DISEASES CAUSED BY PARASITES Prof.Hamed Attia 1-Etiology: A- Main Causes: 1.Internal Parasities I-Tremadodes :( Fascioliasis and Paramphistomiasis) II-Nematodes Ascaris- Lung worm- Parasitic gastritis- (: )Parasitic enteritis III- Cestodes: (Monieziasisis- Avitellina 2.External Parasities( Ticks- Lice - Mites) 2.External Parasities: Ticks Lice Mites B-Predisposing factors: 1-- Nutrition: A) Poorly fed animals are more susceptible because their failure to throw off infestation quickly. Ex.: In calves lung worm. B) A dietary deficiency of a specific nutrient such as: cobalt, copper, phosphorus led to reduction of animal’s resistance C) Anemia. D) Poor growth. 3- Housing management: Fecal contamination of feed. Crowding. Insufficient bedding . Inadequate nutrition. II-Pathological Damage :of the parasite on the Host I-Mechanical Damage: •Destroy tissue and causing wounds ulcers and bleeding. • as: • in Haemonchus contortus (Stomach) •Paramphistomum Cervix • Immature rumen flukes in the small intestine . . 2- Obstruction. may occur in the small airways of lungs infected by: Dictyocaulus spp. 2-Ascaris . 3- Pressure: on the liver or lungs from: Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts. Tissue under excessive pressure is not well nourished with blood and may become inactive. III-Depletion of the animal: Parasites absorb food that the host has already ingested for its own use. Moniezia expansa (tapeworms IV-Allergic reaction: Chemical components of parasites are foreign to the host and can Dictyocalus cause allergic reactions Bunostomum- 1-Fascioliasis ● Acute, subacut or chronic snail-born disease ● Affecte liver and bile ducts of herbiverous mammals and man ● Caused by Fasciola Spp ● Characterized by sudden death in acute form bottle-jaw chronic form paller of mucosa shedding of hair or wool Sep. 05 AB (G) Life Cycle: ~12 weeks from infection to adult fluke ~8 weeks in snail to release of infective fluke (a) Clinical findings (1) i- Acute fascioliasis This is a more common occurance in sheep and goats and less commonly found in cattle. 1- Sudden death without any clinical signs 2- If the disease observed, there are: - Dullness, weakness & anorexia - Recumbancy & subnormal temperature - Pain on palpation on the liver - Death occurs rapidaly & may be accompanied with passage of blood-stained discharges from nostril & anus Sep. 05 AB (a) Clinical findings (2) ii- Subacute fascioliasis This is a more common occurance in sheep and goats and less commonly found in cattle. 1- Loss of weight 2- Paller of mucous membrane 3- Submandibular oedema seen only on few cases Sep. 05 AB (a) Clinical findings (3) iii- Chronic fascioliasis 2 This is a more common occurance in cattle and less commonly found in sheep and goats In sheep: 1- Loss of weight 2- Pallor of mucosae 3- Bottle-jaw 4- Sheeding of wool may occur 5- Some die after 2-3 m & other survive with emaciation 3 Sep. 05 AB III-Control: 1) Nutrition: Good nutrition status and freedom specific nutritional deficiencies increase the resistance of live stock to the .effects of helminth parasites 2- Housing management: Avoid over crowding. Remove manure frequently, provide plenty of bedding. Feed and water should be high enough off the floor to avoid fecal contamination Maintain the plan of nutrition . Avoid moving of animals from area free from internal parasites to area heavy infested with parasites. 4) protective treatment : *Protective dosing with anthelminthics prevent infestation against clinical or subclinical parasitic disease. A-Indication: 1-treatment for individual animal exhibiting clinical signs. How can you choose anthelmintic 1 -Mode of action, spectrum of activity, 2 -Duration of effect and its efficacy (i.e. kill adult or larvae, suppress the parasitic egg production, or promote the expulsion of worm from GIT. 3-The frequency of treatment . The ideal anthelmintic has the following properties: (a)A broad spectrum activity against adult and larval helminth parasites. (b)A rapid metabolism in the body. (c)A low toxicity in the target species. (d)No side-effects to the animal. Administration of Anthelmintics: 1-Dosing by mouth The majority of anthelmintics are given by mouth as: liquid preparations pastes boluses tablets 2-Dosing by injection The size of needles the site of injection Control 3- Seasonal treatment:* Timed by seasonal transmission factor can reduce the number of treatment but may fail if environmental factors changed. 8. Drugs used for treatment of internal and external parasites. : Drug & active principle Dovenix Rafoxanide 7.5% Rolenol Indication Fascioliasis, gastro-intestinal .parasites and oestrus ovis Fascioliasis, round worms and oestrus ovis . Immature and mature fascioliasis and GIT nematodes Ranide Liver fluke and round worms. Fasciolid Liver fluke Citarine Gastro-intestinal nematodes and lung worm Genesis) Rafoxanide Suspension Thibendazole and Rafoxanide mixture Tyvert Fasinex250 Internal and external parasites. Fascioliasis, wire worms and oestrus ovis . Fascioliasis, and all type of nematodes . Parasitic gastroenteritis, lung worm and tape worm Immature and adult Fasciola Spp. Banminth Gastro-intestinal nematodes Albendazole Tape, round and lung worm, and adult liver fluke Dose, route of adminstration & company ml/25 kg S/C 1 (RHONE MERIEUX) ml /25 kg S/C 1 )ADWIA( cattle and sheep 0.5 ml / 10 kg .Bwt. S/C & I/M (NVESA( ml / 25 kg Bwt. S/C 1 (MSD) ml / 25 kg Bwt. S/C 1 )Cid( ml / 100 kg Bwt. S/C in different 7 area in the neck )Byer( ml/a50 kg S/C 1 )Bio trading( ml /100 kg orally 12.5 (ADWIA( ml /10 kg orally 3 )ADWIA( ml/ 5 kg per os 1 )Upjohn( In sheep and goats 1 tablet/ 25 kg per os g / 10 kg Bwt. orally 1 )Pfizer( Cattle 14/50, sheep 2/10 as drench )Pharma-Swead( Drugs & active principle Indication Dose, route of adminstration & company Levamisole Broad spect. Anthelmentics against round worm of GIT, .Lung of cattle, sheep and goat 5ml/15 kg oral drench GIT Nematodes, Cestodes, hepatica & fasciola Paramphistomum 15ml/100 kg Bwt paramphist. 40 ml/100 kg GIT Nematodes, round, tape worms and Fasciola 4 ml / 10 kg Bwt orally for GIT nematodes & adult fascioliasis) Pfizer( 1TABLET / 80 kg Bwt orally(Pfizer) )Albendazole) GIT Nematodes, round, tape worms and Fasciola Piperazine citrate 50% Ascaridia and oxyuris in cattle and horses 40g / 100 kg Bwt. orally( Uccma) Piperazine DHC 52% Ascaridia and oxyuris in cattle and horses 10g / 100 kg Bwt. orally Yomesan Taenia spp. and .paramphistomum Cattle, sheep & dog 1 tablet / 10 kg Bwt. orally Hapadex sus Valbazine (Albendazole) Valbazine tab )Niclozamid( )Pharma-Swead( )Schering-plough( )ADWIA( (Byer( Equvalan )Ivermectin( Internal parasites of horse Past syring / 600 kg Bwt. on the base of the tongue )MSD Agvet(
