Acute postoperative spinal infection (< 1 month)

publicité
Complications infectieuses
post-op&eacute;ratoires au cours
de la chirurgie du rachis
Tristan FERRY
[email protected]
Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales
H&ocirc;pital de la Croix-Rousse,
Universit&eacute; Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon
Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie
Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, UCBL1, Lyon, France
Equipe Pathog&eacute;nie Bact&eacute;rienne et Immunit&eacute; Inn&eacute;e,
Centre National de R&eacute;f&eacute;rence des Staphylocoques,
Facult&eacute; de M&eacute;decine Laennec, Lyon
Centre Interr&eacute;gional Rh&ocirc;ne-Alpes Auvergne
de R&eacute;f&eacute;rence des IOA complexes
D&eacute;finition
Infection du site op&eacute;ratoire
• ISO :
– Pr&eacute;sence de pus ou d’un liquide puriforme provenant
d’une cicatrice
– Pr&eacute;sence de signes inflammatoires locaux n&eacute;cessitant
une ouverture
– Pr&eacute;sence d’un microorganisme, associ&eacute; &agrave; des PNN, en
culture &agrave; partir d’un pr&eacute;l&egrave;vement du site infect&eacute;…
• Profondeur :
– Superficielles (au dessus apon&eacute;vrose)
– Profondes
• D&eacute;lai :
– Pr&eacute;coce &lt;1 mois (retard&eacute;es 1-3 mois)
– Tardives &gt;1 mois, jusqu’&agrave; 1 an ?
• Sur mat&eacute;riel ou non
Epid&eacute;miologie
Diff&eacute;rence majeure dans la
prise en charge
• ISO superficielle
– Reprise de la cicatrice (sus-apon&eacute;vrotique)
– Antibioth&eacute;rapie simple (1 seul antibiotique) pendant 15 jours &agrave; 3
semaines
• ISO profonde (spondylodiscite postop&eacute;ratoire)
– Reprise de la cicatrice
– Documentation en sous-apon&eacute;vrotique, &eacute;vacuation d’un
&eacute;ventuel abc&egrave;s
– Antibioth&eacute;rapie souvent double plusieurs semaines/mois
– Si mat&eacute;riel :
Lavage si infection
pr&eacute;coce/stabilit&eacute;
D&eacute;pose du mat&eacute;riel si infection
chronique ?
Postoperative spinal implant infection
• Implant-associated BJI is the most
difficult-to-treat infectious disease
• Postoperative spinal implant infection is
infrequent, but costly
• Identify:
– Host-related risk factors
– Procedure-related risk factors
* Risk factors for PJI
*
*
Procedure-related risk-factors
Posterior fusion T1-T12, L1-L5, S1
Laminectomy L1-S1
Posterior arthrodesis with cages
Invasiveness index value = 47
ISO profonde sur mat&eacute;riel :
Inoculation directe
Inoculation directe
H&eacute;matog&egrave;ne
secondaire
1 mois
3 mois
12 mois
Risque de rechute d’un traitement conservateur
(lavage chirurgical et antibioth&eacute;rapie adapt&eacute;e &agrave; dur&eacute;e
d&eacute;termin&eacute;e) au cours des infections du rachis sur
mat&eacute;riel
% d’&eacute;chec
100 %
50 %
Lavage
1 mois
3 mois
Temps
LE BIOFILM
Production d’exopolysaccharide
)(slime
Engainement des bact&eacute;ries
Vie en communaut&eacute; (constitution
)de galeries
R&eacute;sistantes aux agressions
(syst&ecirc;me immunitaire,
)antibiotiques
Indissociable du mat&eacute;riel
Etapes de la colonisation du mat&eacute;riel par S. epidermidis
2h
4h
8h
24 h
Fixation des staph
sur des irr&eacute;gularit&eacute;s
&agrave; la surface du
mat&eacute;riel
D&eacute;but de fabrication
du &quot;slime &quot;
La surface du mat&eacute;riel
est recouverte par
une couche &eacute;paisse
de &quot;slime&quot;
Des bact&eacute;ries
&eacute;mergent du biofilm,
libres et pr&ecirc;tes &agrave; se
fixer ailleurs
Microphotographies Olson, Ruseska, Costerton J. Biomed Mater Res 1988
3 month’s therapy
might not be
adequate for all
patients
52 year-old man with acute spinal implant infection
• Active kidney neoplasm with
cervical C6 compressive
metastasis
• Corporectomy (C6),
osteosynthesis and bone
grafting
• Acute spinal implant infection
• Debridement and implant
retention (S. aureus)
• Duration of antimicrobial
therapy extended to 6 months
C. Barrey and T. Ferry
72 year-old woman with acute
spinal implant infection
• Diabetes
• Myelopathy with severe cervical
degenerative spine
• Anterior and posterior
osteosynthesis
• PEEK cages
• Acute spinal implant infection
• Debridement and implant
retention
• Multidrug resistant Klebsiella
pneumoniae
• Prolonged intravenous
antimicrobial therapy
The antimicrobial
therapy could be
stopped if the implant
is removed
Usual medicosurgical approach
• Acute postoperative spinal infection (&lt; 1 month)
– Debridement and implant retention
– Inoculum reduction and microbiological diagnosis
– Antimicrobial therapy WE CAN STOP, BUT WHEN?
• Chronic postoperative spinal infection
– Debridement and implant explantation
– Biofilm eradication and microbiological diagnosis
– Antimicrobial therapy WE CAN STOP, BUT WHEN?
• Chronic postoperative spinal infection
– Debridement and implant retention or partial exchange
– Microbiological diagnosis but persistence of the biofilm
– Antimicrobial therapy followed by “suppressive” therapy DON’T STOP!
22 year-old woman with chronic spinal implant infection
• Scoliosis
• Fistula 6 years after
posterior instrumentation
• Total implant
explantation (E. faecalis)
• Duration of antimicrobial
therapy (IV then oral
amoxicillin) for 3 months
•
C. Barrey and T. Ferry
Data in the literature?
Usual medicosurgical approach
• Acute postoperative spinal infection (&lt; 1 month)
– Debridement and implant retention
– Inoculum reduction and microbiological diagnosis
– Antimicrobial therapy WE CAN STOP, BUT WHEN?
• Chronic postoperative spinal infection
– Debridement and implant explantation
– Biofilm eradication and microbiological diagnosis
– Antimicrobial therapy WE CAN STOP, BUT WHEN?
• Chronic postoperative spinal infection
Patients without
bony union in
the few months
following
instrumentation
– Debridement and implant retention or partial exchange
– Microbiological diagnosis but persistence of the biofilm
– Antimicrobial therapy followed by “suppressive” therapy DON’T STOP!
Toute IOA est complexe… car multidisciplinaire
Prise en charge chirurgicale
Orthop&eacute;diste / Neurochirurgien
IOA
Microbiologie
Diagnostic
Physiopathologie
Prise en charge m&eacute;dicale
Infectiologue
Conclusion
• Bien distinguer les infections post-op&eacute;ratoires :
– Superficielles ou profondes
– Aigu&euml;s ou chroniques
– Avec ou sans mat&eacute;riel
• Importance de la reprise chirurgicale la plus
pr&eacute;coce possible, en dehors de toute antibioth&eacute;rapie
• N&eacute;cessit&eacute; d’une collaboration &eacute;troite entre
chirurgien, microbiologiste et infectiologue
• Place des centres de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence
Lyon Bone and Joint Infection Study group
•
Physicians – Tristan Ferry, Thomas Perpoint, Andr&eacute; Boibieux, Fran&ccedil;ois
Biron, Florence Ader, Anissa Bouaziz, Judith Karsenty, Fatiha Daoud,
Johanna Lippman, Evelyne Braun, Marie-Paule Vallat, Patrick Miailhes,
Florent Valour, Christian Chidiac, Dominique Peyramond
•
Surgeons – S&eacute;bastien Lustig, Franck Trouillet, Philippe Neyret, Olivier
Guyen, Gualter Vaz, Christophe Lienhart, Michel-Henry Fessy, C&eacute;dric
Barrey
•
Microbiologists – Frederic Laurent, Fran&ccedil;ois Vandenesch, Jean-Philippe
Rasigade
•
Nuclear Medicine – Isabelle Morelec, Emmanuel Deshayes, Marc Janier,
Francesco Giammarile
•
PK/PD specialists – Michel Tod, Marie-Claude Gagnieu, Sylvain Goutelle
•
Clinical Research Assistant – Marion Martinez
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