 1995, un montant de 748 604 LUF a été dépensé par l'Administration des Services vétérinaires
pour l'acquisition de 8 000 rubans d'apistan qui ont été distribués aux apiculteurs par l'intermédiaire des
experts apicoles et des délégués de la FUAL. De leur côté, les apiculteurs ont contribué au coût des
médicaments à raison de 50 LUF par colonie traitée.
Comme un certain nombre d'apiculteurs préfèrent traiter leurs colonies à l'aide d'acide formique
(Ameisensâure), 288 litres de ce produit ont été mis à leur disposition pour un montant de 23 847 LUF.
-182-
M A D A G A S C A R
MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
Maladies présentes en 1995
Total
1994
81
7
37
Dennatose nodulaire contagieuse
Peste porcine classique
Maladie de Newcastle
Maladies n'ayant jamais été
Total
1995
72
6
18
Jan
14
0
0
Fev
6
0
1
Mar
14
4
3
Avr
4
1
0
Mai
3
0
0
1995
Jun
Jul
11
1
0
1
0
3
F.P.
Aou
6
0
2
Sep
3
0
1
Oct
7
0
6
Nov
1
0
2
Dec
2
0
0
12-94
12-94
12-94
constatées
Fièvre aphteuse
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc
Peste bovine
Peste des petits ruminants
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Clavelée et variole caprine
Peste équine
Peste porcine africaine
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène
Maladie pour laquelle le pays ne dispose pas
d'information
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Commentaires
1.
sur les maladies
signalées
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Ce sont surtout les bovins de race améliorée qui sont très sensibles à cette maladie, les zébus malagasy ne
sont atteints que très rarement. Le seul moyen de lutte pratiqué est le douchage périodique des animaux.
La vaccination contre cette maladie n'est pas pratiquée à Madagascar.
2.
Peste porcine classique
L'intensification des méthodes de prophylaxie médicale a permis de diminuer le nombre de foyers. En
effet, le taux de vaccination a augmenté cette année.
3.
Maladie de Newcastle
Des foyers ont été signalés dans des exploitations de type "basse-cour" situés dans des villages d'accès
difficile. Néanmoins, des mesures de police sanitaire ont été prises : ceinture vaccinale autour des foyers,
interdiction de circulation des volailles et produits dérivés hors des zones infectées.
-183-
M A L A W I
I. L I S T A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Total
1994
26
1
27
167
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
African swine fever
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
Total
1995
16
Jan
2
Feb
1
Mar
1
Apr
0
May
3
1
1
1
2
2
3
1
2
3
2
16
31
mouth
mouth
mouth
mouth
Comments
1.
Sep
1
Oct
2
Nov
2
Dec
1
2
1
1
4
1
4
2
5
1
3
1
2
0
2
reported
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
and
and
and
and
F.P.
Aug
1
+?
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asial
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Rinderpest
Foot
Foot
Foot
Foot
1995
Jun
Jul
2
0
disease
disease
disease
disease
-
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
on selected
O (06-86)
A (1981)
SAT 1 (1970)
SAT 2 (1977)
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Sheep pox and goat pox
Classical swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last
outbreak)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3 (1976)
Bluetongue (08-85)
.African horse sickness (1947)
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
The new policy on foot and mouth disease introduced in 1994 is still in place.
2.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
As contagious bovine pleuropneumonia threatens Malawi, the Department of Animal Health and Industry
has prepared a contingency plan including increased surveillance in the border areas in order to prevent
the transboundary spread of the disease into the country. Veterinary personnel at all levels in the areas at
immediate risk have received refresher training on contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Publicity
campaigns at village level (in areas at immediate risk) have been conducted through the use of posters and
meetings with livestock farmers and local leaders. The activities are funded by the FAO through a
Technical Cooperation Project (TCP).
3.
Lumpy skin disease
There were relatively fewer lumpy skin disease outbreaks than in 1995. The sporadic outbreaks were
evenly spread throughout the year.
4.
African swine fever
African swine fever appears to be assuming endemic status also in the Southern and Northern regions of
Malawi, as more outbreaks continue to be observed in these areas where the disease was not previously
considered to be endemic.
5.
Newcastle disease
There was a notable decrease in the number of Newcastle disease outbreaks during 1995. Given a
vaccination coverage of just over 1 million in a country with an estimated poultry population of about 13
million, it is very unlikely that vaccine coverage has any influence on the number of outbreaks in a
particular year. It is perhaps logical to assume that other factors (yet to be established) determine the
nature of outbreaks.
11-94
01-94
12-94
12-94
-184-
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Anthrax
Malawi has maintained its anthrax-free status. Laboratories are constantly on the alert to report any
suspicious large square-ended rods with a pink capsule observed when carrying out routine examination of
Giemsa-stained blood smears.
2.
Heartwater
Heartwater continued to occur sporadically.
3.
Rabies
It does appear that rabies will remain endemic as long as vaccine coverage is low. The WHO has promised
to fund a nationwide mass dog vaccination if the country can provide information pertaining to dog
ecology. Dog ecology in Malawi has been suggested as a research topic and this is still under debate. It has
been suggested that for Malawi to control rabies effectively, at least 8 0 % of the dog population should be
vaccinated. The sylvatic cycle of rabies is apparently not important in the country.
Diseases of cattle
4.
Bovine babesiosis
There is some evidence to suggest that there is endemic stability to babesiosis in the country, and possibly
to other tick-borne diseases such as East Coast fever.
5.
Bovine tuberculosis
Bovine tuberculosis remains endemic in the Central and Northern regions of Malawi. Tuberculosis cases
are largely reported during meat inspection. The country has no policy on bovine tuberculosis control,
other than meat inspection to prevent its spread to humans.
6.
Enzootic bovine leukosis
The absence of pathognomonic signs of enzootic bovine leukosis means that the disease can only be
recognised through active surveillance. The fact that the disease was not reported was probably because
there was no active surveillance to detect it serologically.
Diseases of poultry
7.
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
The ever-increasing importance of infectious bursal disease in the country justifies a much wider
vaccination coverage than is currently the case.
III. O T H E R DISEASES
The fortnightly strategic dipping from mid-November to the end of April went through its second year of
implementation. The Dipping Commission will convene soon to review the new strategy.
1.
Blackquartcr (blackleg)
Sporadic blackquartcr outbreaks occurred in the areas where the disease is known to be endemic and it
does not appear to have spread to new areas.
2.
Canine distemper
Canine distemper was highly suspected of having killed a number of dogs in Mzuzu Agricultural
Development Division in the Northern region of Malawi, but this was never confirmed.
-185-
M A L A Y S I A
( P E N I N S U L A R )
INTRODUCTION
There has been a progressive increase towards monitoring and control of contaminants in food of animal origin
since 1975. Fresh milk was the first commodity given due attention in view of its highly perishable nature.
Abattoir hygiene in local establishments and imported products from selected countries and cold rooms were
added to the programme. Monitoring of various food preparations in retail outlets is a recent activity that
requires considerable attention in the improvement of food handling. The Department of Veterinary Services is
responsible for food quality from the farm level to the abattoir as well as within the food processing plants.
In view of the increased public health activities, the Department of Veterinary Services was reorganised in
October 1995. The creation of the Veterinary Public Health Division is expected to provide a more intensive
coverage in reducing contaminants to safe levels. The master plan for Food Safety and the application of the
Hazard Analysis: Critical Control Point (HACCP) was documented in November 1995. It is a long term plan
meant for the public and private sectors to implement towards increasing food safety.
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Foot and mouth disease - Virus 0
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asial
Classical swine fever
Newcastle disease - Virus N.C.
Newcastle disease - Virus velogenic
Diseases never
Total
1994
19
0
5
1
7
5
Total
1995
4
8
52
3
5
11
Jan
0
0
21
0
0
0
Feb
2
0
2
0
0
0
Mar
2
0
2
0
1
0
Apr May
0
0
0 " 0
2
3
0
0
2
0
2
2
1995
Jun
Jul
0
0
1
1
8
5
0
0
0
0
3
0
F.P.
Aug
0
0
1
0
0
1
Sep
0
1
2
3
0
2
Oct
0
1
2
0
0
1
Nov
0
1
2
0
2
0
Dec
0
3
2
0
0
0
reported
Foot and mouth disease Virus
Foot and mouth disease Virus
Foot and mouth disease Virus
Foot and mouth disease Virus
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants
C
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Disease reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (fowl plague)
date of last
outbreak)
Bluetongue (1990)
Comments on reported
1.
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
Outbreaks reported in 1994 continued into 1995 in the northern and eastern States of the peninsula
namely, Perlis, Kedah, Penang, Terengganu and Kelantan. In June 1995, the disease was reported in the
southern states of Negri Sembilan, Malacca and Johore, a situation which was new since these States had
not had the disease since post war.
Only cattle and buffaloes were affected in all the outbreaks in the reported year and three strains were
isolated: Asia 1, A and O. Foot and mouth disease virus type A last reported in 1973 was detected in
2 2
2 2
12-94
1973
12-94
08-94
10-94
11-94
-186 -
animals at the quarantine station in Padang Besar (in the State of Perlis) in July which subsequently
spread to Penang. Perak and Kedah. Type O was also detected in cattle at the quarantine station. In the
other areas type Asia 1 continued to be the main strain implicated.
Movement of infected animals was the main cause of the spread to areas in the south and new foci in the
north. Two strategies were undertaken to alleviate the problem.
•
Accreditation of cattle suppliers from the exporting country. Cattle sourced from these suppliers
should comply with the conditions agreed upon by both countries. The main objective is to ensure that
the origin and health status of the animals are known. Upon arrival at the quarantine station in
Malaysia the animals are grouped in yards according to the source. This is to ensure that if animals
are infected, the destruction would be confined to animals in the group only and not all animals in the
station.
•
More cattle are obtained from integrated farming areas in the peninsula to meet the local demand for
beef.
Monitoring movement of animals through road blocks in endemic areas has become a routine feature in
efforts to curtail the problem.
2.
Classical swine fever (hog cholera)
Field reports concerning classical swine fever have portrayed a change from the typical clinical picture of
swine fever. The occurrence of the disease is closely associated with unvaccinated runts which had chronic
respiratory problems prior to death.
3.
Newcastle disease
Sporadic outbreaks of the disease were reported in various parts of the country whereby the disease was
identified mainly in commercial broilers. The outbreaks were attributed to improper vaccination
programmes whereby immunization of chicks were not followed up by a booster at a later age.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Lnseases of cattle
1.
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
Outbreaks of the disease were reported in animals that were not vaccinated. Both cattle and buffaloes were
affected. The disease was previously reported mainly in buffaloes since this group of animals is difficult to
ac-inate annually. However, in 1995, an equal number of cases was reported in cattle. The reason was
failure to immunize the cattle.
¿\s from December 1995, the oil adjuvant bacterin which has been used to immunise the cattle and buffalo
heids was replaced by a double adjuvant bacterin which is produced by the Veterinary Research Institute.
The new bacterin which requires only 2 ml (as compared to 5 ml with the oil adjuvant) per animal is
given annually to cattle or buffaloes aged 4 months and above. In the event of an outbreak, in-contact
animals and animals within 5 miles radius of the outbreak are vaccinated with an alum bacterin together
with the double adjuvant bacterin.
Diseases of sheep and goats
2.
Caprine and ovine brucellosis (excluding B. ovis)
Brucellosis in sheep was first detected in 1994, which was brought into the country through imports.
Subsequently, sheep and goats in government-owned farms and those which obtained animals from the
former were screened for brucellosis by the rose bengal plate test. Ever since the programme started, a
total of 9,057 goats and 48,783 sheep were tested and 45 (0.4%) goats and 1,983 (4.06%) sheep were
positive. Infected animals were destroyed and farmers compensated.
-187-
Vaccination is not practised and the disease is monitored by serological screening and investigations into
causes of abortions in sheep and goats, especially in farms where the disease has been identified.
Diseases of poultry
3.
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
Infectious bursal disease remained one of the most important poultry diseases incurring losses in layers,
broilers and breeders.
Vaccines used were imported and did not seem to confer sufficient protection in farms where the
outbreaks occurred. The Veterinary Research Institute worked on a local isolate to develop a vaccine for
domestic use. Trials have shown the vaccine to be effective in protecting birds against the field virus.
4.
Marek's disease
Cases reported for this disease outnumbered all the other poultry diseases. Outbreaks occurred in layers,
broilers and village chickens. Improper handling of vaccines or failure to vaccinate were the possible
reasons for the occurrence.
5.
Pullorum disease (.Salmonella
pullorum)
The National Pullorum Disease Control Programme remains to be a voluntary scheme but most breeder
farms are participants of the programme. Five cases reported for the year were in replacement pullents,
broiler chicks and village chickens. Mortalities recorded were as high as 60%. Breeders however remain
to be free from Salmonella
pullorum.
- 188-
M A L I
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
La situation zoosanitaire du Mali au cours de l'année 1995 a été caractérisée par l'extinction des foyers de
dermatose nodulaire contagieuse apparus en 1994.
La péripneumonie contagieuse bovine a constitué l'épizootie majeure enregistrée dans plusieurs régions du
Mali.
Maladies présentes en 1995
Total
1994
21
28
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Dennatose nodulaire contagieuse
Maladie de Newcastle
Maladie n'ayant jamais été
Total
1995
11
1
Jan
Fev
Mar
Avr
Mai
1995
Jun
Jul
F.P.
Aou
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
12-94
12-94
12-94
+..
constatée
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
: date du dernier
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus O
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus A
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus C
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 1
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 2 (1992)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 3
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus Asial
Stomatite vésiculeuse
Maladie vésiculeuse du porc
Commentaires
1.
foyer)
Peste bovine (09-86)
Peste des petits ruminants (02-93)
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Clavelée et variole caprine (11-94)
Peste équine
Peste porcine africaine
Peste porcine classique
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène
sur certaines maladies de la Liste A
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Onze foyers de péripneumonie contagieuse bovine ont été enregistrés, totalisant 695 malades et 294 morts,
essentiellement dans les régions du sud et du centre du pays.
2.
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Un seul foyer de dermatose nodulaire contagieuse a été enregistré, dans le district des Bamako. Dans ce
foyer, 4 malades ont été observés sans aucune mortalité.
Il convient de rappeler que 28 foyers de dermatose nodulaire contagieuse avaient été enregistrés en 1994,
avec 5 319 malades et 62 morts.
-189-
II. MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
Maladies communes à plusieurs
1.
espèces
Charbon bactéridien (fièvre charbonneuse)
Deux foyers de charbon bactéridien ont été enregistrés, l'un à Ségou, l'autre à Tombouctou. A Tombouctou
(Goundam) la maladie a sévi exclusivement chez les asins.
2.
Rage
20 cas de rage canine ont été confirmés par le laboratoire sur 44 suspectés.
Maladies des bovins
3.
Brucellose bovine
Le sérodiagnostic a permis de mettre en évidence l'infection brucellique chez les bovins dans certaines
localités.
4.
Tuberculose bovine
Les lésions spécifiques de la tuberculose ont été observées sur des carcasses de bovins, d'ovins et de
caprins dans toutes les régions d'élevage du pays. Les saisies totales ont porté sur 172 carcasses de bovins
et 6 carcasses d'ovins et de caprins.
Les résultats de l'intradermotuberculination effectuée dans la zone périurbaine de Bamako sur 1 064
bovins montrent un taux de 10,90 % d'animaux qui ont réagi à la tuberculine.
5.
Pasteurellose bovine (septicémie hémorragique)
La maladie a été enregistrée dans les régions de Kayes, Sikasso, Ségou, Mopti et Tombouctou.
III. AUTRES MALADIES
Maladies communes à plusieurs
1.
espèces
Charbon symptomatique
13 foyers de cette maladie, avec 419 malades dont 240 morts ont été enregistrés.
Maladies des ovins et caprins
2.
Pasteurellose des petits ruminants
7 foyers de pasteurellose ovine et caprine ont été enregistrés. Dans ces localités, 216 malades et 93 morts
ont été dénombrés.
Outre les maladies ci-dessus citées, qui sont réputées légalement contagieuses au Mali, d'autres, telles que les
trypanosomoses et les parasitoses gastro-intestinales, ont été enregistrées dans les différentes régions. Les
mesures de lutte prises ont permis de maîtriser et d'éteindre tous les foyers des maladies indiquées.
- 190 -
MAROC
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Maladie présente en 1995
Clavelée et variole caprine
Maladies n'ayant jamais été
Total
1994
150
Total
1995
69
Jan
17
Fev
17
Mai
5
1995
Jun
Jul
4
1
F.P.
Aou
0
Sep
2
Oct
0
Nov
0
Dec
3
12-94
Peste des petits ruminants
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Peste porcine africaine
Peste porcine classique
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
: date du dernier
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus O (09-92)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus A (1983)
Peste équine (10-91)
1.
Avr
7
constatées
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus C
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 1
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 2
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 3
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus Asial
Stomatite vésiculeuse
Maladie vésiculeuse du porc
Peste bovine
Commentaires
Mar
13
foyer)
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène (1983)
Maladie de Newcastle (08-86)
sur certaines maladies de la Liste A
Fièvre aphteuse
Situation
sanitaire
L'épidémiosurveillance instaurée dès l'apparition de la fièvre aphteuse au Maroc et les différentes
prospections qui ont été menées sur toute l'étendue du territoire national durant l'année 1995 n'ont permis
de relever aucune anomalie rappelant cette maladie. Le dernier cas enregistré remonte au mois de
septembre 1992 au niveau de la province de Settat.
Situation
médicale
La vaccination antiaphteuse bovine a été poursuivie en 1995 et a touché 1 250 000 bovins à l'aide du
vaccin monovalent contenant la valence 0 2 9 2
Recherches
et études
épidémiologiques
Les études séro-épidémiologiques se sont poursuivies durant l'année 1995 avec la collaboration du
Laboratoire mondial de référence de l'OIE pour la fièvre aphteuse (Pirbright, Royaume-Uni).
Ces études ont pour objectifs :
2.
-
d'assurer aux cadres nationaux une formation en matière de diagnostic sérologique de la fièvre
aphteuse ;
-
de mener les investigations quant à une éventuelle circulation du virus de type O au Maroc.
Clavelée
Des foyers isolés de clavelée, principalement chez les jeunes ovins et les adultes ayant échappé à la
vaccination, ont été enregistrés au cours de 1995 dans certaines provinces du royaume (notamment celles
de l'oriental) à la faveur des déplacements d'animaux. Les mesures sanitaires prises sont l'isolement et la
séquestration des troupeaux touchés et une vaccination en anneau.
La vaccination anticlaveleuse a été poursuivie en 1995 par l'exécution d'une campagne généralisée à
l'ensemble du territoire national. Le bilan global de cette opération fait état de 12 797 129 ovins vaccinés
contre cette maladie, soit un taux de couverture vaccinale de 83,22 %.
-191 -
3.
Peste équine
Suite à la procédure initiée par la Direction de l'élevage au mois de mai 1995 auprès de l'OIE et de la
Commission vétérinaire de l'Union européenne pour le recouvrement par le Maroc du statut de pays
indemne de peste équine, et suite à la mission communautaire du mois de juin, le Maroc a recouvré son
statut de pays indemne de cette maladie, conformément aux recommandations du Code
zoosanitaire
international de l'OIE. La notification en a été publiée le 7 juillet 1995 dans les Informations sanitaires de
l'OIE (vol. 8, n° 24, p. 72).
Par ailleurs, l'Union européenne a adopté en ce sens le 19 juillet 1995 une Décision qui a été notifiée le
20 juillet 1995 à ses Etats membres.
II. MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
Maladies communes à plusieurs
1.
espèces
Rage
La lutte contre cette zoonose a été poursuivie et renforcée en 1994 conformément au Plan national de lutte
contre la rage. Les mesures de prophylaxie médicale ont été marquées par l'organisation d'une campagne
nationale de vaccination des chiens ayant un propriétaire (notamment en milieu rural) durant le mois
d'octobre 1995. Les réalisations enregistrées font état de 250 000 chiens vaccinés. Parallèlement, les
activités de prophylaxie sanitaire ont également été poursuivies : 62 544 chiens ont été abattus et détruits
durant l'année 1995.
Par ailleurs, dans le cadre de la lutte contre cette zoonose, un séminaire a été organisé à Rabat les 11 et
12 décembre 1995 en collaboration avec le ministère de la santé publique et l'Organisation mondiale de la
santé. Ce séminaire avait comme principaux objectifs :
-
la sensibilisation et l'information de tout le personnel impliqué dans la lutte contre la rage ;
-
le renforcement de la collaboration et la coordination intersectorielle (locale, régionale, centrale) et
interdépartementale (santé publique, agriculture, intérieur).
Maladies des bovins
2.
Brucellose bovine
En application du plan national de lutte contre la brucellose, des actions d'identification et de vaccination
des velles dans les zones contaminées ont été programmées et exécutées de 1989 à 1995 selon un rythme
annuel de l'ordre de 50 000 velles vaccinées par an. L'évaluation du plan dans sa dernière phase a montré
que les objectifs préalablement fixés en matière de couverture vaccinale n'ont pas été atteints. C'est ainsi
que des travaux visant à revoir la situation de cette maladie ont commencé en octobre 1995. Ces travaux,
conduits en collaboration avec la FAO, permettront de mettre en place la nouvelle stratégie de lutte à
adopter. Ils comprennent essentiellement l'équipement des laboratoires vétérinaires régionaux, la
formation de leur personnel, l'exécution d'une enquête épidémiologique et la sensibilisation des éleveurs.
Maladies des
3.
abeilles
Varroase
Dans le cadre des efforts visant le contrôle de cette maladie, une campagne de sensibilisation et
d'information des éleveurs dans ce domaine a été organisée en janvier 1995. Elle a porté sur le traitement
de 88 428 ruches, dont 36 703 modernes et 51 715 traditionnelles, correspondant à un effectif d'environ
30 % du cheptel apicole national.
Parallèlement, l'étude de la varroase et de la biologie du parasite (Varroa jacobsoni) s'est poursuivie
durant l'année 1995. Les activités ont porté notamment sur la poursuite de l'étude sur la morphologie et la
biologie du parasite, ainsi que sur l'épidémiologie de cette maladie au Maroc.
-192-
M A U R I T A I M I E
INTRODUCTION
Depuis la restructuration, fin 1993, du ministère du Développement rural et de l'Environnement (MDRE), les
fonctionnaires de l'ancienne direction de l'Elevage sont affectés soit à la direction du Développement des
Ressources agro-pastorales (DRAP), soit dans les délégations régionales du MDRE, soit à la direction de la
"Recherche - Formation - Vulgarisation" (DRFV).
Au sein de la DRAP, qui compte cinq services et dix divisions, les activités de conception et de suivi des
programmes vétérinaires sont à la charge du service "Amélioration des Ressources animales" et reviennent plus
spécifiquement à sa division "Santé animale".
L'exécution des programmes de prophylaxie et de l'ensemble des tâches de santé publique vétérinaire est
assurée par les délégations régionales du MDRE, dont bon nombre ne sont pas dirigées par des vétérinaires
mais par des agronomes ou par des forestiers. Ces délégations ne disposent pas de service spécifique "Santé
animale", mais d'un service "Développement des Ressources agro-pastorales" s'occupant de toutes les
préoccupations du monde rural. Pour que tous les agents de base soient en mesure de répondre aux
interrogations des ruraux, une formation à la polyvalence est entreprise à la DRFV, dans le cadre d'un
programme national de vulgarisation financé par un prêt de la Banque mondiale. Le système en vigueur
("Formation et Visite") prévoit, au sein de chacune des délégations, un technicien spécialiste de l'élevage, qui
est en fait le seul interlocuteur régional de la santé publique vétérinaire. Celui-ci rend compte de ses activités au
Délégué régional, qui, à son tour, rend compte au Cabinet du ministre. La division "Santé animale" de la
DRAP se trouve ainsi "hors circuit" et ne dispose que de trop rares informations en provenance des wilayas ; les
rapports hebdomadaires des Délégués, qu'elle peut se procurer au Cabinet du ministre, ne donnent pas toujours
les informations de base nécessaires à l'établissement des rapports mensuels à adresser à l'OfE, d'où une
transmission irrégulière de ces rapports.
Au cours de l'année 1996, il est envisagé de créer, au sein de chaque wilaya, un service spécifique de santé
publique vétérinaire rendant compte mensuellement de l'état sanitaire des troupeaux à la division "Santé
animale" de la DRAP. Parallèlement, dans le cadre du projet PARC, il est prévu de procéder à une étude
préalable à la mise en place d'un réseau zoosanitaire national utilisant au mieux les compétences et les moyens
des services privés et publics.
I. M A L A D I E S D E L A L I S T E A
Aperçu
général
Maladies présentes ou suspectées en 1995
Peste des petits ruminants
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Clavelée et variole caprine
Maladie de Newcastle
Maladies n'ayant jamais été
Total
1994
14
0
+?
Total
1995
Fev
Mar
Avr
Mai
1995
Jun
Jul
F.P.
Aou
6
+?
-K.
constatées
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1994
1993
1993
•K.
Stomatite vésiculeuse
Maladie vésiculeuse du porc
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Fièvre aphteuse (1984)
Peste bovine (01-86)
Jan
Peste porcine africaine
Peste porcine classique
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène
: date du dernier foyer)
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Peste équine
-193-
Commentaires
1.
sur certaines maladies de la Liste A
Peste des petits ruminants
Une forte suspicion de peste des petits ruminants existe depuis 1994, mais aucun cas n'a été signalé en
1995.
2.
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine et opérations de séro-surveillance de la peste bovine
Pour la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine (PPCB), l'utilisation, lors des campagnes annuelles de
prophylaxie, d'un vaccin bivalent (peste bovine / PPCB) fait que le taux de prévalence est indirectement
connu lors de la séro-surveillance de la peste bovine.
Pour la peste bovine, les opérations de séro-surveillance ont débuté en 1990. Les prélèvements ont été
effectués, par le service de virologie du Centre national d'élevage et de recherches vétérinaires, dans les
trois wilayas les plus importantes en matière d'élevage bovin. Les analyses ont été réalisées par le
Laboratoire central de pathologie animale de Bingerville. En utilisant l'épreuve ELISA sur l'ensemble des
sérums analysés, la moyenne des résultats exprimés en pourcentage de positivité vis-à-vis de la peste
bovine a été de :
Années
Pourcentage de positivité
vis-à-vis de la peste bovine
1989/1990
57,28
1990/1991
56
1991/1992
54
1992/1993
27
N.B. : En 1991/1992, le taux déjeunes animaux possédant des anticorps dirigés contre le virus bovipestique était extrêmement faible.
En 1992/1993, le taux était relativement élevé chez les animaux âgés de plus de trois ans (76 %) et très faible chez les jeunes (9,2 %
chez les animaux âgés de moins d'un an).
Ces résultats révèlent un taux de couverture insuffisant, en particulier sur les animaux de moins de deux
ans. Un pourcentage très faible des troupeaux tout venant est protégé : 11,5 % en 1990, 9 % en 1991,
11,5 % en 1992, 7 % en 1993 et 0 % en 1994, année pour laquelle aucun des troupeaux étudiés n'était
protégé à 80 %.
Au cours de la campagne de prophylaxie 1994/1995 : 25 % du cheptel a été vacciné (281 877 vaccinations
peste/PPCB).
Compte tenu de l'apparition de foyers de PPCB et du faible taux d'immunité constaté, l'objectif fixé pour la
campagne en cours est d'atteindre chez les jeunes bovins un taux de séro-conversion vis-à-vis de la peste
d'au moins 80 % (avec un pourcentage de vaccination de 100 % chez les jeunes). Cette campagne
bénéficie d'un fonds d'urgence mis à disposition par l'Union européenne dans le cadre du projet PARC qui
doit débuter en mars 1996. Dans le cadre de ce projet, il est prévu que les vétérinaires privés pourront
participer à l'exécution des campagnes de vaccination par l'octroi d'un mandat sanitaire. Le contrôle de la
qualité de leurs prestations reste du domaine de l'Etat. La séro-surveillance permettra de vérifier la qualité
de leurs prestations ; elle sera assurée par le Centre national d'élevage et de recherche vétérinaire, qui sera
équipé pour cela par le projet PARC.
3.
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Bien que cette maladie n'ait pas fait l'objet de déclaration au cours de l'année, il est fortement probable
qu'elle continue de provoquer des avortements chez les petits ruminants de la vallée du fleuve Sénégal. Le
laboratoire national ne dispose pas de moyens suffisants pour conduire des enquêtes de suivi
épidémiologique. Nous tenons à rappeler ici l'importance de cette suspicion de maladie qui concerne tous
les pays riverains du fleuve.
-194-
II. MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
1
Fièvre charbonneuse
Malgré les mesures prises, 78 580 vaccinations effectuées dans les zones d'endémie au cours de la
campagne annuelle de prophylaxie, trois foyers de fièvre charbonneuse ont été signalés en octobre dans la
moughataa de Mounguel (wilaya du Gorgol), entraînant la perte de 210 petits ruminants, 8 bovins et 2
dromadaires. Le diagnostic clinique a été formellement établi par le vétérinaire, chef de service DRAP de
Kaédi. Les mesures prises (destruction des cadavres et vaccination des cheptels dans les foyers et à leur
périphérie) ont permis d'enrayer la mortalité.
2
Gale du dromadaire
Les grandes distances parcourues par les troupeaux à la recherche de pâturages font que cette maladie
sévit à l'état endémique dans toutes les provinces. Insuffisamment traitée lors de la transhumance en fin
d'année civile dans les wilayas du Sud, la gale du dromadaire est de nouveau signalée de janvier à mai
dans le Tiris Zémour et le Daklet Nouadhibou, où l'encadrement vétérinaire beaucoup moins dense ne
permet plus un suivi rapproché des animaux. Les pertes économiques que cette maladie entraîne sont
considérables. Notre impuissance face à cette situation nuit beaucoup à l'image de notre profession.
-195-
M O Z A M B I Q U E
INTRODUCTION
The peace prevailing since 1992 constitutes an important factor which enhances the livestock development now
observed in the country. Generally, there is an increase in the number of almost all livestock species. In 1995,
there was an increase of 2 2 % in cattle, 7 5 % in pigs and 5 0 % in small ruminants, compared to the 1994 figures.
The main activity of the National Directorate of Livestock (DINAP) was concentrated in the livestock
restocking programme, as the country needs to build up livestock numbers in order to recover its livestock
industry. As part of such an important programme, a national seminar was held in Inhambane to discuss ways
for a better strategy to implement the current restocking programme.
In 1995, a number of financing Agencies and NGOs were involved in supporting the purchase of animals,
mainly in importing cattle and small ruminants. The main target group of the restocking programme is the
family sector. However, private farmers have also been involved and used as 'multiplication centres' to increase
the turnover rate of livestock population in the country. This was particularly emphasised in the case of cattle,
since they can quickly reproduce under improved management in the hands of the commercial sector.
The privatisation programme of the state farms continued to take place in order to promote livestock production
in a much more cost effective way.
I. LIST A DISEASES
Diseases present in 1995
Total
1994
3
+..
Lmi;¡;v skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
.A trican swine fever
Wrwcastle disease - Virus N.C.
Diseases never
Total
1995
1
+..
+?
+?
6
23
+..
19
12
Jan
0
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O (1980)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus S AT 1 ( 1981 )
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 2 (1984)
1.
Mar
0
-K.
-K.
Apr
0
+..
May
0
4-..
-K.
4-..
1995
Jun
Jul
0
0
4-..
4-..
F.P.
Aug
0
+..
Sep
0
Oct
0
4-..
4-..
Nov
0
Dec
1
4-..
4-..
reported
foot and mouth disease - Virus A
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asial
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Comments
Feb
0
+..
on selected
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Classical swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last
outbreak)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3 (1959)
Rinderpest (1896)
Sheep pox and goat pox
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease vaccination is compulsory in four provinces, namely Maputo, Gaza, Sofala and
Zambezia, where it is known that the occurrence of the outbreaks is cyclical. To prevent reintroduction of
the disease from neighbouring countries, vaccination in the areas exposed to this danger is also
compulsory. However, since 1985 no outbreaks have been reported in the country.
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
-196-
2.
African swine fever
As in the previous year, the disease prevalence in livestock continued to be characterised by the
occurrence of outbreaks of African swine fever in some of the southern, central and northern provinces.
This disease continued to decimate the pig population and thus became one of the biggest concerns to the
veterinary authorities. In the southern region of the country, namely Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane
provinces, the first outbreaks were registered in 1994 and continued affecting these provinces during
1995. There were also outbreaks of this disease notified in Sofala, Nampula and Zambezia provinces in
the central and northern regions of the country. The dissemination of the disease is facilitated by the
difficulties experienced by the veterinary authorities in applying effective control measures such as
stamping out, due to the scarcity of financial resources for compensation.
The measures taken to control the disease were restrictions on the movement of pigs and pork products
and advice to farmers to slaughter their animals at the slaughterhouse, where laboratory technicians take
blood samples for diagnosis.
Due to the current disease situation, the planned restocking project with pigs has been delayed.
3.
Newcastle disease
Newcastle disease is recognised as being endemic throughout the country. Although the exact number of
affected birds is not known, it is believed that thousands of birds are killed each year in the country. In the
year under analysis, Maputo, Inhambane, Tete, Nampula and Manica provinces were severely affected by
the disease. The number of outbreaks in the family sector is believed to be high but data is not available to
quantify this.
The veterinary authorities are currently making an effort to introduce a thermostable vaccine for the
control of Newcastle disease in the family sector.
II. LIST B DISEASES
1.
Anthrax
Anthrax and blackquarter have not been reported for some years but the threat is still present considering
the situation in the neighbouring countries, where some cases have been reported in game animals. In
Zambezia province, vaccination against these diseases is not practised.
2.
Heartwater
Tick-borne diseases occur throughout the country but their importance varies from region to region.
Heartwater is of importance in some areas where incidence of Amblyomma is high.
The control strategy for tick-borne diseases is mainly based on the application of acaricides and this is
usually carried out once a month.
3.
Rabies
The persistence of rabies foci in urban areas as well as in rural areas has forced the veterinary authorities
to consider this disease among the list of priorities. During 1995, there were a total of 18 cases reported in
the country. Of these, 9 cases were reported from Maputo, 4 from Manica, 2 from Gaza, 1 from Zambezia
and 1 from Niassa. This latter case was reported in a cat, whereas all the others were reported in dogs. In
Nampula and Tete provinces there were some suspected clinical cases but no specimens were sent to the
laboratory for confirmation. It should be emphasised that, due to the increasing number of human deaths
from rabies, Nampula province requires our greatest attention in regard to this disease.
The strategy used for the control of rabies is to vaccinate dogs annually in 'free of charge' campaigns.
However, lack of financial resources limits the efficiency of the control.
-197-
Diseases of cattle
In the cattle industry, as in previous years, veterinary assistance interventions were severely limited due to
degradation of dip tanks. The livestock health situation in the country in 1995 was generally similar to that of
previous years.
4.
Bovine brucellosis
This disease is endemic in the country. Brucellosis control measures in cattle involve vaccination with
strain B19 of young females between 4 and 8 months of age. The prevalence of the disease is not well
known due to the existence of antibodies from vaccination. Therefore, the National Directorate of
Livestock is currently carrying out revision of the regulation relating to the epidemiology and control of
the disease.
5.
Dermatophilosis
In Zambezia province an outbreak of dermatophilosis was reported in cattle, in which 21 out of 315
affected animals died.
6.
Theileriosis
East Coast fever is limited to the Angonia plateau in Tete province.
7.
Trypanosomiasis
About two-thirds of the country is infested with tsetse fly. The pathogenic species of trypanosome
encountered in Mozambique are Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax in single or mixed infections in
cattle and T. simian in pigs. Prevalence of trypanosomosis in the southern region of the country is low but,
to the north of Save River, it varies from medium to high. T. simian outbreaks occur only sporadically.
In tsetse infested areas, special attention is given to the control of trypanosomiasis. This is done by means
of chemotherapy, which is the method of choice to protect animals in these areas. As knowledge of the
current fly distribution and density is very limited a prophylactic scheme using isomefhamidium
(Trypamidium) every three months is currently used to protect commercial cattle farms. The animals are
treated in February, May, August and November. An additional sanative dose of diminazene aceturate
(Berenil 7%) is applied ten days before the treatment in May. In the family sector, only sick animals are
treated with a sanative dose.
However, due to lack of trypanocides and organisational problems these rules are not strictly followed,
namely the periodicity and the transfer of cattle from infested areas to free areas and vice-versa. To date,
there is no record of resistance to isomethamidium or diminazene aceturate.
Diseases of poultry
8.
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
The main cause of the dissemination of this disease and high mortality in the Maputo and Gaza provinces
is the introduction of one-day-old chicks from neighbouring countries. It is also associated with the fact
that a major proportion of farmers do not follow the recommended vaccination instructions.
III. OTHER DISEASES
In 1995, outbreaks of avian leukosis, avian salmonellosis and fowl pox were reported only in Maputo province.
The number of birds affected by each of these diseases is not available. In Zambezia province, pasteurellosis
caused high mortality in ducks, but the number of birds affected is not available.
- 198-
N A M I B I A
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
Total
1994
7
15
1
1
0
1
Total
1995
25
16
2
4
2
11
Jan
0
1
0
0
0
1
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
and
and
and
and
mouth
mouth
mouth
mouth
Mar
1
1
0
0
1
0
Apr
3
3
1
0
0
3
May
4
2
1
0
0
0
1995
Jul
Jun
3
1
3
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
6
F.P.
Aug
3
2
0
0
0
0
Sep
1
0
0
0
0
0
Oct
3
0
0
0
1
0
Nov
0
0
0
1
0
1
Dec
4
0
0
1
0
0
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asial
Vesicular stomatitis
Foot
Foot
Foot
Foot
Feb
2
1
0
0
0
0
disease
disease
disease
disease
-
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
A ( 1967)
SAT 1 (1980)
SAT 2 (04-92)
SAT 3 (10-94)
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Highly path, avian influenza
date of last
outbreak)
Rinderpest (1907)
Rift Valley fever (1985)
Sheep pox and goat pox (1910)
Classical swine fever (1917)
Regulations adding highly pathogenic avian influenza (fowl plague), lumpy skin disease, Rift Valley fever,
African horse sickness and bluetongue to the list of notifiable diseases were promulgated during the year, as
were regulations controlling the sale of Newcastle disease and fowl plague vaccines, and controlling ostrich
movements.
Comments on foot and mouth disease and contagious bovine
pleuropneumonia
No foot and mouth disease (FMD) occurred during 1995. A cordon fence for FMD control spans the country
from east to west: movements of animals and products across this barrier are carefully controlled.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) appeared to be on the increase.
Stock inspection frequencies are very high to the north of this fence, where annual official vaccinations against
CBPP and FMD are carried out. Inspection frequencies are lower to the south of the fence, where CBPP and
FMD do not occur.
Export abattoirs are supervised by official veterinary staff, and imports into Namibia are also controlled.
11-94
12-94
05-94
05-94
02-89
04-94
- 199-
N E T H E R L A N D S
I. LIST A DISEASES
Disease present in 1995
Newcastle disease - Virus velogenic
Diseases never
Total
1994
8
Total
1995
5
Jan
0
Mar
0
Apr
0
May
0
1995
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
1
0
0
0
2
2
F.P.
Nov
0
Dec
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Vesicular stomatitis
Peste des petits ruminants
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Swine vesicular disease
Rinderpest (1869)
Comments
Feb
0
- Virus O (02-84)
- Virus A (1977)
- Virus C (1967)
(02-94)
on Newcastle
date of last
outbreak)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1887)
Sheep pox and goat pox (1893)
African swine fever (04-86)
Classical swine fever (06-92)
disease
Five outbreaks in backyard poultry were recorded. In four outbreaks a total of 111 birds were killed. The fifth
outbreak was found by tracing back and turned out to be a dealer in backyard poultry. At this dealer. 1.807
birds were killed.
II. LIST B DISEASES
American foulbrood
Five cases were diagnosed. A total of 16 bee colonies on five locations were killed and burnt. In designated
areas, a standstill on bees was introduced and screening activities were carried out. The disease is notifiable and
the strategic policy is stamping out.
11-94
-200-
N E W
Z E A L A N D
INTRODUCTION
The veterinary' services of the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture undertake an active animal health
surveillance programme for important diseases exotic to New Zealand.
In 1995. surveys or ongoing surveillance activities were undertaken to obtain animal health status information
on the following diseases, pathogens and parasites: Aujeszky's disease in feral pigs, Babesia
perroncitoi,
Brucella abortus, B. canis, B. suis, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic
disease, Lyme disease, Newcastle disease, Palyam group viruses, scrapie, Melissococcus
pluton,
Varroa
jacobsoni, Acarapis woodi and Tropilaelaps clareae. None of these diseases were detected.
The results of the animal health surveillance and monitoring activities are published in the Ministry of
Agriculture's quarterly magazine Surveillance.
A review of the animal health surveillance system is being undertaken. In December 1994 a discussion
document, Future Animal Disease Surveillance in New Zealand - Development of a Strategy for Animal
Disease Sur\>eillance under the Biosecurity Act 1993 was released for public comment. The analysis of the
submissions has been completed and policy recommendations are being formulated.
Two pest management strategies, one for the control of bovine tuberculosis and one for eradication of
Echinococcus granulosus are being developed under the Biosecurity Act 1993.
I. LIST A DISEASES
Diseases never
reported
Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Newcastle disease
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1864)
date of last
outbreak)
Classical swine fever (1953)
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
species
Aujeszky's disease
The Aujeszky's disease virus is notifiable organism under the Biosecurity Act 1993.
The South Island of New Zealand is free of the Aujeszky's disease virus and an abattoir survey of culled
breeding pigs during 1993 re-confirmed this. A serological survey of feral pigs from throughout the South
Island was completed in 1994 with negative results using an ELISA disc method.
- 201 -
An eradication programme against the disease has been operating in the North Island since December
1989. Herds are screened for Aujeszky's disease by testing all culled breeding pigs at slaughter using an
ELISA disc method. In addition, all herds within a 1 km radius of an infected herd are monitored by onfarm serological testing.
Infected herds are quarantined and the virus is eliminated from herds either by test and removal, or total
depopulation and restocking, or a programme of vaccination using a gl-deleted vaccine followed by test
and removal using a complementary gl ELISA.
Four infected herds were detected during 1995. The herds were on hobby farms and all were depopulated.
This compares with one infected herd in 1994 and no infected herds in 1993 and 1992. The disease is
believed to have been eradicated from all commercial herds. A survey of the feral pigs in the North Island
is currently being conducted.
Based on the results of the complementary gl ELISA, the Aujeszky's disease virus has been eliminated
from the eight herds which were vaccinated during the programme. One herd remained under quarantine
during 1995. This was a vaccinated herd which was quarantined to ensure that vaccinated pigs were
moved only directly to slaughter. All culled breeding pigs in the North Island will continue to be tested at
slaughter for at least three years after the last infected herd is removed from quarantine.
Echinococcosis-hydatidosis
Echinococcus granulosus is notifiable under the Biosecurity Act 1993. A national campaign to eradicate
E. granulosus has been operating in New Zealand since 1959 and eradication is anticipated in the near
future.
All ruminants slaughtered commercially are subject to post-mortem inspection by Ministry of Agriculture
meat inspectors. Any lesion which is suggestive of E. granulosus is submitted to one of the Ministry of
Agriculture's Animal Health Laboratories for confirmation. When a case of E. granulosus is confirmed,
the property from which the infected animal originated is subjected to an investigation.
The numbers of animals slaughtered in 1995 were: 26 million lambs, 7.3 million adult sheep, 1.3 million
calves and vealers, and 2.5 million adult cattle. Post-mortem inspection of these animals resulted in
laboratory submission of 13 suspicious lesions (five from sheep, six from cattle and two from deer). All
lesions were in animals from different properties. Hydatids were confirmed in cattle on two properties and
in sheep on one property. The only viable cyst was in the sheep.
Johne's disease (paratuberculosis)
Mycobacterium
paratuberculosis
is notifiable under the Biosecurity Act 1993. The Ministry of
Agriculture maintains a register of properties/herds known to be infected with M.
paratuberculosis.
As of December 1995, 1,360 sheep flocks were on the Johne's disease register. The sheep population in
the South Island is believed to be more heavily and uniformly affected than in the North Island. The total
number of cattle herds in which Johne's disease has been notified and confirmed is 2,548. The prevalence
is believed to be higher in dairy than in beef herds. The disease has been confirmed in 34 goat flocks and
in 70 deer herds.
The laboratory tests routinely used are the complement fixation test and agar gel immunodiffusion test. A
live Johne's disease vaccine is licensed for use in cattle, sheep and goats. However, in some lines of
animals, there has been a problem with the development of granulomas at the vaccination site and in the
regional lymph node.
In August 1994 discussion was initiated between industry groups and the Ministry of Agriculture with the
objective of assessing the present and potential, future economic impacts of the disease. A public
discussion document was distributed to livestock industry stakeholders in July 1995. Once analysis of the
submissions is completed, recommendations will be made and discussed with livestock industry
representatives.
-202-
Diseases of cattle
4.
Bovine tuberculosis
Mycobacterium
bovis is notifiable under the Biosecurity Act 1993.
At 30 June 1995 there were 1,467 (2.45%) cattle herds under quarantine because of tuberculosis. During
the preceding 12 months, 903 (61.4%) herds that were under restriction were removed from quarantine
and 894 (1.54%) newly identified infected herds were placed under quarantine.
A total of 4.04 million cattle were tested during the 12 month season to 30 June 1995, and 5,686 reactors
to the caudal fold skin test were identified and slaughtered. Additional 4,944 cattle that were considered to
be non-specific reactors to the caudal fold test were given a comparative cervical test (CCT). There were
541 (9.5%) reactors to the CCT and these were slaughtered. In total, 6,227 (0.15%) reactor cattle were
slaughtered, with 3,036 (48.8%) showing lesions. A further 1,040 (0.05%) tuberculous cattle were
delected during routine meat inspection of the 2.15 million cattle sent for slaughter during the last 12
months. The period prevalence of tuberculosis in cattle (3,036 tuberculous reactors and 1,040 infected
cattle found during routine slaughter) for the 1994/95 season (based on 8.3 million cattle) was 0.049%.
Cervine tuberculosis (M. bovis)
At 30 June 1995, there were 200 (3.4%) herds under quarantine because of tuberculosis. During the
preceding 12 months, 112 (54.4%) herds that were under restriction were removed from quarantine and
100 (1.75%) new infected herds were placed under quarantine.
During the 12 months to the end of June 1995, 461,530 deer were tested with the mid-cervical intradermal
tuberculin test (MCT) and 1,326 reactors were slaughtered. An additional 4,679 deer that were considered
to be non-specific MCT reactors were given an ancillary test with either the comparative cervical test
(CCT) or the blood tuberculosis test (BTB). There were 130 (2.8%) reactors to the ancillary test and these
were slaughtered. In total, 1,456 (0.31%) reactor deer were slaughtered, with 271 (18.6%) showing
lesions. A further 300 (0.09%) tuberculous deer were detected during routine meat inspection of the
334,100 deer sent for slaughter during the last 12 months. The period prevalence of tuberculosis in farmed
deer (271 tuberculous reactors and 300 infected deer found at slaughter) for the 1994/95 season (based on
1.1 million farmed deer) was 0.052%.
Tuberculosis (M. bovis) in feral/wild animals
Tuberculous possums and occasionally other feral/wild animals (pigs, deer, cats, ferrets, stoats, hedgehogs
and hares) have been identified in association with persistent infection in adjacent cattle and deer herds in
22 discrete areas of New Zealand. Nevertheless possums (Trichosurus vulpécula) are considered the main
wildlife vector of tuberculosis for cattle and farmed deer, although in a few areas ferrets are considered an
important vector.
The Ministry of Agriculture considers that tuberculosis is endemic in six areas where, because of their
large size, extensive native bush cover and range of infected species, it is currently technically impossible
to eradicate tuberculosis from the feral/wild animal populations. These six discrete areas cover
approximately 21.5% of New Zealand's land area, but in the 1994/95 season contained 83.2% and 70.6%
respectively of cattle and deer found to be tuberculous and 81.6% and 69.5% respectively of cattle and
deer herds under quarantine because of tuberculosis. Tuberculous possums were found associated with the
expansion of two endemic areas during 1994/95. Tuberculous possums and ferrets were found to be
associated with the expansion of another two endemic areas, and tuberculous feral deer have been
implicated in the expansion of one of these areas.
The balance of New Zealand is classified as non-endemic. The non-endemic areas contain the remaining
16 areas where tuberculous feral/wild animals have been identified. These are known as Special
Tuberculosis Investigation Areas (STIAs). It is considered that tuberculosis can be eradicated from the
feral/wild animal populations in the STIAs by the application of current animal control techniques. The
STIAs cover approximately 1.5% of New Zealand's land area and in 1994/95 contained 2.8% and 8%
respectively of the infected cattle and deer herds. Tuberculosis was identified in possums in one new STIA
and confirmed as being eradicated from an existing STIA in 1994/95.
-203-
The non-endemic areas also include the Fringe areas which encompass the endemic areas. In 1994/95, the
Fringe areas accounted for approximately 17% of New Zealand's land area and contained 6 . 1 % and 10.5%
respectively of infected cattle and deer herds. The balance of the non-endemic areas are classified as
Sur\>eillance. Surveillance areas account for 59% of New Zealand's land area and in 1994/95 contained
9.5% and 12% respectively of infected cattle and deer herds.
During 1993/94, the Animal Health Board, which administers the tuberculosis control scheme,
implemented a programme aimed at reversing the upward trend in both tuberculin reactor rates and herds
under quarantine through a combination of increased movement control restrictions and vector control.
Early indications are that these changes, particularly the vector control programme, have been responsible
for a reduction in the number of infected cattle and deer herds in 1994/95. For cattle, 1994/95 was the first
time since 1980/81 that the number of herds under quarantine for tuberculosis was less than the previous
year. Similarly, the number of cattle reactors fell for the first time in 1994/95 relative to any period over
the last ten years. This downward trend appears to be continuing in 1995/96.
In 1994/95, the Animal Health Board developed a five-year National Pest Management Strategy for
controlling bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand. This strategy is required under the Biosecurity Act 1993.
Development of the strategy required extensive consultation with stakeholders. The strategy identifies a
new herd status system, increased restrictions placed on infected herds and a change to the way vector
areas are described and managed. The strategy will be funded through a levy on beneficiaries of the bovine
tuberculosis control programme and exacerbators of the problem. The Pest Management Strategy was
submitted to the Minister of Agriculture for consideration and it is hoped that it will be implemented in
the 1996/97 year.
Research programmes have been initiated to provide a better understanding of the tuberculous feral/wild
animal problem (particularly possums and ferrets), and a more cost-effective means of controlling them.
Ultimately research into a method of biologically controlling the possum population may provide the
means of eradicating tuberculosis from them. In addition, a major research effort has been undertaken to
develop a vaccine against tuberculosis for cattle, farmed deer and possums. A number of blood tests for
tuberculosis in cattle will also be evaluated over the next two years.
5.
Enzootic bovine leukosis
The enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) virus is notifiable under the Biosecurity Act 1993.
During 1995, a total of 3,885 sera were tested for specific anti-EBL antibodies, with 36 producing a
positive reaction. Most of the sera were from animals being tested under export protocols (thus not
representative of the cattle population) with only a small percentage of the tests being carried out for
diagnostic purposes. Of the seropositive animals, 33 came from known infected herds with the majority,
31, being from a single farm.
The test in routine use is the agar gel immunodiffusion test. Several commercial ELISAs were evaluated
during the year. Sera made available by the OIE Reference Laboratory in Tubingen, Germany, were used
for test evaluation and research into the value of an electrophoretic immunoblot for EBL.
A dairy industry funded and managed pilot EBL eradication programme has being proposed and is being
undertaken in 1996/97.
Diseases of sheep and goats
6.
Ovine epididymitis (Brucella
ovis)
The sheep raising industry operates a voluntary Brucella ovis accreditation scheme, organised jointly by
the New Zealand Veterinary Association and the sheep breed societies, with technical advice being
provided by the Ministry of Agriculture. A total of 63,725 rams were tested in 1995.
The test used in the industry-run B. ovis accreditation scheme is the complement fixation test, with an
ELISA and agar gel immunodiffusion test used as additional tests when new infections in accredited
flocks are suspected. The routine use of electrophoretic immunoblotting was introduced into the scheme as
a confirmatory test, with a focus on the presence or absence of the immunodominant 29 kDa band.
-204-
Of the 63,725 rams tested. 2.129 (3.34%) were positive and 292 (0.46%) returned a suspicious result. The
number of reactors was significantly higher in commercial flocks than in registered ram breeding flocks
(6.2% compared to 0.98%)
The Central Animal Health laboratory maintains a register of accredited ram flocks. In 1995, 1,401
(86.5%) of 1,619 registered ram breeding flocks and 126 (10%) of 1,259 commercial flocks were
accredited free of B. ovis.
7.
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis
Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) virus was first isolated from goats in New Zealand in 1981. In 1983,
a national survey revealed a seroprevalence of 1.5% in 6,551 goats tested. The prevalence rate was 2.27%
in 4,230 daiiy goats and 0.04% in 2,321 angora goats. Clinical manifestations of disease are rarely
reported.
In 1984 the Ministry of Agriculture, in consultation with the major goat
voluntary flock accreditation scheme for the control of CAE. In 1988 there
accredited free of CAE and to date over half a million sera have been tested.
years the number of samples tested for CAE has decreased as a result of a
value of farmed goats, the rarity of clinical disease and the cost of testing.
industry groups, launched a
were about 1,000 goat flocks
However, during the last few
reduction in the number and
During 1995, 3.749 samples from 111 flocks were tested as part of the accreditation scheme and 3,479
samples were tested for export certification purposes. Thirty-three goats from 14 flocks were seropositive.
During 1995, 20 goat flocks were reaccredited, six flocks were newly accredited and nine flocks were
subjected to pre-accreditation test. A total of 97 goat flocks were accredited as free from CAE virus
infection and 85 of these are on a triennial testing regime.
Diseases of horses
8.
Equine viral arteritis
The equine viral arteritis virus is notifiable under the Biosecurity Act 1993. The virus strain present in
New Zealand has low pathogenicity and clinical manifestation of the disease has never been reported.
The organism was first made notifiable in 1989 and an equine industry control scheme was subsequently
established. This scheme required annual serological testing of all breeding stallions prior to the start of
the breeding season. Exceptions were shedder stallions, seropositive non-shedder stallions and vaccinated
stallions. To identify stallions shedding the virus in their semen, all seropositive stallions were either testmated to two seronegative mares or virus isolation on semen was attempted. Mares were not required to be
tested.
Shedder stallions could be used for breeding, but under controlled conditions. Vaccination has been by
official permit and only seronegative stallions standing at stud with shedder stallions have been
vaccinated.
The scheme was reevaluated in May 1992 and as there had been no evidence of viral spread from shedder
stallions to non-infected stallions the annual serological testing ceased and only stallions breeding for the
first time are now required to be tested. However, seropositive stallions are still required to be semen
tested or test-mated to establish if they are shedding the virus.
Seroprevalence is highest in standardbred stallions, with only a small number of seropositive
thoroughbred stallions (the majority being previously vaccinated horses). There have been no seropositive
stallions identified in the other breeds. The number of stallions which are chronic semen shedders
continues to decrease, due either to their death or retirement from breeding. Currently only eight shedders
arc known. All are standardbreds.
-205-
Diseases of poultry
9.
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
Infectious bursal disease virus is notifiable under the Biosecurity Act 1993.
Infectious bursal disease was first diagnosed in New Zealand in October 1993. The diagnosis was based
initially on gross pathology and histopathology of meat chickens and positive serology of suspected flocks.
The virus was isolated in December 1993. No clinical signs have been observed in infected chickens and
pathogenicity studies on the New Zealand infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) isolates classified them
as mild strains of classical IBDV serotype 1.
An epidemiological investigation carried out in 1993 revealed that 80% of the seropositive farms were
derived from one hatchery. Only 2 0 % of the seropositive farms were thought to be infected through
contact with the infected stock.
In 1993. a serological survey revealed 49 infected farms located throughout New Zealand. In 1994. the
number of positive farms decreased to 34 and in 1995 only 7 farms (2 meat chicken and 5 egg production)
tested positive. All of the farms were located in the North Island in the area believed to be the original
point of entry for the virus.
The absence of clinical signs, the very slow spread of the virus between in-contact flocks and the ease of
the initial propagation of the virus (in embryonated fowl eggs, primary chicken cells, and a mammalian
cell line) suggest that the vims is a vaccine strain rather than field strain. It is thought that the virus may
have been introduced into New Zealand via a contaminated or mislabelled vaccine.
It is anticipated that the current preventive management programme, supported if necessary by the use of
killed vaccines (on which assessment projects are being carried out), will restore New Zealand's IBD-free
status.
Diseases of bees
10.
American foulbrood
Bacillus lan'ae is notifiable under the Biosecurity Act 1993.
American foulbrood (AFB) control programmes have been carried out by apiary inspectors since the
passing of the first Apiaries Act in 1905. By the mid-1960s, a strong government inspection programme
and the efforts of beekeepers had reduced the reported annual incidence of the disease to less than 0.5% of
beehives. However, in the 10 year period 1981-1991, the reported incidence of AFB nearly doubled (from
0.65% to 1.2% of beehives per year). This increase in incidence occurred at the same time as a rapid
increase in beehive numbers; 3 9 % increase between 1981 and 1989. In the later part of that same decade,
government inspections of beehives for AFB decreased markedly due to budgetary constraints.
In 1991, the New Zealand government removed funding for an AFB control programme and the National
Beekeepers' Association contracted the delivery branch of the Ministry of Agriculture to provide AFB
control services. In the period 1991-1995, the reported incidence of the disease decreased from 1.2% to
0.8% of beehives per year. For the year ending June 30 1995, 2,662 beehives in 1,052 apiaries were either
found to be infected with AFB by inspectors, or reported to be infected by beekeepers. During the same
period, 7.5% of the apiaries and 4 . 1 % of the hives were inspected as part of the contracted AFB control
programme. It is a requirement of the Apiaries Act 1969 that beekeepers inspect their hives for the disease
at least once a year and report to the Ministry of Agriculture any changes of apiary location and any AFB
found.
The National Beekeepers' Association is
American foulbrood under the Biosecurity
annual incidence of AFB in New Zealand
clinical cases of the disease in beehives by
currently developing a national pest management strategy for
Act 1993. The goal of the strategy is to progressively reduce the
over a 10 year period, leading to the eventual elimination of all
the year 2006.
-206-
N I G E R
INTRODUCTION
Modifications
intervenues dans les activités des Ser\>ices
vétérinaires
Dans le cadre de l'amélioration de la santé animale et des conditions agro-pastorales au Niger, la direction de
l'Elevage et des Industries animales (DEIA), à travers le projet PARC-Niger, phase II, s'est vue renforcée de
deux nouveaux services :
-
un service d'appui à la privatisation de la profession vétérinaire ;
un service d'appui aux associations d'éleveurs.
Les politiques et stratégies dans le secteur de l'élevage sont contenues dans deux textes fondamentaux portant
sur :
-
les principes directeurs d'une politique de développement rural au Niger ;
les principes d'orientation du code rural.
Les axes principaux de cette politique sont :
-
la gestion des ressources naturelles ;
l'intensification et l'intégration des productions animales à l'agriculture ;
la privatisation et la redéfinition du rôle de l'Etat dans le secteur de l'élevage ;
les mesures d'accompagnement.
A ctivitès des Serxnces
vétérinaires
Les activités des Services vétérinaires sont orientées vers :
-
la prophylaxie des maladies animales, à travers des campagnes de vaccination contre les épizooties majeures
du cheptel, la surveillance et l'épidémio-surveillance des maladies ;
le contrôle des mouvements du cheptel à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur du pays ;
l'inspection des denrées alimentaires d'origine animale ;
la privatisation de la profession vétérinaire par la mise en place des structures vétérinaires privées pouvant
mener des activités variées (mandats sanitaires, vente de médicaments et autres intrants de l'élevage) ;
le renforcement de l'efficacité des associations d'éleveurs et leur responsabilisation dans la gestion des
points d'eau pastoraux et des aires de pâturage.
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
Les foyers de maladies de la Liste A, hormis les foyers de fièvre aphteuse et de peste des petits ruminants, sont
en baisse en nombre et en zone d'extension.
Maladies présentes en 1995
Fièvre aphteuse
Peste des petits rumina»Ls
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Clavelée et variole caprine
Influenza aviaire haut, pathogène
Maladie de Newcastle
Total
1994
11
0
8
27
0
6
Total
1995
106
8
3
9
Jan
13
0
0
1
Fev
5
1
0
1
Mar
5
1
0
0
Avr
1
3
0
2
Mai
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
10
0
199 5
Jun
Jul
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F.P.
Aou
4
0
0
4
Sep
4
0
0
0
Oct
26
0
2
0
Nov
42
2
1
0
Dec
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
+..
15
0
4
11-94
02-93
06-94
08-94
08-91
04-94
-207-
Maladie n'ayant jamais été constatée
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
: date du dernier
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc
Peste bovine (1985)
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse (03-94)
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Commentaires
1.
foyer)
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Peste équine
Peste porcine africaine
Peste porcine classique
sur certaines maladies de la Liste A
Fièvre aphteuse
En 1995, cette maladie a touché presque toutes les régions, à savoir : Dosso, Maradi, Communauté
Urbaine de Niamey, Tahoua, Zinder et Diffa.
Mesures de lutte : mise en interdit des troupeaux atteints, limitation des mouvements d'animaux,
isolement des malades, traitement spécifique des aphtes et antibiothérapie.
2.
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
En 1995. la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine s'est limitée aux régions de Dosso, Maradi et Tahoua.
Mesures de prophylaxie : vaccination au moyen du vaccin bivalent "Bivac" (peste bovine / péripneumonie
contagieuse bovine) ou du vaccin monovalent "Périvac".
Mesures de lutte : mise en interdit des troupeaux atteints et isolement des malades ; prélèvements de sang,
de liquide pleural et de fragments de poumon hépatisé et analyse en laboratoire ; délimitation de zones
infectées et contaminées, mise en interdit desdites zones ; abattage sanitaire total après confirmation du
foyer par le laboratoire ; vaccination en anneau autour du foyer.
4.
Clavelée et variole caprine
Mesures de lutte : isolement des animaux atteints, séquestration des troupeaux et vaccination autour des
foyers.
5.
Maladie de Newcastle
Mesures de prophylaxie : vaccination.
II. MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
Les maladies de la Liste B, notamment les maladies communément appelées "pseudo-telluriques", occupent
toujours la première place parmi les pathologies enregistrées en 1995. Parmi elles, les pasteurelloses bovines,
ovines et caprines, ainsi que la fièvre charbonneuse (charbon bactéridien) et le charbon symptomatique ont
causé des pertes aux élevages traditionnels.
Certaines maladies parasitaires (douves, echinococcoses, cysticercoses) font l'objet de plusieurs saisies partielles
d'organes dans les abattoirs, mais leur répartition et leur fréquence sont mal connues. D'autres maladies telles
que les tuberculoses sont également constatées à l'abattoir.
1.
Fièvre charbonneuse
Mesures de prophylaxie
: vaccination au moyen du vaccin spécifique "Carbovac".
Mesures de lutte : isolement des malades ; prélèvements de sang ou d'organes et analyses en laboratoire ;
vaccination des troupeaux exposés à la maladie.
-208-
Evoluíion de la situation de la fièvre charbonneuse
Espèce
2.
entre 1994 et 1995
Année 1994
Année 1995
Foyers
Cas
Morts
Foyers
Cas
Morts
bov
14
72
24
17
453
48
ovi
17
150
148
33
455
229
Rage
Mesures de lutte : mise en observation des chiens mordeurs pendant une à deux semaines ; abattage
sanitaire ; prélèvement d'organes (têtes) et diagnostic en laboratoire ; vaccination ou abattage des chiens
errants.
III. AUTRES MALADIES
1.
Charbon symptomatique
Mesures de prophylaxie
: vaccination au moyen du vaccin spécifique "Symptovac".
Mesures de lutte : isolement des malades ; prélèvements de sang ou d'organes et analyses en laboratoire ;
vaccination des troupeaux exposés à la maladie.
Evolution de la situation du charbon symptomatique
Espèce
Année 1994
Année 1995
Foyers
Cas
Morts
Foyers
Cas
Morts
25
53
39
19
214
6
bov
2.
entre 1994 et 1995
Pastcurelloses
Mesures de prophylaxie
: vaccination au moyen du vaccin spécifique "Pastovac".
Mesures de lutte : isolement des malades ; prélèvements de sang et d'organes et analyses en laboratoire ;
vaccination autour des foyers.
Evolution de la situation des pasteurelloses
entre 1994 et 1995
Année 1994
Espèce
Année 1995
Foyers
Cas
Morts
Foyers
Cas
Morts
bov
74
492
278
59
584
171
ovi
90
1 393
449
42
766
217
-209-
N O R W A Y
INTRODUCTION
The routine surveillance testing for antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (cattle). Aujeszky's disease
(pigs), transmissible gastroenteritis (pigs) and Newcastle disease (poultry) for documentation purposes
continued through 1995. No positive reactors were found.
A national programme for the surveillance and control of salmonella in live animals and animal products was
established early 1995 (see III, 2).
I. LIST A DISEASES
Diseases never
reported
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Newcastle disease
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Vallev fever
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease (1952)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1860)
date of last outbreak)
Sheep pox and goat pox (1882)
Classical swine fever (1963)
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Anthrax
Anthrax has a low sporadic occurrence in Norway. The last reports of this disease were single cases in
1983, 1990 and 1993.
2.
Rabies
Rabies has never been diagnosed in mainland Norway. The disease has sporadically been diagnosed in
fox, reindeer and seal in the archipelago of Svalbard in 1980, 1981, 1987, 1990 and 1992. No new cases
were diagnosed in 1995.
3.
Paratuberculosis
Paratuberculosis occurs only in goats in Norway, due to an apparently goat-pathogenic strain of
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.
Paratuberculosis in goats is confined to certain regions in the western
part of Norway. Vaccination of all goat-kids less than four-week old is compulsory in affected regions. By
31 December 1995, 75 goat herds were under official restrictions for this infection.
-210-
Diseases of cattle
4.
Bovine tuberculosis
Bovine tuberculosis was last recorded in a single herd in 1986.
Diseases of sheep and goats
5.
Scrapie
In 1995, scrapie was diagnosed in sheep in eight different herds. All affected herds were located in the
same area of the south-western part of Norway as previous cases, i.e. the counties of Rogaland and
Hordaland. All the animals (approximately 1,170 sheep and 35 goats) were destroyed. There are strict
regulations on the movement of small ruminants across county borders and movement out of the affected
region has not been permitted for years. Further restrictions on contact between herds (i.e. breeding and
trade) in this region were enforced in 1995.
Since 1981, scrapie has been diagnosed in altogether 16 herds in the counties Sogn and Fjordane,
Hordaland and Rogaland in western Norway. No cases have been detected in the county of Sogn and
Fjordane since 1985. A total of approximately 2,400 sheep and 200 goats were destroyed.
III. OTHER DISEASES
1.
Mucosal disease / bovine virus diarrhoea
The national control programme which started in 1992 continued through 1995. The number of infected
herds (dairy and beef cattle) with a high probability of being infected was 2,076 (prevalence ± 8%) by the
end of 1995, this being approximately 700 herds less that one year before. The result is based on
serological examinations of herd milk samples followed by individual milk and blood samples from
heifers.
2.
Salmonella infections
A nationwide surveillance and control programme for salmonella in live animals and animal products was
launched in 1995. The aim of the programme is to provide reliable documentation for the salmonella
status in live animals and animal products in Norway, and to prevent an increased occurrence of
salmonella infections. The number of samples included is large enough to demonstrate a prevalence of
salmonella infection of 0 . 1 % of the individuals. Measures to be taken when salmonella infection is
detected are detailed in new regulations issued by the Ministry of Agriculture.
The surveillance includes fecal sampling of poultry units (breeding units, layers and broilers) and herds of
pigs kept for breeding purposes. The rest of the pig industry and the cattle industry are surveilled by
randomized sampling of intestinal lymph nodes at slaughter. Additionally, the salmonella situation is
monitored in abattoirs and plants for cutting of fresh meat.
In 1995, approximately 11,500 samples used for the surveillance of live animals were examined. The
results suggest that the prevalence of salmonella is less than 0.2% in the population of pigs and cattle.
3.
Infectious salmon anaemia
Two new outbreaks of infectious salmon anaemia were reported in 1995 in the county of Sogn and
Fjordane. The number of new outbreaks has been markedly reduced over the last years. Four farms were
still under restrictions by 31 December 1995.
-211 -
N O U V E L L E - C A L É D O N I E
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aucune maladie de la Liste A n'est apparue en 1995 et n'a jamais été diagnostiquée en Nouvelle-Calédonie. La
surveillance de ces pathologies est assurée sur le terrain par les praticiens au sein des abattoirs et par
l'inspection vétérinaire.
Un suivi épidémiologique permanent sur des élevages sentinelles qui, à travers les échanges qu'ils pratiquent
présentent le profil de risque le plus intéressant, est conduit notamment vis-à-vis de la peste porcine et des
pestes aviaires.
II. MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
Maladies communes
1.
à plusieurs
espèces
Leptospirose
La leptospirose reste la maladie principale en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Le nombre de cas est corrélé avec les
fortes précipitations enregistrées en mars, avril et août. Icterohaemorrhagiae
est le sérogroupe qui prévaut
chez les chevaux, tandis que chez les bovins Sejroe hardjo est le serovar dominant.
Maladies des porcins
Le Territoire est indemne de maladie d'Aujeszky, gastro-entérite transmissible et syndrome dysgénésique et
respiratoire du porc, maladies qui font l'objet d'un suivi épidémiologique.
La pathologie respiratoire observée dans certains élevages est à rattacher à des infections mycoplasmiques
responsables de pneumonie enzootique (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae), avec une prévalence de 12 %.
2.
Trichinellose
L'enquête porcine conduite sur les élevages a permis de mettre en évidence des sérologies positives à
l'épreuve ELISA vis-à-vis de la trichinellose, avec une prévalence de 69 %. A ce jour, aucune découverte
d'abattoir n'a mis en évidence la présence de ce parasite. Les digestions pepsiques entreprises sur des
tissus de porc de réforme n'ont pas permis de mettre en évidence des larves de trichines, ce qui semble
contradictoire avec les résultats de la méthode sérologique. Les recherches se poursuivent néanmoins.
Maladies des
volailles
Le suivi permanent des élevages de poules pondeuses concerne, outre les pestes aviaires, la maladie de
Gumboro, la bronchite infectieuse, l'encéphalomyélite aviaire et les salmonelles.
Pour les trois premières pathologies, identifiées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, le suivi permet de contrôler la prise
vaccinale, notamment pour la maladie de Gumboro.
Pour ce qui concerne les salmonelles, une attention particulière est portée vis-à-vis de Salmonella
pullorum
gallinarum et de S. enteritidis. La première espèce n'ayant pas été identifiée, son absence du Territoire peut être
confirmée. La découverte de la seconde a fait l'objet de mesures particulières au niveau des couvoirs et des
élevages de poules pondeuses.
-212-
Maladics des crevettes pénéïdes
(Penaeus stylirostrisj
Les investigations sur les baisses de production associées à des taux de mortalité anormaux qui ont touché les
élevages de crevettes se sont poursuivies en 1995. Les crevettes moribondes présentent une septicémie
bactérienne. Le ribotypage des vibrions isolés a permis de révéler deux groupes, dont l'un, auquel appartient
Vibrio penœicida, au fort pouvoir pathogène. Les nombreux corps basophiles associés, retrouvés dans des
tissus, font penser à des images trouvées dans des infections virales de type yellow head ou Taura syndrome.
Les symptômes pathologiques ont pu être reproduits après ultrafiltration de broyât d'organe et inoculation
parentérale. Si aucun résultat ne permet de conclure sur l'étiologie de cette pathologie observée (virale,
microbienne, toxinique), il n'en demeure pas moins que celle-ci est sous l'influence de l'environnement
(température, salubrité...) comme le montrent les pics saisonniers de mortalité.
-213-
O M A N
I. L I S T A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Foot and mouth disease - Virus 0
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants
Sheep pox and goat pox
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
Total
1994
185
0
147
47
0
Total
1995
146
16
70
26
Jan
13
0
2
2
Feb
19
0
2
1
Mar
26
0
8
3
Apr
17
1
7
2
May
12
1
8
3
1995
Jun
Jul
14
10
2
3
10
8
3
1
Sep
7
2
6
2
Oct
10
2
3
1
Nov
4
0
4
1
Dec
6
0
6
3
reported
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
-
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
A
C
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Classical swine fever
date of last
outbreak)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus not characterised (12-94)
Bluetongue (1984)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asial (04-94)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Comments on reported
1.
F.P.
Aug
8
5
6
4
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
Trivalent O, A and Asia 1 vaccine was used to vaccinate 72,517 cattle.
2.
Rinderpest
Rinderpest, which had been absent since March 1993, reappeared in April 1995 in the locality of Saham
town, Saham. The outbreak spread northwards and southwards affecting the districts of Sohar, Liwa,
Buraimi, Barka, Suweiq and Rustaq. A total of 16 outbreaks were officially reported affecting 124 cattle,
all of which died. A total of 115,750 cattle were vaccinated.
3.
Peste des petits ruminants
A total of 70 outbreaks were reported throughout northern Oman. A total of 430,270 doses were
administered to 346,153 goats and 84,117 sheep.
4.
Sheep pox and goat pox
The disease is controlled by vaccination and 410,384 doses were given to 324.859 goats and 85,525 sheep.
5.
Newcastle disease
Newcastle disease is present, through the epidemiological picture is unclear. Prophylaxis vaccination is
used to counter the outbreaks. During 1995, a total of 3,232,612 vaccinations were undertaken.
08-94
03-93
12-94
12-94
1993
-214-
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Rabies
Confirmed cases of rabies included 4 foxes and 3 goats. They were reported at Tanuf (Interior Region) and
Al-Kabil, and Ibra in Sharqiya Region. Vaccination of pets and some livestock was undertaken.
2.
Paratuberculosis
A total of 5 cattle were reported sick at Izki, Seeb, Sohar and Nizwa.
3.
Dermatophilosis
A total of 6 clinical cases in goats were reported at Sohar, Ibra and Suweiq.
4.
Brucellosis
The status of brucellosis was similar to previous years.
Diseases of cattle
5.
Bovine anaplasmosis. babesiosis and theileriosis
The status of blood protozoal diseases was similar to previous years.
Disease of horses in camels
6.
Surra {Trypanosoma
evansi)
A total of 536 camels were reported sick; chemotherapy was administered.
Diseases of poultry
7.
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
The disease is considered endemic in poultry farms.
8.
Chronic respiratory disease (Mycoplasmosis (M.
gallisepticum))
Sporadic outbreaks were reported.
III. OTHER DISEASES
1.
Tetanus
A total of 70 goats and 3 cattle were reported to have contracted tetanus.
2.
Blackleg
No case was reported in 1995. However, the vaccination programme was continued and a total of 154,252
vaccinations in cattle were administered.
3.
Botulism
A total of 657 cattle (499 deaths), 6 camels (4 deaths) and 12 goats (10 deaths) were reported, mainly in
Dhofar. A few cases in cattle were also reported in Batina (Suweiq, Rustaq, Sohar and Seeb). The disease
-215-
is controlled by vaccination using types C and D toxoid and a total of 156,417 doses were administered in
cattle.
4.
Actinomycosis
A total of 5 goats (in Seeb, Sohar and Nizwa) and 1 bovine (in Barka) were reported sick.
5.
Contagious pustular dermatitis
Reported cases included 2,595 goats, 29 sheep and 74 camels.
6.
Actinobacillosis
One bovine (in Seeb) and two goats (in Nizwa and Sohar) were found to be positive.
Sheep and goat
7.
diseases
Enterotoxaemia
Enterotoxaemia was reported in 531 goats. It was controlled by vaccination and 841,695 doses were
administered (671,863 goats and 169,832 sheep).
8.
Caseous lymphadenitis
Caseous lymphadenitis was diagnosed post mortem in two goats from Barka and Khabura.
Camel
9.
diseases
Camel pox
Five outbreaks were reported, affecting 29 camels. The disease was reported in Dhofar and Sharqia.
-216-
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0
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flmyp - BMpyc CAT - 1
flmyp - BMpyc CAT - 2
flmyp - BMpyc CAT - 3
flmyp - BMpyc A3MÜ - 1
MH([>eKmtOHHafl
OKT
0
Hon
0
A*
0
ruieBponHeBMOHMfi Kp.por. CKOTa
A({)pMKaHCKafl i y M a
Jioujaflefi
A$pMKaHCxafl qyiwa CBMHBM
CBUHefi
MyMa/rpnnn rrrnu
e
1995 zody
(a
cKofficax
jKa3ana
dama
nocjedmü.
ecmiuiKu)
K/iaccH'iecKaH qyiwa CBMH6H (1979)
Bojie3Hb HbKJKaona (10-94)
no
ocne
ooen
n e p n o A TO 3a6oJieBSHHH
CaMapKaHACKon
0
CeH
0
KTaTapajibHas jiHxopajKa OBeu
fliuyp- Virus O (06-91)
fluryp- Virus A (04-91)
3a oTHeTHbiH
0
ABr
0
J l n x o p a j K a 40JWHM P H $ T
ne npoxeueuiuecH
h'oMAieiirnapuu
IÜ0J1
ByropnaTKa KOJKH Kp.por. CKcrra
MyMa Kp.por. ocara
3a6oAeeciHUfi,
F.P.
HlOH
Myiwa M6JIK. XBaqHbix XMBOimix
rtoUKy/lflpHMM CTOMATHT
6ojie3Hb
Mail
0
H e ripoHejiHauiuecH
íluryp - BMpyc
Be3MKyjinpHan
Anp
0
CnHCKa
A
KJMHHMecKH, naTaJioroaHaTOMHHecKH
npoueHTOB o T H M e i o u ; e r o c a noroJioBbsi
H
JiaôopaTopHbiMH
xo33HCTBa.
ocna oBeu, B H a p n a ñ c i c o M pañoHe
nacrÔHme. rJ,Harno3 6biJi ycTaHOBJieH
HCCjieAOBaHHHMH. 3 a 6 o ^ e B a e M o c T b cocTaBHJia 10
3aperacTpHpoBaHa
o6nac~m n a HacTHOH cpepMe, H a x o A i j u i e n c a
H a OTTOHHOM
04-92
-217-
II. E0JIE3II1I
Kojie3Hii,
cooUcmoemibie
pauimmbiM
CniICKA B
oudaAi
muoomubix
1.
C n Ô H p c K a a 33Ba 3 a p e r a c T p H p o B a H a
B AHAHJKaHCKoiï oônacTH, rjie B AByx HeÔJiaronojryHHbix nyHKTax
3a6ojieJio 6 TOJIOB, HaMaHraHCKOii - B 3 nyHKTax 3 rojioBbi, B E y x a p c K o ñ H CypxaHnapbHHCKOH oÔJiacTH n o
1 c j i y n a i o 3a6oJieBaHHa KpynHoro p o r a r o r o CKOTa, cpeAH OBeu B CaMapKaHCKoñ H CypxaHAapbHHCKoii
oÔJiacTflx 3a60Jie.no n o 1 rojioBe.
/guáraos
2.
6biJi noflTBepxneH j i a ô o p a r o p H o MHKpocKonHHecKH, 6aKTepHOJiorHHecKH
H
ônonpoôoH.
HeiueHCTRO
B uejioM n o pecnyÔJiHKe K o u n n e c T B o HeÔJiaronojryHHbix nyHKTOB H ôojrbHbix jKHBOTHbix, B cpaBHeHHH c
1984 roflOM yMeHbuiHJiocb Ha 165 nyHKTOB H 260 6ojrbHbix jKHBOTHbix, B M e c r e c TeM B pane oÔJiacTen
(flacHsaKCKOH,
CaMapKaHHCKOH,
Xope3MCKoñ)
HHrJpeioiHH flBJweTCfl flHKaa dpayHa H
3a6oJieBaeMocTb
yBejraMHJiacb,
ocHOBHbiM
HCTOHHHKOM
coôaiŒ, 3a6ojieBaeMOCTb K o r o p b i x c o c T a B j w e T 73 npoueHra
OT
Bcero
KOJIHHeCTBa 3a60JieBUIHX KCHBOTHblX.
ICpyrmbiû
pozamiibiü
ckoiii
3.
3a
oTMCTHbiii n e p n o A
B
pecnyÔJiHKe 3HanHTejrbHO yBejmHHJiocb
KoiranecTBo H e ô n a r o n o j i y H H b i x nyHKTOB n o
T y 6 e p K y j i e 3 y K p y m r o r o p o r a r o r o CKora, o c o ô e H H o HeÔJiaronoJryHHbi n o 3T0My 3a6oJieBaHHK) rJ,)KH3aKCKa5)
CaMapKaHjjCKafl oÔJiacTH, rjie C O O T B C T C T B C H H O BbiaBJieHo 18 H 42 HeÔJiaronoJiyHHbix nyHKTa, n p n S T O M B
61,1 npoueHTax HeÔJiarono^yHHbix X O 3 H H C T B JJ,xH3aKCKOH oÔJiacTH BbWBJieHHe ôojrMibix iKHBOTHbix
cocTaBjweT Menee 5 npouenroB O T H c c j i e n o B a n H o r o n o r o j i o B b a , 16,6 npoueHra no 10 npoueHTOB; B
H
CaMapKaHflCKoñ oÔJiacTH B 38 n p o u e n r a x HeÔJiarononyHHbix XO3AHCTB BbiaBJieHo AO 5 npoueHTOB 6ojrbHbix
O T HCCJieAOBaHHbix JKHBOTHbix, B 26 npoueHTax X03HHCTB - AO 10 npoueHTOB.
III.
Eojiemu,
cooilcrnoemibie
pa3JiuHHUM
HPyrHE BOJIE3HII
ouda.it
jKuoomjiux
H3 A p y r a x 3a6oJieBaHHH B 1995 roAy B p e c n y ô j i H K e
3MfpH3eMaT03HbiM KapôyHKyjioM, a r a i o K e
KPC, OBeii
yCTaHOBJieH ÔaKTepHOJIOrHHeCKMMH HCCJieAOBaHHflMH.
yBeJMHHJiocb 3 a 6 o j i e B a H H e
H CBHHCH
canbMOHejuie30M.
KpynHoro p o r a r o r o
IJ,HarH03 Ha
STH
CKOTa
3a6oJieBaHH5i
-218-
O
U Z B E K I S T A N
INTRODUCTION
En République d'Ouzbékistan, il existe trois catégories de services vétérinaires : les services vétérinaires d'Etat,
ministériels et privés assurent le service et la surveillance vétérinaires ainsi que contrôle du respect de la
réglementation vétérinaire en vigueur. Environ 8 000 spécialistes vétérinaires travaillent dans ces services.
Parmi eux, 2 % sont employés dans le secteur administratif et le reste travaille dans le secteur productif.
L'administration des Services vétérinaires est
l'agriculture. Dans 12 régions et dans la ville
réorganisés en Directions vétérinaires auprès de
de lutte contre les maladies des animaux sont
(khokimiyat) de district.
assurée par la Direction vétérinaire d'Etat du ministère de
de Tachkent, les services vétérinaires et l'inspection ont été
l'administration (khokimiyat) de région. De même, les centres
devenus des services vétérinaires auprès de l'administration
Suite à la privatisation des biens de l'Etat et à la création d'exploitations privées sous forme de sociétés
anonymes, les organismes vétérinaires du pays renforcent le réseau des services vétérinaires privés. Ainsi, à
l'heure actuelle, 1 322 consultations vétérinaires privées ont été ouvertes.
La prophylaxie des maladies infectieuses en Ouzbékistan se base surtout sur la vaccination. Or un seul
laboratoire produit dans le pays les vaccins nécessaires, et ni leur quantité ni leur assortiment ne peuvent
répondre à la demande. En outre, le pays manque de devises convertibles pour importer du vaccin.
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
Maladie présente en 1995
Total
1994
0
Clavelée et variole caprine
Maladies n 'ayant jamais été
Total
1995
1
Fev
1
Mar
0
Avr
0
Mai
0
1995
Jun
Jul
Aou
Sep
Oct
0
0
0
0
0
0
F.P.
Nov
0
Dec
constatées
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus C
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 1
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 2
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 3
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus Asial
Stomatite vésiculeuse
Maladie vésiculeuse du porc
Peste bovine
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus O (06-91)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus A (04-91 )
Commentaires
Jan
0
Peste des petits ruminants
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Peste équine
Peste porcine africaine
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène
: date du dernier
foyer)
Peste porcine classique (1979)
Maladie de Newcastle ( 10-94)
sur la clavelée
La clavelée a été signalée dans une ferme privée du district de Narpaï (région de Samarkand). Le diagnostic,
clinique et anatomo-pathologique, a été confirmé en laboratoire. Le taux de contamination du cheptel de cette
exploitation était de 10 %.
04-92
-219-
II. MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
Maladies communes à plusieurs
1.
espèces
Fièvre charbonneuse
La fièvre charbonneuse a été signalée chez les bovins dans la région d'Andijan (2 foyers, 6 cas), dans la
région de Namangane (3 foyers, 3 cas), dans la région de Boukhara (1 cas) et dans la région de
Sourkhandarya (1 cas). Concernant les ovins, les chiffres sont les suivants : 1 cas dans la région de
Samarkand et 1 cas dans la région de Sourkhandarya.
Le diagnostic a été confirmé en laboratoire par analyse bactériologique, microscopie et expériences sur des
animaux.
2.
Rage
Par rapport à l'année 1994, le nombre de foyers et d'animaux contaminés a diminué de 165 foyers et 260
cas, bien que la contamination ait augmenté dans certaines régions (Djizak, Samarkand et Khoresme).
La source principale de l'infection reste la faune sauvage et les chiens, qui représentent 73 % des cas.
Maladies des bovins
3.
Tuberculose bovine
Le nombre de foyers de tuberculose bovine a considérablement augmenté en 1995, surtout dans les régions
de Djizak et Samarkand : 18 foyers ont été enregistrés dans la région de Djizak, et 42 foyers dans celle de
Samarkand.
En ce qui concerne la région de Djizak : dans 61,1 % des exploitations infectées moins de 5 % des bovins
examinés étaient infectés et dans 16,6 % des exploitations le taux d'infection était de 5 % à 10 %.
En ce qui concerne la région de Samarkand : dans 38 % des exploitations infectées les animaux infectés
représentaient moins de 5 %, et dans 26 % des exploitations de 5 % à 10 % des animaux étaient infectés.
III. AUTRES MALADIES
Maladies communes à plusieurs
espèces
Le nombre de cas de charbon symptomatique des bovins et de salmonellose bovine, ovine et porcine a augmenté
en 1995. La diagnostic de ces maladies a été assuré par des recherches bactériologiques.
-220-
P A K I S T A N
INTRODUCTION
The veterinary health activities in the country are being strengthened under a livestock development project.
The main features of the project activities are as follows:
Creation of Planning
Cells
A planning cell has been created in each provincial livestock headquarters. The main objective of the cell is to
serve as a source of information for making policies on livestock so that it can be developed to meet our future
needs.
Livestock Extension Training
Centre
A training centre has been set up to provide technically skilled manpower for the livestock sector. Training
courses and refresher courses are offered for private / in-service technical staff to update their professional
knowledge.
Extension
activities
More than 50 Intensive Livestock Production Areas (ILPA) and Livestock Production Extension Nuclei (LPEN)
have been set up in project areas throughout the country. In these areas, breed improvement programmes, lamb
fattening programmes, field training and other livestock health activities are under way. The objective is to turn
these areas into model livestock production centres, to be replicated elsewhere in the country later on.
Rehabilitation
/ relocation of
slaughterhouses
Under veterinary public health services, the renovation, rehabilitation or relocation of selected slaughterhouses
has been planned. The idea is to develop demonstration slaughterhouses of international standard for
replication by the private sector.
Disease surveillance
system
A disease reporting, monitoring and analysing database system is in operation on a trial basis in selected
project areas. This system would ultimately develop into a full, national scale, disease surveillance system on
livestock health, and would thus help in making strategic policies on the control or eradication of fatal livestock
diseases.
Privatisation
of Veterinary Ser\>ices
A gradual privatisation of Veterinary Services is also planned. This will be implemented in phases in a costeffective manner. Meanwhile, provinces are seeking advice from different livestock experts about its impact on
prices for livestock products and the Government is encouraging the private livestock sector to play its role in
livestock production and health activities.
Many more projects are under consideration at the government level to develop the livestock sector for export
purposes.
-221 -
I. L I S T A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Total
1994
Foot and mouth disease - Virus N.I.
Foot and mouth disease - Virus 0
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asial
Rinderpest
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Sheep pox and goat pox
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
2tt
Total
1995
21
+-..
+-..
+..
0
0
18
0
0
0
+-..
Jan
Mar
Apr
May
-K.
+•..
+..
+..
-K
-K.
-K.
-K.
-K
+..
-K.
-t-.
0
0
-K.
F.P.
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
-K.
-K.
•1-..
+..
-K.
+..
+ ..
0
0
0
-K.
+ ..
+..
1992
09-94
19
-K.
-K.
-K.
-K.
0
+..
-K.
0
+-..
0
0
-K.
0
80
83
reported
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
African swine fever
Classical swine fever
date of last
Vesicular stomatitis
Bluetongue (1959)
Comments on selected
outbreak)
African horse sickness (1959)
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
The disease was present throughout the year with high incidence during the wet season. No serious
outbreaks were reported, although approximately 3,000 cases were recorded country-wide in 1995. The
serotypes isolated included O, A, C and Asia 1, virus type A being the most prevalent. In a few clinically
suspected cases no virus was detected.
The economic losses, in terms of increased working hours, and reduced milk and meat production,
remained significant.
Animal immunisation and zoosanitary measures were the key controling the disease in affected areas. The
affected animals were symptomatically treated.
2.
Rinderpest
Sporadic cases were reported in border areas in the North-West Frontier region. The focal point of the
disease was believed to be in a neighbouring country, from which it spread into Pakistan through illegal
movements of animals across the border. It is estimated that about 247 animals died due to the disease, but
its incidence remained low due to vaccination.
3.
12-94
12-94
12-94
-K.
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 1
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 2
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
1.
1995
Jun
Jul
Feb
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (fowl plague)
This disease hit the commercial poultry sector for the first time. Rawalpindi and Islamabad were the most
severely affected areas. Chicken breeder flocks, aged 7 to 65 weeks, were mostly affected. Mortality was
nearly 200,000 birds. The direct losses were estimated to be 19.44 million PKR, while indirect losses, in
terms of day-old chicks and poultry eggs and meat amounted to 841.68 million PKR.
The disease was initially suspected to be a velogenic form of Newcastle disease. Clinical and serological
examinations of specimens revealed that it was fowl plague, which was later confirmed by foreign
laboratories. H7 type virus was found to be the main culprit.
12-93
1992
12-94
-222-
The following remedial measures were adopted for its control:
4.
-
Clause 144 was imposed on the movement / transportation of birds from the affected areas.
-
The flocks in the area were incinerated under the supervision of officials from the Government
Livestock Department.
-
An indigenous vaccine was prepared and made part of the vaccination schedule of the commercial
poultry forms. The disease is now under control.
Newcastle disease
The occurrence of disease was low sporadic. Mortality in 1995 was estimated to be more than 200,000
birds, involving all poultry categories. The infection was often found in combination with infectious bursal
disease. The affected birds showed typical signs of petechial haemorrhage in the proventriculus, intestines
and caecal glands. Misshapen eggs were observed in affected laying stock.
The farmers were well aware of the disease and therefore regularly vaccinated their flocks as part of the
vaccination schedule The layer farmers monitored their flocks for haemagglutination inhibition titres
from private/government laboratories. The vaccination schedule adopted in the country for Newcastle
disease virus is proving effective to control the disease.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of cattle
1.
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
The disease was observed in both skin and pulmonary forms. The skin form was dominant. High
incidence was recorded in flood-affected areas; elsewhere the prevalence of the disease was low sporadic.
A mass campaign was launched for vaccination against the disease by provincial livestock departments.
Special camps were set up for vaccination in the flood-affected areas. The death toll in these areas was
2.000 animals of different age groups. A total of 1,300 cases were reported in the rest of the country.
2.
Trypanosomiasis
The disease occurred in the country throughout the year with low frequency. Dirty resting places and pond
water along with marshy areas nearby were the main predisposing factors. Regular spraying of the
premises and deworming of the animals helped considerably control of the disease.
Diseases of poultry
3.
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) remained a major problem for the poultry sector throughout the year, with
varying intensity. Three shots of IBD vaccine per broiler/layer crop was generally practiced. The
outbreaks were often reported in vaccinated flocks, indicating either a faulty vaccination procedure or the
prevalence of different field strains. Mortality in the affected flocks remained around 18-20%. The
existing vaccination schedule showed partial success in the control of the disease in certain areas. The
current situation is expected to continue until an indigenous vaccine can be prepared from the local field
strain. Mortality from the disease was nearly 150,000 chickens.
4.
Chronic respiratory disease (Mycoplasmosis (M.
gallisepticum))
Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) was mostly observed in the winter season. CRD was often precipitated
by farmers adopting a careless approach to treatment of infectious coryza. Economic losses in terms of
mortality were low. Medication of the flocks for a longer period induced a partial recovery. Relapses of the
disease in treated flocks were also observed.
-223-
Remedial measures included the following:
-
5.
isolation / treatment of affected flocks;
emphasis on treatment of infectious coryza in flocks;
variations in temperature between the shed and the surroundings are kept to a minimum to avoid
environmental stress.
Pullorum disease (Salmonella
pullorum)
Pullorum disease was observed throughout the year. One- to 14-day-old chicks were mostly affected. Poor
management and chicks from diseased breeder flocks were the main factors in disease occurrence. Early
chick mortality with unabsorbed yolk was the main clinical finding. A pullorum test was used for
confirmation. Early medication and improved management practices helped in the control of the disease.
III. OTHER DISEASES
1.
Helminthiases
Dirty resting places and the drinking of dirty pond water, along with the proximity of marshy areas were
the main predisposing factors for the disease. The sharing of common grazing pastures were the source of
spread. The disease was never considered due to the low mortality rate, although its economic impact, in
terms of weight loss, production loss and the vulnerability of affected animals to other diseases was
tremendous. The control measures adopted to check this latent infection, included education of farmers
regarding the regular spraying of premises and deworming/dipping of animals with some effective broad
spectrum anthelmintic proved to be helpful. A supply of clean drinking water was also suggested.
2.
Hypocalcaemia
Individual cases were recorded in parturated animals. The cause was found to be an unbalanced diet fed to
pregnant animals, especially during the last trimester.
3.
Mastitis
This is a common problem in lactating animals. The causes were mechanical as well as bacterial. The
bacteria isolated included Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp. and Corynebacterium sp.
-224-
P A R A G U A Y
ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA A
Panorama
general
Enfermedades
señaladas en 1995
Lengua azul
Peste porcina clásica
Enfermedad de Newcastle
Enfermedades
nunca
Total
1995
+?
+?
2
3
1
4
Ene
Feb
0
0
0
0
Mar
0
2
Abr
May
1995
Jun
Jul
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
F.P.
Ago
0
1
Sep
0
0
Oct
0
1
Nov
0
0
Die
0
0
comprobadas
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 1
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 2
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 3
Fiebre aftosa - Virus Asial
Estomatitis vesicular
Enfermedad vesicular porcina
Peste bovina
Peste de pequeños rumiantes
Enfermedades
Total
1994
Perineumonía contagiosa bovina
Dermatosis nodular contagiosa
Fiebre del Valle del Rift
Viruela ovina y viruela caprina
Peste equina
Peste porcina africana
Influenza aviar altamente patógena
señaladas ausentes en 1995 (entre paréntesis: fecha del último foco)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus O (09-94)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus A (09-91)
Comentarios sobre fiebre
Fiebre aftosa - Virus C (1985)
aftosa
Actualmente la situación es sumamente favorable, con ausencia clínica de la enfermedad desde hace un año.
Diversos factores influyeron para este logro, entre los que se pueden citar:
-
Un aumento gradual y sostenido del número de bovinos vacunados y la revacunación de bovinos menores de
24 meses para su movilización cualquiera sea su destino. Esta medida impide la movilización de animales
primo vacunados y reduce sensiblemente el riesgo de ocurrencia de la enfermedad.
-
El fortalecimiento de la vigilancia con la participación del productor pecuario, el
permanente del personal de campo y el mejoramiento de los sistemas de comunicación.
-
El Sistema Nacional de Alerta de Ocurrencia de Fiebre Aftosa, con la notificación rápida de sospecha que se
incluye en el Sistema De Vigilancia Epidemiológica a nivel nacional y en el Convenio de la Cuenca del
Plata.
-
Las notificaciones de sospecha que son atendidas y registradas en su totalidad. En los casos en que las
pruebas laboratoriales arrojan resultados negativos a fiebre aftosa, se llevan a cabo pruebas diagnósticas
diferenciales a fin de especificar la patología.
-
La integración plena de los productores pecuarios al Programa de erradicación de la Fiebre Aftosa
conformando las Comisiones de Salud Animal, todas reconocidas por Resoluciones del SENACSA.
-
Desde el inicio del Programa de Erradicación se viene efectuando la atención emergencial de los focos de
fiebre aftosa, atendidos con prioridad absoluta, con seguimiento veterinario profesional a nivel de campo y
apoyo desde el nivel central. Normalmente, las medidas técnico-sanitarias adoptadas para estos casos son:
cuarentena del área, prohibición de concentración y movilización de animales en el área de influencia del
foco, interdicción de propiedades afectadas, interdicción de caminos y vacunación perifocal en forma oficial,
adiestramiento
12-94
11-94
-225-
-
La aplicación de Planes Estratégicos de Vacunación en áreas consideradas endémicas primarias ha elevado
considerablemente la cobertura de la vacunación en las mismas desde un 3 2 % a un 68%. Estas áreas son
puramente extractivas.
Estos avances en la erradicación de la fiebre aftosa son también reflejo del mejoramiento de la situación
sanitaria de esta enfermedad observada en todo el área que abarca el Proyecto de Erradicación de la Cuenca del
Plata.
Ley de erradicación
de la fiebre
aftosa
El Programa Nacional de Erradicación de la Fiebre Aftosa, para lograr y afianzar sus objetivos, necesita de la
aplicación de medidas sanitarias más estrictas que cuenten con un respaldo técnico legal. En ese sentido, se
encuentra en el senado de la Nación un Proyecto de Ley de Erradicación de la Fiebre Aftosa que ya recibió
sanción favorable de las Cámaras de Diputados y Senadores y espera su promulgación muy pronto. El Proyecto
incluye aspectos técnicos muy importantes tales como la figura de predios de riesgo, tratamiento para animales
sueltos en la vía pública, tropas en arreo, faena anticipada o sacrificio sanitario de animales, dependiendo de la
caracterización epidemiológica de las áreas de donde provengan y de acuerdo a que estén declaradas libres o
no, con indemnización de fondos provenientes de varias fuentes previstas actualmente en esta Ley. Están
previstas, asimismo, fuertes multas y sanciones por el incumplimiento de las medidas sanitarias y
administrativas exigidas en relación a la erradicación de la fiebre aftosa, actualmente en marcha.
-226-
P E R Ú
INTRODUCCIÓN
La prioridad del Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria es erradicar la fiebre añosa del país, dentro del mediano
plazo. En un segundo orden se encuentran otras enfermedades de la Lista A. La pacificación lograda en el país
así como las condiciones económicas más estables, nos permiten restituir progresivamente los servicios oficiales
en reas de donde se los tuvo que suspender. Es política del sector, promover la participación privada, en las
acciones de sanidad animal.
I. ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA A
Panorama
Enfermedades
general
señaladas en 1995
Fiebre aftosa - Virus 0
Estomatitis vesicular - Virus Indiana
Estomatitis vesicular - Virus N. Jersey
Lengua az.ul
Peste porcina clásica
Enfermedad de Newcastle
Enfermedades
nunca
Total
1994
24
1
2
?
18
Total
1995
3
1
3
+?
35
-K.
•K.
Ene
0
0
0
Feb
0
0
0
2
3
1.
May
1
0
0
0
2
1
-K.
-K.
1995
Jul
Jun
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
7
•K.
F.P.
Ago
1
0
1
3
Sep
1
0
0
Oct
0
0
0
3
10
+..
Nov
0
0
0
Die
0
1
1
0
1
+-..
Perineumonía contagiosa bovina
Dermatosis nodular contagiosa
Fiebre del Valle del Rift
Viruela ovina y viruela caprina
Peste equina
Peste porcina africana
Influenza aviar altamente patógena
señaladas ausentes en 1995 (entre paréntesis: fecha del último foco)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus C
Fiebre aftosa - Virus no tipificado (12-94)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus A (1993)
Comentarios
Abr
0
0
0
comprobadas
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 1
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 2
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 3
Fiebre aftosa - Virus Asial
Enfermedad vesicular porcina
Peste bovina
Peste de pequeños rumiantes
Enfermedades
Mar
0
0
0
sobre enfermedades
seleccionadas
Fiebre aftosa
Se ha mejorado la campaña de vacunación contra la fiebre aftosa, logrando coberturas mayores que los
años anteriores, y un número de casos reportados muy bajo: de 130 y 89 focos reportados los años
anteriores, se ha disminuido hasta 13 descontando los casos que resultaron negativos.
Permanecieron sin registro de enfermedades vesiculares los departamentos de Tumbes, Moquegua y Tacna
en los extremos norte y sur del país; de igual modo los departamentos de Amazonas, Loreto, Ucayali, San
Martín y Madre de Dios en la Amazonia y vertientes orientales de la cordillera de los Andes.
2.
Estomatitis vesicular
Se registra la presencia de estomatitis vesicular de los tipos New Jersey e Indiana, en forma esporádica y
limitada a algunos departamentos del país.
09-94
10-94
12-94
1991
11-94
1994
-227-
3.
Peste porcina clásica
La peste porcina clásica, enfermedad registrada en varios departamentos y que causó importantes pérdidas
a los pequeños productores, es difícil de evaluar por el sistema de producción, y será motivo de un
programa especial de control en 1996.
II. ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA B
Enfermedades
1.
comunes a varias
especies
Carbunco bacteridiano
El carbunco bacteridiano se ha mantenido en las áreas donde esta enfermedad se considera enzoótica. Se
presentaron casos en cinco de los diez departamentos costeros.
2.
Rabia
La rabia bovina es una enfermedad enzoótica en los departamentos de la selva y ceja de selva al este de la
cordillera de Los Andes, en donde está asociada a la fauna silvestre. En 1995 se reportó la ocurrencia de
brotes en tres departamentos de los diez que tienen áreas de riesgo. Fuera de estas áreas han ocurrido
casos aislados asociados a transmisión urbana.
Enfermedades
3.
de bovinos
Brucelosis v tuberculosis bovinas
La prevalencia de brucelosis y tuberculosis se mantiene debajo del 1% en las cuencas lecheras del país, y
son actualmente objeto de un programa de erradicación.
Enfermedades
4.
de equinos
Encefalomielitis equina venezolana
No se ha registrado la presencia de encefalomielitis equina venezolana. Ninguno de los cuatro casos
sospechosos fue confirmado por laboratorio y no tienen relación geográfica ni cronológica con la epidemia
registrada en Venezuela y Colombia. Se han tomado las medidas necesarias para evitar el ingreso de la
enfermedad al país.
III. OTRAS ENFERMEDADES
Carbunco sintomático
El carbunco sintomático afecta varios departamentos en la sierra del país, realizándose campaña de vacunación
en áreas críticas.
Enfermedades
parasitarias
Los problemas de enfermedades parasitarias se manejan con proyectos especiales y participación privada.
-228-
P O L A N D
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases never
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Vesicular stomatitis
Peste des petits ruminants
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Swine vesicular disease
Rinderpest (1921)
- Virus O (1971)
- Virus A (1968)
- Virus C (1966)
(1972)
Comments on selected
1.
date of last
outbreak)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1936)
Sheep pox and goat pox (1950)
Classical swine fever (09-94)
Newcastle disease (1974)
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
Vaccination has been prohibited since July 1991.
2.
Newcastle disease
The voluntary vaccinations have been carried out.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1
species
Rabies
The total number of diagnosed rabies cases in animals during 1995 was 1973. The disease is still
concentrated in wildlife. Among 1,528 cases in wild animals, 120 were foxes, 104 raccoon dogs,
73 martens, 38 roe deers, 16 badgers, 8 polecats and 9 others. Among 445 cases in domestic animals, 185
were cats, 120 dogs, 130 cattle, 2 horses, 2 sheep and 6 others.
The programme of wild fox oral vaccination against rabies initiated in 1993 has been continuated. In
1995, this programme was carried out in 20 provinces: Szczecin, Gorzów, Zielona Góra, Jelenia Góra,
Walbrzych, Koszalin, Slupsk, Gdansk, Pila, Poznan, Leszno, Legnica, Wroclaw, Opole, Katowice,
Bielsko-Biala, Czestochowa, Kalisz, Konin, Bydgoszcz.
Diseases of cattle
2
Bovine brucellosis
Poland has been officially free from bovine brucellosis since 1980 and the serosurvey programme has been
carried out since then. In 1995, the blood sample from 1,764,175 head of cattle were tested. Eleven
seroreactors were found out and slaughtered. No clinical case of bovine brucellosis was recorded during
1995. Any vaccination is prohibited.
-229-
3
Bovine tuberculosis
Poland has been officially free from bovine tuberculosis since 1975 and the surveillance programme has
been carried out since then. In 1995, 2,106,132 head of cattle were subjected to the intradermal tuberculin
test. 548 positive reactors were found out and slaughtered.
4
Enzootic bovine leukosis
Enzootic bovine leukosis has been a notifiable animal disease since 1980 and the eradication programme
has been carried out. Blood samples from cattle over 6 months of age have been tested using agar-gel
immunodiffusion test. 22 out of the 49 provinces of Poland, and namely Biala Podlaska, Bialystok,
Bielsko-Biala, Chelm, Kielce, Kraków, Krosno, Lublin, Lomza, Nowy Sacz, Ostroleka, Piotrków
Trybunalski, Plock, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszów, Sieradz, Siedlce, Tarnów, Lódz, Warszawa and Zamosc
have been declared by 1995 officially free from enzootic bovine leukosis.
-230-
P O R T U G A L
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Swine vesicular disease
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
Total
1994
0
63
12
Total
1995
1
11
2
Jan
0
0
0
Mar
0
3
0
Apr
0
2
0
May
0
3
0
1995
Jun
Jul
0
0
0
1
2
0
F.P.
Aug
0
0
0
Sep
1
0
0
Oct
0
0
0
Nov
0
0
0
Dec
0
0
0
reported
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
-
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O ( 1971 )
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A (1984)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C (1981)
Bluetongue (1959)
Comments on selected
1.
Feb
0
2
0
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last
outbreak)
Sheep pox and goat pox ( 1970)
African horse sickness (11-89)
African swine fever (08-93)
Classical swine fever (1985)
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
There is an Alert Plan to respond to any emergency situations. Portugal maintains a 100,000-dose vaccine
bank of virus types A, O, C.
2.
Swine vesicular disease
This disease occurred for the first time in Portugal in August 1995. It was diagnosed through random
sampling of imported animals. The animals did not show any clinical signs, although the virus was
isolated from stools of seropositive animals. All the animals in the outbreak were slaughtered and
destroyed.
3.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
In 1995, around 1,100,000 animals were submitted to serological testing, of which 0 . 1 1 % were positive.
Only two Regional Directorates in the north of the country registered outbreaks, with a total of 11
outbreaks, compared to 63 in 1994.
4.
African swine fever
A surveillance programme for this disease is still in force, maintaining Portugal's status of freedom.
5.
Newcastle disease
Only two outbreaks of Newcastle disease were reported in 1995, both of which occurred in the same
municipality. Vaccination of all poultry is being carried out and trading of poultry is restricted in infected
areas.
0000
12-94
10-94
-231 -
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
species
We continue to vaccinate compulsorily against rabies and on a voluntary basis against such diseases as anthrax.
Aujeszky's disease, leptospirosis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis / infectious pustular vulvovaginitis,
contagious agalactia, equine influenza, atrophic rhinitis, avian infectious bronchitis, avian infectious
laryngotracheitis, fowl pox, infectious bursal disease, Marek's disease, myxomatosis and viral haemorrhagic
disease of rabbits.
1.
Brucellosis and tuberculosis
Brucellosis continues to be considered a priority and specific eradication programmes are being
considered for sheep, goats and cattle.
An eradication programme for tuberculosis is also being considered.
Diseases of cattle
2.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy has been a notifiable disease since 15 June 1990. In 1995, 14 cases of
the disease were diagnosed.
Diseases of
salmonids
A diagnosis programme for the main salmonid diseases is being carried out. To date, no notifiable diseases
have been detected. We are looking forward to obtaining the status of official freedom from diseases of
salmonids.
-232-
S É N É G A L
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Maladies présentes en 1995
Poste des petits ruminants
Peste équine
Peste porcine africaine
Maladie de Newcastle
Maladies n'ayant jamais été
Fièvre
Fièvre
Fièvre
Fièvre
Fièvre
aphteuse
aphteuse
aphteuse
aphteuse
aphteuse
-
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
Total
1994
23
5
Total
1995
10
15
+..
-K.
•K.
1
O
A
C
SAT 1
S AT 3
1.
Mar
1
1
Avr
5
1
Mai
0
3
0
0
1
0
0
1995
Jun
Jul
0
1
7
0
0
0
F.P.
Aou
0
0
Sep
0
0
Oct
0
2
Nov
2
0
Doc
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus Asial
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Peste porcine classique
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 2 (1992)
Peste bovine (1980)
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine (10-92)
Dennatose nodulaire contagieuse (11-94)
sur certaines
Fev
1
1
constatées
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
Commentaires
Jan
0
0
: date du dernier
foyer)
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift (1994)
Clavelée et variole caprine (07-94)
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène (03-93)
maladies
Peste bovine et péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Depuis 1962, le Sénégal vaccine chaque année contre la peste et la péripneumonie contagieuse bovines.
En 1993, une vaccination sélective a été instaurée contre la peste bovine et vise au bout de quatre ans
l'arrêt des opérations prophylactiques afin de s'inscrire dans le processus de déclaration de pays indemne
de la maladie.
La vaccination contre la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine sera poursuivie aussi longtemps que la menace
persistera et que les conditions de son eradication ne seront pas réunies.
Les objectifs de vaccination contre la peste bovine et la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine pour la
campagne 1995 sont respectivement de 941 500 et 1 404 100 têtes de bétail. Les taux respectifs de
réalisation sont de 87 % et 86 %.
2.
Peste des petits ruminants
La vaccination contre cette affection est obligatoire depuis octobre 1995.
3.
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
La sérosurveillance de la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift mise en place depuis 1987 (année de la première
épizootie) avec le suivi des troupeaux sentinelles se poursuit dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal et dans le
Ferio. De 1988 à 1993, aucun cas clinique n'a été observé au niveau des troupeaux d'animaux sentinelles.
La prevalence des anticorps neutralisant le virus de la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift a régulièrement décru de
1988 (24,4 %) à 1993 (1 % ) . En 1994, deux foyers de fièvre de la Vallée du Rift ont été identifiés chez les
petits ruminants dans des sites localisés dans la zone du fleuve Sénégal. Dans la vallée du Ferio, une
transmission active du virus a permis l'identification des vecteurs en période inter-épizootique : isolement
de dix souches chez Aedes vexans et trois chez Aedes ochraceus. Cette circulation a été confirmée par
trois seroconversions et un isolement dans un troupeau d'ovins. En 1994, l'amplification en période
humide n'a pas atteint le seuil pouvant déclencher une épizootie comparable à celle de 1987. La situation
en 1995 est la même que celle de 1994.
12-94
12-94
08-94
12-94
-233-
4.
Peste équine
Les opérations de prophylaxie médicale ont été conduites avec un vaccin fabriqué par le laboratoire
national. Afin de mieux contrôler cette affection, la vaccination sera rendue obligatoire en 1996.
5.
Maladie de Newcastle
Un seul foyer a été déclaré, mais cette maladie est très répandue en milieu rural. Plus de 9 millions de
doses de vaccin ont été utilisées en 1995 pour la vaccination contre la maladie de Newcastle dans les
élevages modernes et dans les élevages traditionnels.
Une opération de vaccination de masse a été initiée par la Direction de l'élevage à partir du mois d'octobre
1995, afin de contrôler cette maladie en milieu rural.
II. MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
1.
Charbon bactéridien (fièvre charbonneuse)
Les maladies telluriques (fièvre charbonneuse, charbon symptomatique et botulisme) sont maîtrisées. Elles
sont signalées épisodiquement dans les régions méridionales (Kolda et Ziguinchor) et septentrionales
(Louga et Saint-Louis).
Situation des maladies telluriques au Sénégal en 1995
Maladie
Fièvre charbonneuse
Charbon symptomatique
Botulisme
Foyers
Cas
Morts
Animaux
vaccinés
8
11
14
8 743
192
681
152
62 336
30
63
52
23 580
Maladies des bovins
2.
Septicémie hémorragique
La pasteurellose bovine (septicémie hémorragique) constitue une préoccupation majeure.
III. AUTRES MALADIES
La recrudescence des maladies parasitaires telles que les trématodoses notée en 1993 (fasciolose et
schistosomoses) dans la zone du Delta du fleuve Sénégal, notamment autour du lac de Guiers où une
importante mortalité de bovins a été rapportée, reste d'actualité. Ces affections sont signalées dans la partie de
la zone sylvopastorale concernée par la remise en eau des vallées fossiles.
Actuellement, la prévalence de la fasciolose progresse parallèlement à la prolifération des mollusques vecteurs
(Lymnea natalensis, Bulinus sp.) devenus abondants dans la zone du Delta et du lac de Guiers suite à la mise en
service des barrages de Diama et de Manantali ainsi que dans la vallée du Ferio revitalisée.
-234-
S I I M G A P O R E
INTRODUCTION
The Primary Production Department, which is responsible for veterinary services in the country, was
re-structured in April 1995. The new organisation comprises the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Division
(APHID), the Veterinary Public Health / Food Supply Division, the Agrotechnology Division and the Corporate
Services Division. APHID is an extension of the previous Veterinary' Division, which was responsible for
animal health only. The new division has additional responsibilities for plant health as well as animal welfare
and control.
I. LIST A DISEASES
Diseases never
reported
Bluetongue
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease (1935)
Rinderpest (1930)
date of last
outbreak)
Classical swine fever (1989)
Newcastle disease (08-94)
II. LIST B DISEASES
1.
Duck virus hepatitis
One case of duck virus hepatitis was reported in a flock of 15-day-old ducklings hatched from imported
eggs. This was the first case of the disease since 1991.
2.
Duck virus enteritis
Duck virus enteritis was detected for the first time in the country in December 1995. The disease affected
two farms, close to each other, at about the same time. Peking and mule ducks reared for meat were
affected. However, layer ducks in one of the affected farms were apparently resistant. Serological testing
showed that the latter had antibodies to duck virus enteritis. All ducks in both farms were imported stock.
Morbidity and mortality were high. All affected flocks were destroyed and thorough disinfection of the
farms carried out. Almost all ducks in the country are imported. A surveillance plan has been
implemented to detect duck virus enteritis in imported ducks. Vaccination would be introduced if
necessary.
3.
Marck's disease
Marck's disease was diagnosed in two vaccinated pullet flocks. Morbidity was very low, about 1%, in both
outbreaks.
4.
Pullorum disease (Salmonella
pullorum)
Salmonella pullorum was isolated on three occasions. One was from positive reactors to the rapid whole
blood slide agglutination test, and the others from hatchery samples. Routine monitoring for S. pullorum
is carried out under the voluntary Pullorum Disease Eradication Scheme.
-235-
S L O V A K I A
INTRODUCTION
The activities carried out by Veterinary Sendees in 1995 included the following:
-
Preparation of a new Act on veterinary care (at present, the Act No. 215/1992 and the Act No. 11/1992 are
in force) along the lines adopted by the European Union (EU).
-
Act No. 115/1995 of National Council of the Slovak Republic on the protection of animals and additional
decrees are being formulated.
-
Preparation for negotiations concerning intergovernmental agreements in the field of veterinary and
phytosanitary protection of State territory between EU States and the Slovak Republic.
-
Working out the proposal for signing intergovernmental agreements in the field of veterinary medicine with
Slovenia (agreement already signed), and the Czech Republic, Israel and Romania (agreements are in
preparation).
-
Development of legislative and veterinary directives similar to those in force in the EU (i.e. the "white
book").
-
Harmonisation of veterinary requirements concerning the import of live animals and of foodstuffs and raw
materials of animal origin.
-
Participation in meetings of countries of Central Europe in connection with eradication of rabies in foxes,
-
Organization of an international conference on diseases in bees and brood in cooperation with the FAO
(Nitra, September 1995).
-
Staffing and material provision (computers, fax) in border veterinary points.
-
Technical equipment provision for the elimination of animals by stamping out in connection with the
occurrence of classical swine fever.
Solution to the ecological problems related to the occurrence of classical swine fever, ascaridosis and
echinococcosis (E. multilocularis);
-
Solution to the problem of early diagnosis and antigenic differentiation of classical swine fever virus strains
isolated in the Slovak Republic. This problem was solved by the national reference laboratory for classical
swine fever (State Veterinary Institute, Zvolen):
1. comparison of various laboratory methods for the detection of classical swine fever vims in blood;
2. antigen differentiation of classical swine fever isolates from epizootic during the period 1993-1995.
-
Establishment of reference laboratories for classical swine fever, viral diseases in poultry, mycobacteriosis.
serotyping and phagotyping of salmonellae, anaerobic microorganisms;
-
Development of an eradication plan for Aujeszky's disease and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis;
-
Creation of a sub-commission for zoonoses at the the Slovak Republic Central Commission for the control
of infectious diseases. Its activities include the development of sun'eillance of zoonosis in cooperation with
the public health authorities.
The following complete materials were prepared and issued in the year 1995:
1. surveillance of zoonoses: helminthozoonoses;
2. surveillance of zoonoses: leptospirosis, tularaemia, arbovims infections, tick-borne encephalitis, small
terrestrial mammal reservoirs;
3. surveillance of zoonoses: tuberculosis and other mycobacterioses.
-236-
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Disease present in 1995
Total
1994
67
Classical swine fever
Diseases never
Total
1995
16
Jan
8
Feb
2
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
1995
May Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
0
2
1
0
0
0
F.P.
Oct
0
Nov
1
Dec
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last
Foot and mouth disease - Vims O (1973)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A (1975)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C (1973)
Rinderpest (1881)
1.
Apr
0
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Comments
Mar
2
on selected
outbreak)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1902)
Sheep pox and goat pox (1950)
Newcastle disease (1980)
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
In 1995, out of the total young cattle population (110,685), 14,263 animals (i.e. 12.8%) were blood tested.
Foot and mouth disease antibodies were detected in 164 animals (i.e. 1.1%).
The serotypes were represented as follows:
O
A
C
75.0%
43.3%
40.2%
All examined porcine serum samples (467) and sheep serum samples (577) were negative for foot and
mouth disease antibodies.
2.
Classical swine fever (hog cholera)
Vaccination against hog cholera ceased on the whole territory of the Slovak Republic on 1 October 1993.
However, in 1995 emergency vaccination was permitted, in order to minimize the direct economic losses.
A total of 450,916 doses of hog cholera vaccine were used.
In 1995, there were 16 outbreaks of hog cholera in 8 districts. The outbreaks were eradicated by the
stamping out method. A total of 8,659 pigs died or were destroyed. Emergency vaccination was carried
out in protection zones and surveillance zones. The natural source of infection was the wild boar
population, which, in the affected districts, suffered considerable losses due to the disease.
Hog cholera in wild boars was controlled:
-
by active screening throughout the territory of the Slovak Republic with appropriate measures being
applied in areas where the disease was detected;
-
by examination of the all wild boar shot within the surveillance zone and, in regions without
occurrence of hog cholera, screening by laboratory examination of 2 0 % of all wild boar that are shot;
-
by the systematic collection of dead wild boar, their laboratory examination followed by the application
of any necessary sanitation;
-
by a reduction in the wild boar population.
11-94
-237-
In order to monitor the occurence of hog cholera in the wild boar population 1,139 wild boar from 765
different locations were sampled and laboratory tested. Of these, 24 animals (i.e. 2.1 %) were found to be
positive.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Anthrax
Anthrax was recorded only in cattle. Vaccination was used only in "stationary places of occurrence".
A total of 6,343 animals were vaccinated.
2.
Aujeszky's disease
The national eradication programme was worked out and has been realized. Breeding pigs are vaccinated
with the inactivated gl vaccine in some districts. Other animal species were not vaccinated.
3.
Echinococcosis-hydatidosis
Echinococcosis-hydatidosis was recorded only in pigs.
4.
Leptospirosis
Serologically positive reactors were recorded in 10 outbreaks. Of these 4 were in cattle and 6 in pigs.
Sporadic abortions were reported in pigs.
Diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of antibodies against the following serotypes: Leptospira sejroe,
L. bratislava, L. icterohaemorrhagiae,
L. grippotyphosa, L. pomona, L. australis, L. hardjo. L. canicola,
L. tarassovi, L. bataviae and L. mitis.
In cattle the predominant serotype was L. sejroe, in pigs L. pomona, in goats L. pomona, in horses
L. grippotyphosa
and L. sejroe. In dogs antibodies (probably post-vaccinal) were detected to
L. icterohaemorrhagiae,
L. grippotyphosa and L. canicola.
5.
Q fever
A total of 1,728 cattle and 1,351 goats were vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine. The disease was
confirmed by the increase of antibody titres.
6.
Rabies
Oral vaccination of foxes was carried out in two campaigns (spring and autumn) over the whole territory
of Slovakia. A total of 1,350,000 vaccine doses were distributed; some 1,370 hunting societies and
82 other organizations participated in the campaigns in all 38 districts in Slovakia.
During the period under review, a total of 317,947 domestic animals were vaccinated against rabies.
Of these, 312,298 were dogs. Five hundred dogs which had injured people were laboratory examined for
rabies and 31 were positive. A total of 270 rabies-positive cases were recorded in 1995. Of these 79.6%
were foxes.
Occurrence of rabies by animal species in 1995
Domestic animals
Dogs
Wildlife
Cats
Foxes
31
20
215
6.2%
0.7%
16.1%
-238-
7.
Tuberculosis
The following tests were carried out in 1995: in cattle, 595,212 simple tuberculosis tests (285 reactors)
and 102,005 simultaneous tuberculosis tests (419 reactors); in pigs, 254,230 simple tuberculosis tests
(1,029 reactores) and 3,187 simultaneous tests (18 positive results).
Of the 3,929 animals of various species examined in the laboratory, 500 were positive. In no case was the
isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis confirmed. Of 500 laboratory-positive samples, 375
(i.e. 75.0%) were positive for M. avium, and 2 (i.e. 0.4%) for M. paratuberculosis.
Other isolations were
M. xenopi (in 2.4% of porcine samples), M. diernhoferi (in 2.6% of porcine samples), and other
mycobacteria non-typical for animals.
Diseases of cattle
8.
Bovine brucellosis
Use of vaccination is prohibited.
A total of 304,655 blood samples were examined, representing 8 6 . 3 % of the total number of cows; all
samples were negative.
9.
Enzootic bovine leukosis
No clinical forms of enzootic bovine leukosis have been recorded in Slovakia since 1992. Solitary
occurring ID test positive reactors are slaughtered within 14 days of testing and the remaining animals in
the herd are repeatedly re-examined.
Out of the total number of serologically examined blood samples, 0.03% were positive. A total of 220,370
samples were laboratory tested, representing 59.3% of the total number of cows.
10.
Haemorrhagic septicaemia and other pasteurelloses
Of the total number of samples examined, 8.9% were positive in cattle and 12.6% in other animals.
11.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
The national eradication plan was worked out and has been realized.
In 1995, the breeding bulls which had already been vaccinated were re-vaccinated with an inactivated
vaccine. Vaccination was also used in some herds according to their disease status. This gave rise to
26,805 vaccinations.
In the majority of outbreaks the disease was confirmed on the basis of increased antibodies detected by
virus neutralisation test.
Diseases of sheep and goats
12.
Ovine epididymitis (Brucella
ovis)
In sheep 8,117 blood samples were examined with Brucella ovis antigen and 3.2% were positive.
13.
Caprine and ovine brucellosis (excluding B. ovis)
In sheep 13,571 blood samples were examined with Brucella melitensis antigen and were negative.
14.
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis
The disease has not been clinically confirmed. However, positive titres of antibodies were found in 24 of
the 569 samples tested. The percentage of positive findings exceeded 4%. Out of a total of 25,120 goats
some 2.2% were examined for caprine arthritis/encephalitis.
-239-
15.
Maedi-visna
The disease has not been clinically confirmed. Antibodies to the maedi-visna virus antigen were detected
by immunodiffusion test in 574 samples, representing 14.7% of the total number of samples tested.
Diseases of horses
16.
Equine rhinopneumonitis
Prophylactic vaccination with live vaccine was used in 772 sports and breeding horses.
17.
Equine viral arteritis
Positive serological titres were found in 18.9% of the blood samples examined. Vaccination is not used.
Diseases of pigs
18.
Atrophic rhinitis
Some 36,494 doses of inactivated vaccine were used. In spite of the vaccination there is an increased
occurrence of the disease in some herds.
The disease is confirmed by X-ray examination and on the basis of positive laboratory findings
(bacteriology). Of the total number of animals subjected to X-ray examination, 5 . 1 % were positive.
19.
Porcine brucellosis
Use of vaccination is prohibited.
20.
Trichinellosis
Positive findings of Trichinella spiralis were recorded in only one pig. Of 737 wild boar samples. 5 (0.6%)
were positive.
Diseases of poultry
21.
Mycoplasmosis (M.
sallisepticum)
Of the total number of serologically examined blood samples 2.8% were positive to the antigen
Mycoplasma gallisepticum and 2.9% positive to the antigen M. synoviae.
Diseases of
22.
lagomorphs
Myxomatosis
Vaccination was carried out using live apathogenic vaccine.
23.
Viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits
Vaccination was carried out using inactivated vaccine.
Diseases of bees
24.
Varroasis
Varroa jacobsoni
was confirmed by laboratory examination in 5 samples out of 13 officially examined.
-240-
III. OTHER DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Listeriosis
There was 1 outbreak recorded in sheep. Listeria monocytogenes
carcases.
2.
was isolated from 12.9% of sheep
Toxoplasmosis
Diagnosis was confirmed by positive titres of antibodies in the following percentages of blood samples
examined: goats, 13.6%; pigs, 3.7%; cats, 43.7%; rabbits: 7.8%.
3.
Enterotoxaemia and other clostridial infections
Four outbreaks were reported in poultry. Clostridia were isolated in 12.0% of the 2,882 poultry carcases
examined. Out of the 166 samples from other animals examined 7.8% were positive. Clostridium perfringens and C. septicum were isolated.
4.
Actinobacillosis
One outbreak was reported in cattle. Actinobacillus
5.
bovis was confirmed on laboratory examination.
Intestinal salmonella infections
A total of 261,948 birds died due to salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium.
Some 43,000 birds died or were destroyed due to other serovars, isolated in broiler flocks only. In all,
32 serovars were isolated from various animal species. Of these, 24 were isolated from poultry. The most
frequently isolated serovar was S. enteritidis (accounting for 6 3 . 3 % of all isolations). In 67.8% of cases it
was isolated from poultry, but was also found in almost all other animal species. In 1995 there was a
relatively high percentage of salmonella isolated from feeds of plant and animal origin. Vaccination was
not used.
6.
Coccidiosis
The highest rate of positive fecal samples was recorded in pigeons (65.5%) followed by rabbits (53.5%)
and poultry (18.4%).
7.
Distomatosis (liver fluke)
Distomatosis was found in 1.6% of the total number of examined fecal samples in cattle.
Sheep and goat
8.
diseases
Sheep mange
A total of 1.8% of sheep were affected. Sarcoptes ovis and Psoroptes ovis were confirmed on laboratory
examination in sheep. In other species it was found in pigs (Sarcoptes suis), rabbits (Notoedres
cunuculi)
and dogs (Demodex canis).
Horse
9.
diseases
Strangles
A single outbreak of the disease was reported, in horses in quarantine. Streptococcus
by bacteriological examination.
Pig diseases
10.
Swine erysipelas
Live vaccine is used.
equi was confirmed
-241 -
S O U T H
A F R I C A
INTRODUCTION
The Republic of South Africa is free from the major epidemic diseases with the exception of foot and mouth
disease, rabies, Newcastle disease and lumpy skin disease.
The National and Provincial organisational structure is in place. The National Chief Directorate of Veterinary
Services will be responsible for international liaison and to set, monitor and audit norms and standards in
South Africa. The Provincial Veterinary Services will be more concerned with aspects regarding the delivery of
services.
The structure of the National Chief Directorate of Veterinary Services has been expanded to include livestock
improvement and control over stocks and remedies and vaccine production.
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overvieiv
Diseases present in 1995
Foot and mouth disoa.se - Virus SAT 2
Lumpy skin disease
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Newcastle disease - Virus N.C.
Newcastle disease - Virus velogenic
Diseases never
Total
1994
0
187
107
8
2
156
Total
1995
1
76
61
5
3
+..
84
Jan
0
12
5
0
1
+..
5
Feb
0
10
11
0
0
-K.
16
Mar
0
11
11
0
0
+..
17
Apr
0
11
19
2
0
+..
12
May
0
2
9
2
0
2
1995
Jun
Jul
0
0
0
1
4
1
1
0
0
0
+ ..
-K.
7
8
F.P.
Aug
0
11
0
0
0
+..
1
Sep
0
3
0
0
0
-t-..
6
Oct
0
9
0
0
0
+..
5
Nov
1
4
1
0
0
Dec
0
2
0
0
2
-K.
•K.
1
4
reported
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
- Virus
- Virus
- Virus
- Virus
O
A
C
Asial
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 1 (1982)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3 (1979)
Rinderpest ( 1904)
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Sheep pox and goat pox
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last outbreak)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1924)
Rift Valley fever (02-91)
Classical swine fever (1918)
List A diseases which are endemic in South Africa are foot and mouth disease (limited to the endemically
infected Kruger National Park and adjoining private nature reserves with carrier buffalo populations), lumpy
skin disease, bluetongue, African horse sickness and African swine fever (limited to the African swine fever
control areas in the Northern Province, Mpumalanga Province and North West Province).
Comments
1.
on selected
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
The only foot and mouth disease endemic area is the Kruger National Park and adjoining private nature
reserves with buffalo populations. The control is therefore aimed at preventing the virus from escaping
from the endemic area into adjacent stock farming areas.
08-93
12-94
11-94
04-94
09-94
12-94
12-94
-242-
The northern and eastern borders of the Republic of South Africa and the Kruger National Park, are
declared foot and mouth disease control areas in which regular stock inspections at short intervals are
carried out by officials of Veterinary Services. Strict movement control of cloven-hooved animals and
their products is also applied in this area.
One small outbreak of the disease was diagnosed in impala (Aepyceros
southern part of the Kruger National Park.
melampus)
during the year in the
South Africa has applied for zoning for foot and mouth disease freedom (without vaccination) as no
outbreaks of the disease have occurred outside the Kruger National Park since 1983. The last outbreak
outside the controlled area was in 1957. Changes in the vaccination strategy and control zone has been
adapted in view of the zoning proposal.
2.
Lumpy skin disease
Although a very efficient vaccine is freely available, farmers tend to neglect vaccination until the disease
poses a serious threat.
3.
African horse sickness
South Africa has submitted a proposed protocol to the European Union for zoning of African horse
sickness. The proposal is to have a disease free zone in the Western Cape peninsula surrounded by a
surveillance zone with movement control of horses.
4.
African swine fever
Three outbreaks of the disease were diagnosed within the African swine fever control area. 33 animals
were involved, of which 31 died and two animals were slaughtered. The normal zoo-sanitary control
measures were instituted. No commercial piggeries were affected. The outbreaks occurred because the pigs
had direct contact with warthogs (Phacochoerus
aethiopicus).
5.
Newcastle disease
The problem has been brought under control by means of adaptation of the vaccination programmes by
poultry producers. Proposals have been put to the European Union concerning the export of ostrich
products from South Africa.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Rabies
The total increase in rabies cases was from 573 cases in 1994 to 602 cases in 1995. The main area of
concern is the Kwazulu-Natal Province where canine rabies is abundant. Rabies in dogs in the rest of the
country where sylvatic rabies mainly occurs is within expected limits. However, indications are that the
disease is spreading in a north-easterly and south-easterly direction. Positive cases of the canid virus have
been diagnosed outside the areas of expected occurrence of this virus. These findings are of major concern
as the existing policy for the control of the disease, including the proclamation of rabies control areas, are
based on the expected geographical occurrence of the canid virus. The control policy for rabies is currently
under revision.
-243-
Diseases of sheep and goats
2.
Caprine and ovine brucellosis (excluding B. ovis)
A serological survey was carried out in the Kwazulu-Natal Province during the period of October 1994 to
April 1995 following a diagnosis of Malta fever in the owner of a herd of goats in northern KwazuluNatal. Goats were selected from diptanks and farms randomly selected throughout the Province, but the
goats in the districts of Ingwavuma, Pongola, Simdlangentsha and Ubombo were bled more intensively.
Six foci of infection were found during the serological survey involving 6.266 goats. The prevalence in the
positive herds varied from 17% to 100%. The diagnosis was confirmed by culturing milk samples from
serologically positive animals. Infected goats were found in only three districts (Ubombo, Ingwavuma and
Pongola) and all infected herds fell within a 50-km radius.
The current policy is to try to eradicate the disease, because of the serious zoonotic implications and the
potential threat to the small stock and cattle in other parts of the country. Further surveys are being
conducted in the Kwazulu-Natal Province.
Diseases of horses
3.
Equine viral arteritis
Equine viral arteritis was diagnosed in 1988 for the first time in South Africa in an imported Lippizaner
stallion. A country-wide serological survey conducted immediately after that in thoroughbred horses,
vielded negative results, and it was concluded that the country was still free from equine arteritis virus
(EAV).
The Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute conducted a national serological survey in donkeys during the
period 1989 to 1993. Seroepizootiological study provided evidence of widespread distribution and indicate
long-standing presence and increasing EAV diffusion among the donkey population. A high correlation
between the presence or absence of seropositive jackasses and jennies and markedly lower seroprevalence
of EAV infection amongst young as compared to sexually mature animals was found. EAV was isolated
from semen of naturally infected donkey stallions, and venereal and in-contact transmission of EAV was
demonstrated in donkeys.
The results of an ELISA and virus neutralisation test confirmed that donkeys and mules have been
exposed to the same serotype of EAV which is known to circulate in the horse population worldwide. The
RT/PCR confirmed the presence of EAV in different clinical samples collected from naturally or
experimentally infected donkeys.
About 300 zebra sera of disparate chronological and geographic origins all tested negative for the
presence of antibodies against EAV.
No serological and virological evidence of EAV infection could be obtained in horses exposed in-contact
to experimentally infected donkeys with the asinine strain of EAV.
The preliminary result of clinical, serological, virological, transmissibility and abortogenic study, suggest
low pathogenicity of the South African strain of EAV for horses.
This survey confirms previous indications of a low probability and low risk of transmission of the disease
between donkeys and horses. A serological survey will now be conducted in horses in those areas showing
the highest number of seropositive donkeys, to confirm the presence or absence of natural transmission
from seropositive or infected donkeys to horses.
-244-
S U D A N
INTRODUCTION
Sudan has one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. Livestock is raised mainly by nomads and
seminomads in the savannah belt, with herds roaming over vast areas in search of grazing and water. The
distribution of livestock is correlated with that of vegetation.
Improvement of animal health is considered as one of the most important factors in the upgrading of livestock.
Control of livestock diseases is the backbone of animal health improvement.
Disease prevention
and control
One of the main animal health functions of the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural and Animal Resources
(MANAR) is to control and, if possible, eradicate the major epizootic diseases: e.g. rinderpest, foot ant mouth
disease, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, tick-borne diseases, animal trypanosomiasis, etc.
A well-planned programme coordinated and implemented by a strong central veterinary authority, which is
assisted by similar, capable authorities at the State level. PARC is a good example of such well-organised
disease control programme. The disease control strategy and policy was developed in consideration of the
following points:
1. The socioeconomic impact of the disease on the population and national economy.
2. Evaluation of the previous experiences of disease control programmes in order to avoid any of their
shortcomings or drawbacks.
3. Possible means of coordinating efforts with neighbouring countries.
4. Practical means of controlling the disease: potent vaccines, organisation of vaccination campaigns which
can easily reach the areas of livestock concentrations.
5. Availability of sufficient financial support.
6. Legislation.
In 1995 the country faced no serious outbreaks, the major diseases were brought under control and there was
reduced incidence of infectious diseases. This was mainly due to:
1. Improved disease control activities through 114 dry season and 86 rainy season vaccination teams, in
addition to well-equiped disease investigation and diagnostic units.
2. Increased role played by the private sector in importation, distribution and dispensing of veterinary drugs
through newly formed popular pharmacies.
3. Participation of animal owners in the costs of veterinary services offered.
4. The NGOs mainly in the southern part of Sudan were actively involved in disease control activities.
Future plan for disease
control
1. All diseases to be brought under control with special emphasis on diseases having a socioeconomic impact,
namely rinderpest, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, anthrax, haemorrhagic septicaemia and tick and
tick-borne disease.
2. Increase in vaccine production capacity and production of new vaccines.
3. Improved methods for collection, storage and analysis of data and information.
4. Increase in, and promotion of, the disease surveillance capabilities.
5. Setting up of a soundly based communication system and strengthening of contacts with herders and
livestock owners.
-245-
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Disease present in 1995
Newcastle disease - Virus velogenic
Diseases never
Total
1994
5
Total
1995
4
Jan
0
Mar
1
Apr
2
1995
May Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
0
0
0
0
0
1
F.P.
Oct
0
Nov
0
Dec
reported
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
African swine fever
Classical swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease (1990)
Rinderpest (04-91)
Peste des petits ruminants (1990)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia ( 1990)
Lumpy skin disease (1990)
Comments on selected
1.
Feb
0
date of last outbreak)
Rift Valley fever (1973)
Bluetongue (1989)
Sheep pox and goat pox (06-94)
African horse sickness (1992)
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
Vaccination was restricted to a few well-established dairy farms in addition to animals for export.
2.
Rinderpest
Through an extensive vaccination programme conducted by PARC. 4.728.859 cattle were vaccinated
against rinderpest. In a survey of immunity levels, the nine seromonitoring teams found over 70% of
positive samples. Rinderpest is completely under control in northern Sudan and efforts were made to stop
vaccination in some States in this part of the country.
3.
Newcastle disease
Newcastle disease continued to be the main threat to the poultry industry in Sudan.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Anthrax
No cases of the disease were recorded in 1995. This is due to successful work carried out by the
vaccination teams and the awareness of the community about this serious zoonotic disease.
2.
Rabies
Rabies continued to be the most important public health hazard which may affect most animal species and
humans. Incidence of the disease increased in 1995. A total of 14 outbreaks involving five animal species
were recorded. Unavailability of the vaccine in addition to the difficulty of elimination of stray dogs were
the main constraint against rabies control in Sudan.
3.
Brucellosis
There was increased incidence of brucellosis in 1995 involving different animal species. Locally produced
vaccine is still in the preparation stage; imported vaccine is restricted to well-stablished farms. There is a
plan to launch a brucellosis control campaign supported by the FAO.
07-94
-246-
Diseases of cattle
4.
Theileriosis
Although there is an active tick control programme, which started in 1994, there is increased incidence of
the disease and it continued to be the main hazard facing the introduction of foreign breeds to the country.
5.
Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosomiasis is considered to be widely spread in most parts of the country. A recent trypanosomiasis
survey in the tsetse-free zone revealed increased incidence of bovine trypanosomiasis in dairy cattle in this
area. Increased efforts will therefore be directed towards chemotherapy.
-247-
S U I S S E
L MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
Maladie présente en 1995
Total
1994
1
Maladie de Newcastle
Maladies n'ayant jamais été
Total
1995
1
Mar
0
Avr
0
1995
Mai
Jun
Jul
Aou
Sep
0
0
0
0
0
0
F.P.
Oct
Nov
0
Dec
1
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Clavelée et variole caprine
Peste équine
Peste porcine africaine
absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus O (1973)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus A (1968)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus C (1980)
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc (1975)
Commentaires
Fev
0
constatées
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 1
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 2
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus SAT 3
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus Asial
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
Peste des petits ruminants
Maladies
Jan
0
sur la maladie de
: date du dernier
foyer)
Peste bovine (1871)
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine (1895)
Peste porcine classique (12-93)
Influenza aviaire haut.pathogène (1930)
Newcastle
Deux foyers de maladie de Newcastle ont été constatés. L'un est apparu dans un effectif de poules pondeuses,
l'autre dans un élevage amateur de pigeons. Trois'cas séropositifs ont été dépistés dans des effectifs importés,
encore en quarantaine. Tous les cheptels en quarantaine ont été éliminés, sauf un qui a été réexporté.
Aucun autre cas de maladie de la Liste A n'est apparu en Suisse durant l'année 1995.
Epidémio-surveillance
L'Institut de virologie et d'immunoprophylaxie a procédé à 103 examens virologiques et sérologiques pour le
dépistage de la fièvre aphteuse, à 908 examens pour la recherche de peste porcine classique (dont 193 chez des
sangliers vivant dans la nature) et à 741 examens de dépistage de la maladie de Newcastle, qui se sont tous
révélés négatifs.
En ce qui concerne la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine, les examens effectués à l'Institut de bactériologie
vétérinaire de l'université de Berne sur 22 lésions pulmonaires suspectes ont tous donné un résultat négatif.
II. MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
Maladies communes
1.
à plusieurs
espèces
Rage
Alors qu'on enregistrait encore 225 cas en 1994, seuls 23 ont été signalés en 1995, tous confinés dans le
nord-ouest du pays. Les mesures de lutte ont été les suivantes : une distribution plus dense des appâts
contenant le vaccin (25 par km ), une campagne supplémentaire de vaccination orale des renardeaux au
début de l'été, et un lâcher immédiat d'appâts par avion suite à l'apparition de cas de rage en dehors des
zones de vaccination.
2
03-94
-248-
Maladies des bovins
2.
Leucose bovine enzootique et rhinotrachéite infectieuse bovine
La leucose bovine enzootique et la rhinotrachéite infectieuse bovine ayant été éradiquées au cours de ces
dernières années, on a procédé à l'examen d'un échantillon des troupeaux. Ces examens par sondage ont
porté sur 4 698 troupeaux, dans lesquels tous les animaux de plus de 24 mois ont été contrôlés. Aucun cas
positif n'ayant été décelé, il est permis d'affirmer avec une probabilité de 99 % que la prévalence de la
rhinotrachéite infectieuse bovine et de la leucose bovine enzootique dans le cheptel suisse est inférieure à
0,1 %.
3.
Encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine
Cent onze bovins présentant des troubles nerveux suspects d'encéphalopathie spongiforme ont fait l'objet
d'un examen histologique du cerveau. La suspicion clinique a été confirmée dans 68 cas. Depuis
l'apparition du premier cas en 1990, 188 cas ont été constatés jusqu'à fin 1995 en Suisse ; sept vaches
étaient nées entre le 1 décembre 1990 (date de l'entrée en vigueur de l'interdiction d'affourager des
farines d'origine animale aux ruminants) et fin 1991. L'âge moyen des vaches atteintes d'encéphalopathie
spongiforme est de 5 ans.
e r
-249-
S W E D E N
INTRODUCTION
The control programme for enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) was made compulsory during 1995. The Swedish
salmonella control programmes for live animals, eggs and meat were completed. A brief description of these
programmes will be found below.
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Disease present in 1995
Total
1994
Newcastle disease - Virus velogenic
Diseases never
Total
1995
1
Jan
0
Mar
0
Apr
0
May
0
1995
Jun
Jul
0
0
F.P.
Aug
0
Sep
0
Oct
0
Nov
1
Dec
0
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Vims
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Foot and mouth disease - Virus
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O (1966)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A (1951)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C (1951)
Rinderpest (1700)
Comments
Feb
0
on Newcastle
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last outbreak)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1856)
Sheep pox and goat pox (1934)
Classical swine fever (1944)
disease
At the end of October 1995 a dramatic loss of egg production in a flock of broiler breeders belonging to Blenta
AB was reported to the Swedish Board of Agriculture (SBA). Blenta AB is the largest broiler breeder company
in Sweden. It is situated in Skâne in the south of Sweden. In the central part of Blenta where the hatchery and
the office are situated there are 12 houses (Houses 1-12) with broiler parents in egg production with only 100200 meters between the houses. No other sign of disease was observed and mortality was not increased. House 9
consisted of two pens with parent birds of 37 weeks of age. The drop in egg production started in one pen, but
was not observed in the other pen until one week later. Post-mortem examination on birds from House 9
showed no lesions typical of Newcastle disease, only fragile egg follicles in the ovarium. No other flock in the
establishment showed any warning signs of disease at that time. Samples for serological testing and virus
isolation from House 9 arrived at the National Veterinary Institute (NVI) on 1 November. High titres of
antibodies against PMV-1 were detected in the sera with both ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition (HI)
and attempts to isolate a virus started immediately. The same day, sera from two younger flocks, of 24 weeks of
age, were tested in the abovementioned mandatory routine surveillence programme. Both flocks had even
higher titres of antibodies against PMV-1 than House 9. These flocks (situated in Houses 7 and 8) had not
started laying eggs and had not shown any signs of disease. Houses 7 and 8 arc situated close to House 9. Virus
was isolated three days later from oviduct tissue and identified as PMV-1. The virus isolate was sent to the
Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), in Weybridge, United Kingdom, for confirmation and pathogenicity test.
On 13 November the ICPI was calculated as 1.48 by the NVI and subsequently a formal decision was taken by
the SBA to establish a protection and a surveillance zone, in accordance with Council Directive 92/66/EEC.
1956
-250-
Due to the suspected positive test results from 11 backyard flocks and from other production units belonging to
Blenta AB, the zones were considerably larger than the minimum requirements stipulated in the Directive.
From 1 December, the surveillance zone and the protection zone were reduced to 3 and 10 km, respectively,
around central Blenta. On 22 December the zonal restrictions were lifted. Since 17 January 1996, the
restrictions regarding Newcastle disease have been lifted in all parts of Sweden.
All broiler flocks (n=26) delivered from the Blenta hatchery during the weeks before the hatchery was closed
were kept under restriction and tested serologically before slaughter. There was no spread of Newcastle disease
with these chicks. No clinical signs were registered and all flocks were seronegative. All commercial flocks,
including two breeder companies, were tested and found to be free from PMV-1. A large number of backyard
flocks (approx. 550) with a number of different avian species were tested serologically with the ELISA test
using a dilution of 1:20. Out of more than 500 flocks tested, 41 were found to have PMV-1 antibodies in one or
more samples tested by ELISA and 21 of these flocks were also positive to the HI-test. After retesting, 6 flocks
were still suspected of having ongoing subclinical PMV-1 infection. Several tests, including attempts to isolate
virus, showed that there was no spread of infection within the flock or to adjacent flocks in the neighbourhood.
The measures to control the outbreak included the destruction of all live poultry (92,854 hens) in the so-called
central unit of Blenta, the destruction of about 1.3 million hatching eggs and 180,000 day-old chicks. These
decisions were taken in the timespan 1 November - 14 November. In summary, the presence of the Newcastle
disease virus has only been confirmed in one holding (Blenta AB). Within the holding the outbreak has been
limited to the so-called central unit consisting of 12 houses with breeding poultry (parent birds producing
hatching eggs).
Before the outbreak of Newcastle disease in 1995, Sweden had been free from the disease since 1956.
Vaccination of poultry against Newcastle disease is not allowed. Since 1984, racing pigeons and show pigeons
are vaccinated with a killed paramyxovirus-1 vaccine within the framework of a compulsory national control
programme of paramyxovirus infections in pigeons. Since 1992, all breeder flocks have been regularly tested
for Newcastle disease within the framework of a mandatory health surveillance programme.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Aujeszky's disease
The Swedish Aujeszky's disease (AD) control and eradication programme is a continuation of a
programme initiated in boar stations in 1973. The programme has gradually been extended and, since
1991, has included all swine herds. Since 1994 the control programme is mandatory for all elite breeding,
gilt producing and multiplier herds (with > 1 sow). The programme was further supplemented with a
mandatory eradication in 1995. The number of clinical outbreaks has steadily decreased (see table). The
aim of the programme is to be able to declare Sweden free from the disease in 1996.
Number of clinical outbreaks of Aujeszky's
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
disease in Sweden
1990-1995
10
6
6
0
1
0
The testing scheme consists of herd based sampling and herd and slaughter based monitoring, as
described below.
In order to declare a herd free from the disease, all animals of more than six months of age have to be
serologically tested twice at an interval of between three and six months. In integrated herds with
-251 -
purchased weaners, 5 % of the fattening pigs are also tested for AD antibodies. On 1 January 1996 all
herds taking part in the programme were declared free from AD.
A sufficient number of sows are tested in each herd in order to be certain of detecting an in-herd
prevalence of 10% with a 9 5 % confidence level. In herds with more than 250 sows, this testing is repeated
three more times (i.e. 4 times annually). In addition, all boars (about 300 anually) and approximately
5,000 slaughter pigs are serologically tested at slaughter.
If seroreactors are found the herd is immediately closed with a total ban on animal movements from and
to the herd. All positive animals are slaughtered as soon as possible and at least within 30 days. All
remaining animals over 6 months of age are tested within approximately 4 weeks after the slaughter of the
positive animal. Four weeks after the first herd test with a negative result, all animals older than 2 months
in the herd are tested again.
Diseases of cattle
2.
Bovine tuberculosis
Control programme for bovine tuberculosis
in farmed
deer
A voluntary control and eradication programme of bovine tuberculosis in farmed deer was started in 1994.
The disease was detected for the first time in 1991 when one fallow deer herd was found to be infected
with Mycobacterium bovis. Between 1991 and up to the end of 1995, a total of twelve fallow deer herds
have been confirmed infected with bovine tuberculosis. One infected herd was detected during 1995. The
source of infection was a group of fallow deer imported to Sweden in 1987.
The voluntary control programme allows a herd to be declared free of tuberculosis (TB) after the slaughter
and meat inspection of all deer kept on the farm followed by reintroduction of deer from a herd declared
free from the disease or after three comparative, cervical tuberculin tests with negative results of the whole
herd. The test interval has to be at least 3 months and the interval between the first and third test has to be
at least 12 months but not more than 24 months. By December 1995. approximately 3 5 % of the deer herds
had entered or fulfilled the part of the programme that leads to declaration of freedom from the disease.
Movement of deer is only allowed from officially TB-free herds. Other mammals are not allowed to enter
or leave a deer herd that is not TB-free. Meat inspection of venison from farmed deer is compulsory.
3.
Enzootic bovine leukosis
Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) has been diagnosed in herds in all parts of Sweden but with a strong
concentration in the south-eastern parts of the country. Initially, in the eradication programme, the
prevalence of infected dairy herds was 6 . 1 % and the corresponding figure for beef herds was 1.5%. A
voluntary control programme was initiated in 1989. In October 1995 the programme was made mandator)'
for all bovine herds with own replacement. The aim of the programme is to be able to declare Sweden free
from the disease in 1997.
A herd can be declared free from EBL if all bovines over 12 months old are tested twice at an interval of
between four and eight months with negative results. The sampling will be repeated every second year in
order to verify the EBL-free status. If only a few infected animals have been detected, these have to be
slaughtered within 30 days, otherwise a sanitation plan is drawn up. Findings at slaughter found
indicative of leukosis are examined histologically and serologically to differentiate between the infectious
form (EBL) and non infectious forms,
4.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
A mandatory control and eradication programme for infectious bovine rhinothracheitis / infectious
pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV) was initiated in April 1994. Regular screening of dairy herds through
bulk milk tests between 1990 and 1993, indicated a very low prevalence (approximately 0.05%) of the
infection. This low prevalence, together with the altered conditions on import control of live animals
within the EEA agreement, and the perspective of European Union membership, constituted the basic
motives for launching the IBR/IPV programme in 1994. In February 1994, IBR/IPV was added to the list
of diseases which are covered by Swedish legislation on epizootic diseases. The aim of the programme is
to be able to declare Sweden free from the disease in 1997.
-252-
All bovine herds, with the exception of specialised fattening herds without own replacement, are covered
by the mandatory IBR/IPV programme. All dairy herds are tested twice annually by bulk milk test using
an indirect ELISA. Herds with more than 50 lactating cows must be subjected to either an annual
serological test of all lactating animals or two milk test annually on pooled samples of milk collected from
not more than 50 cows. In beef herds, all animals of more than 2 years of age are subjected to one
serological test or milk tests annually. Costs incurred under the control and eradication programme are
paid by the government.
The total number of dairy herds in Sweden is 17,112 and the number of beef herds approximately 17,000.
Within the control programme and up to the end of December 1995, a total of 19 bovine herds have been
found to include IBR/IPV-positive animals; 7 of these herds were detected in 1995. Of the 19 herds, 18 are
dairy herds and one a mixed herd. In 1995 a total of 190,000 samples from beef cattle were analysed and
found to be negative for IBR/IPV antibodies.
Any herd found to be positive for IBR/IPV antibodies is immediately placed under restrictions with a
prohibition on buying or selling animals other than for direct slaughter. Animals confirmed positive for
IBR/IPV antibodies are slaughtered within 30 days and the premises disinfected. All animals in the herd
are re-tested at the earliest 4 weeks after the positive animals have been slaughtered. When all animals are
negative, another test is carried out 3 months later and the restrictions can then be lifted if all the animals
are still negative.
Approximately 1,300 bovine animals have been slaughtered as a consequence of the IBR/IPV eradication
programme. In three herds, all animals were slaughtered due to either a high prevalence (more than 50%)
of infected animals, or practical difficulties in carrying out a sanitation programme. The farmers are fully
compensated for direct and indirect economic losses caused by the slaughter of IBR/IPV-positive animals.
Diseases of sheep and goats
5.
Maedi-visna
The first case of maedi-visna in Sweden was reported in 1974. The infection has subsequently spread
throughout Sweden. An officially supervised voluntary control programme was initiated in 1993.
The programme is based on annual flock samplings of all sheep over 12 months of age and certain
obligations and undertakings from the farmers. A flock can be declared free at the earliest after 2 years (3
flock tests) in the programme. The aim of the programme is to declare flock free from maedi-visna,
decrease the number of infected flock through sanitation measures or slaughter and prevent the
transmission of the disease. At the end of 1995, 2,000 flock were included in the programme and 1,400
had been sampled. Of the flocks sampled, 12.5% were diagnosed as infected with the maedi-visna virus.
III. OTHER DISEASES
1.
Bovine virus diarrhoea
The control programme for bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) started in the autumn of 1993 on a voluntary
basis. The programme is executed by the local livestock associations in cooperation with the state district
veterinary organisation and financed through fees paid by the farmers. The programme has met with great
interest from farmers all over the country due to the clearly apparent benefits which BVD sanitation
brings to the health status and production of any BVD-infected herd. A contract is drawn up between the
farmer and the local executive body of the control programme. The farmer has to undertake certain
obligations with respect to recruitment of animals and other measures preventing the transmission of BVD
infection. No compensation is paid if persistently infected animals have to be slaughtered.
The sampling scheme in dairy herds that join the programme consists of bulk milk samples, pooled milk
samples of 5-10 primiparous cows or 5-10 individual blood serum samples of young stock of over 15
months. In beef cattle herds the sampling scheme is based on 5-10 individual blood serum samples from
primiparous cows or young stock of over 15 months. In order to be declared BVD virus-free, a herd must
be sampled twice, at an interval of seven to eleven months, fulfilling one of the following criteria:
-253-
1) a low level of BVD virus antibodies in bulk milk samples,
2) pooled milk sample from primiparous cows is antibody negative,
3) the individual blood serum samples are seronegative.
The programme also includes rules for buying and selling livestock animals between herds.
Up to the end of 1995, a total of 11,370 dairy herds had been affiliated to the programme, that is
approximately two thirds of all Swedish dairy herds. Of the affiliated herds, 6,821 herds (60%) have been
declared BVD-free. The number of beef herds affiliated to the programme is 2,400 out of a total of
approximately 17,000 beef herds.
Salmonella infections
The overall aim of Swedish salmonella control is that animal products delivered for human consumption
shall be free from salmonella. This aim is based on the concept that only an extremely small proportion of
the primary production and animals sent for slaughter is infected/contaminated with salmonella. The
strategies to reach this aim are:
1. To prevent salmonella contamination of all parts of the production chain.
2. To monitor the production chains at critical points. Sampling programmes for cattle, swine and
poultry are part of this monitoring.
3. To undertake actions necessary to fulfill the objectives of the control when salmonella contamination
occurs.
In 1995 the programmes for swine and cattle were implemented by slaughterhouse monitoring
programmes. These programmes survey swine and cattle herds and determine with a high degree of
precision the prevalence of salmonella-contaminated carcases and verify that the prevalence of
salmonella-infected animals sent to slaughter is very low. The sample size is sufficiently large to detect a
prevalence of salmonella of 0 . 1 % with a 9 5 % confidence level.
The salmonella sampling programme for live poultry was also changed in 1995. The most significant
alteration concerns flocks with layers. All flocks in establishments marketing eggs, now have to be
checked for salmonella three times per production period.
The sampling programmes as well as the surveys that are regularly carried out are prove that the
prevalence of salmonella is less than 1% in all food producing animals.
-254-
T A I P E I
C H I N A
INTRODUCTION
The preventive and control measures for existing animal diseases have not been changed in recent years.
A regulation, Procedures for Recognition of Disease-Free Status of a Foreign Country, was enacted from 16
May 1992. Procedures are provided for handling the application of a foreign country for recognition of its status
of freedom from a given animal infectious disease. A computerized animal disease reporting system has been in
operation since 1985. A revised national programme was started in 1993 to strengthen the disease surveillance
system, especially with regard to the monitoring of exotic animal diseases. A regulation on animal quarantine
requirements for live fish and their products was introduced in October 1994. The Legislative Branch approved
the revised Veterinarian Act and Animal Health Act in January 1995 and January 1996, respectively.
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overvieiv
Diseases present in 1995
Total
1994
7
0
Classical swine fever
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
Total
1995
18
36
Jan
1
12
Mar
0
9
Apr
2
5
May
1
1
1995
Jun
Jul
1
2
0
0
F.P.
Aug
1
C
Sep
3
0
Oct
2
0
Nov
5
0
Dec
0
0
reported
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease (1930)
Comments on reported
1.
Feb
0
9
Bluetongue
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last
outbreak)
Rinderpest (1950)
diseases
Classical swine fever (hog cholera")
A nation-wide compulsory control scheme, including nation-wide vaccination, a slaughter policy and
movement control, has been carried out to control the disease effectively. Result indicates a continuous
decrease in incidence. A programme has been set up in order to eradicate the disease.
2.
Newcastle disease
Thirty-six farms and 753,150 chickens were affected in 1995. An intermediate type vaccine was used for
the control of the disease. The cooperative control programme was carried out with the Poultry Farmers
Association, and monitoring of serum titres against the disease was conducted to help poultry farms to
adjust their vaccination programmes in order to ensure the high immune status in the poultry population.
09-94
04-91
-255-
II. L I S T B D I S E A S E S
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Aujeszky's disease
Since 1989, a project has been under way to help purebred farms to build up their own specific-pathogenfree herds. In order to eliminate naturally infected pigs from herds immunised with gl-dcleted inactivated
pscudorabies vaccines, a serological monitoring system was set up. The gl-dcleted live vaccines were
recently approved for use in herds with a disease problem.
Diseases of cattle
2.
Bovine brucellosis
No positive reactors have been detected in any dairy herds since January 1989. This included the 67,268
serum samples, from all dairy farms, tested in 1995.
3.
Bovine tuberculosis
The test and slaughter scheme and restrictions on cattle movements from farms with positive reactors
were maintained. Twice a year, a tuberculin test is conducted for the early elimination of all positive
reactors. In 1995, 124,365 dairy cattle were tested, resulting in the identification of 1.021 reactors.
4.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
The vaccination programme was recommended to control the disease.
Diseases of poultry
5.
Fowl cholera
The number of cases was not significantly different from that of previous years. The prevention of fowl
cholera was continued by vaccination.
6.
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
An epizootic of virulent infectious bursal disease was first recorded in February 1992. An intermediatetype vaccine was used for controlling the disease.
7.
Mycoplasmosis (A4,
gallisepticum)
A nation-wide serological survey by serum plate agglutination test conducted by the health certification
scheme revealed that all grandparent farms remained free from the disease in 1994. It was quite difficult
to evaluate the real situation regarding infection in parent stock breeding farms because bacterins were
used in some of them. Chronic respiratory disease caused by hi. gallisepticum is one of the economically
important diseases in the poultry industry.
8.
Pullorum disease (Salmonella
pullorum)
Breeding flocks have been tested regularly in accordance with the national pullorum control programme.
In 1995, a total of 159,754 chickens were examined and 14,610 reactors were slaughtered.
Diseases of fish
In addition to Monodon baculovirus infection of grass shrimp, diseases of economic importance include such as
ich, velvet disease, streptococcosis and nocardiosis. A national programme to provide diagnostic services and
extension of disease prevention was carried out to minimize economic losses.
-256-
T A N Z A N I A
INTRODUCTION
Tanzania is shifting from a centrally planned economy where the state owned institutions dominated the
economy, to a situation in which private institutions and individuals are being actively encouraged to
participate. The strategy is for the government to provide a conducive economic climate for producers and to
rely on market forces to set prices and on diversification of marketing channels.
Within the agricultural sector a new mission is being adopted in line with the current changing economic
policies of liberalisation. The new agricultural policy is geared towards promoting and sustaining an enabling
environment for growth in production, trade and investment, recognising the government's role in research,
extension, regulatory services and information management. The new thinking calls for strengthening capacity
building for the Crop and Livestock (Agricultural) Information System as a link between the public and private
sectors.
The livestock industry in Tanzania has enormous potential for increased production, both in absolute numbers
of animals and increased productivity of the existing numbers. The country has a potential capacity for about
20 million cattle, but the present population is approximately 15 million. There is therefore a large base on
which to build and plenty of scope for expansion. A modest change in the management of the traditional herd
in terms of improved nutrition, disease control and improved breeding can increase production to meet the rise
in local demand for livestock products. Major investments in marketing and infrastructure in the livestock
sector could, in the long run, become an important foreign exchange earner.
Constraints to livestock
development
Many of the constraints for developing the livestock industry are common to other sectors of the economy,
including lack of finance, poor communications and inadequate skilled manpower.
Specifically, the main constraints hindering the development of the livestock industry in Tanzania are:
.
.
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
land tenure
deficient input supply
price policies
poor transport and marketing infrastructure
poor management
breed conservation
lack of improved breeds
lack of mineral/protein supplement
poor utilisation of crop residues
poor quality of pasture/forage
inadequate nutrition
soil erosion
overstocking
water scarcity and drought
erratic rainfall
diseases
lack of credit
non commercial altitude of livestock owners.
-257-
Sírategies for sustainable
livestock
industry
The main strategy for sustaining the livestock industry in Tanzania is to increase investment levels by
mobilising local and foreign resources through:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
cost recovery for sustainability
establishment of Livestock Development Fund
privatisation of the sector
improved credit schemes
establishment of livestock keepers' associations
community-based animal health schemes
human resource development
integrated use of natural resources for sustainability
development and improvement of cost-effective extension packages.
Veterinary
Sennces
Effective animal health care is crucial to the development of the livestock industry in Tanzania. In order to
increase productivity of the animal population and to protect human health, the Ministry of Agriculture through
the livestock department gives special emphasis to the practical and cost-effective control of livestock diseases.
To minimise the spread of diseases through livestock movements, a zoosanitary inspection service will be
established and animal disease regulations are being reviewed.
Diagnostic and disease surveillance facilities at all levels will be rehabilitated to operate in conjunction with the
extension service. This includes strengthening capacity building in the livestock department to produce reliable
livestock information through a recently established Epidemiology Unit.
Veterinary clinical services in urban and peri-urban areas are progressively being privatised through a SelfEmployed Veterinarians Scheme (SEV) funded by the European Union under PARC.
Supply and distribution of veterinary drugs and acaricides have already been taken over by the commercial
sector but vaccines and veterinary biologicals will continue to be distributed through official channels. The
government will have to enforce legal requirements for safety, efficacy and potency.
Livestock information system planning in Tanzania
The current livestock information system in Tanzania is inefficient, poorly organised and hence characterised
by limited knowledge of producer/user demand for livestock statistics, lack of regular publications and
distribution of livestock information, lack of communication networking, inadequate logistic support and, last
but not least, inadequately trained personnel in livestock data collections storage and analysis.
These shortfalls have resulted in a lack of information flow to decision makers in livestock, including
producers, planners, donors, researchers, world bodies (FAO, OIE, WHO, WB, WTO, IFAD, SADC. etc.) and
the government itself. This has led to weaknesses in livestock policy formulation, marginalisation of livestock
in terms of resource allocation, inefficient extension and research services to livestock producers. The
consequences have been low animal productivity, low private and public sector investment, environmental
degradation and reduced impact on donor-funded projects.
We are revising the country's livestock information management system so that it can be strengthened to
produce reliable information related to livestock health, production and marketing.
We have requested the assistance of FAO through its Technical Cooperation Programme (TCP) to assist the
Livestock Division of the Ministry of Agriculture to strengthen Livestock Information Networking.
Through a Livestock Information Management Project (LIMP), it should be possible to train our national staff
in the new information technologies and software like Epi-Info, HandiSTATUS and Epi-Map. We would
appreciate being considered for support by the OIE, FAO, IICA and other International Organisations in the
pilot programme for developing national surveillance systems.
-258-
I. L I S T A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Foot and mouth disease
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
LuTTipv skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
Total
1994
29l#
3#
144#
Oíí
Oíí
335#
Total
1995
40
259
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
1995
Jun
Jul
F.P.
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
10-94
08-94
08-94
1992
1992
12-94
+..
+..
+..
299
reported
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Classical swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Disease reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
date of last
outbreak)
Rinderpest (1982)
Diseases for which the country has provided no data
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
Comments
on selected
African swine fever
diseases
Apart from the diseases mentioned below, the other List A diseases are insignificant in Tanzania, with the
possible exception of African horse sickness and African swine fever, which have occurred in the past. These
were last reported in the late 1980s.
1.
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease remains enzootic in many parts of the country where livestock keeping is a major
activity. Unfortunately, the Central Veterinary Laboratory, Temeke does not have the capability to do foot
and mouth disease virus typing, hence the epizootiology of the disease in the country is largely unknown.
2.
Rinderpest
The occurrence of rinderpest in the neighbouring Tsavo National Park in Kenya poses a threat to livestock
and game animals in Tanzania. However, judging from field observations and serological prevalence,
slaughter inspections and clinical and post-mortem examinations indicate that Tanzania has been free
from the disease since the last outbreak in 1982/83. Annual vaccinations and sero-surveillance have been
going on for the past ten years or so and we are probably now in a position to rethink our position to
request OIE to facilitate Tanzania's declaring herself free from rinderpest, at least south of the central
railway line, initially.
3.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Recent outbreaks of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) south of the central railway line in
Tanzania clearly indicate a worsening situation, especially insofar as the southern African region is
concerned.
The government of Tanzania, with assistance from the donor community, has taken the necessary steps to
control and contain the disease by conducting periodical mass vaccinations in the affected zones. These
vaccinations combined with restrictions on cattle movements and slaughter of sick animals has apparently
resulted in reduced mortality due to CBPP. Disease monitoring, which includes prompt reporting and
close follow-up in all abattoirs and slaughter slabs throughout the country is an important component of
CBPP control strategy in Tanzania. This has helped in the zoning and evaluation of the epizootiological
status of the disease in the country. The urge for cost sharing due to lack of campaign funds, lack of a
-259-
reliable diagnostic test for CBPP and the unavailability of good quality vaccines are some of the problems
we are facing in controlling and containing the disease.
4.
Lumpy skin disease
Lumpy skin disease is not currently an economically important disease in Tanzania. In the whole of 1995
there were no confirmed outbreaks.
5.
Newcastle disease
This is the most important disease of poultry in Tanzania, principally affecting traditional, backyard
flocks. Recent studies have shown that healthy village chickens carry Newcastle disease virus and both
virulent and avirulent strains have been isolated.
II. LIST B DISEASES
These are probably the most economically significant diseases of livestock in Tanzania.
Vector-borne diseases, and especially theileriosis, continue to be the main cause of death for large ruminants.
The livestock department is expected to intensify monitoring and evaluation of these diseases through further
research and extension support. On-farm trials continue to be carried out to develop community-based vector
control methods to improve cost-effectiveness.
Of special importance are rabies, anthrax, brucellosis, tuberculosis and salmonellosis, which are all zoonoses
occurring sporadically throughout the country. Apart from controlling these diseases in the livestock
populations, the Ministry of Agriculture will intensify its inspection and regulator}' services in veterinary public
health to ensure quality and safety of foods of animal origin.
-260-
T C H A D
INTRODUCTION
Le Tchad, pays d'élevage par excellence, cherche des voies et moyens pour réorienter sa politique en la matière.
C'est ainsi que des activités diverses ont vu le jour, ceci dans le but d'amener nos éleveurs et agropasteurs à se
prendre progressivement en charge pour mieux gérer leur patrimoine.
Ces activités sont traduites dans les faits par :
-
La privatisation de la prophylaxie de masse et des activités curatives sur toute l'étendue du territoire, y
compris les zones hors cordon. Le nombre de vétérinaires installés en privé passe donc de 20 en 1994 à 26
en 1995, de sorte que les deux tiers du territoire national sont couverts.
-
Les pharmacies vétérinaires et dépôts pharmaceutiques se sont multipliés pour faciliter l'accès aux
producteurs, etc.
Ceci étant, dans un proche avenir, les agents de l'Etat seront amenés à créer leurs propres cliniques, élevages,
etc.
Un réseau de surveillance des maladies, dénommé "Réseau d'épidémio-surveillance de maladies animales au
Tchad" (REPIMAT), a été créé dans le cadre de la nouvelle politique de développement de l'élevage. Ce réseau,
qui est le fruit de la collaboration entre le directeur de l'élevage et le Laboratoire de Farcha, surveille des
maladies à impact économique et/ou hygiénique, à travers des agents de terrain formés à cet effet. Il surveille
essentiellement la fièvre aphteuse et quelques viroses des petits ruminants.
Certes, certaines maladies sévissent à travers le pays, mais les moyens de surveillance font défaut. Quelques
ébauches timides de surveillance sont en cours.
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
Maladies présentes en 1995
Fièvre aphteuse
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Clavelée et variole caprine
Maladie de Newcastle
Maladie n'ayant jamais été
Total
1994
28#
0
0
-K.
Total
1995
78
Jan
Fev
Mar
Avr
Mai
1995
Jun
Jul
Oct
Nov
Dec
12-94
-t-..
constatée
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
: date du dernier
Peste bovine ( 1984)
Peste des petits ruminants (07-91)
Maladies pour lesquelles le pays ne dispose pas
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Peste équine
Sep
12-94
05-91
?
?
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
F.P.
Aou
foyer)
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
d'information
Peste porcine africaine
Peste porcine classique
Influenza aviaire haut.pathogène
-261 -
Commentaires
1.
sur certaines
maladies
Fièvre aphteuse
La fièvre aphteuse est la cible du réseau. La prophylaxie particulière de cette maladie n'existe pas, compte
tenu de la non-détermination de la typologie de virus mis en cause. On utilise la chimiothérapie pour
lutter contre les complications bactériennes.
2.
Peste bovine
Compte tenu de la menace de cette maladie à partir de l'Est du pays, un cordon sanitaire fut mis en place.
Ce cordon est long de 1 000 km du nord au sud et profond de 4 000 km à l'intérieur du Tchad. Les
activités vaccinales et de surveillance de routine y sont renforcées et prolongées plus que celles du reste du
pays.
La vaccination contre cette maladie est rendue obligatoire par le Gouvernement. C'est une maladie à
déclaration obligatoire dans la sous-région. Tout bétail à l'exportation doit être vacciné, porter une boucle
à l'oreille et être accompagné d'un certificat zoosanitaire international.
3.
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Les méthodes de surveillance de routine de cette maladie sont appliquées sur toute l'étendue du territoire.
La vaccination annuelle est laissée aux mains des praticiens privés.
4.
Clavelée et variole caprine
Ces pathologies, qui ont été diagnostiquées au laboratoire, ne connaissent pas de vaccination. Les
recherches continuent. Aucune prophylaxie spéciale n'existe de nos jours.
5.
Maladie de Newcastle
Cette maladie sévit
l'immunisation.
effectivement
chez
nos volailles. Nous utilisons un vaccin
importé
pour
II. MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
Maladies communes à plusieurs
1.
espèces
Fièvre charbonneuse
C'est une enzootie qui sévit sur toutes les espèces sensibles sur toute l'étendue du territoire national. Nous
ne disposons pas d'autres moyens de surveillance que la surveillance réalisée par les éleveurs. Le vaccin
("Anthravax") est disponible mais n'est pas à la portée de la bourse de tout pasteur.
2.
Rage
La rage canine sévit de façon permanente sur toute l'étendue du territoire. Il y a eu des cas de mortalité
parmi la population humaine. La vaccination est onéreuse dans le pays.
Maladies des bovins
3.
Babésiose bovine
La babésiose bovine sévit de façon sporadique dans certaines régions du pays. Aucun vaccin n'est
disponible, aucune méthode de surveillance n'est envisagée.
4.
Septicémie hémorragique
Elle sévit surtout dans les zones sahéliennes et méridionales. La vaccination est facultative car le
"Pastorac" est onéreux.
-262-
T H A I L A N D
INTRODUCTION
The prevention and control of animal diseases from neighbouring countries, such as Cambodia, Laos and
Myanmar, have been strengthened. More border provinces were announced as international animal quarantine
stations in the gazette. As a result, the number of international animal quarantine stations increased from 28
to 38. Cattle and buffalo from neighbouring countries must enter only at specific entrances designated by the
Director General of the Department of Livestock Development (DLD), Ministry of Agriculture and
Cooperatives. The quarantine period for imported animals from neighbouring countries at an approved
quarantine centre was extended from 10 to 21 days prior to entry into the country. In order to distinguish
between local cattle and buffalo and imported animals, a special code and different coloured ear tags were
introduced.
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Foot and
Foot and
Foot and
Classical
mouth disease - Virus N.I.
mouth disease - Virus O
mouth disease - Virus Asial
swine fever
Diseases never
Total
1994
22
29
33
9
Total
1995
19
34
35
14
Jan
3
e
2
1
Mar
2
2
2
1
Apr
2
4
5
2
May
3
4
4
1
1995
Jun
Jul
3
0
6
1
5
3
2
0
F.P.
Aug
1
2
2
1
Sep
1
1
4
1
Oct
1
1
2
3
Nov
1
2
Dec
1
3
1
0
1
0
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 1
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 2
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A (11-93)
Rinderpest (1959)
Comments on selected
1.
Feb
2
3
3
1
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last
outbreak)
Newcastle disease (1993)
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
The Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Control and Eradication Project has been implemented since 1991
with five main strategies, including mass vaccination, animal movement control, epidemiological studies
of FMD, stamping out of diseased animals, and public relations. One more strategy on establishing
bilateral cooperation between Thailand and neighbouring countries was added to the aforementioned
strategies in 1995. According to the FMD information centre, the incidence of FMD outbreaks decreased
by 8 0 % from 1992 to 1995. The Department of Livestock Development received a national budget to
expand the FMD vaccine production plant to produce 33 million doses of trivalent vaccine in 1996. To
improve the efficiency of FMD diagnosis, which will consequently promote epidemiological work, FMD
diagnostic facilities were set up in two Regional Laboratories in the north eastern and southern part of
Thailand, in addition to the FMD centre, National Institute of Animal Health and the Regional Laboratory
in the north. A new technique, focusing on molecular work, is being set up at the FMD centre. In 1995,
12-94
12-94
12-94
12-94
-263-
the DLD received financial and technical assistance from FAO to strengthen animal movement control
along the border in northern and north eastern Thailand. The project initiated bilateral cooperation
between Thailand and Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar by holding a workshop between the authorities
concerned to discuss policy and possible procedures to improve animal movement control across borders.
The DLD in collaboration with a team from universities is conducting a project to evaluate the on-going
FMD Control and Eradication Project.
2.
Classical swine fever (hog cholera)
As pig production in Thailand is mostly based on an intensive system, each farm is responsible for its own
vaccination programme under the close supervision of field veterinarians. An intensive study to
investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hog cholera in Thailand is being conducted by the
National Institute of Animal Health, which will subsequently become the guidelines for the planning of
disease control and eradication. To control hog cholera outbreaks occurring in village-based pig farms,
vaccines will be provided free of charge by the division of Disease Control of the DLD.
3.
Newcastle disease
There have been no reports of outbreaks of the disease during the past 12 months. A strict and well
organised Newcastle disease vaccination campaign has been undertaken throughout the areas where
poultry is raised. In 1995, the Newcastle Free Zone Project was implemented in 31 provinces for the
purpose of exporting frozen chicken meat to other countries.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Aujeszky's disease
Both large-scale and small-scale pig producers have been advised to vaccinate against the disease.
2.
Leptospirosis
Farmers with herds that have tested positive for leptospirosis have been advised to treat the affected
animals with antibiotics.
3.
Rabies
In 1995, the Government provided the DLD with financial support for the purchase of four million doses
of rabies vaccine from a private manufacturer. The DLD itself still produces as many as 300,000 doses per
year. Rabies vaccine production by the DLD will not be increased above present levels. A total of 4.3
million doses of rabies vaccine were provided free of charge for the vaccination of pets in rural areas
where farmers were not in the habit of vaccinating their animals. The Bangkok Metropolitan
Administration also provided vaccines to immunise animals in the Bangkok area. In 1995, meetings were
held between the Ministry of Health, Ministry of the Interior and the DLD to discuss strategies on the
Rabies Vaccination Project. The DLD will be responsible for the budget to provide total vaccines and the
other bodies will provide support and information for an epidemiological report to establish a rabies-free
zone.
A total of 4,001,555 dogs were vaccinated against rabies. The methods
pregnancies were injection of progesterone (560,832 doses), spaying (21,890
(110,195 animals). In addition, training sessions for volunteers were held in
country. Altogether, 65,310 persons were trained in 1995. The purpose of
surveillance and to help government officers in the rabies programmes.
4.
used to prevent canine
animals) and castration
villages throughout the
the training is disease
Paratuberculosis
Farmers were advised by DLD field veterinarians to cull all animals testing positive.
-264-
Diseases of cattle
5.
Bovine brucellosis
Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine is used to induce immunity in young female animals under one year
old. A brucellosis eradication programme is conducted in herds owned by the government and larger
private farms. These farms will eventually be accredited as brucellosis free. The tests used to diagnose
brucellosis are the rose bengal (rapid plate) plate agglutination test, tube agglutination test and
complement fixation test.
6.
Bovine tuberculosis
A tuberculosis (TB) eradication programme is being conducted along with a brucellosis eradication
programme in the farms mentioned above. Testing and culling of positive reactors is the strategy applied
for the accreditation of TB-free herds.
7.
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
In 1995, an oil adjuvant vaccine developed by the division of Veterinary Biologicals, DLD, was used as a
substitute for the former aluminium hydroxide vaccine. Owing to the property of the adjuvant vaccine to
provide 12 months' immunity, the vaccination campaign for cattle and buffalo is being carried out on a
yearly basis.
-265-
T R I N I D A D
A N D
T O B A G O
I. LIST A DISEASES
Disease present in 1995
Total
1994
Bluetongue
Diseases never
Total
1995
+?
1995
Jan
Apr
May
Jun
FP
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
reported
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Classical swine fever ( 1974)
1.
Mar
oooo
Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Comments
Feb
on selected
date of last
outbreak)
Newcastle disease ( 1994)
diseases
Bluetongue
Some animals were serologically positive for certain strains but clinical signs of the disease have never
been reported.
2.
Classical swine fever (hog cholera)
There is a stamping-out policy, with no vaccination of swine permitted for this disease. Importation
controls are in effect (no imports from infected countries).
3.
Newcastle disease
There is no viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease in the commercial avian population. Mesogenic and
lentogenic strains are known to occur. Vaccination of commercial flocks is routinely effected.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Rabies
An outbreak of paralytic rabies occurred in the cattle population in October/November 1995, in the south
western peninsula of the island of Trinidad. Of ten suspected cases submitted to the Veterinary Diagnostic
Laboratory, seven proved positive by fluorescent antibody test, histological examination and mouse inoculation
test. Ring vaccination procedures were instituted together with vampire bat control measures. Vampire bat
biting was low. There is an on-going vaccination programme for bovines and rural equids, and import control
regulations with a dog and cat quarantine station. There is an on-going programme for a census of vampire bat
biting of livestock, wth follow-up work on:
a)
mist-netting around cattle;
b)
surveys of vampire bat roosts in hollow trees and caves;
c)
paint and release techniques for captured live vampires, using anticoagulants; and
d)
destruction of vampire bats in known roosts.
-266-
T U N I S I E
INTRODUCTION
Aucun événement sanitaire particulier n'est à signaler au cours de l'année 1995.
Il est à noter qu'à la fin de l'année 1995 une étude portant sur la santé animale a été confiée à un cabinet de
conseil avec la participation de trois consultants internationaux. Cette étude, qui sera achevée en 1996, porte
sur les points suivants :
•
responsabilisation des éleveurs par la création d'une Association de défense sanitaire ;
•
privatisation vétérinaire par l'octroi de mandat sanitaire aux vétérinaires privés pour la mise en œuvre de
prophylaxie collective ;
•
optimisation du dispositif de prévention et de lutte contre les maladies animales par la mise en place d'un
réseau d'épidémio-surveillance relatif à :
-
la déclaration des maladies réglementées,
le suivi des maladies non réglementées,
la surveillance aux abattoirs,
les élevages sentinelles.
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
Maladies présentes
en 1995
Clavelée et variole caprine
Maladie de Newcastle - Virus vélogène
Maladies n 'ayant jamais été
Fièvre aphteuse
Fièvre aphteuse
Fièvre aphteuse
Fièvre aphteuse
Peste bovine
-
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
Total
1994
263
61
Total
1995
234
108
Jan
42
0
Fev
38
28
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Mai
12
5
1995
Jun
Jul
19
26
13
16
F.P.
Aou
16
0
Sep
13
0
Oct
18
0
Nov
14
0
Dec
5
0
Peste des petits ruminants
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Peste porcine africaine
Peste porcine classique
: date du dernier
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus O (08-94)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus A (04-82)
Fièvre aphteuse - Virus C (1969)
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc
1.
Avr
16
25
constatées
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
Commentaires
Mar
15
21
foyer)
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Peste équine (1966)
Influenza aviaire haut.pathogène
sur certaines maladies de la Liste A
Fièvre aphteuse
Le dernier foyer de fièvre aphteuse diagnostiqué remonte au mois d'août 1994 dans le gouvernorat de
Tataouine. En 1995, la vaccination contre cette maladie a intéressé les bovins, les petits ruminants et les
camélidés. Le nombre total d'animaux vaccinés a été de 2 638 380, dont 263 437 bovins.
12-94
12-94
-267-
2.
Clavelée et variole caprine
La vaccination contre la clavelée a porté sur un effectif de 1 841 977 (soit 51 % environ de l'effectif des
brebis).
IL MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
1.
Rage
Le nombre de cas confirmés de rage animale a été de 88, contre 135 en 1994 (soit une réduction de 35 %
environ). Malgré les efforts entrepris, 5 cas humains confirmés de rage ont été recensés en 1995, contre 4
cas en 1994.
La campagne de vaccination contre la rage a concerné 388 138 chiens (soit 59 % environ de la population
canine vaccinable). La réduction de la population canine divagante par abattage à l'arme à feu a concerné
environ 50 000 chiens errants.
2.
Brucellose
La vaccination systématique des femelles bovines, ovines et caprines contre la brucellose (souche B 19
chez les bovins et souche Rev-1 chez les petits ruminants, administrée à dose réduite par voie
conjonctivale) s'est poursuivie au cours de l'année 1995. C'est ainsi que 172 130 bovins (soit 45 % de la
population femelle) et 1 148 171 petits ruminants ont été vaccinés au cours de cette campagne.
Ces vaccinations ont permis de réduire de façon notable le nombre de cas déclarés de fièvre de Malte chez
l'homme, qui sont passés de 477 en 1994 à 182 en 1995.
3.
Tuberculose bovine
Le programme de lutte contre la tuberculose bovine s'est poursuivi en 1995 :
-
2 151 troupeaux ont été contrôlés par la tuberculination de 36 673 animaux ;
les animaux abattus dans le cadre de ce programme sont au nombre de 475.
-268-
T U R K E Y
INTRODUCTION
Turkey has implemented comprehensive programmes on animal health and disease eradication. Control of foot
and mouth disease (FMD) has become a high priority in recent years. Control programmes are supported by
adaptive research, extension and a functional diagnostic laboratory network. Animal vaccine production
including quality control and monitoring of immunity is being developed to meet our needs. An animal disease
surveillance programme for FMD, rinderpest and other infectious diseases is being carried out.
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overvieyv
Diseases present in 1995
Foot and mouth disease - Virus 0
Foot and mouth disease - Virus A
Sheep pox and goat pox
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
Total
1994
158
0
129
9
Total
1995
97
11
53
7
Jan
3
0
6
6
Mar
6
0
5
0
Apr
4
1
6
0
May
11
2
3
0
1995
Jun
Jul
8
12
3
2
2
2
1
0
F.P.
Aug
9
2
3
0
Sep
5
1
4
0
Oct
11
0
4
0
Nov
12
0
3
0
Dec
9
0
7
0
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 2
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 1 (1965)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asial (1973)
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Rinderpest (04-94)
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Comments on selected
1.
Feb
7
0
8
0
date of last
outbreak)
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue (11-79)
African horse sickness (1961)
African swine fever
Classical swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important diseases causing significant economical
losses. Vaccination, quarantine and control of animal movements are being applied to control the disease.
Stamping-out policy has been approved for application in the planned regions. FMD is endemic in
Anatolia (virus types Oj and A ) .
2 2
Thrace
region
Thrace was declared free from FMD in 1991 (OIE Disease Information, Vol. 4, No. 1, of 4 January 1991).
This zone comprises the European part of Turkey, with the following five provinces: European part of
Istanbul, European part of Çanakkale, Tekirdag, Kirklareli, Edirne. It has about 454,425 cattle and
buffaloes as well as about 851,465 sheep and goats.
No vaccination was carried out in Thrace until the occurrence of an outbreak in Ulukonak village in
Kirklareli province, which was reported on 12 March 1995. In March 1995, all susceptible stock within a
10-km radius of the infected village were vaccinated with bivalent (O + A) FMD vaccine.
12-94
04-93
12-94
04-94
-269-
A contingency plan to control the disease was prepared to react appropriately in the event of an FMD
outbreak in Thrace. The legal regulations were prepared fo the application of the stamping-out policy.
However, this could not be implemented because of financial constraints.
Based on a suggestion made at the Alexandrepolis meeting, we checked 201 cattle sera from nine villages,
of which 186 could be diagnosed. The average percentage of positive titres (186 sera) for virus types 0 , ,
A and A + 0 ¡ was 3.7%, 2.6% and 2 . 1 % , respectively.
2 2
2 2
Subject to further discussion, we intend to start a blanket vaccination campaign in Thrace lasting two
years, and then to return to a stamping-out policy. At present, the risk of outbreaks seem rather high and
funds for compensation may not be sufficient.
The Western Buffer Zone of Anatolia
This area includes 14 provinces: the Asian side of Istanbul and Çanakkale, Kocaeli, Adapazari. Bursa,
Yalova, Balikesir, Izmir, Manisa, Bilecik, Bolu, Eskisehir, Kiitahya and Usak. All cattle are vaccinated
twice and sheep and goats once a year in this region. Seven million bivalent doses of FMD vaccine against
types Oj and A are necessary for this region.
2 2
Outbreaks are dealt with in accordance with law No. 3285, which makes provision for temporary
quarantine, transport restrictions, ring vaccination, disinfection, etc.
There is a strong movement of beef cattle from the eastern part of Turkey to the consumer centres in
western and central Anatolia. A number of control stations (Giresun-Centre, Tokat-Resadiye. SivasCentre, Malatya-Karakavak, K. Maras-Pazarcik, G. Antep-Nizip) have been set up along a north-west line
stretching from Giresun to Gaziantep in order to check livestock being transported from the east towards
the Western Buffer Zone. Some animals, moved from the Western Buffer Zone to Thrace region, must
have stayed in the Western Buffer Zone at least six months.
Vaccinations carried out in 1995
Area
Large ruminants
Small ruminants
Total
Western Buffer Zone
1,933,622
2,891.077
4,824.699
Residual Anatolia
2,156,807
1,759,761
3,916,568
Total
4,090,429
4,650,838
8,741,267
FMD in the Western Buffer Zone
1994- 1995
Year
No. of outbreaks
No. of cases in
large ruminants
No. of cases in
small ruminants
1994
21
75
16
1995
8
33
0
Other provinces of Anatolia
In accordance with vaccine availability, vaccinations were carried out in areas along the main east-west
livestock transportation routes, in certain project areas, and on private request of farmers. A total of
2,156,807 large ruminants and 1,759,761 small ruminants were vaccinated in 1995. FMD type O is
widespread in Anatolia. Ring vaccination, strategic vaccination and quarantine measures are being
applied.
It has been planned that all cattle and buffaloes in the country will be vaccinated twice and all sheep and
goats once in 1996.
-270-
2.
Rinderpest
An outbreak of rinderpest was reported in south-east Turkey on 15 October 1991. This was the first
occurrence of rinderpest in Turkey since 1969.
The country safeguarded its southern and south-eastern borders against the entrance of rinderpest and
other diseases. A rinderpest immunisation zone approximately 20 km in depth was maintained. Disease
surveillance and animal movement controls against ingress of animal disease were implemented.
Nineteen outbreaks of rinderpest were reported in 1991. In 1992, 1993 and 1995, no outbreaks were
reported in Turkey. In 1994, one outbreak of rinderpest was reported. On 5 January 1996, one outbreak
occurred.
Since the recurrence of rinderpest in Turkey, vaccination campaigns have been conducted every year for
the protection of the national animal population.
Year
No. of vaccinated animals
1992
11,178,791
1993
10,634,636
1994
11,664,420
1995
11,457,063
In 1992 and 1993, after the national mass vaccination against rinderpest, a serological survey was
conducted to determine the efficiency of vaccination. Mean prevalence of rinderpest antibody was as
follows:
3.
Year
Mean prevalence of
rinderpest antibody (%)
1992
70.91
1993
74.00
1994
70.00
1995
73.70
Sheep pox and goat pox
Preventive vaccinations were carried out as in previous years on the whole. In the vaccination programme,
priority was given to the regions with a high sheep population and the common border areas with the
neighbouring countries where this disease occurs.
Sheep in villages and farms along the common borders with Iran, Iraq and Syria have been vaccinated
against sheep pox to create a sufficient disease-free zone. Strict sanitary measures have been applied,
animal movement restrictions imposed and control has been continuously practised.
4.
Newcastle disease
In Turkey, Newcastle disease has not yet been eliminated in small flocks in villages but has been
eliminated in industrial level farms.
Preventive vaccinations have been very effective and have therefore been accorded great importance in the
control of Newcastle disease. The economic losses due to Newcastle disease have been decreased to a
minimum through systematic annual vaccination and strict sanitary measures. Training of poultry
producers is developing and they report the cases they detect.
-271 -
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Anthrax
Susceptible animals in areas where anthrax has occurred previously and those in other places subject to
infections have been vaccinated with M. Sterne vaccine. Animals intended for export to neighbouring
countries have to be vaccinated before dispatch.
2.
Rabies
It is a priority task of all those responsible to inform the population and to recommend annual protective
vaccination for cats and dogs. There are detailed provisions to be observed in the case of suspected rabies.
In any case of rabies or suspected rabies the official veterinarian must be notified. If anybody has been
bitten under suspicious circumstances, the doctor must be notified.
Vaccination of pets and destruction of stray dogs, cats and carnivorous wild animals are the essential
control measures used in combating the disease.
A continuous control programme is applied against rabies. The disease is observed generally in the forest
areas in winter, when there is a high population of wild animals.
An oral immunisation project has been developed with the cooperation of the EC. This project is applied
in the Thrace region to stray dogs.
3.
Brucellosis
A national control and eradication project has been put into application since the beginning of 1984. This
project has been planned for being completed in 26 years. According to the plan of the project. Turkey has
been divided into five regions, and according to the plan of operation all female calves of 4 to 8 months of
age are to be vaccinated with S 19 vaccine and vaccinated animals are to be ear-tagged and registered. All
lambs and kids are being vaccinated with Rev. 1 vaccine. All breeding stock is being bled for laboratory
testing; diseased animals are slaughtered and their owners compensated. Animals suffering from abortion
should be blood-sampled for laboratory examination; positive reactors should be slaughtered and the
owners will be compensated.
Based on a serological survey carried out in 1991, seroprevalence of Brucella abortus was 1.01% and
B. melitensis was 1.83%. As a result of vaccination of adult cattle and sheep applied in Thrace since 1991.
seroprevalence of B. abortus decreased of 1.06% and seroprevalence of B. melitensis decreased of 0.6% in
1994. Since these results are satisfactory, vaccination of adult animals will be undertaken gradually in
Anatolia.
Diseases of cattle
4.
Bovine tuberculosis
In governmental and some private farms (holding five or more head of cattle), systematic tuberculin tests
are carried out. The control system for tuberculosis includes tuberculin application, laboratory test,
slaughtering of reactors with compensation and quarantine measures.
Intradermal (PPD mammalian, avian and johnin) tuberculin tests are used. In 1995, 1,574 animals were
tested, of which 13 were positive.
A Regional Eradication Programme commenced in 1992. starting with the Thrace region.
5.
Theileriosis
Recently, theileriosis became an important disease of imported animals. An attenuated tissue culture
vaccine has been prepared for theileriosis.
-272-
Diseases of poultry
6.
Salmonellosis
Salmonellosis is a notifiable disease in Turkey. Salmonellosis control programmes, which also include
specific rules for management, are currently applied in hatcheries and parent stocks in our country, with a
health certificate being issued to those that are free from salmonella. If salmonella of any serotype is
isolated, the flock is slaughtered. In addition, a control programme (especially for Salmonella
enteritidis
and S. typhimurium), parallel to WHO's salmonellosis control programme that includes slaughterhouses,
feedstuffs, feed production units, breeding flock units and selling places, will be applied. It will be put into
application as soon as possible.
In 1995, a total of 319,353 poultry were tested for S. gallinarum. Poultry farms found to be free from
S. gallinarum, S. pullorum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synovia and in a satisfactory sanitary
condition are reported to the relevant institutions, establishments and producers through a quarterly
bulletin.
III. OTHER DISEASES
Parasitic
Diseases
Distomatosis, strongylosis, piroplasmosis and hypodermosis of cattle are the important parasitic diseases.
Anaerobic
Diseases
In this group, enterotoxaemia, black disease and blackleg are of major importance from the point of view of
animal health in Turkey, and are the subject of annual preventive vaccination campaigns. Preventive
vaccinations generally involve inoculation of sheep in the infected areas or in regions where the diseases might
occur. Economic losses caused by anaerobic diseases have been reduced to a minimum level thanks to
systematic vaccination.
-273-
U G A N D A
INTRODUCTION
The main mandates for the Veterinary Department remained as follows:
1. Investigation and control of epizootic and other major livestock diseases.
2. Detection and control of zoonotic diseases in livestock.
3. Provision for the welfare of animals.
The above were executed through planning, policy generation, supervision of field staff to implement the
departmental mandates and direct implementation of National Projects / Programmes.
The main changes were basically geared towards improving the delivery of Animal Health Services in which
there was a shift towards effective epidemiological^ oriented field disease investigations and cost-effective
control strategies, coupled with an attempt to provide ample water for livestock to forestall dry period
movement and hence disease spread, improvement of quarantine facilities, and initiation of more effective
Veterinary Inspection Services for import/export. The laboratory diagnostic services in the country were
boosted with vital equipment.
-
The above activities were performed through the following four divisions:
-
Diagnostic Services and Epidemiology
-
Disease Control
-
Public Health and Marketing
-
Regulations and Inputs.
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in ¡995
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 2
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
African swine fever
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
Total
1994
12
-K.
+..
18
+..
Total
1995
15
18
1
9
3
Jan
1
4
0
1
0
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
and mouth
and mouth
and mouth
and mouth
Mar
0
1
0
1
0
Apr
0
0
0
1
0
May
0
0
0
1
0
199 5
Jun
Jul
0
9
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
F.P.
Aug
0
0
0
1
0
Sep
0
2
0
0
1
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asial
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Foot
Foot
Foot
Foot
Feb
1
1
1
0
0
disease
disease
disease
disease
-
Virus
Virus
Virus
Vims
O (06-93)
A (1976)
C ( 1971 )
SAT 1 (1978)
Rift Valley fever
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
Classical swine fever
date of last outbreak)
Foot and mouth disease - Vims SAT 3 (1970)
Rinderpest (07-94)
Bluetongue (11-87)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Oct
0
5
0
1
1
Nov
0
5
0
0
1
Dec
4
0
0
0
0
12-94
12-94
12-94
11-94
12-94
-274-
Surveillance
operations:
Only during active outbreaks are active investigation and data collection on the disease done; thereafter, passive
disease data collection is carried out via District Veterinary Officers' (DVOs) reports. In future, we intend to
improve the Epidemiology Unit to conduct active surveillance to help evaluate disease status through surveys.
Principal changes and general methods of
control/eradication:
Emphasis has been laid on information about diseases, disease effects and general control measures through
extension staff. Headquarters staff have frequently toured all districts to address civic leaders and farmers on
these subjects. Increasingly, the role of effective quarantine and movement limitation is being seriously
addressed at all levels.
The other main control measures are mass vaccination for vaccinable diseases. Vaccinal coverage and vaccine
viability maintenance were also studied. Rinderpest, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, foot and mouth
disease, lumpy skin disease and Newcastle disease were the vaccinable diseases in List A.
Eradication is still far off, in view of the frequent unauthorised communal grazing of cattle. We shall aim first
to achieve control, then attempt eradication as farming systems improve.
Comments on selected
1.
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) incidence, the geographical area affected and the number of cattle afflicted
increased. FMD virus type SAT 2 virus isolated early in the year. By the end of the year, further samples
had been dispatched for culture, isolation and typing.
2.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
The endemicity of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia continued with sporadic outbreaks, especially in
north-western and north-eastern communal/semi pastoral farming areas.
3.
African swine fever
African swine fever exacted a heavy toll due to mortality in two central region districts and one eastern
region district where pig farming is a major contribution to the economy.
4.
Newcastle disease
Newcastle disease, which is enzootic in local poultry (i.e. non commercial farming), continued to be
reported, occasionally spilling over into susceptible inadequately vaccinated birds to cause sporadic
outbreaks (confirmed).
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Anthrax
Anthrax and blackquarter are sporadic and are controlled via quarantine and vaccination.
2.
Rabies
Rabies is a main threat in Uganda, being a disease of animals and also being a zoonosis. The disease is
still endemic due to various epidemiological factors. However, a multi-sectorial approach educating
farmers and communities on the dangers and control methods are starting to bear fruit.
-275-
Diseases of cattle
3.
Bovine brucellosis
Bovine brucellosis is sporadic or enzootic in herds according to the situation. Through studies and
surveys, the prevalence in various districts is being mapped. Control is via culling and vaccination.
4.
Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosomiasis and tick-borne diseases are endemic due to environmental factors. Control is through
various strategies depending on the production capacity of the breeds. Nationally, the Tsetse Department
is responsible for reducing tsetse fly and tick populations to an acceptable level.
Diseases of poultry
5.
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) is increasingly becoming a second major poultry killer,
especially in commercial poultry farms.
-276-
U N I T E D
A R A B
E M I R A T E S
INTRODUCTION
The Animal Department carries out all activities related to animal health and production and veterinary public
health, including veterinary inspection services, preventive treatment, and control and eradication of animal
diseases.
A survey of equine diseases was carried out on 304 samples collected from stables throughout the country. The
test results demonstrated freedom from List A and B diseases of horses.
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Total
1994
1
0
1
3#
2ff
Foot and mouth disease
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants
Sheep pox and goat pox
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
Total
1995
1
1
5
4
6
Jan
1
0
0
0
0
Mar
0
0
0
1
1
Apr
0
0
1
0
0
May
0
0
0
0
0
1995
Jun
Jul
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
F.P.
Aug
0
0
0
1
1
Sep
0
0
0
0
0
Oct
0
0
1
1
0
Nov
0
0
2
0
2
Dec
0
0
1
0
1
reported
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
African horse sickness
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1990)
Bluetongue
Comments on selected
1.
Feb
0
0
0
1
0
date of last
outbreak)
African swine fever
Classical swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
Only one case of foot and mouth disease was recorded in 1995. The disease is controlled by strict
quarantine and annual vaccination.
2.
Rinderpest
Rinderpest was not reported in the country, except one case reported in the Al Ain area, at the animal
market. The disease is controlled by strict quarantine, annual vaccination and movement control.
3.
Peste des petits ruminants
Peste des petits ruminants was diagnosed some years ago. Mass vaccination was performed.
4.
Sheep pox and goat pox
A few cases were reported in different Emirates. Disease control is by annual vaccination.
02-94
03-93
07-94
11-94
10-94
-277-
II. LIST B DISEASES
1.
Bovine babesiosis and theileriosis
There were many outbreaks of theileriosis and other tick-borne diseases among both local and foreign
breeds. The latter were severely affected. The disease is usually brought under control only by tick control
and the treatment of affected animals.
2.
Equine viral arteritis
Survey results in the horse population demonstrated freedom from equine viral arteritis. There was,
however, some serological evidence of the disease in the small, isolated, rural donkey population.
-278-
U IM I T E D
K I N G D O M
/
G R E A T
B R I T A I N
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases never
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 1
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asial
Vesicular stomatitis
Peste des petits ruminants
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Swine vesicular disease
Rinderpest (1877)
- Virus O (03-81)
- Virus A (1966)
- Virus C (1965)
- Virus SAT 2 (1960)
(05-82)
Comments on selected
1.
date of last
outbreak)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1898)
Sheep pox and goat pox ( 1866)
Classical swine fever (08-87)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (01-92)
Newcastle disease (1984)
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
The last recorded incident was a single outbreak in the Isle of Wight in March 1981.
2.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (fowl plague)
Fowl plague is a notifiable disease and is controlled by a policy of slaughter and compensation of affected
flocks and movement controls of all flocks within a 10-km radius.
3.
Newcastle disease
Newcastle Disease is a notifiable disease and there is a policy of voluntary vaccination with live lentogenic
and inactivated vaccines. Virulent Newcastle Disease is controlled by slaughter and compensation of the
affected flocks, and movement controls on all flocks within a 10-km radius.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Anthrax
There was a single outbreak of anthrax during 1995 involving one heifer on a farm on which anthrax had
occurred before, situated in an area historically associated with the tannery trade. The affected heifer was
fed silage made from the meadow where the previous case occurred.
2.
Aujeszky's disease
Great Britain remained free of Aujeszky's disease, no cases occurred during 1995. The last recorded
outbreak was in October 1989.
-279-
A programme of blood sampling and testing breeding boars at slaughter continued, together with the
screening of pig herds for Aujeszky's disease as part of routine diagnostic investigations carried out by
Veterinary Investigation Centres.
3.
Rabies
Great Britain remained free of rabies. No cases have been recorded outside quarantine since 1970. The
policy is to keep rabies out of the country by strict import controls and to have well laid contingency plans
to eradicate the disease effectively and swiftly should it ever occur again in Great Britain.
Diseases of cattle
4.
Bovine brucellosis
Great Britain remains Officially Brucellosis Free with no outbreaks reported in 1995. All dairy herds are
monitored by monthly Milk Ring Test. There is routine biennial testing of all beef herds and young stock
in dairy herds, with special arrangements for dealers, heifer-rearers and herds with intakes of Irish cattle;
approximately 1.1 million blood samples were tested during the year.
A total of 27,000 abortions and premature calvings were investigated by veterinary staff with negative
results in every case.
5.
Bovine tuberculosis
All herds in Great Britain remain Officially Tuberculosis Free and are subject to tuberculin testing every
four years. There has been an overall increase in the incidence of tuberculosis in parts of South West
England and South Wales, mainly due to transmission of disease from badgers. Disease in cattle in these
areas is detected early by more frequent tuberculin testing.
Where badgers are shown to be responsible for disease in cattle, specialist teams of Ministry staff ar used
to cage trap them on the affected farms, after which they are humanely destroyed. A trial has continued in
some areas using an ELISA test to detect disease in badgers which are trapped, anaesthetised and blood
sampled. Positive individuals are destroyed, as are other badgers from positive groups. If this programme
is successful, it will form the basis of a new control strategy. Work has continued throughout the year into
developing a badger vaccine, alternative tests for cattle (including blood tests) and on understanding the
ecology of the badger and the factors affecting spread of disease from wildlife reservoirs.
Bovine tuberculosis was confirmed in two wild roe deer in England during the year, and none in farm or
park deer. Carcases with suspect lesions are regularly reported and samples submitted for laboratory
examination.
6.
Enzootic bovine leukosis
Under a national testing programme for enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), all blood samples collected for
testing for brucellosis are also tested for EBL. All dairy herds are tested every three months by sampling
milk supplies. During the course of the year, infection was detected by these means in 7 herds. In each
case, only a single animal was found to be infected. After confirmation of infection, herd restrictions are
imposed.
There were 17 suspected clinical cases reported during the year. All were investigated and found to be
negative. Of the 120 tumour samples submitted routinely from abattoirs for histological investigation, 26
were diagnosed as lymphosarcoma, but tracing revealed no EBL-positive cattle in the herds of origin.
Routine post-import testing revealed one seropositive animal in post-import isolation. The animal was
slaughtered, and the remaining animals in the group were re-tested with negative results after a further
four months' isolation. No reactors were found in routine periodic test in either artificial insemination
studs or Cattle Health Scheme herds.
-280-
7.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
All cattle suspected of having bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) are slaughtered and compensation
is paid to the owners. The probable cause of the epidemic, the feeding of ruminant derived protein
containing scrapie/BSE agent to ruminants, was prohibited in July 1988. In 1995, legislation was
consolidated and the removal of the brain and eyes from the heads of cattle was prohibited.
There was further evidence of the effect of the ban in 1995. The 2 9 . 5 % decline in the number of cases
reported in 1994 was followed by a decline of 39.6% in 1995.
During the year, a total of 15,453 cases were confirmed, compared with 25,579 in 1994. Some of these
would have been reported and slaughtered in 1994.
Diseases of sheep and goats
8.
Caprine and ovine brucellosis (excluding B. ovis)
An on-farm surveillance programme was carried out on 1,555 sheep flocks and 271 goat herds with
negative results. In addition, sheep foetuses from 3,449 premises and goat foetuses from 35 premises were
tested for B. melitensis with negative results. National freedom as recognised by the EC Commission was
thus maintained during 1995.
9.
Contagious agalactia
National freedom as recognised by the EC Commission is currently being sought. An on-farm surveillance
programme was carried out on 2,277 sheep flocks and 318 goat herds in 1995 with negative results.
10.
Scrapie
Scrapie was made a notifiable disease in January 1993 as part of the implementation of Directive
91/68/EC. Scrapie was confirmed on 116 premises during 1995.
Diseases of horses
11.
Contagious equine metritis
The isolation of the contagious equine metritis organism remains notifiable within Great Britain. Great
Britain has been free of the contagious equine metritis organism since September 1990 when a single
isolation was recorded in a non-thoroughbred horse; the last case involving a thoroughbred horse was in
January 1986. The Common Code of Practice, now also applicable to France, Germany, Ireland and Italy,
continues to be followed within Great Britain and the Code is applicable to both the thoroughbred and
non-thoroughbred sectors of the Industry.
12.
Equine infectious anaemia
The last recorded case was in 1976.
Diseases of pigs
13.
Enterovirus encephalomyelitis
Enterovirus encephalomyelitis is notifiable in Great Britain but has never been recorded.
Diseases of poultry
14.
Salmonellosis
Isolations of salmonella are reportable under the Zoonoses Order 1989. Although statutory monitoring of
poultry laying flocks is no longer required, monitoring of breeding flocks continues in line with Directive
92/117/EC. During 1995, one layer breeder flock and 14 broiler breeder flocks were found to be infected
with S. enteritidis PT4. Two broiler breeder flocks were found to be infected with S. typhimurium.
-281 -
Diseases
15.
offish
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia and infectious haematopoietic necrosis
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) are notifiable under
the Diseases of Fish Act 1937 and had never been recorded in Great Britain prior to an outbreak of VHS
on a turbot farm on the island of Gigha in 1994. The whole of Great Britain remains an approved zone for
IHN and, all but the island of Gigha, an approved zone for VHS. An eradication programme has now been
completed on Gigha, but movements of live fish to the remainder of Great Britain continue to be strictly
controlled as laid down by Directive 91/67/EC.
16.
Spring viraemia of carp
Spring viraemia of carp (SVC) was made notifiable in 1976 under an amendment to the Diseases of Fish
Act 1937 and strict movement controls are applied to designated sites. In the beginning of 1994 only two
sites were designated for SVC and those sites had restrictions lifted in summer 1994 following a clearance
testing programme. However, major outbreaks of SVC, linked to imported ornamental fish in 1994 and
illegal imports of coarse specimen fish in 1995 led to further outbreaks in 22 and 14 sites, in respective
years. Further clearance and disinfection programmes have now limited controls to 21 sites which are all
extensive fisheries or ornamental lakes.
Diseases of molluscs
17.
Bonamiosis and marteiliosis
Bonamiosis and marteiliosis are notifiable diseases of shellfish under the Diseases of Fish Act 1937.
Marteiliosis has never been recorded in Great Britain, but bonamiosis is found in major stretches of the
south and south-east coast of England, where populations of Ostrea edulis, the susceptible species, exist.
Diseases of bees
There are three notifiable bee diseases for which the Ministry of Agriculture (MAFF) has responsibility.
American foulbrood, European foulbrood and varroasis are controlled under the Bee Diseases Control
Order 1982, and the Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) Regulations 1995.
Bees Officers are employed under these Regulations to inspect colonies and control disease when detected.
The Central Science Laboratory (CSL) employs 10 regional Bee Inspectors full-time and 30 to 35 seasonal
Bee Inspectors part-time between April and September. All suspect disease samples are despatched to the
National Bee Unit for laboratory diagnosis by Bees Officers (statutory samples) and by beekeepers
(voluntary samples).
18.
American foulbrood
All cases are destroyed by burning. In 1995, 202 infected colonies were detected.
19.
European foulbrood
Lightly infected cases are treated with oxytetracycline by CSL Bees Officers. Heavily infected cases are
destroyed by burning. In 1995, 616 cases of European foulbrood were detected.
20.
Varroasis
Varroa was detected for the first time in Devon in 1992. There is currently a MAFF movement restriction
policy in force. Movement of colonies from areas where varroasis is known to exist to areas apparently
free from the disease is prohibited. Beekeepers treat colonies with approved proprietary products.
21.
Nosematosis and acariasis of bees
Nosematosis and acariasis are not notifiable. They are treated by beekeepers and are considered endemic
throughout the United Kingdom.
-282-
III. OTHER DISEASES
Diseases of cattle
1.
Warble infestation
Warble fly infestation of cattle is a notifiable disease. Voluntary preventive treatment, which is
encouraged by publicity campaigns, has been very successful in eradicating the disease. Serological
surveys have been carried out each year since 1988 to find the remaining pockets of infestation. When
seropositive animals are found all cattle within three km are compulsorily treated.
Diseases of sheep
2.
Sheep scab
Sheep scab was deregulated in 1992, and responsibility for control now rests with the sheep industry.
Targeted surveillance programmes have been carried out to assess any changing pattern of disease
incidence.
Diseases of fish
3.
Infectious pancreatic necrosis
Infectious pancreatic necrosis is a notifiable disease of salmon and monitoring of salmon farms in Great
Britain is undertaken to identify infected sites which are designated and movement controls applied.
4.
Renibacteriosis
Renibacteriosis (caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum) and also known as bacterial kidney disease was
made a notifiable disease under the Diseases of Fish Act 1937. At present, 24 salmonid sites in England
and Wales are designated for renibacteriosis and 16 sites in Scotland.
U N I T E D
K I N G D O M
/
N O R T H E R N
LIST A DISEASES
Diseases never
reported
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease (1941)
Rinderpest (1877)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1893)
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last
outbreak)
Sheep pox and goat pox (1850)
Classical swine fever (1958)
Newcastle disease (05-91)
I R E L A N D
-283-
U N I T E D
S T A T E S
O F
A M E R I C A
INTRODUCTION
During 1995 there were no significant changes in the structure, animal health activities, or animal health
requirements by the Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS).
Animal disease control
activities
APHIS continues to make progress in the brucellosis and tuberculosis control and eradication programmes.
A sentinel veterinary practice pilot project has been initiated to determine the prevalence of porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome in select regions of the country. The Aujeszky's disease five-stage
control and eradication programme is progressing.
USDA-APHIS-Veterinary Services (VS) is monitoring APHIS programme diseases and other selected diseases
through the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Reporting System (VDLRS). VDLRS is a network of 28 State
and national veterinary diagnostic laboratories.
Aquaculture
In response to the growing importance of aquaculture in international commerce industry, State and federal
groups met in a coordinated effort to develop harmonized approaches to trade.
The aquaculture industry is regulated by various federal and State agencies. APHIS-VS role in aquaculture has
been limited to certification of ornamental species for export.
Foreign animal disease
investigations
From October 1994 through September 1995, VS conducted 270 investigations for suspected foreign animal
diseases (FAD). These actions are part of the emergency programmes approach to FAD surveillance to insure
that an exotic disease does not become established in the United States.
Legislation
USDA-APHIS had a number of major changes under development in 1995, including a regionalization docket
and a docket to establish domestic tuberculosis regulations for cervids. These proposed rules are expected to be
published for comment during 1996.
The majority of 1995 dockets were in response to changes in the disease status of a country or State. A docket
was published which eased restrictions on in-transit movement of pork from parts of Mexico considered low
risk for hog cholera. A docket was also published to move a cattle brand from the face to the hip.
I. L I S T A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Vesicular stomatitis - Virus N. Jersey
Bluetongue
Total
1994
0
+..
Total
1995
367
Jan
0
-K.
Feb
0
-r..
Mar
0
Apr
0
May
23
-K.
4-..
+..
1995
Jun
Jul
102
72
+..
F.P.
Aug
34
Sep
87
+..
•K.
Oct
44
Nov
5
Dec
0
+..
+..
1986
12-94
-284-
Diseases never
Foot and moutli
Foot and mouth
Foot and mouth
Foot and mouth
Foot and mouth
Foot and mouth
Swine vesicular
reported
disease disease disease disease disease disease disease
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
A
C
SAT 1
SAT 2
SAT 3
Asial
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus O (1929)
Vesicular stomatitis - Virus Ind (1966)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1892)
Comments on reported
1.
date of last
outbreak)
Classical swine fever (1976)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (1984)
Newcastle disease - Virus velogenic (11-92)
diseases
Vesicular stomatitis
New Jersey vesicular stomatitis virus was confirmed in New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, Texas, Utah and
Wyoming. As of 31 December 1995, all affected States were free of disease. There were 1,162 field
investigations with 367 positive premises; all were released from quarantine.
Wildlife isolates (New Jersey strains) have historically been made on Ossabaw Island, Georgia, although
none were made in 1995.
2.
Bluetongue
In 1995, slaughter cattle were randomly selected from 18 north-eastern and north-central States. Alaska
and Hawaii had only 32 of 8,240 (0.4%) positive samples by the bluetongue competitive ELISA.
In deer
In 1995, a nationwide survey for bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) in deer
has been partially completed. Reports so far indicate a substantial die-off of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus
virginianus) in parts of South Dakota, North Dakota, Wyoming and Montana attributed to EHDV
serotype 2. Mortality also occurred in central North Carolina due to EHDV-2. Deer losses have also been
reported from Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi.
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease)
Through December 1995, a total of 3,696 pig herds had confirmed pseudorabies. As of 1 January 1996
there were 0 State in stage I, 6 in stage II, 5 in stage Will, 14 in stage III, 1 in stage III/IV, 8 in stage IV,
and 18 in stage V (free from the disease: Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Maine, Mississippi,
Montana. North Dakota, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia,
Vermont, Washington and Wyoming).
USDA is conducting a cooperative feral swine pilot project on pseudorabies virus and swine brucellosis.
Seropositive wild swine were reported from 98 counties in 10 States (Alabama, Arkansas, California,
Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas). The overall seroprevalence
rate was 27.7% (4,293 of 15,494 samples).
2.
Rabies
Raccoon rabies has continued to spread in the north-eastern United States, with the affected area
extending from North Carolina in the south to New York in the north. The disease is approaching the
-285-
Canadian border in New York. The coyote/urban dog strain continues to expand in south Texas after its
initial detection in 1988. Oral vaccines are being used in Texas to control the coyote/urban dog strain and
the gray fox strain.
3.
Paratuberculosis
Culture, serology, DNA probes, and histopathology were utilized in the VDLRS voluntary monitoring
programmes. Thirty States reported positive tests in bovine, caprine, ovine, bison and cervidae during
1995. Thirty-one States reported positive results during 1994.
Diseases of cattle
4.
Bovine brucellosis
Thirty-four States, Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands are "Free", and 16 States are "Class A".
Brucellosis in bison and elk is confined to the Greater Yellowstone National Park and the Grand Teton
National Park in Wyoming.
5.
Bovine tuberculosis
Forty-three States and the US Virgin Islands are "Accredited Free", one State had its free status suspended
after confirming Mycobacterium bovis in one recently purchased animal, and six States and Puerto Rico
are "Modified Accredited Free". Of the nine infected cattle herds, two were reported in 1995 and the other
six were carried over from 1994. The one infected herd in 1995 contained one infected bovine.
One case in a white-tailed deer in Michigan was reported in November 1994. A hunter kill survey in the
fall of 1995 revealed an additional 15 cases. At present, only one focus of infection is known. There has
been no spread to domestic animals.
6.
Enzootic bovine leukosis
The AGID test is being used to screen and monitor beef and dairy cattle in several States. Thirty-four
States reported positive serology through the VDLRS during 1995. Twenty-nine States reported positive
results during 1994. The monitoring programme is being conducted as a voluntary exercise in cooperation
with State diagnostic laboratories.
7.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
From 1986 through December 1995. a total of 2.660 brain samples were submitted for examination to the
National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) and other laboratories. All samples were negative for
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The United States remains free from BSE. There are presently
116 cattle under permanent surveillance that were imported between 1981 and 1989 from BSE-affected
countries.
Diseases of sheep and goats
8.
Scrapie
As of 9 February' 1996, a total of 197 flocks are participating in the scrapie certification programme.
Sixty-seven flocks are confirmed with scrapie.
Diseases of horses
9.
Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western)
From January through October 1995, there were 35 positive horses for Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
out of 181 horses tested by the NVSL. There were no cases of Western equine encephalomyelitis
confirmed in horses by the NVSL.
-286-
10.
Equine infectious anaemia
From October 1994 through September 1995, there were 1,804 (0.16%) horses positive by the AGID test
out of 1,116.396 horses tested by the US veterinary diagnostic laboratories.
Diseases of pigs
11.
Porcine brucellosis
Forty-three States are "Validated Free" (stage III), and 7 States are in stage II (Alabama, Arkansas,
Florida. Georgia, Louisiana, Oklahoma, South Carolina and Texas).
12.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
Thirty-one States reported positive results by virus isolation or indirect fluorescent antibody serology
through the VDLRS voluntary monitoring programmes during 1995. Thirty States reported positive
results during 1994.
Diseases of poultry
13.
Duck virus enteritis
Duck virus enteritis was reported in wild waterfowl in New York, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Texas and
California in 1995.
14.
Mycoplasmosis (A/,
sallisepticum)
Commercial broiler and laying flocks are vaccinated or treated in event of clinical signs, while all
breeding flocks depopulate.
Conjunctivitis in house finches caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum was first reported in February 1994
and has spread through the eastern United States. In pilot studies, the M. gallisepticum isolate from
finches caused disease in chickens and turkeys experimentally, but there have been no reports of infection
in commercial poultry.
III. OTHER DISEASES
1.
Chronic wasting disease
Chronic wasting disease is endemic in the Fort Collins, Colorado, and Laramie, Wyoming area.
2.
Adenovirus infection
One isolation was made in a group of 10 dead blacktail deer (Odocoileus
Mateo county, California.
hemionus
columbianus)
in San
-287-
U R U G U A Y
I. ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA A
Panorama
general
Enfermedades
nunca
comprobadas
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 1
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 2
Fiebre aftosa - Virus SAT 3
Fiebre aftosa - Virus Asial
Estomatitis vesicular
Enfermedad vesicular porcina
Peste bovina
Peste de pequeños rumiantes
Enfermedades
Perineumonía contagiosa bovina
Dermatosis nodular contagiosa
Fiebre del Valle del Rift
Lengua azul
Viruela ovina y viruela caprina
Peste equina
Peste porcina africana
Influenza aviar altamente patógena
señaladas ausentes en 1995 (entre paréntesis: fecha del último foco)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus O (06-90)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus A (06-90)
Fiebre aftosa - Virus C (02-90)
Comentarios
1.
sobre enfermedades
Peste porcina clásica (11-91)
Enfermedad de Newcastle (1984)
seleccionadas
Fiebre aftosa
Al finalizar el año 1995, el Uruguay lleva 66 meses con ausencia clínica de fiebre aftosa y 18 meses desde
que se prohibió la vacunación contra dicha enfermedad. En el período considerado no se registraron brotes
de ninguna enfermedad de la Lista A, siendo todas ellas denunciables existiendo medidas de protección a
la importación de animales, productos y subproductos.
El país implemento las medidas de protección necesarias para asegurar el mantenimiento de la condición
sanitaria alcanzada, éstas comenzaron a aplicarse en 1994 y concluyen en 1995 con la puesta en
funcionamiento de las "barreras fito-zoo-sanitarias" destinadas al control de la internación informal de
animales, productos, subproductos y derivados de origen animal o vegetal, que acompañan a turistas y
viajeros. Dicho control se efectúa en puertos, aeropuertos así como en los pasos de frontera habilitados,
ello supone 23 puestos de control atendidos por 57 profesionales y 124 técnicos. Durante el primer año de
funcionamiento se decomisaron 30.479 productos de origen animal y vegetal.
Se atendieron 33 sospechas de la enfermedad, desestimadas desde el punto de vista clínico,
epidemiológico, anatomopatológico y de laboratorio. Importa destacar que en los protocolos se determina
la hora de aviso del productor y hora de atención del servicio para medir el tiempo de reacción que se
considera aceptable en la mayoría de los casos, siendo promedialmente de tres a cuatro horas.
Las medidads sanitarias a aplicar frente a la reaparición de la enfermedad alcanza no sólo a bovinos,
ovinos y suinos, sino también a caprinos (ley N° 16.462 del 11 de enero de 1994, art. 58°) y a toda otra
especie afectada (facultad otorgada por el art. 2° de la ley 3.606 del 13 de abril de 1910).
El aviso o notificación obligatoria de la fiebre aftosa abarca a todos los tipos o subtipos o variantes del
virus causante de la enfermedad y por lo tanto queda incluida en la comunicación obligatoria la fiebre
aftosa producida por los virus SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 y Asia 1.
A partir del 16 de junio de 1995, fecha en la que el país accede a las condiciones establecidas en el Código
Zoosanitario Internacional de la OIE e inicia los trámites correspondientes para ser reconocido como país
libre sin vacunación por parte de la OIE y de la comunidad internacional.
o
Corrigendum Sanidad Animal Mundial en 1994, pág. 258, 2 párrafo: Símase leer: « Se ingresó en la
segunda etapa del Programa de erradicación de fiebre aftosa el día 16 de junio de 1994... »
-288-
2.
Peste porcina clásica
A partir de octubre de 1995 se ha dejado de vacunar contra la peste porcina clásica.
II. ENFERMEDADES DE LA LISTA B
Enfermedades
1.
comunes a varias
especies
Equinococosis/hidatidosis
Número de bovinos faenados:
Número de decomisos de hígados:
Número de ovinos faenados:
1.275.538
320.725
1.103.866
Se trabajó monitoreando la categoría "cordero" a nivel nacional, por lo cual se realizó un muestreo
aleatorio de corderos (n = 1.737) destinados al sacrificio en plantas de faena, estratificado proporcional al
stock existente en cada departamento, con un nivel de confianza del 95%, un error del 6,6% a nivel
"corderos" en plantas de faena (información proporcionada por la Comisión Nacional Honoraria de Lucha
contra la Hidatidosis).
2.
Fiebre Q
Se ha hallado serología positiva en bovinos y ovinos sin relación a patología o a la presencia clínica de la
enfermedad. En el año 1995 ocurrió un brote en operarios de playas de faena, relacionado siempre con la
matanza de vacas adultas.
3.
Rabia
Casos de rabia fueron erróneamente comunicados en caninos y felinos en 1966. El último foco es del año
1968 en caninos importados en una zona fronteriza.
Casos de rabia en animales no
Enfermedades
4.
autóctonos
Año
Departamento
Especie
1981
Rivera
equ
1982
Rivera
can
1983
Rocha
can
de bovinos
Brucelosis y tuberculosis bovina
Se está implementando el Programa de Erradicación de Brucelosis y Tuberculosis Bovina, enfermedades
que mantienen una prevalencia muy baja y de las que excepcionalmente se detecta algún caso.
En 1995 se procesaron 3.069 sueros bovinos, siendo 55 positivos para brucelosis al Rosa de Bengala, y de
éstos 27 positivos a las pruebas confirmatorias.
Se estima que las tuberculinizaciones efectuadas fueron aproximadamente unas 240.000 y los animales
positivos alrededor de 20.
5.
Encefalopatía espongiforme bovina
Cabe destacar que Uruguay está libre de prurigo lumbar y de encefalopatía espongiforme bovina, pero que
se cumple con la normativa del Código Zoosanitario Internacional a los efectos de poder ser reconocido
país libre.
-289-
Con la finalidad de optimizar este procedimiento, el mismo se hizo extensivo a todas las especies animales
pudiendo así monitorearse todas las enfermedades que afectan el sistema nervioso central tales como
rabia, encefalomielitis equina, etc.
Enfermedades
6.
de ovinos y caprinos
Epididimitis ovina (Brucella
ovis)
Se investigaron 40 sueros ovinos para Brucella ovis, resultando todos negativos.
7.
Brucelosis caprina y ovina
Se investigaron para p+l4XBrucella
negativos.
Enfermedades
8.
melitensis
891 sueros ovinos para la exportación, resultando todos
de porcinos
Brucelosis porcina
La aparición de casos humanos de brucelosis de origen suino en establecimientos de faena llevó al servicio
a implementar procedimientos de vigilancia epidemiológica a los efectos de controlar dicha epidemia. Así,
durante 1995 se detectaron 48 predios infectados, los que fueron saneados en base a la eliminación de las
poblaciones. La detección semanal de positivos disminuyó significativamente pero las medidas de
vigilancia continuarán hasta la erradicación de la enfermedad.
Enfermedades
9.
de aves de corral
Tifosis aviar (Salmonella sallinarum)
y pulorosis (S. pullorum)
Se controlan todas las incubadurías y plantas reproductoras del país por prueba de aglutinación. Los
animales positivos se sacrifican.
Enfermedades
de abejas
De 3.000 muestras procesadas, el 1% aproximadamente se detecta como acariosis, 2 0 % de nosemosis, y una
frecuencia elevada de varroasis. Esta última enfermedad presenta características benignas no evidenciándose
importantes pérdidas económicas.
-290-
V A N U A T U
I. INTRODUCTION
Veterinary
manpower
In 1995, the transition in the supply of veterinary officers away from British aid-supported personnel to officers
contracted by the Government of Vanuatu from M A F Quality Management, New Zealand, commenced for a
three-year period.
Development
of Veterinary Sen'ices
activities
Two donor-assisted projects aimed at improvement in animal health reporting and control came fully on-stream
in 1995 as follows:
1.
Animal health surveillance and monitoring project
This project, managed by MAF Quality Management, New Zealand, with support from the European
Union commenced in October 1994. The aim of the programme is to install a system which will allow
Vanuatu to gain international recognition for its animal disease free status.
In 1995 the project completed the following elements of the programme:
•
A national computerised database to support animal disease surveillance and disease control
operations, analyses and reporting was developed, put into operation and staff trained to run it.
All livestock owning farmers will be registered in this database and all disease incidents, diagnoses
and findings will be recorded in an easily retrievable format.
•
Laboratory facilities within the Department of Livestock (including training of staff) were upgraded to
enable initial bacteriological and parasitological examinations to be carried out locally. Links were
developed with the Central Animal Health Laboratory, New Zealand, and other appropriate
international diagnostic centres for analyses of exotic diseases (including OIE List A diseases) should
they be suspected to occur within Vanuatu.
•
A documented quality system was developed (Systems Vanuatu), based on the relevant elements of the
ISO 9000 series of standard. The Systems Vanuatu will:
•
-
enable efficient use of staff and equipment;
-
make sure that programmes continue to operate properly;
-
help staff to understand the technology and systems used in the department;
-
enable systems and procedures to be audited or checked by people outside of the department;
-
demonstrate to the Minister of Agriculture and to industry that the system is operating smoothly;
-
provide opportunities to continually improve systems and procedures.
The field testing programme for bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis was upgraded and expanded with
the development of written rules and standards and expansion of testing into areas not previously fully
tested.
-291 -
2.
Vanuatu agricultural security project
This five-year project commenced in November 1994 with financial support from the Government of
New Zealand.
The objectives of this project are to upgrade quarantine systems for all livestock and crop imports and
exports for Vanuatu.
In 1995 improved infrastructural installations were made for incineration and fumigation services and
initial studies commenced on improved systems, financial sustainability, management and extension
programmes.
Proposed
developments
In 1995 a project was developed with the objectives of carrying out a national survey of honey bee diseases in
Vanuatu, training staff in their diagnosis and formulating quarantine protocols to protect the country from
exotic diseases. It is hoped to commence this project using external expert consultants in early 1996.
Legislation
New regulations were drafted under the 1992 Animal Disease (Control) Act. They allow for movement
restrictions for animals and animal products within Vanuatu and specify controlled and notifiable diseases.
These regulations should come into force in 1996.
I. LIST A DISEASES
There was no change in the situation regarding List A diseases in Vanuatu in 1995. No List A diseases have
ever been reported.
II. LIST B DISEASES
The situation regarding List B diseases remained the same as in 1994. No cases of bovine brucellosis or
tuberculosis were detected in 1995 despite expansion of the field testing programme.
-292-
Z A Ï R E
INTRODUCTION
Malgré la situation difficile sur le plan économico-social que connaît le pays, l'année 1995 n'a pas connu une
menace quelconque sur l'état de la santé animale.
L'intervention des Services vétérinaires au cours de l'année 1995 sur la santé animale n'a pas été manifeste.
Cela s'explique par la carence des intrants, le manque de logistique et surtout la non motivation du personnel
technique.
Le Zaïre compte parmi les pays d'Afrique qui ne sont pas encore parvenus à organiser le secteur de l'élevage,
malgré les énormes potentialités qu'il possède pour le développement des élevages. Le manque de moyens de
communication fait que beaucoup de situations sanitaires ne sont pas déclarées à temps. Bien que connues, ces
situations ne connaissent que peu d'interventions des Services vétérinaires confrontés aux nombreux problèmes
d'ordre logistique.
En dehors des campagnes de vaccination anti-rabique organisées dans certaines régions du pays (Kasaï
Occidental, Bas-Zaïre), les activités de routine ont porté sur le bétail situé dans les zones de hautes
concentrations animales dans l'est du pays. Des campagnes prophylactiques contre les maladies parasitaires ont
été prévues et réalisées.
I. MALADIES DE LA LISTE A
Aperçu
général
Maladies présentes en 1995
Total
1994
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Dennatose nodulaire contagieuse
Peste porcine africaine
Maladie de Newcastle
Total
1995
2#
0
0
Jan
-K.
+..
0
•K.
: date du dernier
+..
Mai
0
0
...
1995
Jun
Jul
F.P.
Aou
2
+
+-..
Sep
0
0
Oct
Nov
Dec
+..
-K.
-K.
+..
foyer)
Fièvre catarrhale du mouton
Peste équine
Peste porcine classique
Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène
Maladies pour lesquelles le pays ne dispose pas
Peste des petits ruminants
1.
-K.
Avr
-t-..
Fièvre aphteuse
Stomatite vèsiculeuse
Maladie vèsiculeuse du porc
Peste bovine
Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift
sur les maladies
Mar
•K.
Maladies absentes en 1995 (entre parenthèses
Commentaires
Fev
0
d'information
Clavelée et variole caprine
présentes
Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine
Déclarée en début d'année 1992 dans les zones d'Aru et Mahagi, district d'Ituri, région du Haut-Zaïre, la
péripneumonie contagieuse bovine a connu une période d'accalmie en 1995 grâce à la vaccination
entreprise en 1993 et au renforcement des mesures de police sanitaire.
Il se pose encore le problème de l'exécution des campagnes de rappel pour consolider la première
vaccination dont les réalisations ont atteint 89,4 %. Le manque de moyens financiers et logistiques est à
1994
1993
1992
1994
-293-
l'origine de ce retard dans l'organisation desdites campagnes. Il y a lieu de craindre un rebondissement de
la situation dans les prochains mois.
2.
Dermatose nodulaire contagieuse
Le bétail de la région du Nord-Kivu a été fortement atteint par cette maladie en 1993. Sa progression fut
stoppée grâce à la campagne de vaccination organisée la même année avec du vaccin fourni par la FAO.
Bien que maîtrisée au Nord-Kivu, des cas sporadiques sont constatés dans la région du Haut-Zaïre, voisine
du Nord-Kivu, et dans des troupeaux venus d'un pays voisin.
3.
Peste porcine africaine
La peste porcine africaine est un frein au développement des élevages porcins, surtout dans les parties sud
et ouest du Zaïre frontalières avec l'Angola.
Les élevages paysans connaissent chaque année des pertes énormes. Des mesures de police sanitaire sont
prises, mais elles sont quelquefois négligées.
4.
Maladie de Newcastle
A l'état endémique dans le pays, la maladie de Newcastle fait des ravages, surtout pendant la saison sèche
qui va de mai à octobre. La vaccination est pratiquée, mais d'une façon sélective car les éleveurs
traditionnels n'ont pas la possibilité d'obtenir facilement du vaccin. En outre, aucun programme de lutte de
grande envergure n'est envisagé, bien que les pertes soient énormes, allant jusqu'à 60 % des effectifs.
IL MALADIES DE LA LISTE B
Maladies communes à plusieurs
1.
espèces
Fièvre charbonneuse
La fièvre charbonneuse sévit à l'état endémique, mais les pertes ne sont pas très importantes car des
campagnes de vaccination prophylactique sont organisées chaque année.
2.
Rage
La rage est un fléau qui préoccupe les Services vétérinaires. L'année 1995 a connu des déclarations
nombreuses à travers le pays, surtout dans les centres urbains où plusieurs cas de morsures ont été
enregistrés, entraînant la mort d'hommes. Des campagnes de vaccination ont été lancées à travers le pays,
et les mesures de police sanitaire ainsi que l'abattage des chiens errants ont été renforcés.
Maladies des bovins
3.
Trypanosomose
L'élevage du bétail trypanotolérant permet aux éleveurs d'éviter cette affection. Toutefois, là où sont
élevées d'autres races, une chimiothérapie est appliquée périodiquement. Eu égard à la répartition des
espèces trypanosensibles, qui constituent plus ou moins 65 % du cheptel, l'utilisation de produits tels que
le Berenil ou le Trypamidium a fait ses preuves dans la protection du bétail.
Maladies des
volailles
Les maladies aviaires telles que la bronchite infectieuse, la typhose (Salmonella gallinarum), la bursite
infectieuse (maladie de Gumboro) et la pullorose (S. pullorum) ont fait l'objet de vaccinations dans les
élevages organisés.
-294-
Z A M B I A
LIST A DISEASES
Diseases present in 1995
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3
Lumpy skin disease
African swine fever
Newcastle disease
Diseases never
Total
1994
0
-K.
Total
1995
1
+..
Feb
0
Mar
0
-K.
-K.
+..
+..
+..
-K.
•K.
+..
-K.
+..
•K.
-K.
-K.
1995
Jun
Jul
1
0
Jan
0
•K.
Apr
0
May
0
•K.
F.P.
Aug
0
Sep
0
-K.
-K.
Oct
0
Dec
0
+..
-K.
+-..
•K.
+..
Nov
0
+..
reported
Foot and mouth disease - Virus C
Foot and mouth disease - Virus Asial
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Rinderpest (1896)
-
Virus
Virus
Virus
Virus
O (1983)
A (05-90)
SAT 1 (07-92)
SAT 2 (1984)
Peste des petits ruminants
Sheep pox and goat pox
Classical swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last
outbreak)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (1978)
Rift Valley fever (1990)
Bluetongue (1988)
African horse sickness (1991)
Since the last report (see World Animal Health in 1993, p. 800), there have been no epidemiological changes in
disease status apart from the occurrence of foot and mouth disease virus type SAT 3 for the first time in
livestock in the country. These cases were in isolated transhumant herds. As a result, biannual vaccination with
a trivalent vaccine has been instituted in the affected areas and areas at risk.
0000
12-94
12-94
12-94
-295-
Z I M B A B W E
I. LIST A DISEASES
General
overview
Diseases present in 1995
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
Newcastle disease - Virus velogenic
Diseases never
Total
1994
67
0
1
2
9ff
Total
1995
90
1
3
2
•K.
Jan
5
0
0
0
+..
Mar
12
0
1
0
Apr
3
1
0
0
May
6
0
2
0
-K.
-K.
+..
-K.
1995
Jun
Jul
7
5
0
0
0
0
1
1
+..
-K.
F.P.
Aug
13
0
0
0
Sep
6
0
0
0
•K.
•K.
Oct
4
0
0
0
Nov
3
0
0
0
Dec
11
0
0
0
•K.
reported
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
- Virus
- Virus
- Virus
- Virus
O
A
C
Asial
Diseases reported absent in 1995 (in parentheses:
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 1 (05-91)
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 2 ( 10-91 )
Foot and mouth disease - Virus SAT 3 (07-91)
Comments on selected
1.
Feb
15
0
0
0
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits ruminants
Sheep pox and goat pox
Classical swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
date of last
outbreak)
Rinderpest ( 1Í
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia ( 1904)
African swine fever (03-92)
diseases
Foot and mouth disease
The last outbreak was due to virus type SAT 2 and occurred at Whaddon Chase, Mashonaland Central
Province in October 1991.
A total of 603,848 doses of trivalent SAT 1, 2 and 3 vaccine were used to vaccinate cattle in the
vaccination control zone during the year.
2.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Due to the occurrence of the disease in Botswana, border surveillance has increased.
3.
Lumpy skin disease
The disease was widespread and under-reported. A total of 124,990 cattle were vaccinated against this
disease.
4.
Rift Valley fever
There was serological evidence from several areas.
5.
African horse sickness
The disease is under-recorded. Reports were received of vaccinated horses succombing to the disease.
6.
Newcastle disease
In 1995, the disease was reported in all the provinces, but at a very reduced incidence compared to 1994.
Infection was almost exclusively confined to backyard rural chickens.
12-94
1994
10-94
04-94
12-94
-296-
II. LIST B DISEASES
Diseases of multiple
1.
species
Anthrax
Five outbreaks occurred in Matabeleland South and Midlands provinces. A total of 28 cattle deaths were
reported. In all, 27,400 cattle were vaccinated.
2.
Rabies
There were 690 positive cases of rabies recorded during the year of which 299 were jackals, 221 dogs, 118
cows, 24 goats, 17 cats, 9 equine and 2 sheep. There were two human cases.
A total of 435,000 dogs were vaccinated during the year.
Diseases of cattle
3.
Heartwater
This disease is on the increase, with 63 outbreaks recorded. The vector has spread from the traditional
lowveld areas of the Zambeze and Limpopo river basins to the highveld, where with game conservation
and movements there are now alternate wildlife hosts on which the tick can feed. Research is ongoing for
an improved vaccine for this disease.
STATISTICS ON LIST À DISEASES WORLDWIDE
- 298 -
F O O T A N D MOUTH D I S E A S E
Countries/Territories w h i c h have submitted positive reports
Countries
Total
Total
1994
1995
4
63
Côte d'Ivoire
6
61
A
3
0
A
0
Ghana
51
4
0
A
5
0
A
39
1995
F.P.
AFRICA
Zone 2
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Niger
Nigeria
Togo
Zone 3
Central African
Chad
Zone 4
Eritrea
(Rep.)
Kenya
Tanzania
Uganda
Zone 5
South Africa
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Venezuela
ASIA
Zone 1
Bahrain
u
6
Saudi Arabia
Terr, autonomes palestiniens
United Arab Emirates
0
16
0
15
0
1
0
26
0
+. .
187
0
Asial
59
0
A
Asial
"i"
0
Dec
2
27
1
9
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
22
1994
12-94
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
10-94
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
1992
12-94
13
5
5
+ . . + ..
1
1
5
0
4
***
***
***
***
***
4
26
42
***
***
0
***
11-94
12-94
09-94
1994
12-94
1993
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
12-94
8
0
A
SAT 2
40
15
SAT 2
1
1
1
0
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
09-94
1
1
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
4
11-94
12-94
1
SAT 2
1
SAT 3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
08-93
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
07-92
3
4
7
2
1
2
11
12
12
8
3
1
11-94
66
0
A
589
0
A
c
223
0
A
32
0
3
0
82
0
A
+ ..
Lebanon
Oman
Nov
10
+. .
Kuwait
Oct
0
Iraq
Territories
Sep
78
Iran
Jordan
Aug
3
13
0
270
0
A
Israel/Controlled
Jul
+. .
106
8
0
221
0
A
Israel
Jun
28
32
0
A
C
2084
0
A
C
408
0
A
23
0
86
0
69
A
Brazil
May
+. .
0
AMERICAS
Zone 3
Bolivia
Apr
+ . . +..
0
Zambia
Mar
0
11
4
6
12
o
A
8
A
C
SAT 2
291
12
SAT 2
Ethiopia
Feb
Jan
5
0
1
0
3
0
8
0
12-94
67
42
24
6
4
13
11
10
15
10
9
12
12-94
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
4
11
11
12-94
0
0
0
0
i
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
12-94
11-94
1994
12-94
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
07-94
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
07-94
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
03-94
1
4
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
08-94
146
0
13
19
26
17
12
14
10
8
7
10
4
6
1994
12-94
64
0
A
24
14
0
2
0
0
10
0
0
12
2
0
10-94
1
1
•kick
***
***
0
0
1
0
***
***
***
***
***
***
0
0
0
0
0
+. .
i
0
0
0
*..
02-94
299
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (contd)
Countries/Territories w h i c h have submitted positive reports
Countries
Total
Total
1994
1995
(contd)
1995
F.P.
ASIA (contd)
Zone 2
Bangladesh
0
41
0
Asial
5
0
2117
0
A
Bhutan
Hong Kong
India
c
Asial
+ ..
Nepal
0
C
Asial
Pakistan
2
0
A
Sri Lanka
5
0
Zone 3
Cambodia
Feb
Apr
Mar
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Dec
Nov
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+. .
+ ..
+ ..
1994
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
5
3
1994
12-94
1
0
1
254
133
129
1
0
0
34
62
44
0
356
1
1
0
0
1
40
81
70
46
65
1994
c
Asial
935
0
A
1994
c
Asial
21
0
A
C
Asial
2
0
+ ..
+ ..
+. .
0
0
0
+ ..
0
+. .
+. .
+ ..
+. .
+ ..
0
2
0
0
0
+ .. + . .
0
+ ..
12-94
0
06-94
0
18
0
Asial
1994
0
Asial
+ ..
+ ..
1994
+. .
Laos
+. »
0
A
15
0
A
6
0
1314
0
A
Jan
Asial
Malaysia
(Peninsular)
Myanmar
24
0
Asial
15
0
Asial
+ ..
Philippines
0
A
C
84
0
Asial
1
Asial
Thailand
Vietnam
EUROPE
Zone 2
Turkey
Zone 4
Russia
Asial
64
0
A
Asial
43
0
Asial
84#
0
A
c
88
0
Asial
21
4
4
^
2
3
9
6
1
3
3
3
5
1994
+. .
2
+. .
11
8
6
7
4
15
28
2
26
11
11
14
4
5
6
+. . +. .
4
+. .
12-94
5
12-94
3
+ ..
02-94
0
A
158
0
108
0
A
3
7
6
5
13
11
14
11
6
11
12
9
12-94
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
06-93
Countries/Territories where the disease has never been reported
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
2
3
4
5
Cape Verde, Guinea
Gabon
Comoros, Mauritius
Lesotho, Madagascar
1
2
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama
Cuba, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
3
Malaysia
3
Greenland, Iceland, U.K./Isle of M a n
1
Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
(Sabah), Malaysia
12-94
(Sarawak)
- 300 -
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE ( c o n t d )
Countries/Territories
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
reporting disease absence
(date of last outbreak )
Algeria (12-92), Egypt (12-93), Libya (1994), Morocco (09-92), Tunisia (08-94)
M a l i (1992), Mauritania (1984), Senegal (1992)
Angola (1974), Zaire
Sudan (1990)
Botswana (09-80), M a l a w i (06-86), Mozambique (1984), Namibia (10-94), Swaziland
Canada (1952), Mexico (1954), United States of America (1929)
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina (04-94), Chile (08-87), Falkland Islands (Malvinas),
Uruguay (06-90)
Guyana, Paraguay
(1969), Zimbabwe
(09-94),
(10-91)
Suriname
ASIA
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Qatar (1991), Syria (1992)
Korea (Rep. of) (1934), Mongolia (1974)
Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia (1983), Japan
(1908), Singapore
(1935), Taipei China
(1930)
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
OCEANIA
Zone
Albania (I960), Bulgaria Í05-93), Croatia (1978), Czech (Rep.) (1975), FRY (Serbia and Montenegro) (1974)
Former Y u g . Rep. of Macedonia (1963), Hungary (1973), Poland (1971), Romania (1973), Slovakia (1975), Slovenia
Austria (04-81), Belgium (02-76), Cyprus (1964), France (1981), Germany (01-88), Greece (10-94), Italy (06-93)
Luxemburg (1964), Malta (1978), Netherlands (02-84), Portugal (1984), Spain (06-86), Switzerland (1980)
Denmark (1983), Finland (1959), Ireland (1941), Norway (1952), Sweden (1966), U.K./Great Britain (1981)
U.K./Northern Ireland (1941)
Azerbaijan (1994), Belarus (1982), Estonia (12-82), Latvia (1987), Lithuania (1982), Moldavia (1980)
Turkmenistan (1994), Ukraine (1988), Uzbekistan (06-91)
Australia
Countries/Territories
(1871), Guam, M a r s h a l l Islands, Micronesia
(Federated S t a t e s ) ,
reporting disease absence but full report period not
covered
ASIA
Zone 2
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone 4
OCEANIA
Zone 1
China
(People's R e p . of)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
American Samoa, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Samoa
No information on the disease is available
(Western),
Tokelau
for other Countries or Territories.
Palau, Wallis and
Futuna
(1968)
-301 -
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE AND SWINE VESICULAR DISEASE VIRUS
DETECTED FROM SAMPLES TAKEN IN 1995
OIE World Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease*
COUNTRY
AFGHANISTAN
No. of
samples
10
O
FMD virus
serotypes
A
C
SAT1 SAT 2 SAT 3
-
BAHRAIN
3
2
BRAZIL
3
1
CÔTE DTVOIRE
3
1
GREECE
HONG KONG
38
-
SVD
(a)
-
-
-
10
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
38
-
-
-
-
-
2
5
5
-
12
7
-
124
45
ISRAEL
2
2
ITALY
16
INDIA (c)
IRAN
-
JORDAN
3
3
KUWAIT
3
3
MALAWI
2
-
-
-
-
6
-
13
-
-
66
-
-
-
-
-
-
16
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
32
-
18
7
-
41
-
2
-
-
NVD
(b)
ASIA 1
9
MALAYSIA
68
9
NEPAL
51
3
-
PIIPLIPPiNES
11
9
-
-
PORTUGAL
32
-
-
-
SAUDI ARABIA
33
25
8
SENEGAL
8
.
.
THAILAND (c)
7
3
-
5
-
-
TUNISIA
5
-
-
-
-
5
TURKEY
3
1
-
-
1
UGANDA
4
-
-
-
-
4
UNITED KINGDOM
2
-
-
-
-
2
YEMEN
10
7
-
-
3
TOTAL
458
126
50
18
*
.
.
1
33
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
.
30
-
-
.
8
233
Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 ONF, United Kingdom.
(a) Swine vesicular disease
(b) No virus detected
(c) One sample contained both FMD vims types O and ASIA 1.
- 302 -
VESICULAR STOMATITIS
(Disease limited t o the Americas)
Countries/Territories w h i c h have submitted positive
Countries
Total
Total
1994
1995
7
Ind
NJ
114
Ind
NJ
40
Ind
NJ
52
NJ
16
Ind
NJ
0
11
Ind
NJ
211
Ind
NJ
24
NJ
0
13
Ind
411
Ind
NJ
2
Ind
4
Ind
NJ
17
NJ
reports
1995
F.P.
Zone 1
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Honduras
Mexico
Panama
United States of America
Zone 3
Brazil
Colombia
250
Ind
NJ
0
Ecuador
Peru
3
Ind
NJ
13
NJ
Venezuela
51
NJ
31
Ind
NJ
367
NJ
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
AMERICAS
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
reporting disease absence
Canada (19 49)
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina (03-86), Bolivia
Oct
Nov
Dec
1994
0
0
1
0
2
4
3
1
1
5
4
3
1994
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19
17
6
8
12-94
11-94
0
0
0
0
23
63
62
35
26
102
72
34
87
44
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1986
13
25
40
30
38
29
30
20
12-94
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
06-93
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
2
12-94
1
5
2
0
3
0
4
1
0
12-94
05-93
Cuba, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and
Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay
Countries/Territories
Sep
07-94
Countries/Territories where the disease has never been reported
AMERICAS
Zone 2
Zone 3
Aug
Tobago
(date of last outbreak. )
(1991), Falkland Islands
(Malvinas), Guyana,
Suriname
No information on the disease is available for other Countries or Territories of the A m e r i c a s .
- 303 SWINE VESICULAR D I S E A S E
Countries/Territories w h i c h have submitted positive
Countries
Total
Total
1994
1995
28
0
18
1
reports
1995
F.P.
EUROPE
Zone 2
Italy
Portugal
Countries/Territories where the disease has never been
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1
0
8
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
12-94
0000
reported
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco
Cape Verde, Ghana, Guinea, Mauritania, Senegal
Gabon
Comoros, Kenya, Mauritius, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda
Botswana, Lesotho, Madagascar, M a l a w i , Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia,
1
2
3
Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, United States of America
Cuba, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
Territories, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Zimbabwe
1
Bahrain, Israel, Israel/Controlled
2
3
Bhutan, India, Korea (Rep. o f ) , Mongolia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular), Malaysia (Sabah), Malaysia (Sarawak), Philippines, Singapore, Taipei China
Thailand, Vietnam
Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech (Rep.), FRY (Serbia and M o n t e n e g r o ) , Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia, Hungary, Romania
Slovakia, Slovenia
Cyprus, Luxemburg
Denmark, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, U.K./Isle of Man, U.K./Northern Ireland
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Uzbekistan
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
OCEANIA
Zone
reporting disease absence
(date of last outbreak )
1
2
3
4
Tunisia
Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, M a l i , Niger, Togo
Angola, Zaire
Ethiopia
2
3
Antigua and Barbuda
Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Guyana,
i
2
3
Iran, United Arab Emirates
Hong Kong (08-91), Nepal
Brunei Darussalam, Japan
1
2
Zone 3
Zone 4
OCEANIA
Zone 1
Syria
Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
Countries/Territories
Suriname
(1975), Laos, Myanmar
Poland (19 72)
Austria (01-79), Belgium (02-93), France (1983), Germany (1985), Greece (1979), Malta
Spain (04-93), Switzerland (1975), Turkey
U.K./Great Britain (1982)
Turkmenistan, Ukraine (1971)
Guam, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated S t a t e s ) , Wallis and Futuna
Countries/Territories
AFRICA
Zone
ASIA
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
Feb
1
2
3
4
5
EUROPE
Zone
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
Jan
(1978), Netherlands
reporting disease absence but full report period not covered
2
Nigeria
2
Bangladesh, China
1
4
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
1
American Samoa, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa
(People's Rep. of)
No information on the disease is available for other Countries or Territories.
(Western),
Tokelau
(02-94)
- 304 -
RINDERPEST
Countries/Territories w h i c h have submitted positive
Countries
Total
Total
1994
1995
reports
1995
F P
AFRICA
Zone 4
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Kenya
ASIA
Zone 1
Oman
United Arab
Zone 2
India
Pakistan
Emirates
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1
0#
0
1
4
2
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1994
12-94
11-94
0
0
16
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
1
3
0
5
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
03-93
03-93
23
18
7
19
1
1
0
2
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
12-94
09-94
Countries/Territories w h e r e the disease has never been reported
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
1
2
3
4
5
Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia
Cape Verde
Gabon
Comoros, Mauritius
Madagascar, M a l a w i
1
2
3
Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, United States of America
Cuba, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela
3
Malaysia
(Sarawak)
Uzbekistan
Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
Countries/Territories
Zone 3
Zone 4
Zone 5
AMERICAS
Zone 2
Zone
3
ASIA
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
1
Zone 2
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone 1
reporting disease absence
(date of last outbreak )
Egypt (06-86), Libya
Benin, Burkina Faso (1985), Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire (1986), Ghana (08-88), Guinea (1967), M a l i (09-86)
Mauritania (1987), Niger (1985), Senegal (1980), Togo (1986)
Angola (1972), Central African ( R e p . ) , Chad (1984), Zaire
Sudan (04-91), Tanzania (1982), Uganda (07-94)
Botswana (1899), Lesotho, Mozambique (1896), Namibia (1907), South Africa (1904), Swaziland (1898), Zambia
Zimbabwe (1898)
Antigua and
Brazil
(1896)
Barbuda
(1921), Falkland Islands
(Malvinas), Guyana
Bahrain, Iran (03-94), Israel (1983), Israel/Controlled Territories (1983), Jordan (1972), Kuwait, Lebanon
Qatar (1987), Saudi Arabia (1994), Syria (1983)
Bangladesh (1960), Bhutan (1969), Hong Kong (1950), Korea (Rep. of) (1931), Mongolia (1935), Nepal (05-93)
Sri Lanka (03-94)
Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia (1965), Indonesia (1907), Japan (1924), Laos (1966), Myanmar (1957), Philippines
Singapore (1930), Taipei China (1950), Thailand (1959), Vietnam
(1955)
Albania (1934), Bulgaria (1913),
(19
Croatia (1883), Czech (Rep.) (1881), FRY (Serbia and Montenegro) (1883)
Hungary (1881), Poland (1921
9 2 1 ) , Romania (1886), Slovakia (1881), Slovenia (1883)
Austria (1881), Belgium (1920),
1 9 2 0 ) , France (1870), Germany (1870), Greece (1926), Italy (1949), Netherlands ((1869)
Switzerland (1871), Turkey
y (04-94)
Denmark (1782), Finland (1877),
1 8 7 7 ) , Ireland (1877), Sweden (1700), U.K./Great Britain (1877), U.K./Northern
U.K./No
Ireland
Latvia (1921), Russia (01-92),
- 9 2 ) , Turkmenistan
Austra lia
Countries/Territories
AFRICA
Zone
ASIA
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
(Sabah), Malaysia
Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia
Cyprus, Luxemburg, Malta, Portugal, Spain
Greenland, Iceland, Norway, U.K./Isle of M a n
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Ukraine,
AFRICA
Zone 1
Zone 2
EUROPE
Zone
(Peninsular), Malaysia
(1923), Guam, M a r s h a l l Islands, Micronesia
(Federated S t a t e s ) , Palau, Wallis and Futuna
reporting disease absence but full report period not
2
Nigeria
2
China
1
4
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
1
American Samoa, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Samoa
covered
(People's R e p . of)
(Western),
Tokelau
No information on the disease is available for other Countries or Territories.
(1877)
- 305 -
PESTE DES PETITS
Countries/Territories w h i c h have submitted positive
Countries
Total
Total
1994
1995
RUMINANTS
reports
1995
F P.
AFRICA
Zone 2
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana
Guinea
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Togo
Zone 3
Gabon
Zone 4
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
10
15
16
10
4
5
17
4
1
0
0
0
7
0
1
4
1
1
1
1
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
***
***
5
0
***
0
11
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
15
16
0
3
82
85
14
0
80
23
3
3
4
7
257
82
+ ..
+. .
ASIA
Zone 1
Israel/Controlled Territories
Lebanon
Oman
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Zone 2
Bangladesh
India
Nepal
+..
8
12#
10
0
11
250
1#
+. .
4
8
147
0
***
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0000
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1994
01 -94
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
3
0
2
22
0
8
0
0
7
10
1
8
5
0
10
0
0
8
7
0
6
6
0
6
1
70
68
5
0
0
3
14
1
4
1
2
6
0
1
+. .
+. .
0
3
0
9
+. .
+. .
+. .
+..
+. .
+. .
+. .
+. .
231*
43
0
113
+. .
310
0
41
11
26
19
2
1
3
2
+. .
+. .
D/C:
Rinderpest
1994
12 94
11--93
12 -94
12 -94
12 -94
19 )4
02 -93
12 -94
12 -94
1994
+ Peste des p etits
1
11 -94
19 94
12 -94
19 93
07 -94
19 93
19 94
ruminants
Countries/Territories w h e r e the disease has never been reported
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
1
2
3
4
5
Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Cape Verde
Angola
Comoros, Mauritius, Tanzania, Uganda
Botswana, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia,
1
2
3
Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, United States of America
Cuba, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay,
2
3
2
3
4
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Ukraine,
1
Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
Countries/Territories
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
reporting disease absence
1
2
3
4
Egypt (1989)
M a l i (02-93)
Central A f r i c a n (Rep.), Chad
Kenya, Sudan (1990)
2
3
Antigua and Barbuda
Falkland Islands (Malvinas),
1
2
3
Bahrain, Iran (00-00), Israel
Hong Kong
Brunei Darussalam
2
4
Turkey
Turkmenistan
1
Guam, M a r s h a l l Islands, Micronesia
Countries/Territories
Uzbekistan
(date of last outbreak )
(07-91)
Guyana
(02-93), Jordan
(08-94), Kuwait, Qatar, Syria
(1987)
(Federated S t a t e s ) , Palau, Wallis and Futuna
reporting disease absence but full report period not
covered
ASIA
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
Venezuela
Bhutan, Korea (Rep. o f ) , Mongolia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular), Malaysia (Sabah), Malaysia (Sarawak), Myanmar, Philippines
Singapore, Taipei China, Thailand, Vietnam
Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech (Rep.), FRY (Serbia and M o n t e n e g r o ) , Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia, Hungary, Poland
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia
Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxemburg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland
Denmark, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, U.K./Great Britain, U.K./Isle of Man, U.K./Northern
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone
Zone
Ireland
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
Zimbabwe
2
China
1
4
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
(People's R e p . of)
1
American Samoa, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Samoa
(Western),
Tokelau
No information on the disease is available for other Countries or Territories.
- 306 -
C O N T A G I O U S BOVINE P L E U R O P N E U M O N I A
Countries/Territories w h i c h have submitted positive
Countries
Total
Total
1994
1995
12
7
7
3
17
21
0
8
18
3
29
12
1
48
11
6
3
6#
7
reports
1995
F P.
AFRICA
Zone 2
Benin
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana
Guinea
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Togo
Zone 3
Angola
Chad
Zaire
Zone 4
Ethiopia
Kenya
Tanzania
Uganda
Zone 5
Botswana
Namibia
ASIA
Zone 2
Bangladesh
Pakistan
Zone 3
Myanmar
EUROPE
Zone 2
Portugal
+..
38
0
•..
149#
?
2#
10#
6
3#
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
7
1
0
0
0
6
0
0
11
1
0
0
0
0
15
2
0
6
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
***
+ ..
+. .
***
5
+ ..
+ ..
0
2
0
2
1
0
0
2
0
4
0
1
2
4
1
1
0
0
0
2
1
3
28
42
+..
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
1
0
***
10
30
07 -94
05 -91
19 )4
11
14
2
0
1
3
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
5
0
12 -94
07 -94
08 -94
12 -94
4
3
1
3
1
3
0
4
19 ¡9
11 -94
+. .
+. .
+. .
+ ..
+. .
+ ..
+ ..
+. .
+..
+. .
+. .
1994
0
9
0
<•.
+..
14
6
259
18
0
7
41
25
0
+ ..
+ ..
+. .
+ ..
+ ..
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
19 57
63
11
0
2
3
2
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
12 -94
0
0
0
1
2
4
5
Algeria, Libya, Morocco
Cape Verde
Comoros, Mauritius
Lesotho, Madagascar, M a l a w i , Mozambique,
1
2
3
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama
Cuba, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay,
1
2
3
Iran, Jordan, Oman, Syria
Hong Kong, Korea (Rep. o f ) , Sri Lanka
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular), Malaysia
Thailand, Vietnam
1
2
3
4
Bulgaria, Croatia, FRY (Serbia and M o n t e n e g r o ) , Farmer Yug. Rep. of Macedonia,
Cyprus, Greece, Luxemburg, Malta
Greenland, Iceland, U.K./Isle of M a n
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
1
Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea,
Countries/Territories
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
0
0
0
reporting disease absence
Swaziland
Egypt (1971), Tunisia
Cameroon, Senegal (10-92)
Central African (Rep.), Gabon
Eritrea (1993), Sudan (1990)
South Africa (1924), Zambia (1978), Zimbabwe
1
2
3
Canada (1876), United States of America (1892)
Antigua and Barbuda
Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Guyana, Suriname
1
Bahrain, Israel (1941), Israel/Controlled
United Arab Emirates (1990)
India, Mongolia (1972), Nepal
Brunei Darussalam, Japan (1941)
1
2
Zone 3
Zone 4
OCEANIA
Zone 1
(Sabah), Malaysia
Venezuela
(Sarawak), Philippines, Singapore, Taipei China
Slovenia
Vanuatu
(date of last outbreak )
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
[
***
Countries/Territories where the disease has never been reported
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
Zone
19 4
12--94
12 -94
05 -94
12 -94
12 -94
19<)3
06 -94
12 -94
19<)4
(1904)
Territories
(1967), Kuwait, Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia
Albania (1933), Czech (Rep.) (1902), Hungary (1901), Poland (1936), Romania (1919), Slovakia (1902)
Austria (1921), Belgium (1897), France (1984), Germany (1926), Italy (10-93), Netherlands (1887), Spain
Switzerland (1895), Turkey
Denmark (1886), Finland (1920), Ireland (1892), Norway (1860), Sweden (1856), U.K./Great Britain (1898)
U.K./Northern Ireland (1893)
Latvia (1922), Moldavia (1946), Russia (1928), Turkmenistan
Australia (1967), Guam, M a r s h a l l Islands, Micronesia
Solomon Islands (1913), Wallis and Futuna
(Federated S t a t e s ) , New Zealand
(1864),
Palau
(04-94)
- 307
-
CONTAGIOUS BOVINE P L E U R O P N E U M O N I A ( c o n
Countries/Territories
reporting disease absence but full report period not
covered
ASIA
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
2
China
(People's R e p . of)
1
h
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
1
American Samoa, Kiribati, Nauru, Nlue, Samoa
No information on the disease is available
(Western),
Tokelau
for other Countries or Territories.
- 308 -
LUMPY SKIN D I S E A S E
Countries/Territories w h i c h have submitted positive
Countries
Total
Total
1994
1995
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+. .
reports
1995
F P.
AFRICA
Zone 2
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Ghana
Guinea
Mali
Nigeria
Togo
Zone 3
Angola
Zaire
Zone 4
Comoros
Ethiopia
Kenya
Tanzania
Uganda
Zone 5
Botswana
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa
Swaziland
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
4
103
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
20
0
41
3
3
1
25
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+..
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
12 -94
12 -94
1994
+. .
07 -94
1993
2
3
0
28
12 -94
19 94
09 -94
4
2
269
0
19#
3
+ ..
...
+ ..
.*.
+ ..
...
5
0
11
+ ..
+ ..
+..
0
0
+ ..
+. .
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+..
+..
+ ..
+..
1
144#
4
0
3
0
+ ..
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+..
+..
+ ..
+ ..
+..
+. .
+ ..
+. .
+ ..
+ ..
81
26
3
15
187
1
3
72
16
1
16
76
2
+ ..
+ ..
+..
+. .
+ ..
+..
+ ..
+..
+. .
+..
+..
+..
+. .
T.
6
7
H
25
2
+ ..
13
+. .
90
67
ASIA
Zone 1
Lebanon
Jan
1
1
0
14
2
0
1
12
5
0
1
0
6
1
0
1
10
15
1
0
0
14
1
0
1
11
12
0
0
0
4
0
0
3
11
3
0
0
1
3
3
0
2
2
3
0
0
1
2
0
3
0
2
0
0
11
0
0
3
1
5
6
0
0
6
1
0
2
11
13
5
0
0
3
1
0
0
3
6
0
7
2
0
0
9
4
1
1
2
0
0
4
3
+..
0
10 -94
12 -94
12 -94
08 -94
12 -94
+..
0
0
1
2
1
1
0
2
11
.
06 -94
05 -94
12 -94
11 -94
19 ?4
12 -94
12 -94
12 -94
12 -94
12 -94
1993
Countries/Territories w h e r e the disease has never been reported
AFRICA
Zone 1
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
Zone
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone
Zone
Ireland
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
Algeria, Libya, M o r o c c o
Cape Verde, Mauritania
Gabon
Eritrea, Mauritius
Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, United States of America
Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
Iran, Israel/Controlled Territories, Jordan, Oman, Syria, United Arab Emirates
Bhutan, Hong Kong, India, Korea (Rep. o f ) , Mongolia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular), Malaysia (Sabah), Malaysia (Sarawak), Philippines,
Taipei China, Thailand, Vietnam
Albania,
Romania,
Austria,
Denmark,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech (Rep.), FRY (Serbia and M o n t e n e g r o ) , Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia, Hungary, Poland
Slovakia, Slovenia
Belgium, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxemburg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland
Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, U.K./Great Britain, U.K./Isle of Man, U.K./Northern
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Ukraine,
Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand,
Countries/Territories
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
reporting disease absence
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
(date of last outbreak )
1
2
3
4
Egypt (04-94), Tunisia
Cote d'Ivoire (1988), Niger (03-94), Senegal
Central African (Rep.), Chad
Sudan (1990)
2
3
Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada
Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Guyana,
1
2
3
Bahrain, Israel
Nepal
(11-94)
Suriname
(09-89), Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia
Brunei Darussalam, Myanmar
2
4
1
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Guam, M a r s h a l l Islands, Micronesia
Countries/Territories
(Federated S t a t e s ) , Solomon Islands, Wallis and Futuna
reporting disease absence but full report period not
covered
ASIA
Zone 2
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone 4
OCEANIA
Zone 1
Singapore
Bangladesh, China
(People's Rep. of)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
American Samoa, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa
No information on the disease is available
for other Countries or Territories.
(Western),
Tokelau
- 309 RIFT VALLEY F E V E R
Countries/Territories w h i c h have submitted positive
Countries
reports
Total
Total
1995
1994
1995
+?
+?
+?
+Î
Oil
+ ..
1
+ ..
+?
+ ..
+..
+..
+..
+..
+ ..
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
F.P.
AFRICA
Zone 2
Mauritania
Zone 3
Central African
Zone 4
Tanzania
Zone 5
Malawi
Mozambique
Zimbabwe
(Rep.)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1993
1992
. . + ..
0
0
+..
0
+..
0
+..
0
+..
0
f..
0
01-94
1994
1994
Countries/Territories w h e r e the disease has never been reported
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
Zone
1
2
3
4
5
Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Cape Verde, Ghana, M a l i , Togo
Angola, Chad
Comoros, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Uganda
Swaziland
1
2
3
Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, United States of America
Cuba, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
1
2
3
Bahrain, Iran, Israel, Israel/Controlled Territories, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Syria, United Arab Emirates
Bhutan, Hong Kong, India, Korea (Rep. o f ) , Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular), Malaysia (Sabah), Malaysia (Sarawak), Philippines, Singapore
Taipei China, Thailand, Vietnam
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone
Zone
Ireland
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
2
3
Albania,
Romania,
Austria,
Denmark,
4
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Ukraine,
1
Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
Countries/Territories
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
1
2
3
4
5
Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech (Rep.), FRY (Serbia and M o n t e n e g r o ) , Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia, Hungary, Poland
Slovakia, Slovenia
Belgium, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxemburg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland
Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, U.K./Great Britain, U.K./Isle of Man, U.K./Northern
reporting disease absence
(date of last outbreak )
Egypt (07-93)
Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Senegal
Gabon, Zaire
Kenya (1989), Sudan (1973)
Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia
2
3
(1985), South Africa
1
3
Antigua and Barbuda
Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Guyana, Suriname
Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia
Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Myanmar
2
4
Turkey
Turkmenistan
1
Guam, M a r s h a l l Islands, Micronesia
Countries/Territories
Uzbekistan
(1994)
(02-91), Swaziland, Zambia
(1990)
(Federated S t a t e s ) , Wallis and Futuna
reporting disease absence but full report period not
covered
ASIA
Zone 2
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone 4
OCEANIA
Zone 1
Bangladesh, China
(People's R e p . of)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
American Samoa, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa
No information on the disease is available for other Countries or Territories.
(Western),
Tokelau
310
BLUETONGUE
Countries/Territories w h i c h have submitted positive
Countries
Total
Total
1994
1995
+?
+?
reports
1995
F.P.
AFRICA
Zone 2
Guinea
Zone 4
Tanzania
Zone 5
Botswana
Lesotho
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa
Zimbabwe
ASIA
Zone 1
Israel
Jordan
Lebanon
Saudi Arabia
Zone 2
India
Zone 3
Japan
Malaysia (Sabah)
Malaysia (Sarawak)
OCEANIA
Zone 1
Australia
Papua New Guinea
Zone
Zone
Ireland
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
1
2
3
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Oct
Nov
Dec
1994
1993
1
107
1
+7
+7
0
+?
+. .
+7
+?
+7
?
+7
+. .
...
. . .
+7
+7
+7
+7
0
+7
+?
?
0
+7
+7
+7
+7
+7
61
+?
+. .
0
7
+7
+. .
3
309
110
+?
+7
+7
+7
+7
+7
+?
+7
+7
+7
0
5
0
0
11
0
0
11
1
1
19
0
1
9
2
0
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
05-94
11-94
10-94
1988
1990
+ ..
+..
+..
+. .
+. .
+ ..
+ ..
+. .
+. .
+. .
+. .
+. .
¡2-94
¿000
0000
199 1
08-88
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22
7
7
0
1
0
1
1
6
29
23
13
11-94
1994
12-94
0000
...
óóóo
reported
Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Cape Verde, Ghana, Senegal
Angola, Gabon
Comoros, Ethiopia, Mauritius
Madagascar
Cuba, Haiti
Uruguay
Bahrain, Iran, Kuwait, Syria
Bhutan, Hong Kong, Korea (Rep. o f ) , Mongolia, Sri Lanka
Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Taipei China, Thailand, Vietnam
Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech (Rep.), FRY (Serbia and M o n t e n e g r o ) , Former Yug. R e p . of Macedonia, Hungary,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia
Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxemburg, Malta, Netherlands, Switzerland
Denmark, Finland, Greenland,
Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, U.K./Great Britain, U.K./Isle of Man,
.4
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Ukraine,
Uzbekistan
1
Cook Islands, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
Countries/Territories
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Sep
1
+. .
+?
2
61
3
Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
1
2
3
Mar
1992
Countries/Territories where the disease has never been
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Feb
+. .
+
0. 0
+?
AMERICAS
Zone 1
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Honduras
Mexico
Panama
United States of America
Zone 2
Antigua and Barbuda
Grenada
Jamaica
Trinidad and Tobago
Zone 3
Bolivia
Brazil
Paraguay
Peru
Venezuela
Jan
reporting disease absence
(date of last outbreak )
1
2
3
4
5
Egypt (1971)
Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, M a l i , Mauritania, Niger, Togo
Central African (Rep.), Zaire
Kenya (1987), Sudan (1989), Uganda (11-87)
Malawi (08-85), Zambia (1988)
1
3
Canada (09-88)
Falkland Islands
1
2
3
Israel/Controlled Territories (1990), Oman (1984), Qatar, United Arab
Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan (1959)
Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia (1987), Malaysia (Peninsular) (1990)
(Malvinas), Guyana,
Suriname
Emirates
Poland
U.K./Northern
- 3 1 1 -
BLUETONGUE (contd)
Countries/Territories
EUROPE
Zone 2
Zone 4
OCEANIA
Zone 1
reporting disease absence
Cyprus (1977), Greece, Portugal
Turkmenistan
(date of last outbreak
(1959), Spain
Fiji, Guam, Marshall Islands, Micronesia
Countries/Territories
)(contd)
(1960), Turkey
(11-79)
(Federated S t a t e s ) , Wallis and Futuna
reporting disease absence but full report period not
covered
ASIA
Zone 2
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone 4
OCEANIA
Zone
1
China
(People's R e p . of)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
American Samoa, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Samoa
No information on the disease is available
(Western),
Tokelau
for other Countries or Territories.
- 312 -
SHEEP POX AND
Countries/Territories w h i c h have submitted positive
Countries
Total
Total
1994
1995
1422
23
150
263
568
GOAT
POX
reports
1995
F.P.
AFRICA
Zone 1
Algeria
Libya
Morocco
Tunisia
Zone 2
Burkina Faso
Mauritania
Niger
Zone 3
Central African
Chad
Zone 4
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jul
Jun
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
113
48
57
34
24
34
27
20
55
78
44
34
17
42
17
38
13
15
7
16
5
12
4
19
1
26
0
16
2
13
0
18
0
14
3
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
10-94
1
1
0
2
1
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
08-94
+ ..
69
234
7
1
+ ..
9
27
(Rep.)
ASIA
Zone 1
Iran
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
United Arab Emirates
Zone 2
Bangladesh
Bhutan
China (People's R e p . of)
India
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
EUROPE
Zone 1
Bulgaria
Zone 2
Greece
Turkey
Zone A
Azerbaij an
Kazakhstan
Russia
Uzbekistan
+. .
+. .
0
?
1994
...
7
30#
9
42
9
2
5
3
3
3
7
3
3
3
1
0
264
292
57
1
10
0
13
0
0
0
0
0
7
11
15
2
0
0
2
0
1
47
4
15
1
3
0
0
2
1
2
0
14
0
0
3
0
6
3
0
0
1
0
13
4
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
6
1
12
0
3
i5
0
'Ó'
0
1
0
i
+. .
+. .
47
0
+ ..
246
3*
26
74
43
19#
4
+..
+. .
0
24
99
0
6
1
8#
90
3
13
3
10
2
13
•k-k-k
+ ..
+ ..
+. .
+. .
+. .
3
1
0
0
+ ..
0
Ó
Ó
0
k-k-k
•k-k-k
•k-k-k
5
7
5
4
•t-. .
+. .
+. .
+. .
0
6
•t-..
0
2
0
0
0
5
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
-kk-k
•k-k-k
***
-k-k-k
1
0
0
8
0
0
13
0
0
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
Zone
12-94
12-94
12-93
12-94
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
1
0
1954
9
53
0
6
0
8
0
5
0
6
0
3
0
2
0
2
0
3
0
4
4
4
5
3
0
7
11-94
12-94
0
11
10
0
1
14#
34
1
0
0
3
0
•k-k-k
1
6
0
•k-kk
0
0
0
0
0
1987
1994
12-94
04-92
0
0
+. .
***
0
1
0
•k-kk
0
0
•k-k-k
•k-k-k
0
5
•k-k-k
0
0
0
0
0
Cape Verde, Ghana
Gabon
Comoros, M a u r i t i u s , Uganda
Botswana, Madagascar, M a l a w i , South Africa, Swaziland,
1
2
3
Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, United
Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
0
Zambia,
Zimbabwe
States of America
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay,
Venezuela
1
2
3
4
Hong Kong, Korea (Rep. of)
Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular), Malaysia (Sabah), Malaysia
Vietnam
Czech (Rep.), Former Yug. R e p . of Macedonia, Slovenia
Belgium, Luxemburg, Malta, Switzerland
Finland, Greenland, Iceland, U.K./Isle of M a n
Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine
1
Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
Countries/Territories
12-94
1994
1994
12-94
12-93
1994
12-94
11-94
1
129
2
3
4
5
2
3
1994
12-94
1994
Countries/Territories w h e r e the disease has never been reported
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
12-94
1994
12-94
12-94
reporting disease absence
(Sarawak), Philippines, Singapore, Taipei China,
(date of last outbreak )
1
2
3
4
5
Egypt (03-91)
Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire (1993), M a l i
Angola
Kenya (1989), Sudan (06-94)
Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia (1910)
2
3
Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada
Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Guyana,
1
2
3
Bahrain, Israel (10-93), Israel/Controlled Territories (01-93), Jordan
Mongolia (1977), Nepal
Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan (1921), Myanmar (1983)
(11-94), Senegal
(07-94), Togo
(1994)
Suriname
(04-94)
Thailand
- 313 -
S H E E P POX A N D GOAT P O X ( c o n t d )
Countries/Territories
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
OCEANIA
Zone 1
(date of last outbreak
)(contd)
Albania (1934), Croatia (1955), FRY (Serbia and Montenegro) (1955), Hungary (1957), Poland (1950), Romania (1957)
Slovakia (1950)
Austria (1954), Cyprus (07-89), France (1964), Germany (1920), Italy (05-83), Netherlands (1893), Portugal (1970)
Spain (1968)
Denmark (1879), Ireland (1850), Norway (1882), Sweden (1934), U.K./Great Britain (1866), U.K./Northern Ireland (1850
Moldavia (05-94), Turkmenistan
Guam, M a r s h a l l Islands, Micronesia
Countries/Territories
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone 4
OCEANIA
Zone 1
reporting disease absence
(Federated S t a t e s ) , Wallis and Futuna
reporting disease absence but full report period not
covered
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kyrgyzstan
American Samoa, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa
No information on the disease is available for other Countries or Territories.
(Western),
Tokelau
- 314 -
A F R I C A N H O R S E SICKNESS
Countries/Territories which have submitted positive
Countries
Total
Total
1994
1995
reports
1995
F.P.
AFRICA
Zone 2
Cape Verde
Nigeria
Senegal
Zone 4
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Zone 5
Botswana
Lesotho
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa
Zimbabwe
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
+ ..
-i-. .
15
0
1
1
2
2
17
4
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
+ ..
+ ..
1
8
2
4
5
2
n
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
***
•k-k-k
-k-k-k
2
0
0
1993
1989
12-94
2
3
0
0
1994
12-94
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
?
5
+. .
Apr
+. .
***
***
***
•k -k •k
0
0
0
0
0
3
4
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
+ ..
+ ..
+..
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
+ . „ +..
0
2
0
7
+ . . + . . + . . + ..
0
2
0
0
1
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
+. .
0
0
0
12-94
1993
1994
05-94
04-94
04-94
+ . . + ..
1
0
0
i
0
0
Countries/Territories where the disease has never been reported
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
Zone
2
3
4
5
Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea
Angola, Central African (Rep.), Gabon
Comoros, Mauritius, Uganda
Madagascar
1
2
3
Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, United States of America
Cuba, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
1
2
3
Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, United Arab Emirates
Bhutan, Hong Kong, Korea (Rep. o f ) , Mongolia, Sri Lanka
Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular), Malaysia (Sabah), Malaysia
Taipei China, Thailand, Vietnam
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone
Zone
Ireland
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
2
3
(Sarawak), Myanmar, Philippines,
Singapore
Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech (Rep.), FRY (Serbia and M o n t e n e g r o ) , Former Yug. R e p . of Macedonia, Hungary,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia
Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxemburg, Malta, Netherlands, Switzerland
Denmark, Finland, Greenland,
Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, U.K./Great Britain, U.K./Isle of Man,
U.K./Northern
4
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Ukraine,
Uzbekistan
1
Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
Countries/Territories
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
1
2
3
4
5
(date of last outbreak )
Algeria (1966), Egypt (1959), Libya, Morocco
Ghana (1985), Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Togo
Zaire
Kenya (1989), Sudan (1992)
Malawi
2
3
reporting disease absence
(1947), Swaziland
(1993), Zambia
(10-91), Tunisia
2
3
2
4
Cyprus (1960), Portugal
Turkmenistan
1
Guam, Marshall Islands, Micronesia
1
Countries/Territories
(11-89), Spain
(1966)
(1991)
Antigua and Barbuda
Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Guyana, Suriname
Iran (1963), Israel (1944), Israel/Controlled Territories
Syria (1961)
India, Nepal, Pakistan (1959)
Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia
(10-90), Turkey
(1944), Jordan
(1962), Lebanon, qatar, Saudi Arabia
(1961)
(Federated S t a t e s ) , Wallis and
reporting disease absence but full report period not
Futuna
covered
ASIA
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
2
Bangladesh, China
(People's R e p . of)
1
4
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
1
American Samoa, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa
No information on the disease is available for other Countries or Territories.
(Western),
Tokelau
Poland
- 315 -
A F R I C A N SWINE F E V E R
Countries/Territories w h i c h have submitted positive
Countries
Total
Total
1994
1995
reports
1995
F P.
AFRICA
Zone 2
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Senegal
Zone 3
Angola
Gabon
Zaire
Zone 4
Uganda
Zone 5
Malawi
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa
Zambia
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
12--94
19< 3
08 -94
+..
+. .
+ ..
+ ..
T . .
+. .
+..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+..
+ ..
.. .
Oi -94
0000
19')2
9
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
11 -94
27
6
0
2
16
19
2
3
1
1
1
0
0
+. .
+. .
+ ..
12
19
02
09
12
91
145
20
3
2
0
+ ..
-r. ,
+ ..
+. .
?
0
0
+ ..#
18
EUROPE
Zone 2
Italy
Countries/Territories w h e r e the disease has never been
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
Zone
1
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
+ ..
+..
+. .
+. .
+. .
+. .
+ ..
+. .
+ ..
+ ..
+. .
13
19
13
14
13
19
14
1
14
0
5
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco,
Ghana, Guinea, Mauritania
Central African (Rep.;
Mauritius, Sudan
Lesotho, Madagascar, Swaziland
1
2
3
Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, United States of America
Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
1
2
3
Bahrain, Israel, Israel/Controlled Territories, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria
Bhutan, Hong Kong, India, Korea (Rep. o f ) , Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular), Malaysia (Sabah), Malaysia (Sarawak), Philippines,
Taipei China, Thailand, Vietnam
2
3
Singapore
Denmark, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, U.K./Great Britain, U.K./Isle of Man,
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Ukraine,
Uzbekistan
1
(date of last outbreak )
2
4
5
Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, M a l i , Niger, Togo
Ethiopia (1993), Kenya (11-94)
Botswana (11-87), Zimbabwe (03-92)
2
3
Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba (1980), Grenada, Haiti
Brazil (11-81), Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Guyana,
1
3
Iran, Lebanon, United Arab
Myanmar
2
4
Belgium (05-85), France
Turkmenistan
1
Guam, Marshall Islands, Micronesia
Countries/Territories
AFRICA
Zone
ASIA
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
reporting disease absence
2
Suriname
Emirates
(1974), Malta
(1978), Netherlands
(04-86), Portugal
(Federated S t a t e s ) , Wallis and
reporting disease absence but full report period not
(08-93), Spain
Futuna
covered
Nigeria
2
Bangladesh, China
1
4
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
(People's R e p . of)
1
American Samoa, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa
No information on the disease is available for other Countries or Territories.
(Western),
Tokelau
(09-94),
Poland
U.K./Northern
4
Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
12 -94
Tunisia
Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech (Rep.), FRY (Serbia and M o n t e n e g r o ) , Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia, Hungary,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia
Austria, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Luxemburg, Switzerland
Countries/Territories
-94
)4
-89
-94
-94
reported
i
2
3
4
5
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone
Zone
Ireland
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
+. .
0
,
Turkey
- 316 -
CLASSICAL SWINE F E V E R
Countries/Territories w h i c h have submitted positive
Countries
AFRICA
Zone 2
Cape Verde
Zone 5
Madagascar
AMERICAS
Zone 1
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Honduras
Mexico
Zone 2
Cuba
Zone 3
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Paraguay
Peru
Venezuela
Total
1994
1995
1
2
3
4
5
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
r•r•
?
0
0
Ü
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
12-94
3
8
5
22
2
8
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
1
02-94
1994
1994
11-94
176
18
5
4
1
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
3
0
12-94
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
i
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
1
7
0
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
07-94
1994
11-94
09-94
01-94
12-94
11-94
03-94
0
19
0
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
w4*
***
27
5
0
12
0
31
1
0
0
0
1
1
+..
+..
155
15
3
2
18
1
75
1
2
1
35
3
2
197
4
219
19
2
+..
+..
+. .
+. .
1
0
1
3
1
3ÍÍ
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
2
0
0
3
1
+. .
+. .
18
14
0
0
1
1
0
+. .
0
0
2
0
3
7
9
149
0
0
1
1
0
+. .
0
0
2
2
2
3
5
0
0
1
+ ..
12
1
3
38
67
5
3
i
116
16
0
0
0
5
8
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
15
2
0
0
0
47
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
10
2
0
0
0
5
1
1
3
0
8
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
i
2
1
11-94
10-94
05-94
12-94
11-94
1
117
25
2
52
42
0
8
5
0
2
7
0
3
3
0
9
1
0
3
0
0
10
2
0
1
3
1
4
3
0
0
3
0
6
5
0
6
6
1
0
4
09-94
12-94
12-94
8
6
35
51
3
3
67
21
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
0
2
1
0
0
0
3
1
1
1
1
12-94
12-94
12-94
01-94
+..
i
Zambia,
0
44*
0
26
3
0
4
0
0
2
1
0
5
0
0
11
3
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
4
+ ..
Zimbabwe
2
1
2
Jamaica
Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Pakistan
3
4
Greenland, U.K./Isle of M a n
Azerbaij an
1
Cook Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
reporting disease absence
0
0
1
1
reported
Botswana, Lesotho, M a l a w i , Mozambique, Swaziland,
***
-k-k-k
•k-k-k
1994
12-94
04-94
12-94
12-94
1994
06-94
3
43#
2
115
14
12
6
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Ghana, Guinea, Mauritania, Senegal
Angola, Central African (Rep.)
Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda
Countries/Territories
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
Zone
Mar
6
Countries/Territories where the disease has never been
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
Feb
7
19#
Montenegro)
1995
Jan
0
+..
ASIA
Zone 2
Bhutan
China (People's Rep. of)
Hong Kong
India
Korea (Rep. of)
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Zone 3
Cambodia
Laos
Malaysia (Peninsular)
Malaysia (Sarawak)
Myanmar
Philippines
Taipei China
Thailand
Vietnam
EUROPE
Zone 1
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech (Rep.)
FRY (Serbia and
Slovakia
Zone 2
Austria
Germany
Italy
Zone 4
Belarus
Moldavia
Russia
Ukraine
Total
reports
Syria
(date of last outbreak )
2
3
4
5
Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, M a l i , Niger, Togo
Zaire
Mauritius (12-93)
Namibia (1917), South Africa (1918)
1
2
3
Canada (1963), Panama (1961), United States of America (1976)
Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, Haiti, Trinidad and Tobago
Ecuador (1994), Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Guyana, Suriname, Uruguay
(11-91)
1994
09-94
08-94
1967
11-94
12-94
09-94
12-94
12-94
- 317
-
CLASSICAL SWINE F E V E R ( c o n t d )
Countries/Territories
reporting disease absence
(date of last outbreak
)(contd)
ASIA
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
OCEANIA
Zone 1
Iran, Israel (1948), Israel/Controlled Territories, Lebanon, United Arab
Bangladesh, Mongolia (1979)
Indonesia, Japan (12-92), Malaysia (Sabah), Singapore (1989)
Albania (1973), Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia, Hungary (05-93), Poland (09-94), Romania (1974), Slovenia (11-92)
Belgium (11-94), Cyprus (1967), France (02-93), Greece (07-85), Luxemburg (04-87), Malta (1967), Netherlands (06-92)
Portugal (1985), Spain (1985), Switzerland (12-93), Turkey
Denmark (1933), Finland (1917), Iceland (1953), Ireland (1958), Norway (1963), Sweden (1944)
U.K./Great Britain (08-87), U.K./Northern Ireland (1958)
Estonia (01-94), Latvia (08-93), Lithuania ( 1 1 - 9 2 ) , Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (1979)
Australia (1962), French Polynesia (1972), Guam, Marshall Islands, Micronesia
New Zealand (1953), Palau, Wallis and Futuna
Countries/Territories
AFRICA
Zone 2
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone 4
OCEANIA
Zone 1
Emirates
reporting disease absence but full report period not
covered
Nigeria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
American Samoa, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Samoa
(Western),
Tokelau
No information on the disease is available for other Countries or Territories.
(Federated
States)
- 318 -
HIGHLY P A T H O G E N I C AVIAN I N F L U E N Z A
Countries/Territories w h i c h have submitted positive
Countries
Total
reports
Total
1995
F.P.
AFRICA
Zone 2
Niger
Nigeria
Zone 3
Central African
Zone 4
Comoros
Ethiopia
(Rep.)
1994
1995
0
+. .
+. .
+. .
+. .
+. .
+ ..
AMERICAS
Zone 1
Mexico
ASIA
Zone 2
Bangladesh
Pakistan
Zone 3
Cambodia
Jan
+..
Feb
Apr
Mar
+..
***
Hay
***
Jun
***
Jul
***
Aug
***
Sep
***
Oct
***
Dec
Nov
08-91
1994
***
1994
+,.
+..
. o
+.-
+ ..
+..
+ ..
?
10-94
0000
0
2
0000
0
0
+ ..
80
0
+. .
0
0
T
0
0
0
0
0
T • .
0
0
09-93
1992
1993
Countries/Territories where the disease has never been reported
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zone
Zone
1
2
3
4
5
Libya
Cape Verde, Ghana, Mauritania
Gabon
Mauritius, Sudan, Tanzania
Botswana, Madagascar, M a l a w i , Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia,
1
2
3
Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama
Cuba, Grenada, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay,
1
2
3
Bahrain, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Syria
Bhutan, India, Korea (Rep. o f ) , Mongolia, Sri Lanka
Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular), Malaysia (Sabah), Malaysia
Vietnam
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
Zone
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
(Sarawak), Philippines, Singapore, Taipei China,
Thailand
Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech (Rep.), FRY (Serbia and M o n t e n e g r o ) , Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia, Hungary, Poland,
Slovenia
Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain
Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, U.K./Isle of Man, U.K./Northern Ireland
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
1
Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
reporting disease absence
(date of last outbreak )
1
2
3
4
5
Algeria, Egypt (1965), Morocco (1983), Tunisia
Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, M a l i , Senegal
Angola, Zaire
Kenya, Uganda
Lesotho, Swaziland (1988)
1
2
3
United States of America (1984)
Antigua and Barbuda, Haiti
Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Guyana,
1
Israel (1948), Israel/Controlled
United Arab Emirates
Hong Kong (07-92)
2
3
Brunei Darussalam,
1
2
3
4
1
Togo
Suriname
Territories
Indonesia, Japan
(03-93),
(1948), Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia
(1945), Myanmar
Albania, Romania (1942)
Austria (1946), Belgium, France (1948), Germany (1979), Luxemburg (1956), Switzerland (1930), Turkey
Denmark (1955), Ireland (10-89), U.K./Great Britain (01-92)
Turkmenistan
Australia (12-94), Guam, M a r s h a l l Islands, Micronesia (Federated S t a t e s ) , Palau, Wallis and Futuna
Countries/Territories
reporting disease absence but full report period not
covered
ASIA
Zone
EUROPE
Zone
Zone
OCEANIA
Zone
Venezuela
2
3
4
Countries/Territories
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
AMERICAS
Zone
Zone
Zone
ASIA
Zone
Zimbabwe
2
China
1
4
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
(People's R e p . of)
1
American Samoa, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Samoa
(Western),
Tokelau
No information on the disease Is available for other Countries or Territories.
Slovakia
- 319 -
NEWCASTLE DISEASE
Countries/Territories w h i c h have submitted positive reports
Countries
Total
Total
1994
1995
Jan
5
61
velog
5
108
velog
0
0
2
28
0
21
0
25
1
5
2
13
7
1
6
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
+. .
+ ..
12
15
2
2
2
0
1995
F P
Feb
Mar
1
AFRICA
Zone 1
Egypt
Tunisia
1
Zone 2
I Benin
! Burkina Faso
Cameroon
velog
116
6
Ghana
Guinea
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Togo
+ ..
6
240
36
+ ..
+..
Apr
0
0
10
T. .
+. .
+ ..
***
+. .
+. .
+ ..
+ ..
+. .
+. o
-t-..
+ ..
+. .
+ ..
+. .
15
+. .
+. .
+. .
+ ..#
+ ..
+. .
-»-, .
0
May
Jun
Jui
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
0
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
09-94
12-94
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1994
11-94
1994
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
4
0
0
1
0
0
•k-k-k
***
***
-k-k-k
***
•k-k-k
•k-k-k
+..
+. .
T. . +..
+ ..
+. .
+. .
+. .
+ ..
12-94
12-94
12-94
04-94
Í2-94
12-94
09-94
velog
Zone 3
Angola
Central African
Chad
Zaire
(Rep.)
Zone 4
Comoros
+. .
Ethiopia
Kenya
Mauritius
Réunion
(France)
Sudan
Tanzania
Uganda
Zone 5
Botswana
velog
1
14
velog
8
velog
0
5
velog
335
+. .
+. .
velog
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa
Zambia
Zimbabwe
AMERICAS
Zone 1
Honduras
Zone 2
Haiti
Zone 3
Bolivia
Brazil
Colombia
Paraguay
Peru
ASIA
Zone 1
Bahrain
Iran
Jordan
Kuwait
37*
167
23
1
velog
156
velog
+ ..
velog
+..
20
14
velog
4
velog
299
3
+ ..
18
31
12
11
velog
84
velog
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
2
0
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
63
3
velog
3
velog
12
62
velog
4
velog
+ ..
+ ..
4
272
7
195
+ ..
+..
+ ..
+ ..
Syria
United Arab Emirates
327
2
0
2
+. .
+..
+ ..
+ ..
185
velog
65#
6
07-94
1994
12-94
1993
+..
10-94
03-94
11-94
4
0
0
2
0
1
1
1
0
2
5
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
07-94
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
i
1
0
12-94
12-94
1994
1994
7
velog
velog
Lebanon
Oman
Saudi Arabia
+. .
+. .
9
velog
21
velog
+ ..
+ ..
0
1
1
2
3
3
0
2
0
2
0
1
3
4
2
4
1
5
6
3
2
2
0
2
1993
12-94
12-94
1994
04-94
1
0
0
3
0
0
6
0
0
0
1
0
5
16
17
12
2
7
8
1
6
5
1
4
12-94
12-94
12-94
+..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+. .
+. .
+. .
+. .
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+..
+..
+ ..
+ ..
+. .
+. .
+. .
+. .
+. .
+. .
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1994
1993
0
0
0
2
3
13
12
5
10
5
4
8
1994
12-94
09-94
11-94
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+. .
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+..
+. .
1994
+. .
+. .
1994
12-94
12-94
1994
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+. .
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
+ ..
0
0
0
100
5
0
3
0
42
15
0
1
+ ..
+ ..
+. .
+. .
+. .
+. .
21
0
0
0
•k-k-k
***
***
***
0
0
1
1
+ ..
20
***
0
+ ..
+ ..
0
***
0
+..
+. .
44
***
2
0
***
1
1994
1993
1994
12-94
10-94
- 320 -
NEWCASTLE DISEASE (contd)
Countries/Territories w h i c h have submitted positive reports
Countries
Total
Total
1994
1995
(contd)
1995
.P.
ASIA (contd)
Zone 2
Bangladesh
Bhutan
China (People's R e p . of)
Hong Kong
India
Korea (Rep. of)
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
+ ..
+ ..
197
+ ..
1369
10
velog
+ ..
+ ..
167
velog
Zone 3
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
0
0
0
1
***
***
Oct
Nov
Dec
0
0
0
1
***
•k ir •>
***
Aug
Sep
1
0
71
3
1
32
2
1994
1994
12 -94
04 -94
12 -94
12 -94
14
9
1994
12 -94
12 -94
.
3
36#
6
1708
73
velog
3
83
105
velog
0
15
1
135
7
0
10
1
36
11
0
il
1
57
2
7
6
7
0
29
7
***
~k ic ~k
1
34
12
0
33
10
0
617
8
0
539
7
0
76
3
i
49
1
2
8
12
9
15
10
6
-k 'k ic
***
1994
06 -94
+ ..
velog
+ ..
+..
(Peninsular)
Malaysia (Sabah)
Malaysia (Sarawak)
Myanmar
Philippines
Taipei China
Vietnam
12
velog
16
velog
+. .
+. .
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
14
+. .
+. . +. .
36
12
9
9
3
0
5
0
3
1
2
1
2
0
2
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
i
0
+. .
0
0
0
I
25
14
1
0
0
0
1
0
3
12- 94
07- 94
0
0
4
4
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
3
1
0
06- 94
0
1
1
2
0
1
5
5
3
2
12- 94
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
12- 94
+. .
+. .
+. .
2
5
velog
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
2
0
0
08- 93
11- 94
Portugal
Switzerland
1
velog
179
velog
42
velog
0
8
velog
12
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
10- 94
03- 94
Turkey
velog
9
7
6
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
04- 94
Zone 3
Denmark
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
6
6
1972
Sweden
0
14
velog
1
velog
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1956
1
4
velog
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1985
08- 94
Germany
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Zone ^
Azerbaij an
Russia
0
3
velog
11
velog
28
velog
2
1994
1994
12 -94
12 -94
04--91
12--94
1
0
0
+. "
76
09 -94
11 -94
2
+ ..
15
0
EUROPE
Zone 1
Albania
FRY (Serbia and Montenegro)
Zone 2
Belgium
Feb
+. .
velog
Laos
Malaysia
T.
Jan
Countries/Territories where the disease has never been reported
EUROPE
Zone 3
Zone 4
OCEANIA
Zone 1
Greenland, Iceland, Norway, U.K./Isle of M a n
Latvia
Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
Countries/Territories
reporting disease absence
(date of last outbreak )
AFRICA
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
1
2
3
4
5
AMERICAS
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Algeria (02-94), Libya (1976), Morocco
Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire (1993)
Gabon (1994)
Eritrea (1994)
Swaziland (12-94)
(08-86)
Canada (1973), Costa Rica (1989), M e x i c o (11-93), Panama (1977), United States of America (11-92)
Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba (1982), Grenada, Jamaica (1991), Trinidad and Tobago (1994)
Argentina (07-94), Chile (1977), Ecuador (1994), Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Suriname (1993), Uruguay
Venezuela (12-90)
(1984)
- 321 -
NEWCASTLE DISEASE ( c o n t d )
Countries/Territories
reporting disease absence
(date of last outbreak
)(contd)
ASIA
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
OCEANIA
Zone 1
Israel (05-92), Israel/Controlled Territories (1977),
Mongolia
Japan (05-91), Singapore (08-94), Thailand (1993)
Bulgaria (01-93), Croatia (03-91), Czech (Rep.) (1980), Former Yug. R e p . of Macedonia, Hungary (10-92)
Poland (1974), Romania (1985), Slovakia (1980), Slovenia (1991)
Austria (06-93), Cyprus (05-92), France (12-92), Greece (09-86), Malta (05-93), Spain (12-93)
Finland (1971), Ireland (07-92), U.K./Great Britain (1984), U.K./Northern Ireland (05-91)
Belarus (1980), Estonia (11-62), Lithuania (1989), Moldavia (1993), Turkmenistan (1994), Ukraine (1992)
Uzbekistan (10-94)
Australia
Countries/Territories
EUROPE
Zone 1
Zone 4
OCEANIA
Zone 1
Qatar
(1932), Guam, Marshall Islands, Micronesia
(Federated S t a t e s ) ,
reporting disease absence but full report period not
covered
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
American Samoa, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Samoa
(Western),
Tokelau
No information on the disease is available for other Countries or Territories.
Palau, Wallis and
Futuna
OIE
R E F E R E N C E
Diseases
Foot and mouth disease
L A B O R A T O R I E S
Expert - Laboratory
Dr A.I. Donaldson
Head of Laboratory, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory
Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1483) 23.24.41, Fax : (44.1433) 23.24.43
Dr D. Fargeaud
Botswana Vaccine Institute, Department of Animal Health and Production
Broadhurst Industrial Site, Lejara Road, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone
BOTSWANA
Tél. : (267) 31.27.11, Fax : (267) 35.67.98, Telex: 2535 BVI BD
Dr V. Astudillo
Director, Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa - HCP/HCV/OPS
Caixa Postal 589, 20001-970, Rio de Janeiro
BRAZIL
Tél. : (55-21) 671 3128, Fax : (55-21) 671 2387
Dr S. Dudnikov
Vesicular stomatitis
All-Russian Research Institute for Animal Health
600900 Jur'Evets, Vladimir
RUSSIA
Tél. : (7-09222) 606 14, Fax : (7-09222) 37261 ou 43675
Dr M.L. Frey
National Veterinary Services Laboratories
P.O. Box 844, Ames, IA 50010
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.515) 239.85.51/82.00, Fax : (1.515) 239.83.48
Dr V. Astudillo
Director, Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa - HCP/HCV/OPS
Caixa Postal 589, 20001-970, Rio de Janeiro
BRAZIL
Tél. : (55-21) 671 3128, Fax : (55-21) 671 2387
Swine vesicular disease
Dr E. Brocchi
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale délia Lombardia e deH'Emilia "B. Ubertlni"
Via A. Blanchi n° 7, 25124 Brescia
ITALY
Tél. : (39.30) 22.901, Fax : (39.30) 22.5613
Dr A.I. Donaldson
Head of Laboratory, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory
Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1483) 23.24.41, Fax : (44.1483) 23.24.48
-324-
Diseases
Rinderpest / Peste des petits
ruminants
Expert - Laboratory
Dr J . Anderson
Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright
Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1483) 23.24.41, Fax : (44.1483) 23.24.48
Dr P.-C. Lefèvre
CIRAD-EMVT
Campus international de Baillarguet, Montferriez-sur-Lez
B.P. 5035
34032 Montpellier Cedex 1
FRANCE
Tél. : (33) (0) 467.61.58.00, Fax : (33) (0) 467.59.37.95
Dr H.M. Wamwayi & Dr J.S. Wafula
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
National Veterinary Research Centre. Muguga, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu
KENYA
Tél. : (254) 154-32000/32703/32106-7, Fax : (254) 154-32450
Contagious bovine
pleuropneumonia
Dr J.L. Martel
Directeur, CNEVA Lyon. Laboratoire de pathologie bovine, 31 avenue Tony Garnier
BP 7033, 69342 Lyon Cedex 07
FRANCE
Tél. : (33) (0) 478.72.65.43, Fax : (33) (0) 478.61.91.45
Dr J . Regalía
Laboratorio Nacional de Veterinaria, Estrada de Benflca 7 0 1 , 1500 Lisboa
PORTUGAL
Tél. : (351.1)716.20.75, Fax : (351.1) 716.00.39
Dr W.N. Masiga
Director, Organisation for African Unity/lnterafrican Bureau for Animal Resources
P.O. Box 30786, Nairobi
KENYA
Tél. : (254) 2-33.85.44/33.20.46, Fax : (254) 2-33.20.46, Tlx : 22893 OAU/IBAR
Dr F.G. Santini
Sheep pox & goat pox and
lumpy skin disease
National Centre for Exotic Diseases, CESME, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo
e del Molise " G . Caporale", Via Campo Boarlo, 64100 Teramo
ITALY
Tél. : (39.861) 33.22.31, Fax : (39.861) 33.22.51
Dr R.P. Kitching
Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright
Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1483) 23.24.41. Fax : (44.1483) 23.26.21
Dr B.J.H. Barnard
Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110
SOUTH AFRICA
Sheep pox & goat pox
Tél. : (27.12) 529 9111, Fax : (27.12) 565 6573
Dr M. Hessami
Rift Valley fever
Razi Vaccine and Serum Institute - P.O. Box 11365, 1558 Teheran
IRAN
Tél. : (98) 261.720059, Fax : (98) 261.74658 / 21.311.9708
Dr B.J.H. Barnard
Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110
S O U T H AFRICA
Tél. : (27.12) 529 9 1 1 1 , Fax : (27.12) 565 6573, Tlx : 322088 SA
-325-
Diseases
Bluetongue
Expert - Laboratory
Dr D. Verwoerd
Director, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort
0110
SOUTH AFRICA
Tél. : (27.12) 529 9111/529 9102, F a x : (27.12) 565 4667/565 6573
Dr J.E. Pearson
Chief, Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories
USDA-APHIS
P.O. Box 844, Ames, IA 50010
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.515) 239.85.51 /82.00, Fax : (1.515) 239.83.48
Dr J. Anderson
Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright
Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1483) 23.24.41, Fax : (44.1483) 23.24.48
Dr B.T. Eaton
CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Division of Animal Health
Institute of Animal Production and Processing, Ryrie Street
P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3226,
AUSTRALIA
Tél. : (61.52) 275000, Fax : (61.52) 275555
African horse sickness
Dr D. Verwoerd
Director, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute
Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110
SOUTH AFRICA
Tél. : (27.12) 529 9111/529 9102, Fax : (27.12) 565 4667/565 6573
Dr P.S. Mellor
Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright
Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1-483) 23.24.41, Fax : (44.1-483) 23.24.48
Dr J.A. House
National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory
USDA, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.516) 323.25.00, Fax : (1.516) 323.25.00625
Dr. J.M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno
Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación
y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28130 Valdeolmos
SPAIN
Tél. : (34.1) 620 23 00, F a x : (34.1) 620 22 47
Dra. Consuelo Rubio
Laboratorio de Sanidad y Producción Animal de Madrid
Carretera de Madrid-lrún, Desviación Algete, km 5,4, 28110 Algete
SPAIN
Tél. : (34.1 ) 629 0698, Fax : (34.1 ) 629 0598
1
I
J0INT
DESIGNATE
J
-326-
Diseases
African swine fever
Expert - Laboratory
Dr C. Mebus
National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, USDA, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.516) 323.25.00, Fax : (1.516) 323.25.07
Dr P.J. Wilkinson
Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright
Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1-483) 23.24.41, Fax : (44.1-483) 23.24.48
Dr. J.M. Sanchez-Vizcaino
Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación
y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28130 Valdeolmos
SPAIN
Tél. : (34.1) 620 23 00, Fax : (34.1) 620 22 47
Dr G.R. Thomson
Director, Onderstepoort Institute for Exotic Diseases, Agricultural Research Council
Private Bag X6, Onderstepoort 0110
SOUTH AFRICA
Tél. : (27.12) 529 9501, Fax : (27.12) 529 9543 / 529 9595
Classical swine fever
Prof. Dr Z. Pejsak
National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy
POLAND
Tél. : (48.81) 86.32.51, Fax (48.81) 86.25.95, Tlx : 0642401
Dr M. Shimizu
National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-1 Kannondal, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
JAPAN
Tél. : (81-298) 38.7763; Fax : (81.298) 38.7907; TLG: VETLAB MITUKAIDO
Dr B. Liess
Hannover Veterinary School, Institute of Virology
Bünteweg 17. 30559 Hannover
GERMANY
Tél. : (49.511) 953.8840, Fax : (49.511) 953.8898
Dr S. Edwards
Weybrldge Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1-932) 34.11.11, Fax : (44.1-932) 34.99.83
Dr G.C. Dulac
Agriculture Canada, Food Production and Inspection Branch
Animal Health Division, Animal and Plant Health Directorate
Camelot Court, 59 Camelot Drive, Nepean, Ontario K1A 0Y9
CANADA
Tél. : (1.613) 952.8000, Fax : (1.613) 993.4334
-327-
Diseases
Newcastle disease and
highly pathogenic avian
influenza (fowl plague)
Expert - L a b o r a t o r y
Dr D.J. Alexander
Weybridge Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1-932) 34.11.11, Fax: (44.1-932) 34.99.83
Prof. E.F. Kaleta
Director, Institut für Geflügelkrankheiten der Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen
Frankfurter Strasse 87, 35392 Giessen
GERMANY
Tél. : (49.641) 702.4865 or 4867, Fax : (49.641) 20.15.43
Dr T. Della-Porta
CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Division of Animal Health
Institute of Animal Production and Processing, Ryrie Street, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220
AUSTRALIA
Tél. : (61.52) 275000, Fax : (61.52) 275555
Dr B. Panigrahy
Aujeszky's disease
National Veterinary Services Laboratories and National Animal Disease Center
P.O.Box 844, Ames, IA 50010
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.515)
Fax : (1.515) 239.83.48
Prof.
B. T o m 239.8551,
a
Services des Maladies Contagieuses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort
7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Malsons-Alfort Cedex
FRANCE
Tél. : (33 (0)) 143.68.73.34, Fax : (33 (0)) 143.96.71.31
JOINT
DESIGNATION
Dr P. Vannier
CNEVA Ploufragan, Laboratoire central de recherches avicole et porcine
UR Station de pathologie porcine, Les Croix, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan
FRANCE
Tél. : (33) (0) 296.94.10.90, Fax : (33) (0) 296.78.68.61
Dr R.V. Pálfi
Central Veterinary Institute, Tábornok u. 2., 1149 Budapest
HUNGARY
Tél. : (36.1) 252.7278, Fax : (36.1) 252.5177, Tlx : 22-4430
Dr T.G. K i m m a n
National Institute of Public Health & Environment Protection
Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research, Room No.A12.004
P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven
NETHERLANDS
Tél. : (31.30) 274 2330, Fax : (31.30) 274 4449
Courrier électronique : [email protected]
Dr M.L. Frey
National Veterinary Services Laboratories and National Animal Disease Center,
P.O. Box 844, Ames, IA 50010
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.515) 239.8325, Fax : (1.515) 239.83.48
-328-
Diseases
Echinococcosis/hydatidosis
Expert - Laboratory
Dr M.A. Gemmell
Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd
Cambridge CB3 OES
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1-223) 33.77.33, Direct: (44.1-223) 33.76.90, Fax : (44.1-223) 33.76.10
Dr M. Kamiya
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
Kita-18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060
JAPAN
Tél. : (81.11)716.21.11, F a x : (81.11)717.75.69
Prof. H. Ouhelli and Prof. A. Dakkak
Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts
MOROCCO
Tél. : (212-7) 717 58 ou 717 59, Fax : (212-7) 8110
Leptospirosis
Dr W . J . Terpstra
Royal Tropical Institute, N.H. Swellengrebel Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene
Division of Health, Department of Biomedical Research
Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam
NETHERLANDS
Tél. : (31.20) 5665.441, Fax : (31.20) 6971.841
Dr W.A. Ellis
Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road
Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1232) 520011, Fax : (44.1232) 525773
Dr L. Samartino
Instituto de Bacteriología, CICV, INTA, Castelar
Casilla de Correo 77, Morón 1708 - Pcia. de Buenos Aires
ARGENTINA
Tél. : (54.1) 621.1289, Fax : (54.1) 481.2975
JOINT
DESIGNATION
Dr G.T. Dorta de Mazzonelli
Gerencia de Laboratorios, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Animal (SENASA)
Avda. Alexander Fleming 1653, 1640 Martinez - Pcia. de Buenos Aires
ARGENTINA
Tél. : (54.1) 798-4011; Fax : (54.1) 798-4786
Dr Carole Bolin
Dr Lee Ann Thomas
National Veterinary Services Laboratories and National Animal Disease Center
P.O. Box 70
P.O. Box 844
Ames, IA 50010
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.515) 239.8325, Fax : (1.515) 239.8458
Tél. : (1.515) 239.9548, Fax : (1.515) 239.8397
-329-
Diseases
Rabies
Expert - Laboratory
Dr A. Wandeler
Head, Rabies Unit, Animal Diseases Research Institute, 3851 Fallowfield Road
P.O. Box 11300, Station H, Nepean, Ontario K2H 8P9
CANADA
Tél. : (1.613) 998.9320, Fax : (1.613) 954.0614
M. M.F.A. Aubert & Dr J. Barrat
CNEVA Nancy, Laboratoire d'études sur la rage et la pathologie des animaux sauvages
Domaine de Pixérécourt, BP 9, 54220 Malzévllle
FRANCE
Tél. : (33) (0) 383.29.26.08, Fax : (33) (0) 383.29.33.13 / 383.33.24.50
Dr J.H. Cox
Bundesforchungsanstalt fur Viruskrankheiten der Tiere
Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 28, P.O. Box 1149, 72076 Tubingen
GERMANY
Tél. : (49.7071) 6031, Fax : (49.7071) 603201
Dr G. Thomson
Bovine tuberculosis and
paratuberculosis
Director, Onderstepoort Institute for Exotic Diseases, Agricultural Research Council
Private Bag X6, Onderstepoort 0110
SOUTH AFRICA
Tél.F.G.
: (27.12)
529 9511. Fax : (27.12) 529 9543 / 529 9595
Dr
van Zijderveld
Institute of Animal Science and Health, Bacteriology Department, Edelhertweg 15
P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad
NETHERLANDS
Tél. : (31.3202) 38.238. Fax : (31.3202) 38.050
Mme Marie-Françoise Thorel
CNEVA Alfort, Laboratoire central de recherches vétérinaires
22 rue Pierre Curie, BP 67, 94703 Maisons-Alfort Cedex
FRANCE
Tuberculosis
Tél. : (33 (0)) 1 49.77.13.00, Fax : (33 (0)) 143.68.97.62
Dr I.N. de Kantor
c/o Dr R. Londoño, Director, Instituto Panamericano de Protección de Alimentos y Zoonosis (INPPAZ)
Talcahuno 1660, 1640 Martinez - Pda. de Buenos Aires
ARGENTINA
Tuberculosis
Tél. : (54.1 ) 792 4047/4048/4049, Fax : (54.1 ) 112 3283
Ms D.V. Cousins
Australian Reference Laboratory for Bovine Tuberculosis
Department of Agriculture, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, Western Australian 6151
AUSTRALIA
Paratuberculosis
Tél. : (61.9) 368 3333, Fax : (61.9) 474 1881
Dr R. Condron
Head, Division of Animal Health, Victorian Institute of Animal Science
475-485 Mickleham Road, Attwood 3049, Victoria
AUSTRALIA
Paratuberculosis
Tél. : (61.93) 217 4200, Fax : (61.93) 217 4299
Dr Amelia Bernardelli
Gerencia de Laboratorios, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Animal (SENASA)
Avda. Alexander Fleming 1653, 1640 Martínez - Pcia de Buenos Aires
ARGENTINA
Tél. : (54.1) 798-4011 ; Fax : (54.1) 798-4786
-330-
Diseases
Brucellosis
Expert - Laboratory
Prof. C. Staak
Bundesinstitut fur gesundheitliche Verbraucherschutz und Veterinârmedizin
Thielallee 88-92, P.O. Box 330013, 14191 Berlin
GERMANY
Tél. : (49.30) 8412 2053, Fax : (49.30) 8412 4741
Mr A.P. MacMillan
Weybridge Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1-932) 34.11.11, Fax : (44.1-932) 34.99.83
Dr B. Garin-Bastuji
CNEVA Alfort, Laboratoire central de recherches vétérinaires
22 me Pierre Curie, BP 67, 94703 Maisons-Alfort Cedex
FRANCE
Tél. : (33 (0)) 149.77.13.00, Fax : (33 (0)) 143.68.97.62
Dr Donatella Nannini
National Centre for Exotic Diseases, CESME, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo
e del Mouse " G . Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo
ITALY
Tél. : (39.861 ) 33 2 1 , Fax : (39 861 ) 33.22.51
Dr K. Nielsen
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Animal Diseases Research Institute
Box 11300, Station H, Nepean, Ontario K2H 8P9
CANADA
Tél. : (1.613) 998.9320, Fax : (1.613) 952.8072
Dr M. Banai
Enzootic bovine leukosis
Department of Bacteriology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250
ISRAEL
Mr
M. Dawson
Tél. : (972-3)
968.1698,
Fax : (972-3)
968.1753
Weybridge
Central
Veterinary
Laboratory,
New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1-932) 34.11.11, Fax : (44.1-932) 34.99.83
Prof. O.C. Straub
Bundesforchungsanstalt für Viruskrankheiten der Tiere
Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 28, P.O. Box 1149, 72076 Tubingen
GERMANY
Tél. : (49.7071) 967. 203, Fax : (49.7071) 967.303
Infectious bovine
rhinotracheitis
Dr J.T. van Oirschot
Institute of Animal Science and Health, Virology Department
Edelhertweg 15, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad
NETHERLANDS
Tél. : (31.320) 238.238, Fax : (31.320) 238.050
Dr A. Moussa
CNEVA Lyon, Laboratoire de pathologie bovine, 31 avenue Tony Gamier
BP 7033, 69342 Lyon Cedex 07
FRANCE
Tel. (33) (0) 478.72.65.43, Fax : (33) (0) 478.61 91 45
Dr S. Edwards
Weybridge Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1-932) 34.11.11, Fax : (44.1-932) 34.99.83
Dr L.A. Babiuk
Associate Director (Research), Veterinary Infectious Disease Organisation
124 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0 W 0
CANADA
Tél. : (1.306) 966.7465, Fax : (1.306) 966.7478
-331 -
Diseases
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis
and maedi-visna
Expert - Laboratory
Dr Michelle Rémond
CNEVA Alfort, Laboratoire central de recherches vétérinaires
22 rue Pierre Curie, BP 67, 94703 Maisons-Alfort Cedex
FRANCE
Tél. : (33 (0)) 149.77.13.00, Fax : (33 (0)) 143.68.97.62
Mr M. Dawson
Weybrldge Central Veterinary Laooratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1-932) 34.11.11, Fax : (44.1-932) 34.99.83
Dr D.P. Knowles, Jr
Contagious caprine
pleuropneumonia
Veterinary Medical Officer, USDA-ARS, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology
Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7030
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.509) 335.6022, Fax : (1.509) 335.8328
Dr G. Bólske
The National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 7073, S-750 07 Uppsala
SWEDEN
Tél. : (46.18) 67.40.00, Fax : (46.18) 30.91.62
Dr F. Thiaucourt
CIRAD-EMVT, Campus international de Baillarguet
Montferriez-sur-Lez, B.P. 5035, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1
FRANCE
Tél. : (33) (0) 467.61.58.00, Fax : (33) (0) 467.59.37.95
Dr S. Shompole & Dr C.J. Wanjohi
Kabete Veterinary Laboratories, P.O. Box Kabete Nairobi
KENYA
Tél. : (254) 2-44.41.44, Fax : (254) 2-44.41.44
Scrapie and bovine
spongiform encephalopathy
Dr G.A.H. Wells
Weybridge Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1932) 35.73.06, Fax : (44.1932) 34 70 46
Salmonellosis
D r C . Wray
Weybridge Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1932) 34.11.11, Fax : (44.1932) 34.99.83
Dr M. Hartung
Bundesinstitut für gesundheitliche Verbraucherschutz und Veterlnarmedizin
P.O. Box 330013,14191 Berlin
GERMANY
Tél. : (49.30) 8412 2220 Fax : (49.30) 8412 4741
Dr C. Poppe
Health of Animals Laboratory, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 3 W 4
CANADA
Tél. : (1.519) 822 3300, Fax : (1.519) 822 2280
-332-
Diseases
Contagious equine metritis
Expert - Laboratory
Mrs J.E. Shreeve
Weybridge Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1-932) 34.11.11, Fax : (44.1-932) 34.99.83
Dr J.H. Bongers
c/o DLO - Institute of Animal Science and Health, Bacteriology Department
P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad
NETHERLANDS
Tél. : (31.320) 238 238, Fax : (31.320) 238 050
Dr Lee Ann Thomas
National Veterinary Services Laboratories
P.O. Box 844, Ames, IA 50010
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.515) 239.8551, Fax : (1.515) 239.8348
Dourine
Prof. V.T. Zablotskij
All-Russian Research Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture & Food
Orlikov per. 1 / 1 1 , RU-107802 Moskva
RUSSIA
Tel: (7-095) 975 58 50/207 87 6 1 , Fax: (7-095) 208 22 55 / 207 85 95
Eastern/Western/
Venezuelan equine
encephalomyelitis
Dr J.E. Pearson
Chief, Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, P.O. Box 844, Ames, IA 50010
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.515) 239.8405, Fax : (1.515) 239.8397
Equine infectious anaemia
Dr J.E. Pearson
Chief, Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, P.O. Box 844, Ames, IA 50010
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.515) 239.8405, Fax : (1.515) 239.8397
Dr H. Sentsui
National Institute of Animal Health
3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
JAPAN
Tél. : (81.11 ) 851.5226, Fax : (81.11 ) 853.0767
Professeur B. Toma
Services des Maladies Contagieuses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort
7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex
FRANCE
Tél. : (33 (0)) 143.68.73.34, Fax : (33 (0)) 143.96.71.31
Equine influenza
Dr W. Eichhorn
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Infectious and Epidemic Diseases, Veterinary Faculty
University of Munich, Veterinârstrasse 13, 80539 München
GERMANY
Tél. : (49.89) 2180.2528/2531/2520/2598, Fax : (49.89) 2180.2597
Dr Jennifer A. Mumford
Animal Health Trust, P.O. Box 5, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7 D W
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1638) 66.11.11, Fax : (44.1638) 66.57.89, Tlx : 818418 A N H L T H G
Dr T . M . Chambers
Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Dept of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky
108 Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0099
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.606) 257 4757, Fax : (1.606) 257 8542, Tlx : 204 009 UK LEXKY COMSVC
-333-
Diseases
Equine rhinopneumonitis
Expert - Laboratory
Dr Jennifer A. Mumford
Animal Health Trust, P.O. Box 5, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7 D W
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1638) 661.111, Fax : (44.1638) 665.789, Tlx : 818418 A N H L T H G
Dr G. Allen
Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 108 Gluck Equine
Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0099
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.606) 257.4757, Fax : (1.606) 257.8542. Tlx : 204 009 UK LEXKY COMSVC
Prof. K.P. Yurov
Equine viral arteritis
Head of Virology Department, All-Russian Research Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary Department. Ministry of Agriculture & Food, Orlikov per.1/11, RU-107802 Moskva
RUSSIA
Tel:
(7-095)
975 58 50 ou 207 87 6 1 , Fax: (7-095) 208 22 55 ou 207 85 95
Dr P.J.
Timoney
Chair & Director, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Dept of Veterinary Science
University of Kentucky, 108 Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0099
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.606) 257.4757, Fax : (1.606) 257.8542, Tlx : 204 009 UK LEXKY COMSVC
Dr D. Paton
Weybridge Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1-932) 34.11.11, Fax : (44.1-932) 34.99.83
Transmissible gastroenteritis
Dr D. Paton
Weybridge Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1-932) 34.11.11, Fax :-(44.1-932) 34.99.83
Dr Linda J . Saif
Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center
The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691-4096
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.216) 263 3744, Fax : (1.216) 263 3677
Trichinellosis
Dr E. Pozio
Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Laboratorio di Parasitología, Víale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma
ITALY
Tél. : (39.6) 49.902.304, Fax : (39.6) 44.698.23
Dr H.R. Gamble
Research Leader, Parasite Biology and Epidemiology Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service,
Building 1040, Room 103, BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.301) 504.8300, Fax : (1.301) 504.5306
Infectious bursal disease
(Gumboro disease)
Mr P.J. Wyeth
Weybridge Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1-932) 34.11.11, Fax : (44.1-932) 34.99.83
Dr B. Kouwenhoven
Regional Laboratory for Poultry Health
P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer
NETHERLANDS
Tél. : (31.570) 660 222, Fax : (31.570) 634 104
Dr J.K. Rosenberger
Dept of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry
University of Delaware, 040 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19717-1303
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.302) 831 2524, Fax : (1.302) 831 8177
-334-
Diseases
Marek's disease
Expert - L a b o r a t o r y
Dr L.N. Payne
Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory
Compton, Nr. Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44.1-635) 57.84.11, Fax : (44.1-635) 57.72.37
Dr J.L. S p e n c e r
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Animal Diseases Research Institute, 3851 Fallowfield Road
P.O. Box 11300, Station H, Nepean, Ontario K2H 8P9
CANADA
Té!. : (1.613) 998.9320, Fax : (1.613) 954 0614
Dr R.L. Witter
Mycoplasmosis
(M. gallisepticum)
Research Leader and Laboratory Director, USDA/ARS, Midwest Area, Avian Disease
& Oncology Laboratory, 3606 East Mount Hope Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48823
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.517) 337.6828, Fax : (1.517) 337.6776
Dr S.H. K l e v e n
Research Professor and Head, the University of Georgia, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Department of Avian Medicine, Poultry Disease Research Center
953 College Station Rd. Athens, Georgia 30602-4875
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.706) 542 1904, Fax : (1.706) 542 5630
Dr Isabelle K e m p f
CNEVA Ploufragan, Laboratoire central de recherches avicole et porcine
Unité de pathologie aviaire, Les Croix, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan
FRANCE
Tél. : (33) (0) 296.76.01.29, Fax : (33) (0) 296.76.01.23
Viral haemorrhagic disease
of rabbits
Dr D. G r e g g
National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, USDA, P.O. Box 848 Greenport, NY 11944
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1.516) 323.2500, Fax : (1.516) 323.2798
Dr A. Lavazza
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale délia Lombardia e deH'Emilia "B. Ubertini"
Via A. Bianchi 7, 25124 Brescia
ITALY
Tél. : (39.30) 229 0298, Fax : (39.30) 22.56.13
Viral haemorrhagic
septicaemia
Dr N. J ô r g e n Olesen
Statens Veterlnaere Serum Laboratorium
Hangovej 2, DK-8200 Ârhus
DENMARK
Tél. : (45) 86 16 79 00, Fax : (45) 86 10 74 64
Spring viraemia of carp
Infectious haematopoietic
necrosis (rhabdoviruses)
Dr B.J. Hill
Fish Diseases Laboratory - MAFF
Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB
UNITED KINGDOM
Tél. : (44-1305) 20 66 00, Fax : (44-1305) 20 66 01
Dr J o - A n n L e o n g
Oregon State University, Department of Microbiology
Nash Hall 220, Corvallis, Oregon 93331-3804
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1-503) 737 4441, Fax : (1-503) 737 0496
Dr J . W i n t o n
Fish and Wildlife Service, National Fisheries and Research Center
Building 204, Naval Station. Seattle, Washington 98115-5007
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1-206) 526 6587, Fax : (1-206) 526 6654
-335-
Diseases
Oncorhynchus
disease
masou virus
Epizootic haematopoietic
necrosis
Diseases of molluscs
Diseases of crustacean
Expert - Laboratory
Dr M. Yoshimizu
Hokkaido University, Faculty of Fisheries, Microbiology Department
3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 014
JAPAN
Tél. : (81.138) 410 1 3 1 , Fax : (81.138) 435 015
Dr A. Hyatt
Australian Fish Health Reference Laboratory c/o Australian Animal Health Laboratory
P.O. Bag 24. Geelong, Vic. 3220
AUSTRALIA
Tél. : (61 ) 52 27 50 00, Fax : (61 ) 52 27 55 55
Dr H. Grizel
IFREMER, Laboratoire de Pathologie des Invertébrés
17390 La Tremblade
FRANCE
Tél. : (33) (0) 546 36 30 07, Fax : (33) (0) 546 36 37 51
Dr D. Lightner
Aquaculture Pathology Section. Department of Veterinary Science
University of Arizona, Building 90, Room 202
Tucson AZ 85721
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tél. : (1-602) 621 6903, Fax : (1-602) 621 6366
Pr Chen Shiu-nan
National Taiwan University, Dept of Zoology, Director, Institute of Fishery Biology
No.1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4
Taipei
TAIPEI CHINA
Tél. : (886-2) 368 71 0 1 , Fax : (886-2) 368 71 22
Bee diseases
Dr Cécile Fléché
CNEVA Sophia Antipolis, Laboratoire de pathologie des petits ruminants et des abeilles
Unité Pathologie de l'abeille, 105 route des Chappes, 06410 Blot
FRANCE
Tél. : (33) (0) 492 96 00 20, Fax : (33) (0) 492 96 01 22
Dr W. Ritter
Tlerhyglenisches Institut Freiburg, Am Moosweiher 2, Postfach 5140, 79108 Freiburg
GERMANY
Tél. : (49.761) 15020, Fax : (49.761) 1502-299
OIE
C O L L A B O R A T I N G
C E N T R E S
Veterinary drugs
CNEVA Fougères, Laboratoire et Agence nationale du médicament
vétérinaire, La Haute Marche, Javené, 35133 Fougères
FRANCE
Tél. : (33) (0) 299.94.78.78
Fax : (33) (0) 299.94.78.99
ELISA and Molecular Techniques in Animal Disease Diagnosis
FAO/IAEA Centre for ELISA and Molecular Techniques in Animai
Disease Diagnosis, International Atomic Energy Agency,
Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Wien
AUSTRIA
Tél. : (43.1) 236.060
F a x : (43.1) 234.564
Application of Methodology for the Diagnosis of Animal Diseases
CIRAD-EMVT. Campus international de Baillarguet
Montferriez-sur-Lez, B.P. 5035
34032 Montpellier Cedex 1
FRANCE
Tél. : (33) (0) 467.61.58.00
Fax : (33) (0) 467.59.37.95
Surveillance and Control of Animal Diseases in Africa
Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute
Private Bag X5
Onderstepoort 0110
SOUTH AFRICA
Tél. : (27.12) 529 9111
Fax : (27.12) 565 6573
A C R O N Y M S
A N D
U S E D
AGID
Agar gel Immunodiffusion
AI
Artificial Insemination
CAD
Canadian dollar
CE
Communauté européenne
IN
A B B R E V I A T I O N S
T H E
R E P O R T S
JUNAC
Junta del Acuerdo de Cartagena
[Cartagena Agreement Board]
Comunidad Europea
NGO
Non-governmental organisation
OIE
Office International des Epizooties
OMC
[European Community: EC]
CEE
Organisation mondiale du commerce
[World Trade Organization: W T O ]
Communauté économique européenne
OMS
Organisation mondiale de la santé
Comunidad Económica Europea
Organización Mundial de la Salud
[European Economic Community: EEC]
[World Health Organization: W H O ]
CIRAD-EMVT
Centre
de
Coopération
Recherche
Agronomique
loppement,
Département
Internationale
pour
le
d'Elevage
en
OPS
Organización Panamericana de la Salud
Déve­
et
[Pan-American Health Organization: PAHO]
de
Médecine Vétérinaire (France)
PARC
Pan African Rinderpest Campaign
PCR
Polymerase chain reaction
PKR
Pakistan rupee
PPD
Purified protein derivative
EC
European Community
EEC
European Economic Community
ELISA
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay
ETB
Birr (monetary unit of Ethiopia)
SADC
Southern African Development Community
EU
European Union
SAREC
South Asia Rinderpest Eradication Campaign
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
SPS
W T O Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement
UE
Union européenne
Nations
FAT
Unión Europea
Fluorescent antibody test
[European Union]
FMD
Foot and mouth disease
USAID
FONPLATA
Fondo Financiero para el Desarrollo de la
United States Agency for International
Development
Cuenca del Plata
USD
United States dollar
WB
World Bank
WHO
World Health Organization
WTO
World Trade Organization
[Fund for the Development of the Plata Basin]
GBP
British pound
GREP
Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
ICPI
Intracerebral pathogenicity Index
IFAD
International Fund for Agricultural Development
IICA
Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on
Agriculture
S Y M B O L S
0000
U S E D
IN
S T A T I S T I C S
T A B L E S
Never reported
Suspected but not confirmed
Serological evidence and/or isolation of causative
disease
Disease exists; distribution and occurrence u n k n o w n
?
+ ?
+ ..
#
F.P.
agent,
no
clinical
Incomplete total
D a t e o f last o u t b r e a k
No i n f o r m a t i o n available
No information received
***
Source of information
(N)
Interafrican Bureau for A n i m a l Resources, Organization of African
(P)
Nairobi (Kenya)
OIE W o r l d R e f e r e n c e L a b o r a t o r y f o r F o o t a n d M o u t h D i s e a s e ,
(Z)
(United Kingdom)
Pan A m e r i c a n F o o t a n d M o u t h D i s e a s e C e n t e r , Rio de J a n e i r o (Brazil)
Virus type
Foot
and mouth
disease
N.I.
Vesicular
Virus not typed
stomatitis
N.I.
Virus not typed
Ind
Virus Indiana
NJ
Virus N e w Jersey
Newcastle
Velog
disease
Velogenic virus
Unity,
Pirbright
INDEX O F D I S E A S E S
DISEASE / PATHOGEN
PAGE
Acariasis of bees
Actinobacillus spp
Actinomyces spp
Adenovirus
African horse sickness
African swine fever
American foulbrood
Anaplasma spp
Anthrax
281
215,240
215
286
12, 58, 104, 155, 164, 191, 233, 242, 295
12, 71, 108, 152, 183, 196, 230, 242, 274, 293
180, 199, 205,281
85, 126, 136, 165,214
54,59,65,68,71,80, 130, 136, 139, 153, 164, 169, 173, 184, 189,
194, 196, 207, 209, 217, 219, 227, 233. 237, 245. 259, 261. 271.
274,278,293,296
99,239
20,37,47,91,97, 116, 118. 158, 173, ¡77, 200,237.250,255,
263, 278, 284
89, 140, 170. 293
89
175, 197
20, 180, 238
cf. Renibacterium salmoninarum
32
272
69,71, 128, 142, 165, 184, 189, 196,208,214,217,219.227.233,
272, 274
11. 39, 43, 58, 125, 146, 155, 164, 265, 284
31
21, 170,214,233
61, 85, 126, 136, 139, 142, 165, 184,214,261,277
40, 47, 49, 51, 56, 61, 66, 69, 76, 81, 85, 92, 94, 97, 105, 109, 115,
119, 133, 136, 139, 158, 161, 165, 170, 173. 179. 189. 191. 197,
227, 228, 231, 238, 255, 259, 264, 267, 271, 275, 279, 285, 288
56,76
cf. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
14, 41, 83, 92, 98, 120, 143, 147. 180, 231, 248. 280, 285, 288
19,35,43,47,51,56,69, 76,81,85,92. 94,98, 105, 110, 119,
129, 133, 140, 158, 161,231, 174, 184, 189,202,210,217.219,
227, 229, 238, 251, 255, 259, 264, 267, 271, 279, 285, 288
cf. Mucosal disease
cf. Ovine Epididymitis
35, 126, 141, 161, 166,214,231,245,267
30
215
97
22, 184
23
14,20,88,98, 111, 116, 120, 140, 149, 156, 170, 186,238,243,
271,280.289
98, 126,204,238
215
No particular information available
cf. Spongiform encephalopathies
12, 18,36,39,46,65.82, 84,91.94. 96, 116, 117, 152, 157, 162,
172, 176, 182, 186, 227, 236, 247, 254, 263, 265, 288
cf. Botulism
cf. Blackleg
cf. Black disease
cf. Enterotoxaemia
Atrophic rhinitis
Aujeszky's disease
Avian infectious bronchitis
Avian infectious laryngotracheitis
Avian leukosis
Avian tuberculosis
Bacterial kidney disease
Bitter crab syndrome
Black disease
Blackleg / Black quarter
Bluetongue
Bonamia spp
Botulism
Bovine babesiosis
Bovine brucellosis
Bovine
Bovine
Bovine
Bovine
cysticercosis
herpesvirus infection
spongiform encephalopathy
tuberculosis
Bovine viral diarrhoea
Brucella ovis
Brucella spp [in different animal species]
Caligus spp
Camel pox
Campylobacter spp
Canine distemper
Capped elbow (Infectious ~)
Caprine and ovine brucellosis (excluding B. ovis)
Caprine arthritis / encephalitis
Caseous lymphadenitis
Chlamydia spp
Chronic wasting disease
Classical swine fever
Clostridium
Clostridium
Clostridium
Clostridium
botulinum
chauvoei
novyi
perfringens
-342-
DISEASE / PATHOGEN
PAGE
Clostridium septicum
Clostridium tetani
Coccidiosis
Contagious agalactia
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
240
cf. Tetanus
106,240
140, 280
10,54,57,58,68,70, 80, 107, 114, 127, 134, 151, 160, 183,
188, 193, 198, 207, 230, 232, 247, 258, 261, 274, 292, 295
140
92,98, 120,280
215
71, 197,214
cf. Fasciola spp
61
cf. Duck virus enteritis
cf. Duck virus enteritis
21,234,286
234
23
59, 87, 94, 97, 164, 169, 201, 237, 288
cf. Coccidiosis
22
171,215,240, 272
162,280
No particular information available
47, 51, 88, 92, 94, 110, 112, 115, 119. 162, 179, 184, 203. 229,
238, 248,251,279,285
137
No particular information available
No particular information available
285
77, 83, 86, 120, 134,280,286
61
15,45
No particular information available
123,239
92, 99, 204, 239, 243, 277
281
86, 95,233.240
29
cf. Fasciola spp
8, 34, 38, 54, 55, 57, 62, 67, 70, 78, 80, 101, 103, 117, 132, 138,
141, 145, 151, 154, 160. 166, 169, 172, 176, 183, 185, 190, 195,
198, 207, 213, 221, 224, 226, 228, 230, 236, 241, 245, 247, 258,
261, 262, 266, 268, 274, 276, 278, 287, 295
21,255
cf. Highly pathogenic avian influenza
197
197
56, 170,272,289,293
28
No particular information available
cf. Sheep pox
cf. Infectious bursal disease
30
284
61, 69, 71, 136, 140, 142, 186, 189, 208, 222, 233, 238, 261, 264
24
No particular information available
59, 68, 125, 184, 196,296
223
28
13, 19,43, 104, 117, 172,221,278
cf. Classical swine fever
No particular information available
cf. Echinococcus spp
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
Contagious equine metritis
Contagious pustular dermatitis
Derniatophilus congolensis
Distomatosis (liver fluke)
Dourine
Duck plague
Duck plague
Duck virus enteritis
Duck virus hepatitis
Ebola
Echinococcus spp
Eimeria spp
Encephalitis / myocarditis
Enterotoxaemia
Enterovirus encephalomyelitis
Enzootic abortion of ewes (ovine chlamydiosis)
Enzootic bovine leukosis
Ephemeral fever
Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis
Epizootic lymphangitis
Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western)
Equine infectious anaemia
Equme influenza (virus type A)
Equine morbillivirus infection
Equine piroplasmosis
Equine rhinopneumonitis
Equine viral arteritis
European foulbrood
Fasciola spp
Flexibacter spp
Fluke
Foot and mouth disease
Fowl cholera
Fowl plague
Fowl pox
Fowl pox
Fowl typhoid (Salmonella gallinanim)
Furunculosis
Glanders
Goat pox
Gumboro disease
Gyrodactylus salaris
Haemorrhagic disease of white-tailed deer
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
Flantavinis infection
Haplosporea costale IH. nelsoni
Heartwater
Helminthiases
Herpesvirus infections
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (fowl plague)
Hog cholera
Horse pox
Hydatidosis
-343-
DISEASE / PATHOGEN
PAGE
Hypocalcaemia
Ichthyophthirius multijilis
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis /
infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
223
30
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis
Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis
Infectious pancreatic necrosis
Iridoviroses
Japanese encephalitis
Jembrana
Johne's disease
Kangaroo blindness syndrome
Leishmania spp
Lepeophtheirus spp
Leptospira spp
Listeria spp
Liver fluke
Lumpy skin disease
Maedi-visna
Malignant catarrhal fever
Mange
Marek's disease
Marteilia spp
Mastitis
Mikrocytos mackini
Mortality in Sardinops sagax neopiichardus
Mucosal disease / Bovine virus diarrhoea
Mycobacterium avium IM. bovis
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Mycoplasma agalactias
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Mycoplasma mycoides
Myxobolus cerebralis
Myxomatosis
Nairobi sheep disease
Necrotising hepatopancreatitis
Newcastle disease
Nodavints
Nosematosis of bees
Oncorhynchus masou vims disease
Ostrich fading syndrome
Ovine epididymitis (Brucella ovis)
Ovme pulmonary adenomatosis
Paradeontacylix spp
Parafilaria spp
Paratuberculosis
Paivovirus
Pasteurella spp
Perkinsosis
Peste des petits ruminants
Piscirickettsia infection
Polyarthritis (Infectious ~)
Porcine brucellosis
Porcine cysticercosis
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
Proliferative kidney disease
47, 88, 92. 98, 115, 136, 238, 248, 251, 255
89, 105, 137, 140, 142, 161, 170, 184, 187. 197,205,214,222,255,
275, 293
15,27, 100, 121,281
32
27, 100,282
No particular information available
14,43
137
cf. Paratuberculosis
45
90
30
65,97, 125, 162,211,237, 263
240
cf. Fasciola spp
11,58,68, 103, 128, 164, 182, 183, 188,242,259,293,295
89, 98, 180,239,252
137
24, 165, 169. 194,240,282
89, 140, 170, 187,234
31
223
31
44
115, 137,210,252
cf. Tuberculosis
cf. Paratuberculosis
cf. Contagious agalactia
21, 121,214.222,239.255.272.286
cf. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
and Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
30
92, 99,239
No particular information available
32
13, 19, 37, 40, 50, 54, 58, 65, 68, 71, 78, 80, 96, 104, 116, 118,
130, 132, 135, 138, 141, 152, 155, 157, 161, 164, 169, 172, 176,
182, 183, 186, 196, 199, 207, 213, 222, 228, 230, 233, 242, 245,
247, 249, 254, 259, 261, 263, 265, 270, 274, 278, 293, 295
28
281
No particular information available
44
203,238
No particular information available
30
22
43, 97, 179, 201, 209, 214, 238, 263, 285
162
69, 175, 189, 197, 208, 238 (cf. also Haemorrhagic septicaemia
and Fowl cholera)
No particular information available
10, 18, 54,68,71,80, 127, 134, 146, 155, 166, 193,213,232,276
30
23
20, 86, 162, 174,239, 286,289
No particular information available
158, 286
30
-344-
DISEASE / PATHOGEN
PAGE
Pseudorabies
Pullorum disease (Salmonella pullorum)
Q fever
Rabies
see Aujeszky's disease
56, 74, 77, 106, 121, 187, 223, 234, 255, 272, 289, 293
88, 97, 237,288
14, 19, 37, 47, 51, 56, 59, 65, 68, 71, 76, 80, 82, 91, 97, 105, 109,
112, 115, 119, 126, 128-130, 132, 136, 139, 141, 146, 153, 155,
158, 162, 164, 169, 173, 178, 184, 189, 191, 196,208, 209,214,
217, 219, 227, 228, 237, 242, 245, 247, 259, 261, 263, 265, 267,
271, 274, 279, 284, 288, 293, 296
29, 282
11, 104, 193,232,295
10, 18,68, 70,80, 103, 114, 127, 134, 138, 141, 155, 166, 193,
213, 221, 232, 245, 258, 261, 270, 276
15,28,210
No particular information available
90, 121, 149, 240,280
cf. Fowl typhoid
cf. Pullorum disease
142, 173,210,219,253,259
133, 149, 175, 197, 240, 272, 280 (cf. also S. enteritidis,
S. gallinarum and S. pullorum)
56
cf. Mange
233
77, 78,85,89, 149,210,280,285
14, 85, 169
11, 34, 68, 122, 138, 146, 155, 161, 169, 190, 207, 213, 216, 218,
261,267, 270, 276
24, 286 (cf. also Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and Scrapie)
15,27, 92,281
31
23
240
29
214
86, 240
10, 96, 116, 117, 151,230
cf. Enterovirus encephalomyelitis
32
cf. Enterovirus encephalomyelitis
214
61, 140, 142, 197, 214, 246, 271, 277
cf. Ephemeral fever
240
89, 116, 158
77, 83,99, 123, 174,211,239
No particular information available
cf. Surra
54, 69, 71, 81, 136, 142, 197, 222, 246, 275, 293
49, 231
No particular information available
116
23
92,95, 181, 191,239,281
15,78
9, 62, 226, 284
29
28
15, 22, 43, 52, 54, 92, 143, 170, 180, 239
26, 99, 121,281
28
282
32
Renibacterium salmoninarum
Rift Valley fever
Rinderpest
Salmon infectious anaemia
Salmonella abortus ovis
Salmonella enteritidis
Salmonella gallinarum
Salmonella pullorum
Salmonella spp [in different animal species]
Salmonella spp [poultry]
Sarcocystis spp
Scab
Schistosoma spp
Scrapie
Screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax)
Sheep pox and goat pox
Spongiform encephalopathies
Spring viraemia of carp
SPX
Slephanojllaria spp
Strangles
Streptococcosis
Surra (Trypanosoma evansi)
Swine erysipelas
Swine vesicular disease
Talfan disease
Taura syndrome
Teschen disease
Tetanus
Theileria spp
Three-day sickness
Toxoplasma spp
Transmissible gastroenteritis
Trichinella spp
Trichomona spp
Trypanosoma evansi
Trypanosoma spp
Tuberculosis [in ovine / caprine]
Tularaemia
Turkey rhinotracheitis
Ulcerative dermatitis
( 'arroa jacobsoni
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
Vesicular stomatitis
I 'ibrio spp
Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy
Viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia
Viral nervous necrosis
Warble infestation
White spot disease
INDEX O F C O U N T R I E S
COUNTRY
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Australia
Autna
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China (People's Rep. of)
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Côte dlvoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Falkland Islands
Fiji
Finland
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
France
France / Réunion Island
French Polynesia
FRY (Serbia and Montenegro)
Gabon
Georgia
Report
!
Table
No information available
355
H.34
358
361
363
8, 12, 38
365
13-15,23,24,28,42
368
14,46
371
11,13,49
374
376
11
378
379
13,14,20,27,30,50
381
15,53
383
55
386
388
10.57
389
8,62
392
395
397
11.12
399
67
401
403
8, 70
405
13, 26, 27, 29-32, 75
407
411
413
260
416
8, 12,29,30.93
418
32
420
8,9,15,78
421
423
No information available
424
12
426
8, 23, 79
428
82
430
12, 14, 84
433
87
435
91
438
13,26,96
441
32, 101
444
102
447
450
10
452
112
454
113
457
459
27-30, 115
460
463
14,15,18,20,24,27,29-31,117
467
13, 117, 118
469
12
465
10
471
No information available
-346-
Report
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guam
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Israel / Controlled Territories
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea (Rep. of)
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Libya
Lithuania
Luxemburg
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia (Peninsular)
Malaysia (Sabah)
Malaysia (Sarawak)
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia (Federated States of)
Moldavia
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
12-14, 18, 27, 36
9,11,28,122
123
125
127
8, 129
130
15
132
28
10,32,134
32, 135
138
18, 141
15,31,143
9, 11, 144
9,150
10-13,20,27-29,151
11,27.28.30,32
9, 154
8,10,18,22
157
159
162
166
163
167
172
14,176
182
183
9, 14, 185
188
192
13, 32
11
11, 12, 190
12, 195
11
8, 12, 13, 198
13, 31, 199
211
28, 200
206
Table
473
476
478
481
483
484
486
488
490
490
493
496
498
500
502
505
508
511
514
517
519
522
524
525
527
528
531
533
534
536
539
541
543
545
548
551
553
555
558
560
562
564
566
567
569
571
574
575
578
581
583
585
587
589
590
592
595
598
601
604
606
-347-
Report
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Samoa (American)
Samoa (Western)
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taipei China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Territoires autonomes palestiniens
Thailand
Togo
Tokelau
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United Kingdom / Great Britain
United Kingdom/He of Man
United Kingdom / Northern Ireland
United States of America
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Wallis and Futuna
Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Table
15.27-30.209
10.213
10, 11, 13, 18,220
15
8,12,224
226
9,32
228
10, 11, 14,230
11
.'
607
610
612
615
616
618
619
621
623
626
628
630
9, 11, 12,20
633
636
636
636
232
637
639
No information available
234
641
12, 235
643
646
648
No information available
8, 19, 22, 23, 241
649
12, 24, 27, 29, 107
652
10
655
244
658
661
663
13, 27-29, 249
665
13, 14, 247
668
671
13, 28, 30, 32, 254
672
No information available
18,22,256
674
9,
32, 262
677
679
265
11,266
679
9, 268
682
684
8,12,18,273
686
688
10,276
689
14, 15, 22, 24, 26, 27, 30
278
691
692
282
694
9, 19-21, 24, 26, 28-32, 283
695
8, 287
698
218
700
290
703
15
705
708
710
292
8,294
711
19,23,295
713
M E M B E R
C O U N T R I E S
OF
THE
O F F I C E
I N T E R N A T I O N A L
D E S
E P I Z O O T I E S
IN
1 9 9 5
AFGHANISTAN
ALBANIA
ALGERIA
ANGOLA
ARGENTINA
AUSTRALIA
AUSTRIA
AZERBAIJAN
BAHRAIN
BELARUS
BELGIUM
BENIN
BHUTAN
BOLIVIA
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
BOTSWANA
BRAZIL
BULGARIA
BURKINA FASO
CAMBODIA
CAMEROON
CANADA
CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.
CHAD
CHILE
CHINA, PEOPLE'S REP. OF
COLOMBIA
COMOROS
CONGO
COSTA RICA
CÔTE D'IVOIRE
CROATIA
CUBA
CYPRUS
CZECH REP.
DENMARK
ECUADOR
EGYPT
ERITREA
ESTONIA
ETHIOPIA
FINLAND
FORMER YUG. REP. OF MACEDONIA
FRANCE
GABON
GEORGIA
GERMANY
GHANA
GREECE
GUINEA
HAITI
HONDURAS
HUNGARY
ICELAND
INDIA
INDONESIA
IRAN
IRAQ
IRELAND
ISRAEL
ITALY
JAPAN
JORDAN
KAZAKHSTAN
KENYA
KOREA, REP. OF
KUWAIT
KYRGYZSTAN
LAOS
LATVIA
LEBANON
LESOTHO
LIBYA
LITHUANIA
LUXEMBURG
MADAGASCAR
MALAWI
MALAYSIA
MALI
MALTA
MAURITANIA
MAURITIUS
MEXICO
MOLDAVIA
MONGOLIA
MOROCCO
MOZAMBIQUE
MYANMAR
NAMIBIA
NETHERLANDS
NEW CALEDONIA
NEW ZEALAND
NIGER
NIGERIA
NORWAY
OMAN
PAKISTAN
PANAMA
PARAGUAY
PERU
PHILIPPINES
POLAND
PORTUGAL
QATAR
ROMANIA
RUSSIA
SAUDI ARABIA
SENEGAL
SIERRA LEONE
SINGAPORE
SLOVAKIA
SLOVENIA
SOMALIA
SOUTH AFRICA
SPAIN
SRI LANKA
SUDAN
SWAZILAND
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
SYRIA
TAIPEI CHINA
TAJIKISTAN
TANZANIA
THAILAND
TOGO
TUNISIA
TURKEY
TURKMENISTAN
UGANDA
UKRAINE
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
UNITED KINGDOM
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
URUGUAY
UZBEKISTAN
VANUATU
VENEZUELA
VIETNAM
YUGOSLAVIA
ZAIRE
ZAMBIA
ZIMBABWE