IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 8, Issue 9, 2020 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613 Development of Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials Based On Vegetable Leaves in Benin: Case of the Musa Sapientum Species (Review) Guy Clarence SEMASSOU1 Abdou Raïmi Olayimika Ichola ALAKOUKO2 Kouamy Victorin CHEGNIMONHAN3 1,2 Laboratoire d’Énergétique et de Mécanique Appliquées (LEMA), École Polytechnique d'AbomeyCalavi, 01 BP 2009 Cotonou, Bénin 3 Thermics and Energy Laboratory of Nantes, (LTEN) - CNRS, UMR 6607, BP 50609, 44306 Nantes, France Abstract— The development of biodegradable packaging is one of the environmental protection thematic. This paper presents a review of the various works relating to the development of food packaging based on the leaves of the Musa sapientum species. This review shows that Musa sapientum leaves are available, generate socio-economic benefits and have the chemical, physical, mechanical, antimicrobial and toxicity characteristics necessary for the development of biodegradable food packaging. There are also methods and standards for the manufacturing and mechanical characterisation of packaging materials based on vegetable leaves. Keywords: Musa Sapientum, Food Packaging, Material, Vegetable Leaf, Mechanical Characterisation NOMENCLATURE Quantity Deformations tensor Stress tensor Rigidity tensor Lamé coefficients Coulomb’s module Young’s module Poisson coefficient Symbol ɛ σ C µ, λ G E υ SI unit MPa (N/mm2) MPa (N/mm2) MPa (N/mm2) MPa (N/mm2) MPa (N/mm2) - I. INTRODUCTION The urbanization of the population and the development of agro-food chains around the world have led to a rapid increase in the demand for plastic food packaging, particularly in developing countries. Benin, a major consumer, is permanently supplied with plastic packaging from Asian countries and the sub-region where supply is abundant and cheaper (Hounhouigan, 2000). However, the use of plastic packaging has many drawbacks. Indeed, once used, because of their nonbiodegradable nature, they become very bulky in nature, posing serious problems of environmental pollution and land degradation. In addition, the practice of packaging hot, ready-to-eat food in plastic packaging is common, creating risks of contamination with effects that are detrimental to the health of consumers in the short or long term. These are some of the reasons that led Benin, following the example of some countries in the sub-region, to vote the law against the use of packaging in non-biodegradable plastic bags (Law n°2017-39 on the prohibition of the production, importation, marketing and use of non-biodegradable plastic bags in the Republic of Benin). Moreover, in Benin, several types of vegetable packaging are usually used in the food industry: palm branches, raffia branches, vegetable leaves, etc. The unbridled development of the agro-food craft industry in Benin makes it necessary to recycle these traditional packaging materials. A multitude of vegetable leaves used as food packaging have been identified in the north, center and south of Benin (Onzo, et al., 2016). The use of vegetable leaves as food packaging has many advantages, from an economic, cultural and environmental point of view (Gbesso, et al., 2015). It is an alternative to non-degradable synthetic packaging that poses a danger to public health and the environment. It will then make sense to produce modern, biodegradable food packaging based on these plant species. This paper reviews the various works towards the development of packaging materials based on vegetable leaves in Benin. After showing the diversity and the socioeconomic issues related to the use of vegetable leaves as food packaging in Benin, the various studies on the packaging material component of the Musa sapientum species are discussed, and the methods for developing and characterisation of bio-based packaging materials are concluded. II. METHODOLOGY The methodology used to conduct this review consists of consulting national and international articles, thesis and reports on the themes of Musa sapientum, leaves packaging in Benin and the development of packaging materials. The review on vegetable leaf food packaging in Benin assesses the availability, diversity and socio-economic aspects related to the use of vegetable leaves as food packaging in Benin. Then the review of the physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics as well as the toxicity and antimicrobial activity of Musa sapientum leaves allows to assess the potential of Musa sapientum leaves for the manufacture of agro-materials for food packaging. Finally, a review of the different methods for the development and characterisation of bio-based packaging materials makes it possible to determine the standards and methods for the manufacturing and characterisation of packaging based on vegetable leaves. A. Vegetable Leaves and Food Packaging in Benin 1) Biodiversity of Packaging Plant Leaves The biodiversity of plant leaves used as food packaging in Benin has been the subject of several scientific studies. A survey on vegetable leaf packaging carried out by systematic raking of 150 women food producers and sellers in South Benin revealed that Thalia geniculata, Tectona grandis, Manihot esculenta, Musa sapientum, Lasimorpha senegalensis, Icacina trichantha, Elaeis guineensis and All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 209 Development of Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials Based On Vegetable Leaves in Benin: Case of the Musa Sapientum Species (Review) (IJSRD/Vol. 8/Issue 9/2020/047) Sterculia tragacantha were the main plant species identified and used by about 98% of the women producers surveyed. From the same study, it can be concluded that due to their biodegradability, diversity and a range of intrinsic properties and characteristics, plant leaves used as packaging play a key role in the agro-food craft industry in South Benin. In addition to the protective function they provide, some leaf species are also consumed as leafy vegetables or used for their medicinal properties, while others transfer their aroma or colour to packaged foods (Onzo, et al., 2013). On the other hand, a study carried out in eight municipalities (in the North and South) of Benin reveals that 65 plants species belonging to 32 families are used by the populations as food packaging. Of these species, about 20% are cultivated and 80% are in the wild. These include Thalia geniculata, Siphonochilus aethiopicus, Sarcocephalus latifolius, Cyrtosperma senegalense, Daniellia oliveri, Agyrea nervosa, Ampelocissus leonensis, Isoberlinia doka, Sterculia tragacantha, Icacina trichantha and musa sapiemtum (Onzo, et al., 2016). Figure 1 shows a picture of some species used as food packaging in Benin. Fig. 1: Some species used as food packaging in Benin (Onzo, et al., 2016) Legend: a=Argyrea nervosa; b=Ampelocissus leonensis ; c=Cyrtosperma senegalense ; d=Daniellia oliveri ; e=Icacina trichantha ; f=Isoberlina doka ; g=Sarcocephalus latifolius ; h=Siphonochilus aethiopicus ; i=Sterculia tragacantha ; j=Thalia geniculata. 2) Availability of Musa Sapientum Leaves As for the production of Musa sapientum leaves, it is assimilated to that of the banana. In 2018, Benin’s banana production is estimated at 22,167 tons. (Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture, 2020). These data show that Musa sapientum leaves are available in sufficient quantities for packaging materials. Figure 2 shows the evolution of the quantity of bananas (and therefore leaves) produced per year in Benin from 2000 to 2018. It can be seen that since the year 2000, the quantity of bananas produced has been increasing, and this justifies the presence Fig. 2: Quantity of bananas produced per year in Benin of a resource to be valorised; banana leaves. (Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture, 2020) All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 210 Development of Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials Based On Vegetable Leaves in Benin: Case of the Musa Sapientum Species (Review) (IJSRD/Vol. 8/Issue 9/2020/047) 3) Socio-Economic Aspect The use of leaves as food packaging represents a potential for the development of artisanal food processing. According to studies carried out on ten species, including Musa sapientum, in southern and central Benin, vegetable leaf packaging is a flourishing trade that brings substantial income (5,000 to 8,000 CFA francs per day) in the local context to women vendors (Gbesso, et al., 2015). B. Musa Sapientum Leaves as Packaging Material 1) Presentation of the Species Musa Sapientum Banana trees, Musa, are a genus of perennial monocotyledonous plants of the Musaceae family whose fruits, in general, are bananas. In botany, musa is a genus of species divided into five sections Eumusa, Rhodochlamys, Callimusa, Australimusa and Ingentimusa. The banana tree, contrary to appearances, is not a tree, but a herbaceous plant. (Lassoudière, 2010). Musa sapientum is a tree-like perennial herb that grows at a height of 5 to 9 meters, with a tuberous, hard, long-stemmed rhizome. The inflorescence is large with a reddish-brown bract and is eaten as a vegetable. The ripe fruit is sweet, juicy and full of seeds and the skin is thicker than that of other bananas. (Imam, et al., 2011). The fruits and leaves of Musa sapientum are shown in Figure 3. Fig. 3: Musa sapientum: (a) Leaves and fruits of Musa sapientum (Imam & Akter, 2011) (b) Fresh Musa sapientum leaves (Alakouko, 2020) Because of its characteristics, Musa sapientum leaves are used in various fields such as medicine, food, packaging and pharmacology (Imam, et al., 2011).The characteristics that make Musa sapientum leaves a material for food packaging will be detailed in the following paragraphs. 2) Physical and Chemical Characteristics Several scientific works have been carried out on the physical, chemical and physicochemical characteristics of Musa sapientum leaves. The most recent studies have focused on the material or biopolymer component of these leaves and have led to the conclusion that they can be used in the production of packaging. Studies have shown that banana leaves contain 28.80% raw fibers (Bouafou, et al., 2012). These fibers can be used as reinforcement in the production of packaging paper. For example, fibers from Musa sapientum leaves together with other chemical elements have been used in the production of papers (Amit, et al., 2017). The chemical composition and some physical characteristics of Musa sapientum leaves are presented in tables 1 and 2. According to these results, Musa sapientum leaves contain important elements for the preparation of cellulose and the production of paper (Akpabio, et al., 2012). The same conclusions were drawn in the work of Atul Kumar and his peers. According to this work, Musa sapientum leaves contain 82-85% cellulose, which may allow the preparation of biopolymers for the production of packaging materials (Atul, et al., 2013). Physical parameters Values Moisture content (oven-dried) (%) 93.40 Moisture content (air-dried) (%) 80.00 Soluble in cold water (%) 27.50 Soluble in hot water (%) 20.70 Cold soluble 1% NaOH (%) 27.90 Hot soluble 1% NaOH (%) 16.60 Cold soluble 18% NaOH (%) 37.50 Hot soluble 18% NaOH (%) 33.20 Soluble in a 1:2 ethanol-benzene solution (%) 44.30 Basic density (g/cm3) 0.22 Table 1: Some physical characteristics of Musa sapientum leaves (Akpabio, et al., 2012) Elements (mg/100g) Proportions Iron 17.95±0.01 Zinc 8.03±0.14 Magnesium 8.03±0.30 Phosphorus 9.35±0.46 Copper 3.42±0.01 Calcium 8.83±0.32 Sodium 25.20±0.55 Potassium 32.40±0.10 Cadmium 0.04±0.02 Table 2: Chemical composition of Musa sapientum leaves (Akpabio, Udiong, & Akpakpan, 2012) 3) Mechanical Characteristics As with all types of composite materials, the characteristics of packaging materials based on Musa sapientum leaves depend on the properties of the constituents. Knowledge of the characteristics of Musa sapientum leaves is important in packaging production. According to work by Onzo et al., Musa sapientum leaves have a tensile stress at break of 2.025 MPa in longitudinal tension and 0.908 MPa in transverse tension. They have mechanical characteristics that can be used in the manufacture of biodegradable packaging (Onzo, et al., 2014b). 4) Antimicrobial Activity and Toxicity Studies by Caroline Onzo and her pairs in 2014 on the physicochemical, phytochemical and toxicity characterisation of plant species used as food packaging in West Africa show that the leaves of the species Musa sapientum are not toxic (Onzo, et al., 2014a). In addition, the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of this species reveals that they can be used as biological antimicrobial agents for the preservation of packaged food (Onzo, et al., 2015). Musa sapientum leaves are therefore non-toxic and can act as an antimicrobial agent in food preservation. C. Processing of Packaging Materials Based on Vegetable Leaves 1) Packaging Materials Several materials can be used in the manufacture of food packaging, such as paper, cardboard, textiles, tinplate, aluminium alloys, glass, plastics and vegetable materials. Some packaging such as food cartons are composite (e.g. plastic/aluminium/cardboard), their recycling requires a All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 211 Development of Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials Based On Vegetable Leaves in Benin: Case of the Musa Sapientum Species (Review) (IJSRD/Vol. 8/Issue 9/2020/047) prior separation procedure of these components (Conseil de la transformation agro-alimentaire et des produits de consommation, 2010). Each of them has advantages and limits (table 3). But composites and multilayers are the packaging materials that could meet all possible expectations. Packaging Advantages Limits materials High resistance to Glass and vertical crushing Heavy to transport metals and impacts Very expensive Fully recyclable Good thermal Incompatibility with Aluminium conductivity microwave heating Fully recyclable Not fully recyclable (7 times) Paper/ Less expensive Sensitive to Cardboard Biodegradable humidity and temperature changes Not recyclable Gas and moisture Non Biodegradable Plastic permeable Risk of food Less expensive contamination Composite All the properties and you need multilayer Table 3: Advantages and limits of packaging materials (Conseil de la transformation agro-alimentaire et des produits de consommation, 2010) Furthermore, biopolymers are a good alternative to replace conventional plastics with materials that can degrade after use without increasing the atmospheric CO2 content (Rutot, et al., 2004). In addition to their biodegradability, biopolymers have other interesting properties for packaging applications. Apart from their primary function of product protection, biopolymers offer packaging other functions thanks to their intrinsic properties. For example, their permeability to water vapor, which is of interest for packaging fresh produce such as fruit and vegetables, is a good example (Petersen, et al., 1999). Cellulose is a family of biodegradable biopolymers that is still a renewable resource (Stevens, 2002). It has specific properties for targeted applications in the food packaging industry (Holy Nadia, et al., 2006). Of all these works, the packaging materials of tomorrow are composite and multilayer materials based on biopolymers including cellulose. They can be classified as polymer matrix composite materials (bio or synthetic) (Berthelot, 2013). 2) Methods of Processing Leaves-Based Packaging Most polymer matrix composites have so far been developed on machines dedicated to the elaboration of plastic materials. Plastics are shaped by a large number of technologies, each adapted to the material to be processed. These machines are designed according to the physicochemical properties of the polymer, but also according to the characteristics required for the finished product. Among the technologies for shaping plastics, the most suitable for polymer matrix composites are: extrusion, extrusion/inflation, calendering, thermoforming, injection moulding, multiphase injection, injection blow moulding, moulding, rotomoulding, etc (English , et al., 1997), (Geneau, 2006) (Houdja, 2019), (Soulama, 2014). 3) Mechaical Characterisation of Leaves-Based Packaging After manufacturing, characterisation is the step that allows the properties of the materials to be studied in relation to its use. According to the theory of elasticity, the law of elastic behaviour of materials is the generalised Hooke's law: C . (1) is the stress tensor. It is a symmetrical tensor of order 2 with 6 independent elements. is the tensor of the deformations. It is a symmetrical tensor of order 2 with 6 independent elements. C is the tensor of the rigidities. It is a tensor of order four (4) comprising eighty-one (81) elements. After simplifications, the tensor C can be represented by a symmetrical matrix with thirty-six (36) elements of which 21 are independent (Sidoroff, 1980). We then have the following relationship. 1 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 1 C C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 2 2 12 (2) 3 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36 3 C C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46 4 4 14 5 C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56 5 6 C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66 6 The characteristics of the material are the coefficients of the matrix C ij . The behaviour of packaging materials produced with cellulose or fibers from Musa sapientum leaves is assimilated to an isotropic material (Berthelot, 2013), (Sidoroff, 1980) et (Soulama, 2014). For an isotropic material, the mechanical properties are the same in all directions, regardless of the change in reference. In the case of linear elasticity, the characteristics of such a material are a function of only two independent characteristic parameters. These are the Lamé coefficients λ and µ such as equation (3), (Gornet, 2011): 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 3 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 4 4 5 Sym . 0 5 6 6 (3) In some cases, these two coefficients are expressed in relation to two others: Young's modulus E and Poisson's coefficient υ (Chevalier, 1985). All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 212 Development of Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials Based On Vegetable Leaves in Benin: Case of the Musa Sapientum Species (Review) (IJSRD/Vol. 8/Issue 9/2020/047) E (3 2 ) (4) 2( ) (5) µ is also called Coulomb Modulus of the material, G, and expressed as a function of E and υ. G and cultural development. In addition to its non-toxicity, they play a role as an antimicrobial agent in food preservation. They also have physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics that can be used in the development of new food packaging materials. This review presents the elaboration methods and also the determination of the mechanical behavior of packaging materials based on vegetable leaves. Researchers have set up all the data necessary for the production of food packaging made from Musa sapientum leaves. E (6) 2(1 ) We notice that the two main parameters characteristic of the elastic behaviour of an isotropic material are E and υ. In addition to these parameters, the breaking strengths (by extension and by compression) also make it possible to know the flow limits of the materials (Chevalier, 1985). In order to determine these characteristics, which reflect the mechanical behaviour of a material, a number of standardised tests are used. These tests are used to determine values for the mechanical properties that engineers use for various applications. For example, bending, tensile, compression and torsion tests (Mbacke, 2013). Several standards describe the realisation of these tests: EN ISO-178, ASTM D790, D5934 and D5943 for bending, ISO-527 and ASTM D 638 for tensile. All this information shows that the mechanical characteristics of packaging materials based on vegetable leaves can be determined and exploited. 4) Some materials made from the Musa sapientum species Scientists have proven that it is possible to make materials from Musa sapientum leaves fiber’s or cellulose. Ramdhonee et al. produced papers from banana fibers and waste paper (Figure 4). These materials have physical and mechanical characteristics for use as packaging (Amit, et al., 2017). Fig. 4: Paper based on fibre from Musa sapientum leaves (Amit, et al., 2017) Banana tree extracts were used to make fiberboard. The Young's modulus of these panels varies according to the different compositions between 3.51 and 3.93 GPa, the tensile strength at break between 40.65 and 50.91 MPa and the density between 0.72 and 0.78 g/cm3. With these characteristics, packaging based on Musa sapientum extracts can be developed (Rashid, et al., 2014). III. CONCLUSION Musa sapientum leaves used as food packaging in Benin are an available resource. Its use is a source of socioeconomic REFERENCES [1] Akpabio, U. D., Udiong, D. S., & Akpakpan, A. E. (2012). The Physicochemical Characteristics of Plantain (Musa Paradisiaca) And Banana (Musa Sapientum) Pseudostem Wastes. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 6(2), pp. 167-172. [2] Alakouko, A. (2020). Mise en œuvre et caractérisation mécanique d’agro matériaux d’emballage: cas de l’espèce musa sapientum. Ecole doctorale des Sciences de l'Ingénieur. Abomey Calavi: Université d'Abomey Calavi. [3] Amit, J., & Ramdhonee, P. (2017). 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